Publications

surveillance of community-acquired viral infections due to respiratory viruses in rhone-alpes (france) during winter 1994 to 1995.	nasal swab from patients with acute flu-like illness were evaluated for the presence of respiratory viruses in the rhone-alpes region of france from 1 october 1994 through 2 may 1995. the relative frequencies and seasonal distributions of the specific viruses were assessed. in addition, virus type was correlated with specific clinical signs and symptoms. during the study, 962 samples were collected by 75 medical practitioners participating in the groupe regional d'observation de la grippe survei ...	1996	8940439
protective effect of adenylate deaminase (from penicillium lanoso-viride) against acute infections in mice.	we examined the effects of the immunomodulator-adenylate deaminase (e.c. 3.5.4.6) from penicillium lanoso-viride on experimental mice infections. prophylactic intraperitoneal administration of adenylate deaminase (ada) increased survival time and numbers of survivors after infection with salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa and influenza a (h3n2) virus. protection against influenza virus after intranasal ada application was also observed. the influence of ada was time and dose dependen ...	1996	8956980
[influenza in the 1995/'96 season; vaccine composition for the 1996/'97 season].	the 1995/'96 season in the netherlands was marked by an influenza a/h3n2 epidemic that peaked in week 5i. in this week, 39 patients with influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants contacted the sentinel physicians. with two exceptions, influenza a/h3n2 viruses exclusively were isolated during this epidemic period. in the first few months of 1996, a substantial number of influenza a/h1n1 and influenza b viruses were isolated as well. serological characterization of the circulating viruses reve ...	1996	8965944
antiviral activity of influenza virus m1 zinc finger peptides.	matrix protein (m1) of influenza virus inhibits its own polymerase; this suggested that a peptide segment of m1 with inhibitory properties could serve as an antiviral agent. a peptide synthesized to the zn2+ finger region of the m1 sequence of influenza virus strain a/pr/8/34 centered around amino acids residues 148 to 166 was shown earlier to be 1,000-fold more effective as a polymerase inhibitor than m1. this peptide, designated peptide 6, represents a zn2+ finger which includes a 7-residue "l ...	1996	8970989
influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1995 to june 1996.	this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza virus infection in england and wales from october 1995 to june 1996 (weeks 40/95 to 25/96). total respiratory disease' activity, as reported by the birmingham research unit of the royal college of general practitioners, rose to peaks in weeks 48/95, 51/95, and 01/96. the first peak coincided with a peak in "influenza and flu-like illness'. the subsequent peaks were accounted for by an increase in reports of acute bron ...	1996	8972979
expression of il-6, il-8, and rantes on human bronchial epithelial cells, nci-h292, induced by influenza virus a.	bronchial epithelial cells are primary sites of airway viral infection, and these cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. it has recently been reported that bronchial epithelial cells express rantes. rantes attracts monocytes, t cells, eosinophils, and basophils; it can also activate eosinophils. to determine whether viral infection induces rantes expression on bronchial epithelial cells, we infected a bronchial epithelial cell line, nci-h292, with influenza ...	1996	8977509
possible correlation between low antigenic drift of a(h1n1) influenza viruses and induction of hi antibodies.	this study examined whether, during a seven-year period of low a(h1n1) influenza virus antigenic drift (1988-1989 and 1994-1995, winters), humoral antibody response of elderly volunteers to influenza vaccines could suggest a lack of antibody pressure for drift. in all the years studied a/taiwan/1/86, the a(h1n1) vaccine component, had a low ability to induce protective hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibody titres (> or = 1:40). however a similar low immunogenicity was found for some of the d ...	1996	8982618
antibody responses in volunteers induced by nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit containing a trace amount of the holotoxin.	evaluation of the efficacy of nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) containing a trace amount of the holotoxin (lt) in inducing antibody responses among volunteers, which was conducted during the winter season of 1993-1994, is reported. a trivalent inactivated vaccine, composed of a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1), a/kitakyusyu/159/93 (h3n2) and b/bangkok/163/90 influenza virus strains, was used alone or together with the adjuvant, recombinant ltb s ...	1996	8852406
genetic variation in neuraminidase genes of influenza a (h3n2) viruses.	nucleotide sequences of the neuraminidase (na) genes of 33 influenza a (h3n2) epidemic strains isolated between 1968 and 1995 were analyzed to determine their evolutionary relationships. phylogenetic analysis using the dna maximum-likelihood method indicates that the na genes of recent h3n2 field strains, like their hemagglutinin genes (ha), have evolved as two distinct lineages represented by the vaccine strains. a/beijing/353/89 and a/beijing/32/92 for a/shanghai/24/ 90). furthermore, genetic ...	1996	8862412
immunohistochemistry of a cytoplasmic dynein (map 1c)-like molecule in rodent and human brain tissue: an example of molecular mimicry between cytoplasmic dynein and influenza a virus.	immunohistochemistry with an antibody to influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus was performed using normal mouse, rat and human brain tissues. dot-like or filamentous structures in the neuronal cytoplasm were clearly stained. axons were also stained, but weakly. lewy bodies in parkinson's disease substantia nigra were also positive. immunoscreening of the antibody using mouse brain cdna revealed that this antibody recognized the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein. immunoblot analysis also showed tha ...	1996	8870834
gene analysis of reassortant influenza virus by rt-pcr followed by restriction enzyme digestion.	an amplification system for nearly full length cdna coding the eight influenza virus segments of a type (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) and b type influenza viruses is described. each of the segments of pb1, pb2, pa, np, m, and ns can be amplified using one 5' primer and one 3' primer for a-type influenza viruses. the rt-pcr amplification system was applied to define the gene composition of three subtype cold-recombinant, live attenuated influenza viruses. each segment of the attenuated influenza virus could ...	1996	8882646
pathogenicity of three avian influenza viruses for leghorn hens of different ages.	pronounced host effects on clinical responses to influenza virus infection were not observed in any of seven trials in which young (26-43 weeks) and olf (65-94 weeks) leghorn hens were inoculated with low pathogenic subtype h5n2, h4n8, or h3n2 virus. in two of seven trials, where hens were infected with h4n8 or h3n2 virus, morbidity rates were slightly higher for old hens than for young hens. these observations indicate that host age effects of the severity of uncomplicated influenza virus infec ...	1996	8883807
