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alternative oxidase mediates pathogen resistance in paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a human thermal dimorphic pathogenic fungus. survival of p. brasiliensis inside the host depends on the adaptation of this fungal pathogen to different conditions, namely oxidative stress imposed by immune cells.201122039556
gene expression during activation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia.this study focuses on gene expression during crucial biological phenomena of the dimorphic fungal human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the conidia-to-yeast (c-y) transition and the conidia-to-mycelia (c-m) germination. we studied 10 genes involved in different cellular functions: oxidative stress response (alternative oxidase (aox), superoxide dismutase (sod), flavodoxin, conserved hypothetical protein (y20)); cell metabolism (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gadph), cholesteno ...201121960298
The paracoccidioides cell wall: past and present layers toward understanding interaction with the host.The cell wall of pathogenic fungi plays import roles in the interaction with the host, so that its composition and structure may determine the course of infection. Here we present an overview of the current and past knowledge on the cell wall constituents of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii. These are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi that cause paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic granulomatous, and debilitating disease. Focus is given on cell wall carbohydrate and protein contents ...201122194733
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the modulatory effect of cytokines on monocyte-derived multinucleated giant cell formation and fungicidal activity against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.multinucleated giant cells (mgc) are cells present in characteristic granulomatous inflammation induced by intracellular infectious agents or foreign materials. the present study evaluated the modulatory effect of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) in association with other cytokines such as interferon-gamma (ifn-γ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (il)-10 or transforming growth factor beta (tgf-β1) on the formation of mgc from human peripheral blood monocytes st ...201122012229
head and neck manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis: an epidemiological study of 36 cases in brazil.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it is the principal systemic mycosis in brazil, with higher incidence rates in the southern, southeastern, and midwestern regions. it primarily involves the lungs, but head and neck manifestations are common, and differential diagnosis with granulomatous and neoplastic diseases should therefore be considered.201121989773
laboratorial diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis and new insights for the future of fungal diagnosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is the most prevalent mycosis in latin-america. as for other mycosis, its importance of has been largely underestimated, partially due to the limited geographical distribution of the etiologic fungal agent (paracoccidioides brasiliensis). however, the advent of aids and other immune suppressing conditions is creating an emergent need for improved diagnostic tests envisaging simpler, cheaper, faster and more sensitive and accurate detection of pathogenic fungi, especi ...201121962643
Septin localization in the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.Septins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that contain a GTPase domain and are capable of forming filaments at the cell periphery. Septins are involved in many essential cellular processes, such as cytokinesis and cell polarization, and are used as markers of morphogenesis in several fungi. Dimorphism in fungi enables cells to switch between morphologies (yeast or filament forms), due to changes in the temperature of the environment. We analysed the localization of septin proteins in yeast a ...201122140009
serological evidence of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in chickens from paraná and mato grosso do sul states, brazil.the objective of this study was to detect antibodies against paracoccidioides brasiliensis in free-range and caged chickens gallus domesticus. initially, the humoral immune response of two chickens immunized with p. brasiliensis was evaluated. both animals showed the production of antibodies to gp43, the major p. brasiliensis antigen. the seroepidemiological survey was conducted in chickens from the pantanal region in mato grosso do sul state (free-range n = 40) and from northern region of paran ...201120853143
prp8 intein in ajellomycetaceae family pathogens: sequence analysis, splicing evaluation and homing endonuclease activity.inteins are intervening sequences that are transcribed and translated with flanking host protein sequences and then self-excised by protein splicing. bi-functional inteins also contain a homing endonuclease responsible for their genetic mobility. the prp8 intein, the most widespread among fungi, occurs in important pathogens such as histoplasma capsulatum and paracoccidioides brasiliensis, from the ajellomycetaceae family. herein, we describe the bi-functional prp8 intein in two other ajellomyce ...201120682355
the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis exports extracellular vesicles containing highly immunogenic α-galactosyl epitopes.exosome-like vesicles containing virulence factors, enzymes, and antigens have recently been characterized in fungal pathogens, such as cryptococcus neoformans and histoplasma capsulatum. here, we describe extracellular vesicles carrying highly immunogenic α-linked galactopyranosyl (α-gal) epitopes in paracoccidioides brasiliensis. p. brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes human paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). for vesicle preparations, cell-free supernatant fluids from yeast cells cultivat ...201121216942
genes potentially relevant in the parasitic phase of the fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a fungal pathogen of humans, switches from a filamentous spore-forming mold in the soil to a pathogenic budding-yeast in the human host. dimorphism is regulated mainly by the temperature of incubation. representational difference analysis (rda) was performed between yeast cells of isolate pb01 and from isolate pb4940, the last growing as mycelia at the host temperature. transcripts exhibiting increased expression during development of the yeast parasitic phase comp ...201120669049
cyclosporin a treatment and decreased fungal load/antigenemia in experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). the cyclosporin a (csa) is an immunosuppressant drug that inhibits calcineurin and has been described as a potential antifungal drug. the present study investigated the effect of csa on the immune response, fungal load/antigenemia in experimental murine pcm. it was used four groups of balb/c mice: (a) infected with 1 x 10⁵ pb18 yeast cells (pb), (b) infected and treated with csa every othe ...201120835848