[an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) among hospitalized geriatric patients].	an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a hospital where almost 90% of the inpatients are aged over 70 years is described. an increase of febrile episodes was seen during the period from january 29th to march 17th, 1992 in two of six wards paired sera, at the onset of fever and more than two weeks later, were obtained from patients in sixty-five episodes. serum antibody titer to influenza a (h3n2) elevated over four times in 39 (60%) of 65. influenza a (h3n2) virus was also isolated from seven pati ...	1996	8890547
emergence of avian h1n1 influenza viruses in pigs in china.	avian influenza a viruses from asia are recognized as the source of genes that reassorted with human viral genes to generate the asian/57 (h2n2) and hong kong/68 (h3n2) pandemic strains earlier in this century. here we report the genetic analysis of avian influenza a h1n1 viruses recently isolated from pigs in southern china, a host suspected to generate new pandemic strains through gene reassortment events. each of the eight gene segments was of avian origin. phylogenetic analysis indicates tha ...	1996	8892928
molecular and immunological characterization of soluble aggregated a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) influenza haemagglutinin expressed in insect cells.	a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2)-derived cdna coding for a secreted haemagglutinin (ha0s) was cloned into the polyhedrin promoter-based pvl1392 transfer vector, and a recombinant baculovirus was isolated. 5 to 10 micrograms/ml of secreted ha were obtained following infection of spodoptera frugiperda-9 cells. gel filtration revealed the presence in the cell supernatant of immunoreactive ha molecules with varying m(r). the high m(r) fraction (aha0s) could be purified by matrex cellufine sulphate and lentil- ...	1996	8893793
theoretical grounds and experimental confirmation of the antiviral effect of the preparation ukrain.	the preparation ukrain was studied in order to confirm its theoretically substantiated properties in comparison with amitozin as its structural and functional analogue, and two other functional analogues, namely methisazone (against herpesvirus and poxvirus) and remantadine (against grippevirus). the experiments were carried out on albino swiss mice of either sex weighing initially 18-20 g. they were kept at room temperature (20-21 degrees c) on a natural day-night cycle, were housed in groups o ...	1996	8899334
evaluation of a protective immunity induced by an inactivated influenza h3n2 vaccine after an intratracheal challenge of pigs.	a challenge study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an inactivated influenza h3n2 virus vaccine combined with quil a/alhydrogel mixture under controlled conditions in piglets. twenty-four piglets from 12 sows were allocated to 2 groups; injected intramuscularly with 2 doses of the tested vaccine or with pbs at 2 wk intervals and challenged intratracheally with 105tcid50 of the h3n2 swine influenza virus 6 d after the 2nd immunization. clinical and virological parameters were r ...	1996	8904668
cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses of infants after natural infection or immunization with live cold-recombinant or inactivated influenza a virus vaccine.	the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response of infants after immunization with either inactivated trivalent subvirion vaccine (tiv) or bivalent attenuated cold-recombinant (cr) vaccine or occurrence of natural influenza virus infection were compared in a blinded, placebo-controlled study during the 1987-1988 and 1988-1989 influenza epidemic seasons. healthy infants between 6 and 13 months of age were randomly assigned and administered a single dose of intranasal bivalent (a/h3n2/a/h1n1) cr vaccine ...	1996	8915874
large sequential outbreaks caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses in an institution for the mentally handicapped.	during the mixed epidemic caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b in the 1992-1993 season in japan, large sequential outbreaks occurred in an institution for mentally handicapped people where none of the residents or staff members had been immunized. during the influenza a outbreak (a/ beijing/32/92-like strain) in january, 37.0% of the residents (85/230) and 31.4% of the staff (75/239) had an influenza-like illness. during the influenza b outbreak (b/panama/45/90- and b/beijing/184/ 93-like strain) ...	1996	8915877
large outbreak of swine influenza in southern japan caused by reassortant (h1n2) influenza viruses: its epizootic background and characterization of the causative viruses.	in the winter of 1989 and the spring of 1990, there were large outbreaks of respiratory disease in two swine herds in nagasaki prefecture, southern japan. serological surveillance indicated that the majority of swine possessed antibodies to swine influenza virus h1 haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of early h3n2 influenza virus strains. eight viruses were isolated from swine that showed typical clinical symptoms of influenza. the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of these isolates were closely rel ...	1996	8760422
an epidemiological study of influenza viruses among chinese farm families with household ducks and pigs.	to examine the possibility of interspecies transmission and genetic reassortment of influenza viruses on farms in southern china, we surveyed 20 farm families living outside the city of nanchang who raised pigs and ducks in their homes. weekly interviews of family members and virus isolation studies of throat swabs and faecal samples, collected from september 1992 to september 1993, established the seasonal pattern of respiratory tract infections in these families and identified 11 influenza vir ...	1996	8760967
synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2.	the synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. the new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza a h1n1, influenza a h2n2, influenza a h3n2, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) hsv-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (vzv), tk- vzv, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and human immunodeficiency vir ...	1996	8765514
in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to"--effects on aged mice, against subtypes of a viruses and b virus, and therapeutic effect.	when aged balb/c mice (approximately 6 months old) were treated with a kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to (sst)" (1 g/kg, 10 times) orally from 7 days before to 4 days after the infection and infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1 subtype) by nasal site-restricted infection, replication of the virus in the broncho-alveolar cavity was efficiently inhibited at 5 days after infection in comparison with water-treated mice. the antiviral iga antibody in the broncho-a ...	1996	8771367
differential effects of total and upper airway influenza viral infection on sleep in mice.	sleepiness is a common perception during most infectious diseases, including viral infections. previously, we observed that a lethal strain of influenza virus (h1n1) causes a greater increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (nrems) than a nonlethal strain of influenza virus (h3n2), suggesting that the magnitude of sleep responses after viral inoculation depends on the severity of the infection. the aim of the present experiment was to further test this possibility. the effects of total airway in ...	1996	8776792