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccination Using Dendritic Cells Primed with Peptide 10 Derived from the 43-Kilodalton Glycoprotein of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.Vaccination with peptide 10 (P10), derived from the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis glycoprotein 43 (gp43), induces a Th1 response that protects mice in an intratracheal P. brasiliensis infection model. Combining P10 with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or other adjuvants further increases the peptide's antifungal effect. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are up to 1,000-fold more efficient at activating T cells than CFA, we examined the impact of P10-primed bone-marrow-derived DC vaccination in mice. ...201222089247
a retrospective study of oral manifestations in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.south american blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis (pb mycosis) or lutz disease is an endemically fungal infection in latin america. it is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis and may cause oral mucosal lesions. the incidence of pb mycosis oral lesions was evaluated in patients assisted at a brazilian dental school's specialized oral diagnosis service with special focus on the different clinical forms of these lesions, its location, patients' occupation, deleterious hab ...201223338272
the influence of carbohydrates in the interaction of paracoccidioides brasiliensis with ccl-6 cells in vitro.little is known about the early events in the interaction between paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its host. to understand the effect of carbohydrates in the interaction between the fungus and epithelial cell in culture, we analyzed the influence of different carbohydrate solutions on the adhesion of p. brasiliensis yeast cells to ccl-6 cells in culture.201223295879
the role of adjuvants in therapeutic protection against paracoccidioidomycosis after immunization with the p10 peptide.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), a common chronic mycosis in latin america, is a granulomatous systemic disease caused by the thermo-dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the glycoprotein gp43 is the main antigen target of p. brasiliensis and a 15-mer internal peptide (qtliaihtlairyan), known as p10, defines a major cd4(+)-specific t cell epitope. previous results have indicated that, besides having a preventive role in conventional immunizations prior to challenge with the fungus, protec ...201222586420
paracoccidioidomycosis vaccine.paracoccidioidomycosis is a granulomatous pulmonary infection that is generally controlled by chemotherapy. the efficacy of treatment, however, is limited by the status of the host immune response. the inhibition of a th-2 immunity or the stimulation of th-1 cytokines generally increases the efficacy of antifungal drugs. ( 1) this has been achieved by immunization with an internal peptide of the major diagnostic antigen gp43 of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. peptide 10 (qtliaihtlairyan) elicits ...201222894948
new advances in the development of a vaccine against paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is an endemic latin american mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis and also by the recently described p. lutzii. the systemic mycosis is the 10th leading cause of death due to infectious diseases in brazil. as published, 1,853 patients died of pcm in the 1996-2006 decade in this country. the main diagnostic antigen of p.brasiliensis is the 43 kda glycoprotein gp43, and its 15-mer peptide qtliaihtlairyan, known as p10, contains the t-cd4(+) epitope that elic ...201222701452
therapeutic dna vaccine encoding peptide p10 against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is the most prevalent invasive fungal disease in south america. systemic mycoses are the 10th most common cause of death among infectious diseases in brazil and pcm is responsible for more than 50% of deaths due to fungal infections. pcm is typically treated with sulfonamides, amphotericin b or azoles, although complete eradication of the fungus may not occur and relapsing disease is frequently reported. a 15-mer peptide from ...201222389734
synthetic peptides mimic gp75 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic granulomatous disease, endemic in latin america, caused by the thermal dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. although some fungal antigens have already been characterized and used for serological diagnosis, cross-reactions have been frequently observed. thus, the examination of fungal forms in clinical specimens or isolation of p. brasiliensis by culture is still the most frequent method for the diagnosis of this mycosis. in this study, a rand ...201222249604
thoracic paracoccidioidomycosis: radiographic and ct findings.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is the most common systemic mycosis in latin america. although most cases occur in developing countries, recent immigration patterns and an increase in travel have led to a growing number of pcm cases in the united states and europe. pcm is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and the chronic form may progress to severe pulmonary involvement. several radiologic patterns have been described for pulmonary pcm, including linear and reticular opa ...201222236894
Serological survey of paracoccidioidomycosis in sheep.The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in sheep from Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil. The seroepidemiological study was carried out in 262 sheep. The samples were analyzed by ELISA and immunodiffusion test using P. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively. Initially, two sheep were immunized with P. brasiliensis to evaluate whether contact with the fungal cells could induce a humoral immune response agains ...201221850559
murine dendritic cells transcriptional modulation upon paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.limited information is available regarding the modulation of genes involved in the innate host response to paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. therefore, we sought to characterize, for the first time, the transcriptional profile of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (dcs) at an early stage following their initial interaction with p. brasiliensis. dcs connect innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing invading pathogens and determining the type o ...201222235359
gene knockdown in paracoccidioides brasiliensis using antisense rna.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermal dimorphic fungus which in the host environment exhibits a multinucleated and multibudding yeast form. the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes remain to be clarified, mostly due to the absence of efficient classical genetic and molecular techniques. here we describe a method for gene expression knockdown in p. brasiliensis by antisense rna (arna) technology taking advantage of an agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation ...201222328375
[role of infectious agents in the emergence of malignant tumors].according to the data of the international agency for research on cancer (iarc), at least 6 virus species (hpv, ebv, hhv-8/kshv, htlv-1, hbv, hcv), 4 helminthes species (schistosoma haematobium and japonicum, opisthorchis viverrini, clonorchis sinensis) and i bacterium species (helicobacter pylori) have been proved to be capable of causing the development of cancer. the analysis of the data available shows that merkel cell polyomavirus (mcv), herpes simplex virus (hsv), john cunningham polyomavi ...201223163048