two evolutionary strategies of influenza viruses to escape host non-specific inhibitors: alteration of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase specificity.	the porcine serum inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin prevents influenza virus from entering host cells by competing for the sa alpha 2, 6gal-binding site of the hemagglutinin (ha). we studied a series of inhibitor-sensitive and inhibitor-resistant human and porcine influenza virus isolates of the h3n2 subtype, all of which contained has, which initially bound only to sa alpha 2, 6gal oligosaccharides. when their neuraminidase was inhibited, the naturally resistant viruses, as a result of no longer ...	1996	8806180
sulphatide binds to human and animal influenza a viruses, and inhibits the viral infection.	we found, by using a virus overlay assay, that influenza a virus isolates bind to sulphatide (hso3-gal beta 1-->1'cer), which has no sialic acid residue, and that the infection of madin-darby canine kidney cells with the human influenza virus a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) is inhibited by sulphatide. a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) causes obvious haemagglutination and low-ph haemolysis of asialoerythrocytes reconstituted with sulphatide. all influenza a virus isolates from the species of animals so far tested boun ...	1996	8809024
experience of european collaboration in influenza surveillance in the winter of 1993-1994.	the spread of influenza is of major public health concern. surveillance programmes exist in many countries. we here describe an international collaboration sharing information from belgium, france, the netherlands, portugal and the united kingdom during the influenza a(h3n2) epidemic occurring in europe at the end of 1993.	1996	8816310
protection against lethal influenza virus encephalitis by intranasally primed cd8+ memory t cells.	the neurotropic influenza virus strain a/wsn (h1n1) caused a rapidly fatal encephalitis after intracerebral inoculation into naive mice. intranasal immunization with the same virus (homotypic) completely protected mice against a subsequent intracerebral challenge with a/wsn; there was no clinical disease, and infectious virus could not be recovered from the brain. in vivo depletion of cd4+ or cd8+ t cell subsets did not affect homotypic protection, and the pups of immune mothers were also protec ...	1996	8816416
influenza a and sendai viruses preferentially bind to fucosylated gangliosides with linear poly-n-acetyllactosaminyl chains from human granulocytes.	influenza a and sendai viruses are known to bind to various extent to neolacto-series gangliosides iv3neu5ac-nlcose4cer, iv6neu5ac-nlcose4cer, and vi3neu5ac-nlcose6cer, which are the dominant gangliosides of human granulocytes. recently, minor gangliosides of granulocytes were characterized and found to express sialyl lewis(x) and vim-2 epitopes. these long chain linear monosialogangliosides with nlcose8, and nlcose10, cores, carrying one to three fucoses, are shown in this study to bind with st ...	1996	8823909
the molecular characterization of influenza virus strains isolated in south africa during 1993 and 1994.	influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b viruses isolated recently in south africa were analysed by partial nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin gene to examine antigenic drift of the isolates relative to the vaccine strains. the genomic analysis of the influenza b isolates revealed a number of differences in the amino acid residues compared with those of the b/panama/45/90 vaccine strain, and these isolates were found to be antigenically more closely related to b/quindao/102/91. in both the 19 ...	1996	8837232
influenza infection in humans and pigs in southeastern china.	the three last pandemic strains of influenza a virus-asian/57, hong kong/68 and russian/77-are believed to have originated in china. the strains responsible for the 1957 and 1968 human pandemics were reassortants incorporating both human and avian influenza viruses, which may have arisen in pigs. we therefore undertook a population-based study in the nanchang region of central china to establish the prevalence, types and seasonal pattern of human influenza infection and to screen serum samples f ...	1996	8645101
evaluation of live attenuated influenza vaccines in children 6-18 months of age: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, vaccine and treatment evaluation program and the wyeth-ayerst ca influenza vaccine investigators group.	live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) monovalent and bivalent influenza a vaccines were evaluated in seronegative infants (ages 6-18 months) in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess safety and immunogenicity. a total of 182 seronegative subjects received a single intranasal dose (10(6.2) tcid50) of ca a/kawasaki/9/86 (h1n1) or ca a/los angeles/2/87 (h3n2), both as a bivalent vaccine, or placebo. respiratory and systemic symptoms did not differ between groups after vaccination. hemagglut ...	1996	8648202
evaluation of a recombinant hemagglutinin expressed in insect cells as an influenza vaccine in young and elderly adults.	healthy subjects <45 years old (young adults) or >65 (elderly adults) were randomized in double-blind fashion to receive intramuscularly subvirion trivalent influenza vaccine, placebo, or 15, 45, or 135 microgram of the hemagglutinin (ha) of the influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (rha0). all vaccines were well tolerated. both young and elderly adults manifested serum hemagglutination-inhibition, virus neutralizing, and ha-specific igg el ...	1996	8648221
human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a virus hemagglutinin after subunit vaccination.	we have examined human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus hemagglutinin following influenza virus hana subunit vaccination. cd4+ t-cell repertoires were dominated by recognition of epitopes located in conserved regions of the molecule, in a major histocompatibility complex class ii haplotype-dependent manner, analogous to that observed following natural infection.	1996	8676508
[an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a nursing home].	in the nursing home belonging to our hospital, an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) occurred in january 1995, and we studied 23 elderly residents with influenza a infection. twenty three residents with influenza a (8 males and 15 females) ranged in age from 67 to 95 years (average 83.1 years), 91.3% of them were bedridden. and all had underlying medical conditions with neurologic, cardiac, orthopedic, being the most frequent. the most common complaints were fever (100%), followed by cough (95.7%), ...	1996	8699092
time to peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly.	the earliest time at which serum antibody peaks following administration of influenza virus vaccine in elderly persons is not clearly defined. we compared the time intervals of 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination. a commercial trivalent vaccine containing the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses a/texas/36/91(h1n1), a/shangdong/9/93(h3n2), and b/panama/45/90 was used. the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers at 2 weeks after vaccination were identical to the hemagglutination inhibition antibod ...	1996	8705685
immune cd4+ t cells promote the clearance of influenza virus from major histocompatibility complex class ii -/- respiratory epithelium.	the experiments described establish that cd4+ t-cell-dependent effector mechanisms can eliminate an h3n2 influenza a virus from lung cells that are unable to express class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) glycoproteins. radiation chimeras were made by using cd4+ t cells and bone marrow from cd8-depleted, mhc class ii +/+ mice and irradiated (950 rads) mhc class ii -/- recipients. the influenza virus-specific cd4+ t-cell responses in these +/+-->-/- mice were not obviously different from ...	1996	8551597
mechanisms of heterosubtypic immunity to lethal influenza a virus infection in fully immunocompetent, t cell-depleted, beta2-microglobulin-deficient, and j chain-deficient mice.	immunity that is cross-protective between different influenza a virus subtypes (termed heterosubtypic immunity) can be demonstrated readily in some animals but only rarely in humans. induction of heterosubtypic immunity in humans by vaccines would provide public health benefit, perhaps offering some protection against pandemics or other new influenza a strains. therefore, we studied mechanisms mediating heterosubtypic immunity in mice. immunization with either a/h1n1 or a/h3n2 virus protected mi ...	1997	9013963
binding of the influenza a virus to cell-surface receptors: structures of five hemagglutinin-sialyloligosaccharide complexes determined by x-ray crystallography.	the structures of five complexes of the x-31 influenza a (h3n2) virus hemagglutinin with sialyloligosaccharide receptor analogs have been determined from 2.5 to 2.8 a resolution by x-ray crystallography. there is well-defined electron density for three to five saccharides in all five complexes and a striking conformational difference between two linear pentasaccharides with the same composition but different linkage [alpha(2-->6) or alpha(2-->3)] at the terminal sialic acid. the bound position o ...	1997	9185585
continued evolution of h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses in pigs in italy.	swine influenza viruses possessing avian genes were first detected in europe in 1979 (scholtissek et al., 1983, virology, 129, 521-523) and continue to circulate in pigs in that region of the world. to characterize the molecular epidemiology of swine influenza viruses currently circulating in europe, we used dot-blot hybridization and sequence analysis to determine the origin of the genes encoding the nonsurface proteins ("internal" genes) of 10 h1n1 and 11 h3n2 swine influenza viruses isolated ...	1997	9191844
influenza among hospitalized adults with leukemia.	influenza is one of the most important respiratory diseases of mankind, yet scant data exist concerning the frequency and clinical course of influenza in severely immunocompromised adults. from october 1993 to september 1994, we cultured the respiratory secretions of all adults with leukemia who were hospitalized with an acute respiratory illness at the university of texas m.d. anderson cancer center in houston. during a 9-week period from 29 november 1993 to 29 january 1994, influenza virus typ ...	1997	9195063
avian influenza a viruses differ from human viruses by recognition of sialyloligosaccharides and gangliosides and by a higher conservation of the ha receptor-binding site.	avian influenza virus strains representing most hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes were compared with human influenza a (h1n1,h3n2) and b virus isolates, including those with no history of passaging in embryonated hen's eggs, for their ability to bind free n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and sialylollgosaccharides in a competitive binding assay and to attach to gangliosides in a solid-phase adsorption assay. the avian viruses, irrespective of their ha subtype, showed a higher affinity for sialyl-3-lac ...	1997	9201232
humoral and cellular immune responses following vaccination with purified recombinant hemagglutinin from influenza a (h3n2) virus.	adults were immunized with either baculovirus-expressed, purified recombinant hemagglutinin (rha) from influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus or saline placebo and evaluated for humoral and in vitro cellular immune responses. compared with responses in placebo recipients, vaccinees had greater postvaccination h3(beijing/32) ha (h3)-specific lymphoproliferation and interleukin (il)-2, il-10, and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) production. mean increases in the production of il-10 (> or = 20-fold) an ...	1997	9203655
adjuvant activity of the heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli for oral administration of inactivated influenza virus vaccine.	alternative strategies for vaccination against influenza that elicit both systemic antibody and mucosal iga responses are needed to improve the efficacy in protection against infection. this study demonstrated that oral delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine with the heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli elicited the spectrum of humoral and cell-mediated responses in balb/c mice critical for the protection and recovery from influenza virus infection. coadministrat ...	1997	9203656
vitamin e supplementation decreases lung virus titers in mice infected with influenza.	effects of vitamin e (e) supplementation on influenza infection were examined in young and old c57bl/6nia mice fed 30 or 500 ppm of e for 6 weeks and subsequently infected with influenza a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2). old mice fed 30 ppm of e had significantly higher lung virus titers on days 2 and 7 after infection than young mice fed 30 ppm of e. titers on all 3 days were significantly lower in old mice fed 500 ppm of e than in those fed 30 ppm. significant effects of e on lung virus titers in y ...	1997	9207381
combined protective effect of an immunostimulatory bacterial preparation and rimantadine in experimental influenza a virus infection.	the protective effect of an immunostimulatory bacterial preparation, cytoplasmic membranes of escherichia coli wf stable protoplast type l-forms (cm) alone and in combination with the selective antiviral drug rimantadine was evaluated in experimental influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus infection in mice. in sublethal infection, cm administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 7 days before virus exposure in a single dose of 25 mg/kg did not reduce significantly the virus lung titers. in lethal infection ...	1997	9219635
time to earliest peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly.	the earliest time at which serum antibody levels peak following administration of an influenza virus vaccine in elderly persons is not clearly defined. we compared the time intervals of 1 and 2 weeks after vaccination. a commercial trivalent vaccine containing the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses a/texas/36/91 (h1n1), a/johannesburg/33/94 (h3n2), and b/harbin/7/94 was used. the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) antibody titers at 1 week after vaccination were significantly lower than the hai ...	1997	9220171