expression of paracoccidioides brasiliensis amy1 in a histoplasma capsulatum amy1 mutant, relates an α-(1,4)-amylase to cell wall α-(1,3)-glucan synthesis.in the cell walls of the pathogenic yeast phases of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, blastomyces dermatitidis and histoplasma capsulatum, the outer α-(1,3)-glucan layer behaves as a virulence factor. in h. capsulatum, an α-(1,4)-amylase gene (amy1) is essential for the synthesis of this polysaccharide, hence related to virulence. an orthologous gene to h. capsulatum amy1 was identified in p. brasiliensis and also labeled amy1. p. brasiliensis amy1 transcriptional levels were increased during the y ...201223185578
predicting antimicrobial peptides from eukaryotic genomes: in silico strategies to develop antibiotics.a remarkable and intriguing challenge for the modern medicine consists in the development of alternative therapies to avoid the problem of microbial resistance. the cationic antimicrobial peptides present a promise to be used to develop more efficient drugs applied to human health. the in silico analysis of genomic databases is a strategy utilized to predict peptides of therapeutic interest. once the main antimicrobial peptides' physical-chemical properties are already known, the correlation of ...201222884922
farnesol inhibits in vitro growth of the cryptococcus neoformans species complex with no significant changes in virulence-related exoenzymes.farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in candida albicans. in recent years, several studies have shown that this molecule presents inhibitory effects against non-albicans candida species, paracoccidioides brasiliensis and bacteria. the present study aimed at determining the effect of farnesol on the growth of strains of the cryptococcus neoformans species complex, through microdilution assays. in addition, the effect of farnesol on the synthesis of phospho ...201222580194
two cases of cokeromyces recurvatus in liquid-based papanicolaou tests and a review of the literature.we present 2 cases of cokeromyces recurvatus in routine, liquid-based papanicolaou tests (thinprep). patient 1 is a healthy, asymptomatic, 26-year-old woman with no pertinent past medical history. patient 2 is a healthy, asymptomatic, 47-year-old woman with no pertinent past medical history. the papanicolaou tests from both patients showed many fungal-like elements as globose, yeastlike forms measuring 10 to 30 µm in diameter with multiple, narrowly attached apparent "daughter" buds. this morpho ...201223194052
a paracoccidioides brasiliensis glycan shares serologic and functional properties with cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan.the cell wall of the yeast form of the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis is enriched with α1,3-glucans. in cryptococcus neoformans, α1,3-glucans interact with glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), a heteropolysaccharide that is essential for fungal virulence. in this study, we investigated the occurrence of p. brasiliensis glycans sharing properties with cryptococcal gxm. protein database searches in p. brasiliensis revealed the presence of sequences homologous to those coding for enzymes invo ...201223010152
characterization and optimization of artinm lectin expression in escherichia coli.artinm is a d-mannose-specific lectin from artocarpus integrifolia seeds that induces neutrophil migration and activation, degranulation of mast cells, acceleration of wound healing, induction of interleukin-12 production by macrophages and dendritic cells, and protective t helper 1 immune response against leishmania major, leishmania amazonensis and paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections. considering the important biological properties of artinm and its therapeutic applicability, this study w ...201222857259
paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp43-derived peptides are potent modulators of local and systemic inflammatory response.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. its major antigen is a 43 kda glycoprotein whose peptides embody different functions: p10 peptide, a t-cell epitope, induces protective response while p4 and p23 peptides inhibit both, macrophage functions and inflammatory reaction, thus facilitating infection. here we investigated the modulating mechanisms of the immune response exerted by p4 and p23 involved in the latter in ...201222281666
treatment of severe forms of paracoccidioidomycosis: is there a role for corticosteroids?despite their immunosuppressive effects, corticosteroids have long been used as adjunct therapy (acst) in the treatment of infectious diseases. the rationale is that in certain infections it is necessary to decrease the exacerbated host's inflammatory response, which can otherwise result in tissue damage and organ dysfunction. in fact, a major concern in treating paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is the host's intense inflammatory response to paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which can be further intens ...201222309459
comparative transcriptome analysis of paracoccidioides brasiliensis during in vitro adhesion to type i collagen and fibronectin: identification of potential adhesins.paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the extracellular matrix (ecm) plays an important role in regulation of cell adhesion, differentiation, migration and proliferation of cells. an in vitro binding assay of p. brasiliensis yeast cells adhering to type i collagen and fibronectin was performed in order to identify novel adhesins. representational difference analysis (rda) was employed to identify genes upregulated under adhesion-inducing conditio ...201222306611
serological diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis through a western blot technique.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a serious infectious disease that progresses toward death if untreated. its confirmatory diagnosis is made by the detection of the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a direct mycological examination or by histopathology. however, these techniques are of low sensitivity. serological tests seem to be more promising. the objective of this study was to test western blot (wb) analysis using sera from patients suspected of pcm to determine whether it represents a s ...201222301695
vesicle and vesicle-free extracellular proteome of paracoccidioides brasiliensis: comparative analysis with other pathogenic fungi.microorganisms release effector molecules that modulate the host machinery enabling survival, replication, and dissemination of a pathogen. here we characterized the extracellular proteome of paracoccidioides brasiliensis at its pathogenic yeast phase. cell-free culture supernatants from the pb18 isolate, cultivated in defined medium, were separated into vesicle and vesicle-free fractions, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. in vesicle and vesic ...201222288420
overinfection by paracoccidioides brasiliensis in gouty crystal arthritis.paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic south american systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (p. brasiliensis). the main clinical form of disease is pulmonary, but all organs may be involved. we report a case of overinfection by p. brasiliensis in chronic gouty arthritis affecting the proximal phalanx of the right hallux. the patient required proximal amputation and long-term antifungal therapy.201223251162