dual infections of prrsv/influenza or prrsv/actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the respiratory tract.	to study the effect of a previous porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome-infection (prrs) of the respiratory tract on influenza virus and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app) infections, 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) piglets were intranasally infected with prrs virus. one week later, when the lung alveolar macrophages of prrsv infected pigs were lowest in number, a second infection was applied by intranasal aerosol of influenza virus h3n2 or by endobronchial instillation of a m ...	1997	9220621
long term trends in the evolution of h(3) ha1 human influenza type a.	we have studied the ha1 domain of 254 human influenza a(h3n2) virus genes for clues that might help identify characteristics of hemagglutinins (has) of circulating strains that are predictive of that strain's epidemic potential. our preliminary findings include the following. (i) the most parsimonious tree found requires 1,260 substitutions of which 712 are silent and 548 are replacement substitutions. (ii) the ha1 portion of the ha gene is evolving at a rate of 5.7 nucleotide substitutions/year ...	1997	9223253
role of gamma delta tcr+ lymphocytes in the augmented resistance of trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate-treated mice to influenza virus infection.	trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (tdm), an immunomodulator, potentiates non-specific resistance in mice to influenza virus infection. when mice were injected intravenously with tdm, the striking proliferation of a minority of t-lymphocytes bearing gamma/delta t-cell receptors (gamma delta t-cells) that accumulated in granulomatous lungs was thought to be associated with the maintenance of acquired resistance to lethal influenza virus infection. to clarify the cellular basis of the defence against influ ...	1997	9225035
multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for surveillance of influenza a and b viruses in england and wales in 1995 and 1996.	multiple-target (multiplex) reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for detection, typing, and subtyping of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza type a (h3n2 and h1n1) and type b viruses was developed and applied prospectively to virological surveillance of influenza in england in the 1995-1996 winter season. during this season both influenza a h3n2 and h1n1 viruses were circulating, although at different times. six hundred nineteen combined nose and throat swabs taken by general practitioners in sent ...	1997	9230385
epidemiology of influenza virus infections in children with acute respiratory infections in zambia.	a viral aetiological and epidemiological study of acute respiratory infections (ari) in children was carried out in lusaka, zambia between june 1993 and september 1995. a total of 3,760 throat swab specimens were collected for virus isolation from children under 5 years of age who had ari and were attending three health centres in lusaka. between june and november 1993, 52 cases of the influenza a/h3n2 viruses were isolated. between may and july 1994, 34 influenza b cases were isolated. in 1995, ...	1997	9230973
perspectives on pandemics: a research agenda.	during the 20th century, indisputable pandemics of influenza occurred in 1918, 1957, and 1968. the pandemics of 1957 (a/h2n2) and 1968 (a/h3n2) were associated with major antigenic changes in the virus, probably reflecting introduction by recombination of animal virus genes. the 1918 epidemic is beyond the reach of modern virology but, based on seroarcheology, appears to have been caused by a virus very similar to present swine (a/h1n1) influenza viruses. changes in both principal antigens of th ...	1997	9240691
[prophylactic effect of black tea extract as gargle against influenza].	we examined whether gargling with black tea prevents influenza infection. tests were carried out during a five month period (october 1992 to march 1993). the control group that followed their normal daily routine, whereas the test group that gargled with 0.5 w/v% black tea extract twice daily (at 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.). influenza viruses were isolated from influenza patients and an antigen analysis was carried out. as a result, two strains of influenza a viruses (h3n2) and ten strains of b virus wer ...	1997	9248263
amantadine susceptibility in influenza a virus isolates: determination methods and lack of resistance in a canadian sample, 1991-94.	influenza a infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and patients affected by chronic diseases or immunodeficiencies. treatment and prevention of infection in hospitals and nursing homes often involve the use of amantadine, but resistant viruses may arise.	1997	9248657
different progress of mdck cell death after infection by two different influenza virus isolates.	the effect of influenza strains a (h3n2) and b, isolated during the seasons of 1994 and 1995 in the czech republic, on mdck cells was studied. various concentrations of virus and conditions of nutrition were used during the cell culture. the virus replication and consequently fragmentation of genomic dna together with cytotoxicity were investigated in the absence and presence of 10 per cent calf serum. virus replication, regardless of type a or b, caused earlier dna fragmentation in comparison t ...	1997	9253160
influenza virus neutralizing antibodies and igg isotype profiles after immunization of mice with influenza a subunit vaccine using various adjuvants.	the influence of various adjuvants on the development of influenza virus neutralizing antibodies and distribution of anti-influenza virus igg isotypes after immunization of mice with influenza a (h3n2) subunit vaccine was investigated. serum titres of influenza virus neutralizing antibodies and titres of influenza specific igg isotypes were determined by a neutralization enzyme immunoassay (n-eia) and a cell-associated antigen enzyme immunoassay (ca-eia), respectively. serum antibody titres as m ...	1997	9261954
an influenza a live attenuated reassortant virus possessing three temperature-sensitive mutations in the pb2 polymerase gene rapidly loses temperature sensitivity following replication in hamsters.	the purpose of the present study was to produce an influenza a h2n2 donor virus from which an attenuating pb2 gene bearing three discrete temperature sensitive (ts) mutations could be readily transferred to currently epidemic influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses via genetic reassortment. an influenza a transfectant virus was first produced that contained site-directed ts mutations at amino acids 112, 265, and 556 in the pb2 gene of influenza a/aa/60 virus origin in a background of the other seven r ...	1997	9302747
[the immunoprophylaxis of influenza among elderly persons].	during three seasons at the period of 1992-1996 immunization of elderly persons, living in homes for old people, against influenza with inactivated influenza vaccine (iiv) was carried out. altogether 856 persons were immunized intranasally, 581 persons constituting the control group. for comparison, 4,825 healthy young adults aged 18-24 years were immunized under similar conditions. the study revealed that the intranasal immunization of elderly persons with iiv, made in two administrations, was ...	1997	9304332