anti-cd25 treatment depletes treg cells and decreases disease severity in susceptible and resistant mice infected with paracoccidioides brasiliensis.regulatory t (treg) cells are fundamental in the control of immunity and excessive tissue pathology. in paracoccidioidomycosis, an endemic mycosis of latin america, the immunoregulatory mechanisms that control the progressive and regressive forms of this infection are poorly known. due to its modulatory activity on treg cells, we investigated the effects of anti-cd25 treatment over the course of pulmonary infection in resistant (a/j) and susceptible (b10.a) mice infected with paracoccidioides br ...201223226464
occurrence of paracoccidioides lutzii in the amazon region: description of two cases.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the most important human systemic mycosis in latin america, is known to be caused by at least four different phylogenetic lineages within the paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, including s1, ps2, ps3, and pb01-like group. herein, we describe two cases of pcm in patients native from the amazon region. the disease was originally thought to have been caused by p. brasiliensis. despite the severity of the cases, sera from the patients were negative in immunodiffusio ...201222927496
high expression of human monocyte inos mrna induced by paracoccidioides brasiliensis is not associated with increase in no production.in this study we investigated the role of nitric oxide (no) in monocyte fungicidal activity against paracoccidioides brasiliensis. we found that cells primed with ifn-γ, tnf-α or gm-csf and challenged with a high-(pb18) or low-virulence (pb265) strain of the fungus increase their fungicidal activity. expression of inos mrna was increased after priming cells with each cytokine, and tended to be inhibited by pb18. despite up-regulation of inos mrna expression by pb265, an equivalent increase in no ...201222819802
lipidomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from the pathogenic phase of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.fungal extracellular vesicles are able to cross the cell wall and transport molecules that help in nutrient acquisition, cell defense, and modulation of the host defense machinery.201222745761
phenotypic and functional characterization of nk cells in human immune response against the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.besides their role in fighting viral infection and tumor resistance, recent studies have shown that nk cells also participate in the immune response against other infectious diseases. the aim of this study was to characterize the possible role of nk cells in the immune response against paracoccidioides brasiliensis. purified nk cells from paracoccidioidomycosis patients and healthy individuals were incubated with p. brasiliensis yeast cells or p. brasiliensis-infected monocytes, with or without ...201222723518
artinm offers new perspectives in the development of antifungal therapy.the thermally dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the most frequent systemic mycosis that affects the rural populations in latin america. despite significant developments in antifungal chemotherapy, its efficacy remains limited since drug therapy is prolonged and associated with toxic side effects and relapses. in response to these challenges, it is now recognized that several aspects of antifungal immunity can be modulated to be ...201222715337
paracoccidioides brasiliensis induces secretion of il-6 and il-8 by lung epithelial cells. modulation of host cytokine levels by fungal proteases.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a pathogenic, dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic human mycosis that is highly prevalent in latin america. in this study, we demonstrated that p. brasiliensis yeasts induced interleukin (il)-8 and il-6 secretion by human lung epithelial a549 cells. however, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ were undetectable in these cultures. moreover, p. brasiliensis yeasts induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk), c-j ...201222687715
effect of serum sample inactivation on the performance of latex agglutination test for paracoccidioidomycosis serodiagnosis.paracoccidioidomycosis is diagnosed from the direct observation of the causative agent, but serology can facilitate and decrease the time required for diagnosis. the objective of this study was to determine the influence of serum sample inactivation on the performance of the latex agglutination test (lat) for detecting antibodies against paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the sensitivity of lat from inactivated or non-inactivated samples was 73% and 83%, respectively and the lat selectivity was 79% ...201222666862
genus paracoccidioides: species recognition and biogeographic aspects.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis (species s1, ps2, ps3), and paracoccidioides lutzii. this work aimed to differentiate species within the genus paracoccidioides, without applying multilocus sequencing, as well as to obtain knowledge of the possible speciation processes.201222666382
production of leukotriene b4 by paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prevalent deep mycosis in latin america. the production of eicosanoids during fungal infection has been associated with the biology of these microorganisms and modulation of host immune response. the aim of our study was to evaluate whether p. brasiliensis strains with high or low virulence produce leukotriene b4 (ltb4), using endogenous and/or exogenous sources of arachidonic acid (aa). moreover, we assessed whether ...201222628121
paracoccidioides brasiliensis lipids modulate macrophage activity via toll-dependent or independent mechanisms.the macrophages are the first host cells that interact with the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, but the main mechanisms that regulate this interaction are not well understood. because the role played by p. brasiliensis lipids in macrophage activation was not previously investigated, we aimed to assess the influence of diverse lipid fractions from p. brasiliensis yeasts in this process. the possible participation of tlr2 and tlr4 signaling was also evaluated using tlr2- and tlr4-defective m ...201222574780
activity of compounds isolated from baccharis dracunculifolia d.c. (asteraceae) against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis is a prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america which requires prolonged treatment with highly toxic antifungals. baccharis dracunculifolia is a medicinal plant in brazil that is a candidate in the search for new drugs. fractions of the hexanic extracts were obtained using chromatographic procedures and assessed using an antifungal assay with paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb18), tumor cell lines and amastigote forms of leishmania, l. amazonensis. four compounds were isol ...201222548242
inhibitory effect of pge(2) on the killing of paracoccidioides brasiliensis by human monocytes can be reversed by cellular activation with cytokines.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a deep mycosis endemic in latin america. studies to elucidate the host-parasite relationship in this mycosis have demonstrated that non-activated phagocytes fail to kill the etiologic agent. investigations of human monocytes have shown that the lack of fungicidal activity is partially associated with the capacity of a high-virulence strain to induce pge(2) release by these cells. this eicosanoid inhibits production ...201222548241
distinct chitinases are expressed during various growth phases of the human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis.the aim of this work was the partial purification and subsequent evaluation of chitinase expression during the various growth phases of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. initially, pbcts1r was expressed as a recombinant protein and displayed enzymatic activity against 4-mu-[n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac)]3 and 4-mu-(glcnac)2. two proteins, 45 kda and 39 kda in size, were partially purified from p. brasiliensis yeast crude extract using cation-exchange chromatography coupled with hplc and were charact ...201222510825
production of tnf-α, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide by macrophages from mice with paracoccidioidomycosis that were fed a linseed oil-enriched diet.omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 pufa) can modulate the immune system and their primary effect is on macrophage function. paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is an endemic systemic mycosis in latin america that is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). macrophages are the main defence against this pathogen and have microbicidal activity that is dependent on interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-α. these cytokines stimulate the synthesis of nitric oxide (no) a ...201222510824
morphological heterogeneity of paracoccidioides brasiliensis: relevance of the rho-like gtpase pbcdc42.paracoccidioides brasiliensis budding pattern and polymorphic growth were previously shown to be closely linked to the expression of pbcdc42 and to influence the pathogenesis of the fungus. in this work we conducted a detailed morphogenetic evaluation of the yeast-forms of 11 different clinical and environmental p. brasiliensis isolates comprising four phylogenetic lineages (s1, ps2, ps3 and pb01-like), as well as a pbcdc42 knock-down strain. high variations in the shape and size of mother and b ...201222493946
experimental model of arthritis induced by paracoccidioides brasiliensis in rats.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), a disease caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb), is highly prevalent in brazil, where it is the principal cause of death by systemic mycoses. the disease primarily affects men aged 30-50 year old and usually starts as a pulmonary focus and then may spread to other organs and systems, including the joints. the present study aimed to develop an experimental model of paracoccidioidomycotic arthritis. two-month-old male wistar rats (n = 48) were used, ...201222460985
sterol c24-methyltransferase: physio- and stereo-chemical features of the sterol c3 group required for catalytic competence.sterol c24-methyltransferases (24-smts) catalyze the electrophilic alkylation of δ(24)-sterols to a variety of sterol side chain constructions, and the c3- moiety is the primary determinant for substrate binding by these enzymes. to determine what specific structural features of the c3-polar group ensure sterol catalysis, a series of structurally related c3-analogs of lanosterol that differed in stereochemistry, bulk and electronic properties were examined against the fungal 24-smt from paracocc ...201222446159
osteomyelitis and pyoarthritis resulting from local paracoccidioidomycosis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report.paracoccidioidomycosis is a type of mycosis that is endemic to brazil and is triggered by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. isolated bone involvement in this disease is very rare, especially in children. to the best of our knowledge this report documents the first case of an immunocompetent pediatric patient in which paracoccidioidomycosis of the hip articulation was the sole manifestation of the disease (that is, there were no pulmonary or skin lesions).201223043817
characterization of pbpga1, an antigenic gpi-protein in the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), one of the most prevalent mycosis in latin america. p. brasiliensis cell wall components interact with host cells and influence the pathogenesis of pcm. cell wall components, such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-proteins play a critical role in cell adhesion and host tissue invasion. although the importance of gpi-proteins in the pathogenesis of other medically important fungi is recognized, little is kno ...201223024763
surface-expressed enolase contributes to the adhesion of paracoccidioides brasiliensis to host cells.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. understanding the interactions between p. brasiliensis and the host tissue depends on the study of the different steps of the process of colonization, especially adhesion, in which the pathogen recognizes ligands on the surface of host cells. this study aimed to verify the role of enolase in the host cell-fungus interaction and the ability of enolase to bind to extracellular matrix componen ...201222443156
unifocal bone paracoccidioidomycosis, brazil.we report a 47 year-old man from the state of mato grosso do sul, brazil, with unifocal tibial paracoccidioidomycosis. a radiograph showed an osteolytic lesion on the tibial middle third diaphysis. the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic analysis, and treatment with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was started. after three months, the patient showed significant clinical improvement. ten months after treatment, the patient showed lesion bone healing. this case describes the rare occurrenc ...201222403319
synchronous oral paracoccidioidomycosis and esophageal carcinoma.paracoccidioidomycosis is the most common deep mycosis in south america and is caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis (p. brasiliensis), a thermally dimorphic fungus. infections usually occur by inhalation of conidia, which more often cause respiratory, mucocutaneous, and lymph nodal changes. chronic features of this mycosis can mimic diverse infections and malignancies and constitute diagnosis challenges. squamous cell carcinoma deserves special attention in this setting. we describe the case ...201222371017
antifungal activity of altenusin isolated from the endophytic fungus alternaria sp. against the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.altenusin is a biphenyl derivative isolated from different species of fungi, which presents several biological activities.201222366718
cell survival and altered gene expression following photodynamic inactivation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. currently, the treatment approach involves the use of antifungal drugs and requires years of medical therapy, which can induce nephrotoxicity and lead to resistance in yeast strains. photodynamic inactivation (pdi) is a new therapy capable of killing microorganisms via the combination of a nontoxic dye with visible light to generate toxic reactive oxygen species (ros). we investigated the phototoxic effec ...201222332981
transcript profiling using ests from paracoccidioides brasiliensis in models of infection.transcript profiling is an invaluable strategy to study differential gene expression. here we describe a detailed protocol for applying a subtractive hybridization technique, representational difference analysis (rda), as a molecular strategy for the identification of differentially expressed genes in studies of host-fungus interaction. bioinformatics tools that can be used in the analysis of expressed sequence tags (ests) are also detailed.201222328389