influenza infection of beta 2-microglobulin-deficient (beta 2m-/-) mice reveals a loss of cd4+ t cell functions with aging.	following influenza infection, aged mice have prolonged viral shedding that is presumably due to lower anti-influenza class i-restricted cd8+ ctl activity. to examine alternative viral clearance mechanisms in immunosenescense, we infected young (1.5-2.5 month) and aged (15-18 month) class i and cd8+-deficient beta 2m-/- mice with influenza a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2). we found that 40% of young beta 2m-/- mice were shedding virus from the lung on day 9 (mean titer of 0.3 log10 tcid[50]), with a ...	1997	9317144
collectin-mediated antiviral host defense of the lung: evidence from influenza virus infection of mice.	collagenous lectins (collectins) present in mammalian serum and pulmonary fluids bind to influenza virus and display antiviral activity in vitro, but their role in vivo has yet to be determined. we have used early and late isolates of h3n2 subtype influenza viruses that differ in their degree of glycosylation to examine the relationship between sensitivity to murine serum and pulmonary lectins in vitro and the ability of a virus to replicate in the respiratory tract of mice. a marked inverse cor ...	1997	9343171
serum amyloid p component binds to influenza a virus haemagglutinin and inhibits the virus infection in vitro.	serum amyloid p component (sap) is a member of the phylogenetically conserved and structurally related group of proteins called pentraxins. sap exhibits multispecific calcium-dependent binding to oligosaccharides with terminal n-acetyl-galactosamine, mannose and glucuronic acid. the authors report that sap can bind to influenza a virus and inhibit agglutination of erythrocytes mediated by the virus subtypes h1n1, h2n2 and h3n2. sap also inhibits the production of haemagglutinin (ha) an the cytop ...	1997	9350282
enhancement of in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone by drug delivery system using hydroxypropyl cellulose.	enhancement of in vivo antiviral activity of 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (f36) against h3n2 subtype of influenza a virus by drug delivery system (dds) with hydroxypropyl cellulose (hpc) was studied. although in the absence of hpc f36 (0.5 mg/kg) showed no antiviral activity against mouse-adapted influenza virus a/guizhou/54/89 (h3n2) in mice, when f36 solution containing hpc was administered intranasally 5 min after the virus inoculation, proliferation of the virus in both nasal and bronc ...	1997	9353569
[prevention and control of influenza infection in the elderly in japan--special emphasis on high risk group patients].	these days, in the japanese society the aged group which involve the high risk group patients has grown rapidly. in japan, at present small epidemics of a hong kong (h3n2) and a soviet (h1n1) influenza have occurred and influenza b has concurrent infection. however asian type a (h2n2) virus disappeared since 1968. if asian strain appeared again, most people of less than thirty years old with high risk group patients would have severe infection. we are afraid of the appearance of the new type a v ...	1997	9360368
costimulation by b7 modulates specificity of cytotoxic t lymphocytes: a missing link that explains some bystander t cell activation.	it has been proposed that some bystander t cell activation may in fact be due to t cell antigen receptor (tcr) cross-reactivity that is too low to be detected by the effector cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl). however, this hypothesis is not supported by direct evidence since no tcr ligand is known to induce t cell proliferation and differentiation without being recognized by the effector ctl. here we report that transgenic t cells expressing a t cell receptor to influenza virus a/nt/68 nucleoprotein ...	1997	9362540
isolation of influenza a(h3n2) virus with "o"-->"d" phase variation.	we report the isolation of two influenza a(h3n2) virus strains which were unable, in the first passages in mdck cell culture, to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes, though reacting with guinea pig and turkey red blood cells. this observation demonstrates that the occurrence of this phenomenon is not exclusive to influenza a(h1n1) viruses, as previously reported. in order to investigate the molecular basis of this phenomenon, we analysed the nucleotide sequence of the ha-1 region, presumed to be in ...	1997	9498014
virological and pathomorphological aspects in experimental infections with some triassociated pneumotropic viruses in the white mouse.	experimental infections were induced in white mice by intranasal administration of parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, to which influenza virus a/beijing, 353/89 (h3n2) strain, and respiratory syncytial virus, long strain, were associated. the model was organized so as to obtain a triassociated infection, parainfluenza virus type 3 being inoculated the first and the other two viruses, in the following stages-ii and iii-, alternately. the infections were revealed by the presence of positiv ...	1997	9836325
effect of influenza immunization on immunologic and virologic characteristics of pediatric patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	we evaluated the responses of hiv-infected children to a single dose of split-virus influenza vaccine and the relationship to viral load and other characteristics.	1997	9041601
influenza surveillance--united states, 1992-93 and 1993-94.	cdc conducts active surveillance annually from october through may on the emergence and spread of influenza virus variants and the impact of influenza-related morbidity and mortality. influenza activity is also monitored throughout the year by passive surveillance.	1997	9043091
in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of a zinc finger peptide.	matrix protein (m1) is a major structural protein of influenza virus, and it inhibits its own polymerase. a 19-amino-acid peptide, corresponding to a zinc finger region of the m1 sequence of influenza virus strain a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), centered around amino acids 148 to 166, was synthesized. this peptide, designated peptide 6, represents a zinc finger which includes a 7-amino-acid loop or finger and a 4-amino-acid tail at the carboxyl terminus, in addition to the 8 amino acids involved in the coordi ...	1997	9056014
preferential selection of receptor-binding variants of influenza virus hemagglutinin by the neutralizing antibody repertoire of transgenic mice expressing a human immunoglobulin mu minigene.	an analysis was made of the neutralizing antibody repertoire, for influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) of transgenic mice expressing a human immunoglobulin mu (igh) minigene, by monoclonal antibody (mab) selection and sequencing of the ha genes of x31 (h3n2 subtype) laboratory variants. whereas previously reported laboratory variants, selected in ovo with high-affinity murine mabs of the igg class, differed from wild-type virus by a single amino acid residue change in one of the major antigenic si ...	1997	9060611