hsp90 regulates paracoccidioides brasiliensis proliferation and ros levels under thermal stress and cooperates with calcineurin to control yeast to mycelium dimorphism.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic human mycosis in latin america caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a dimorphic pathogenic fungus that lives as a mold in the environment and as yeast during infections of human lungs. in this work, we provide evidence that the inhibition of hsp90 by geldanamycin (gda) impairs the proliferation of the yeast, but has no effect on mycelial development. treatment with cyclosporin a (csa), an inhibitor of the hsp90 client protein calcineurin, did not increase ...201323013413
the role of leukotriene b4 in early stages of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis induced in phenotypically selected mouse strains.paracoccidioidomycosis is a human systemic mycosis caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the mechanisms involved in innate immune response to this fungus are not fully elucidated. leukotrienes are known to be critical for the clearance of various microorganisms, mainly by mediating the microbicidal function of phagocytes. we investigated the involvement of leukotriene b4 in the early stages of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis, which was induced by intratracheal inoculation of th ...201323534453
cytological diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis: a report of four cases.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a common deep mycosis in south america caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a dimorphic fungus. biopsy is the most frequent diagnostic method. the aim of this article is reporting four cases of pcm, in which intraoral involvement simulated squamous-cell carcinoma and was diagnosed by exfoliative cytology. we highlight this diagnostic tool as a simple, low cost, painless, noninvasive, and fast diagnostic method for pcm.201322550025
involvement of the 90 kda heat shock protein during adaptation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis to different environmental conditions.hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that participates in folding, stabilization, activation, and assembly of several proteins, all of which are key regulators in cell signaling. in dimorphic pathogenic fungi such as paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the adaptation to a higher temperature, acid ph and oxidative stress, is an essential event for fungal survival and also for the establishing of the infectious process. to further understand the role of this protein, we used antisense rna technology to gener ...201323207691
dna vaccine encoding peptide p10 against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis induces long-term protection in presence of regulatory t cells.paracoccidioidomycosis is a granulomatous systemic mycosis endemic in brazil and other latin america countries. a dna vaccine encoding the immunoprotective peptide 10 (p10) significantly reduced the fungal burden in mice when given prior to or after intratracheal challenge with paracoccidioides brasiliensis. presently, the generation/expansion of cd4+ cd44hi memory t cells as well as foxp3+ treg cells in mice immunized with the dna vaccine (pcdna3-p10) before and after infection with p. brasilie ...201323201596
influence of different media, incubation times, and temperatures for determining the mics of seven antifungal agents against paracoccidioides brasiliensis by microdilution.mic assays with paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, had been conducted with variable protocols, employing both macrodilution and microdilution tests and including differences in inoculum preparation, media used, incubation periods, and temperatures. twenty-one clinical and environmental isolates of paracoccidioides were tested using amphotericin b, itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and terbinafine ...201323175254
molecular and morphological data support the existence of a sexual cycle in species of the genus paracoccidioides.the genus paracoccidioides includes the thermodimorphic species paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii, both of which are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis that affects humans in latin america. despite the common occurrence of a sexual stage among closely related fungi, this has not been observed with paracoccidioides species, which have thus been considered asexual. molecular evolutionary studies revealed recombination events within isolated populations of the ...201323125354
important aspects of oral paracoccidioidomycosis--a literature review.paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep mycosis endemic to latin america, with considerable morbidity and mortality. it is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which affects, among other organs in the human body, the oral cavity. fungus virulence and immunocompetence of the host determine the establishment of infection or active disease, whose severity and clinical behaviour depend mostly on the cellular immune response of the host. often, oral lesions constitute the first sign ...201323088400
identification of human plasma proteins associated with the cell wall of the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii are thermodimorphic species that cause paracoccidioidomycosis. the cell wall is the outermost fungal organelle to form an interface with the host. a number of host effector compounds, including immunologically active molecules, circulate in the plasma. in the present work, we extracted cell-wall-associated proteins from the yeast pathogenic phase of p. brasiliensis, isolate pb3, grown in the presence of human plasma and analyzed bound pla ...201323398536
patients with chronic-form paracoccidioidomycosis present high serum levels of ige anti-paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp70.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a disease caused by the paracoccidioides genus, which includes p. brasiliensis and the new phylogenetic species p. lutzii. resistance to this infection has been correlated with a th1 pattern of cellular immune response, while susceptibility is correlated to an intense humoral immune response with an increase in ige levels. serum levels of ige and igg anti-gp70 and anti-exoantigen in chronic pcm were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. results showed a h ...201323397251
mannosyl-recognizing receptors induce an m1-like phenotype in macrophages of susceptible mice but an m2-like phenotype in mice resistant to a fungal infection.in addition to alpha1,3 glucan, mannan and mannan-linked proteins are expressed in the outer layer of paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. the recognition of mannosyl residues by multiple pathogen recognition receptors, such as the mannose receptor (mr), complement receptor 3 (cr3) and toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) on macrophage membranes can influence macrophage activation and the mechanisms of innate immunity against fungal pathogens. the aim of this study was to clarify the role of these recep ...201323382985
5-lipoxygenase activity increases susceptibility to experimental paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by the thermodimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. leukotrienes and lipoxins are lipid mediators produced after 5-lipoxygenase (5-lo) activation that exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, respectively. here, we have investigated the contribution of 5-lo enzymatic activity in pcm using an experimental model of p. brasiliensis infection. b6.129 wild-type (b6.129) and 5-lo-deficient (5-lo(-/-)) mice were intravenously inoculate ...201323381993
microplate alamarblue assay for paracoccidioides susceptibility testing.clsi method m27-a3 is not available for use with dimorphic fungi, such as those of the paracoccidioides genus. in this study, we developed a microdilution method and added the alamarblue reagent to test the responses of paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii against amphotericin b and itraconazole antifungals. the test proved to be sensitive, practical, and inexpensive and can be used to monitor the activity of low-growth microorganisms and their response to various drugs.201323345296
myeloid dendritic cells (dcs) of mice susceptible to paracoccidioidomycosis suppress t cell responses whereas myeloid and plasmacytoid dcs from resistant mice induce effector and regulatory t cells.the protective adaptive immune response in paracoccidioidomycosis, a mycosis endemic among humans, is mediated by t cell immunity, whereas impaired t cell responses are associated with severe, progressive disease. the early host response to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection is not known since the disease is diagnosed at later phases of infection. our laboratory established a murine model of infection where susceptible mice reproduce the severe disease, while resistant mice develop a mild i ...201323340311
nlrp3 inflammasome activation by paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the most prevalent systemic mycosis that is geographically confined to latin america. the pro-inflammatory cytokine il-1β that is mainly derived from the activation of the cytoplasmic multiprotein complex inflammasome is an essential host factor against opportunistic fungal infections; however, its role in infection with a primary fungal pathogen, such as p. brasiliensis, is not well understood. in this study, ...201324340123
in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis il-10 deficiency leads to increased immunity and regressive infection without enhancing tissue pathology.cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism in paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the most important systemic mycosis in latin america. th1 immunity and ifn-γ activated macrophages are fundamental to immunoprotection that is antagonized by il-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. both in human and experimental pcm, several evidences indicate that the suppressive effect of il-10 causes detrimental effects to infected hosts. because direct studies have not been performed, this study was aimed to chara ...201324205424
the left lung is preferentially targeted during experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in c57bl/6 mice.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a chronic systemic mycosis caused by the inhalation of the thermally dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis as well as the recently described p. lutzii. because the primary infection occurs in the lungs, we investigated the differential involvement of the right and left lungs in experimental p. brasiliensis infection. lungs were collected from c57bl/6 mice at 70 days after intravenous infection with 1×106 yeast cells of a virulent strain of p. brasiliensis ...201324141611
paracoccidioidomycosis: eco-epidemiology, taxonomy and clinical and therapeutic issues.acquired by inhalation of the thermal dimorphic fungi paracoccidioides spp. conidia, paracoccidioidomycosis ranges from symptomatic to severe and potentially fatal disseminated disease. the main focus of this review is to highlight clinical aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis and, its pathogens' diversity ecology and particularities. in addition, we present strategies for therapy, including dna vaccines and nanostructured drugs. molecular and morphological data supported the split of the paracocci ...201324020744
paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii antigens elicit different serum igg responses in chronic paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (s1, ps2, and ps3) and by the new species, p. lutzii. considering that genetic differences in the paracoccidioides genus could elicit distinct immune responses by the host, current research investigated serum igg levels to antigens from p. brasiliensis b339 (s1), p. brasiliensis ldr3 (ps2), and atypical strain ldr2 (p. lutzii), in patients with chronic pcm from the northern and west regions of p ...201324005606
the pivotal role of 5-lipoxygenase-derived ltb4 in controlling pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.leukotrienes (lts) produced from arachidonic acid by the action of 5-lipoxygenase (5-lo) are classical mediators of inflammatory responses. however, studies published in the literature regarding these mediators are contradictory and it remains uncertain whether these lipid mediators play a role in host defense against the fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis. to determine the involvement of lts in the host response to pulmonary infection, wild-type and lt-deficient mice by targeted disr ...201323991239
tnf-α and cd8+ t cells mediate the beneficial effects of nitric oxide synthase-2 deficiency in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.nitric oxide (no), a key antimicrobial molecule, was previously shown to exert a dual role in paracoccidioidomycosis, an endemic fungal infection in latin america. in the intravenous and peritoneal models of infection, no production was associated with efficient fungal clearance but also with non-organized granulomatous lesions. because paracoccidioidomycosis is a pulmonary infection, we aimed to characterize the role of no in a pulmonary model of infection.201323936574
tlr9 activation dampens the early inflammatory response to paracoccidioides brasiliensis, impacting host survival.paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america. thus, understanding the characteristics of the protective immune response to p. brasiliensis is of interest, as it may reveal targets for disease control. the initiation of the immune response relies on the activation of pattern recognition receptors, among which are tlrs. both tlr2 and tlr4 have been implicated in the recognition of p. brasiliensis and regulation of the immu ...201323936560
dacryostenosis due to paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a patient with an unnoted hiv-1 infection. 201323931481
low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or nitrite induced of paracoccidioides brasiliensis cell proliferation in a ras-dependent manner.paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), should be able to adapt to dramatic environmental changes inside the infected host after inhalation of air-borne conidia and transition to pathogenic yeasts. proteins with antioxidant functions may protect fungal cells against reactive oxygen (ros) and nitrogen (rns) species generated by phagocytic cells, thus acting as potential virulence factors. ras gtpases are involved in stress responses, cell morphology, and ...201323922749