[efficacy of nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit containing a trace amount of the holotoxin in healthy volunteers].	we conducted a field trial to evaluate the efficacy of nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) containing a trace amount of the holotoxin (lt) in preventing or attenuating influenza among volunteers during the winter season of 1994-1995. a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, composed of a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1), a/kitakyusyu/159/93 (h2n2) and b/mie/1/93 influenza virus strains, was administered intranasally together with recombinant ltb ...	1997	9077073
induction of protective immunity against influenza virus in a macaque model: comparison of conventional and iscom vaccines.	cynomolgus macaque monkeys (macaca fascicularis) were immunized twice intramuscularly, either with a conventional non-adjuvanted subunit vaccine or with a candidate immune-stimulating complex (iscom) vaccine, each containing 10 micrograms envelope glycoprotein of a recent human influenza a(h3n2) virus (a/netherlands/18/94). in contrast to the macaques vaccinated with the classical subunit vaccine, those immunized with the iscom vaccine developed high titres of specific igm, iga and igg serum ant ...	1997	9129647
expression of cytokines on human bronchial epithelial cells induced by influenza virus a.	bronchial epithelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases of bronchial mucosa. epithelial-cell-derived cytokines are important in the elucidation of the mechanism by which airway inflammation occurs, especially in respiratory virus infection, because these cells are the primary sites of viral infection. we infected bronchial epithelial cells, nci-h292, with influenza virus a (h3n2) and examined the concentrations of cytokines, interleukin-6 (il-6), il-8 ...	1997	9130560
surfactant protein a, but not surfactant protein d, is an opsonin for influenza a virus phagocytosis by rat alveolar macrophages.	surfactant protein a (sp-a) and surfactant protein d (sp-d) are collectins, and both proteins were shown to interact with influenza a virus and alveolar macrophages. however, it is not known whether sp-a and sp-d can serve as opsonins for the phagocytosis of influenza a virus by alveolar macrophages. in the present study, we investigated the opsonic activities of sp-a and sp-d for phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-labeled influenza a (h3n2) virus by rat alveolar macrophages using ...	1997	9130640
response to influenza virus vaccination in vertical hiv infection.	to assess the antibody response to influenza vaccine of children vertically infected with hiv.	1997	9135261
analysis of influenza a h3n2 strains isolated in england during 1995-1996 using polymerase chain reaction restriction.	a polymerase chain reaction-restriction (pcr-restriction) endonuclease assay was developed to allow rapid analysis of influenza a h3n2 viruses circulating in england during 1995-1996. restriction endonuclease digestion with two enzymes of amplicons derived from pcr of the ha1 portion of the influenza haemagglutinin (ha) gene was able to differentiate antigenically similar influenza strains into two groups. group i variants were similar genetically to the 1995/96 vaccine strain, a/johannesburg/33 ...	1997	9139090
cytokines and impaired cd8+ ctl activity among elderly persons and the enhancing effect of il-12.	we have previously demonstrated that about 70% of elderly persons exhibit deficient cytotoxic t lymphocyte (cd8+ ctl) responses against influenza viruses when compared to young persons. since ifn-gamma, a th1 cytokine and il-4, a th2 cytokine, stimulate and inhibit cd8+ ctl responses respectively, their role(s) in the age-related ctl deficiency was investigated. lymphocytes from young adults (34 +/- 5 years old) and elderly subjects (71 +/- 1 years old) were stimulated in vitro with influenza a/ ...	1997	9147358
changes in the hemagglutinin molecule of influenza type a (h3n2) virus associated with increased virulence for mice.	the h3n2 influenza virus a/philippines/82 (phil82) and its bovine serum-resistant mutant, phil82/bs, were used to investigate factors that influence virulence of influenza virus for mice. phil82/bs, which lacks the high-mannose oligosaccharide at residue 165 of the hemagglutinin (ha) molecule, was found to replicate to a much higher titer in mouse lung than the parent phil82, and had acquired lethality for mice. further adaptation of phil82/bs by sequential lung passage in mice yielded a strain ...	1997	9155874
influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1996 to june 1997.	this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza in england and wales during the winter of 1996/97. consultations for 'influenza and influenza-like illness' with sentinel general practitioners in england and wales began to increase towards the end of november and peaked at the start of january. in england, consultations for 'aggregated respiratory disease' (ard) began to increase a little earlier, perhaps as a result of increased respiratory syncytial virus activity ...	1997	9447787
[influenza in the 1996/'97 season; vaccine composition for the 1997/'98 season].	the first indication of flu activity in the netherlands in the 1996/'97 season was the isolation of an a/h3n2 influenza virus in week 48 of 1996. in subsequent weeks influenza viruses were isolated sporadically. the clinical influenza activity increased from week i of 1997 and reached its peak in week 4 of 1997. simultaneously with the increase of clinical influenza activity, an increasing number of influenza viruses were isolated. the epidemic had a relatively small extent. initially, a/h3n2 in ...	1997	9545718
[discovery of a novel reassortant h1n2 influenza virus].	three strains of influenza a virus were isolated from patients suffering from influenza like disease in railway hygiene and anti-epidemic station of taiyuan in january 1996. the identification results by serological method indicated that the isolates were different from h1n2 subtype of influenza a virus isolated from men in 1989 and 1992 and that their ha antigenicity was similar to that of a/rp/8/34 (h1n1) virus, but distinguishable from that of influenza a (h1n1) virus circulating in mans rece ...	1997	15619808
[seroepidemiological survey for influenza virus in belém, pará, brazil, 1992-1993]	a seroepidemiological study was carried out from 1992 to 1993 to estimate the prevalence of antibody to prevailing influenza virus strains circulating among patients attending the iec virology laboratory in belem, northern brazil. a total of 179 (11%) of serum samples were obtained during the post-epidemic period and processed by the hemagglutination inhibition test against the a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/beijing/353/89 (h3n2), and b/yamagata/16/88 types of influenza virus. the serological results i ...	1997	10886836
synthetic sialylphosphatidylethanolamine derivatives bind to human influenza a viruses and inhibit viral infection.	we synthesized the sialylphosphatidylethanolamine (sialyl pe) derivatives neu5ac-pe, (neu5ac)2-pe, neu5ac-pe (amide) and neu5ac-pe (methyl). we examined the anti-viral effects of the derivatives on human influenza a virus infection by elisa/virus-binding, hemagglutination inhibition, hemolysis inhibition and neutralization assays. the sialyl pe derivatives that we examined bound to a/aichi/2/68, a/singapore/1/57 and a/memphis/1/71 strains of h3n2 subtype, but not to a/pr/8/34 strain of h1n1 subt ...	1998	10386895