hepatic involvement in pediatric patients with paracoccidioidomycosis: a clinical and laboratory study.the liver is one of the organs most affected by paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis endemic in some latin american countries. the majority of articles focused on adult populations and failed to describe any detailed experience of liver abnormalities in pediatric patients. therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the frequency and characteristics of liver involvement in children with paracoccidioidomycosis. this study comprised 102 patients less than 16 years of age (median 104.3 m ...201323918088
cryptic species of paracoccidioides brasiliensis: impact on paracoccidioidomycosis immunodiagnosis.we aimed to evaluate whether the occurrence of cryptic species of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, s1, ps2, ps3 and paracoccidioides lutzii, has implications in the immunodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). small quantities of the antigen gp43 were found in culture filtrates of p. lutzii strains and this molecule appeared to be more variable within p. lutzii because the synonymous-nonsynonymous mutation rate was lower, indicating an evolutionary process different from that of the remaining ...201323903981
traffic of leukocytes and cytokine up-regulation in the central nervous system in a murine model of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in south america. in the last decades, it was observed that central nervous system involvement is frequent, occurring in 12.5 % of the cases. the aim of this study was to report the early inflammatory changes associated with an experimental model of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (npcm).201323877333
characterization of the immune response in human paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis that presents two main clinical forms: the adult form (af) and the juvenile form (jf); and an asymptomatic form denominated pcm-infection (pi). these forms of pcm are related to the immune response developed after infection, which has been associated with th1 and th2 responses. however, some pcm characteristics cannot be explained by this balance. in this study we aimed to complement t ...201323872208
interaction between paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia and the coagulation system: involvement of fibrinogen.the infectious process starts with an initial contact between pathogen and host. we have previously demonstrated that paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia interact with plasma proteins including fibrinogen, which is considered the major component of the coagulation system. in this study, we evaluated the in vitro capacity of p. brasiliensis conidia to aggregate with plasma proteins and compounds involved in the coagulation system. we assessed the aggregation of p. brasiliensis conidia after inc ...201323827999
biochemical characterization of paracoccidioides brasiliensis α-1,3-glucanase agn1p, and its functionality by heterologous expression in schizosaccharomyces pombe.α-1,3-glucan is present as the outermost layer of the cell wall in the pathogenic yeastlike (y) form of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. based on experimental evidence, this polysaccharide has been proposed as a fungal virulence factor. to degrade α-1,3-glucan and allow remodeling of the cell wall, α-1,3-glucanase is required. therefore, the study of this enzyme, its encoding gene, and regulatory mechanisms, might be of interest to understand the morphogenesis and virulence process in this fungus. ...201323825576
regulatory t cells in cutaneous lesions of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, with high incidence in brazil and very significant in latin america. the disease is clinically classified as acute, subacute or chronic where the primary lesion initiates in the lungs and can spread to other organs such as the skin and mucous membranes. the lesions are characterized by granulomatous formation, organized according to the type of pattern of host immune response. we demo ...201324107311
pancreatic paracoccidioidomycosis simulating malignant neoplasia: case report.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by fungus, and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of intra-abdominal tumors in endemic areas. we report a rare case of paracoccidioidomycosis in the pancreas. a 45-year-old man was referred to our institution with a 2-mo history of epigastric abdominal pain that was not diet-related, with night sweating, inappetence, weight loss, jaundice, pruritus, choluria, and acholic feces, without signs of sepsis or palpable tum ...201324039371
phospholipase gene expression during paracoccidioides brasiliensis morphological transition and infection.phospholipase is an important virulence factor for pathogenic fungi. in this study, we demonstrate the following: (i) the paracoccidioides brasiliensis pld gene is preferentially expressed in mycelium cells, (ii) the plb1 gene is mostly up-regulated by infection after 6 h of co-infection of mh-s cells or during balb/c mice lung infection, (iii) during lung infection, plb1, plc and pld gene expression are significantly increased 6-48 h post-infection compared to 56 days after infection, strongly ...201324037207
b cell-deficient mice display enhanced susceptibility to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. t helper 1 (th1)-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for acquired resistance during p. brasiliensis infection. on the contrary, the susceptibility is associated with occurrence of type-2 immunity (th2), which is characterized by il-4 release, b cell activation, and production of antibodies. although antibodies are frequently associated with severe pcm, it ...201323765323
morphological and structural changes in lung tissue infected by paracoccidioides brasiliensis: ftir photoacoustic spectroscopy and histological analysis.this study evaluated physical, chemical and morphological changes in lungs of mice infected with paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the animals were inoculated with 0.1 ml of fungal suspension of the p. brasiliensis 18 isolate and were euthanized 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation. the upper left lobe of the lung was isolated, fixed and processed for paraffin embedding. the sections were stained with h&e for histopathological study, with gomori-grocott to locate and identify the fungus, and with ...201323742212
gene expression modulation by paraquat-induced oxidative stress conditions in paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus associated with paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the most common systemic mycosis in latin america. the infection is initiated by inhalation of environmentally dispersed conidia produced by the saprophytic phase of the fungus. in the lungs, p. brasiliensis assumes the parasitic yeast form and must cope with the adverse conditions imposed by cells of the host immune system, which includes a harsh environment, highly concentrated in reactive o ...201323711636
characterization of cell wall lipids from the pathogenic phase of paracoccidioides brasiliensis cultivated in the presence or absence of human plasma.the fungal cell wall is a complex and dynamic outer structure. in pathogenic fungi its components interact with the host, determining the infection fate. the present work aimed to characterize cell wall lipids from p. brasiliensis grown in the presence and absence of human plasma. we compared the results from isolates pb3 and pb18, which represent different phylogenetic species that evoke distinct patterns of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.201323691038
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