efficacy of subunit trivalent influenza vaccine in previously vaccinated children suffering from hemophilia.	objective: to assess humoral immune response to subunit trivalent influenza vaccine in children suffering from hemophilia who had been immunized for the first time in 1993-94 and then in 1996-97. methods: in autumn 1996-97, 38 previously vaccinated hemophiliac patients were subcutaneously immunized with a single 0.5-ml dose of subunit influenza vaccine containing the following three virus strains: a/singapore/6/86 (h1n1), a/wuhan/359/95 (h3n2) and b/beijing/184/93 (hb). antibody response to infl ...	1998	11864248
[studies on the basis of molecular biology of the phase change of influenza a(h3n2) viruses].	the analysis of nucleotide sequences on ha1 domain of 35 strains of influenza a(h3n2) virus showed that their ha1 genes all were 984 nucleotides in length coding for a ha1 protein with 328 amino acids and there was not any occurrence of insertion or deletion of nucleotides on ha1 genes among them. the appearance of "o" phase strain of influenza a (h3n2) virus was closely related with substitution at 226 position of amino acid on ha1 protein molecule and the three-dimensional structural change of ...	1998	12515164
isolation of influenza c virus during an outbreak of influenza a and b viruses.	during the winter of 1996 to 1997 two cases of influenza c were confirmed, one by isolation and the second by serology (fourfold increase in hemagglutination inhibition antibodies). the cases of influenza c occurred during an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses. the positive isolation was from one of three throat washings sent to the laboratory, and the other case was from a group of 51 students participating in a study of influenza virus vaccination. it seems, therefore, that influenza ...	1998	9574726
[immune response to influenza vaccination among peritoneal dialysis patients].	the influenza vaccination is considered useful in preventing influenza and its complications, but its efficacy is variable especially in uremia. the humoral efficacy in a group of 15 patients in peritoneal dialysis treatment has been evaluated. antibody responses were measured before vaccination and at time intervals of 1-4 months after vaccination. a good response to viruses a (a/h3n2/johannesburg 33/94, a/h1n1/singapore 6/86), respectively 80% and 66.7% and an attenuated response (20%) to viru ...	1998	9578667
altered antibody response to influenza h1n1 vaccine in healthy elderly people as determined by hi, elisa, and neutralization assay.	to determine the influence of ageing per se as well as of priming histories on the antibody response to influenza vaccination, haemagglutination inhibition (hi), elisa igg, iga, igm and neutralizing antibody titres were studied in 43 healthy young subjects (mean age 23 years) and 55 healthy elderly people (mean age 79 years). the hi and elisa lgg responses to the a/guizhou/54/89 strain (h3n2) for which both the young and the elderly had similar priming histories were equal. by contrast, the hi a ...	1998	9580890
inhibition of influenza virus infections in mice by gs4104, an orally effective influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor.	the carbocyclic transition state sialic acid analog gs4071 ([3r,4r,5s]-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-[1-ethylpropoxy]-1-cyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid), a potent influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor, was highly inhibitory to influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) and b/hong kong/5/72 viruses in madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. the 50% effective concentrations in these experiments ranged from 1.8 to 59.5 microm, with no cytotoxicity evident at 1000 microm, u ...	1998	9588843
specificity of the n1 and n2 sialidase subtypes of human influenza a virus for natural and synthetic gangliosides.	sialyl-linkage specificity of sialidases of the human influenza a virus strains, a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) were studied using natural and synthetic gangliosides. the sialidase of the a/aichi/2/68 strain hydrolyzed the terminal neu5acalpha2-3gal sequence but not the neu5acalpha2-3 linkage on the inner gal of gm1a, which is a ganglioside that has the gangliotetraose chain (galbeta1-3galnacbeta1-4-(neu5acalpha2-3)galbeta1++ +-4glcbeta1-cer). the sialidase hydrolyzed the neu5ac on the ...	1998	9592119
safety and immunogenicity of low and high doses of trivalent live cold-adapted influenza vaccine administered intranasally as drops or spray to healthy children.	the safety and immunogenicity of various doses of trivalent cold-adapted influenza vaccine (caiv-t) administered intranasally by drops or spray to children aged 18-71 months was examined. caiv-t containing a/johannesburg/33/94 (h3n2), b/panama/45/90, and a/texas/36/91 (h1n1) was safe and well-tolerated. at the highest caiv-t dose, 90%, 50%, and 16% of initially seronegative subjects seroconverted to the h3n2, b, and h1n1 antigens, respectively. the lower immunologic response to the h1n1 vaccine ...	1998	9593032
immune response to vaccine against influenza in smokers, non-smokers and, in individuals holding respiratory complications.	levels of antibody against influenza virus were evaluated in serum pairing samples from individuals immunized against influenza by hemagglutination inhibition and single radial hemolysis tests. for this purpose, groups of smokers, non-smokers and, of those holding respiratory complications, were formed. results of serologic titrations pointed out to an increase in the level of antibodies for the smoker and non-smoker groups, with significant degrees of difference up to p < 0.001 difference betwe ...	1998	9595830
influenza vaccination in a healthy geriatric population: preferential induction of antibodies specific for the h3n2 influenza strain despite equal t cell responsiveness to all vaccine strains.	cellular as well as humoral immune reactivity were studied in healthy young (< 30 years; n = 12) and older (> 65 years; n = 12) individuals before as well as 1 month after immunization with a trivalent whole virus influenza vaccine. before vaccination, peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation in response to in vitro stimulation with each of the virus strains was low in both groups. no antibodies against either the h1n1 or the b strain were found in most individuals, while 91% of the young ...	1998	9607030
[induction of neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1 viruses in hla-dq6 mice by peptide vaccines].	a non-immunogenic peptide in mice bearing a certain mhc molecule can be rendered immunogenic, when the peptide is introduced into an mhc-binding component (cassete theory). we applied the cassete theory to preparation of effective peptide vaccines. indeed a 46f/ha127-133/54a peptide vaccine which had been prepared by introducing hemagglutinin (127-133) of influenza virus, a/aich/2/68 (h3n2), into h-2ab-binding component derived fom pigeon cytochrom c (43-58) induced significant immunological res ...	1998	9612708
[an investigation of the effect of h3-h3 peptide vaccine for preventing influenza virus infection in dq6 mice].	based on the cassette theory that a core region of an immunogenic peptide is partially replaced with peptide fragments from various pathogens without any detrimental effects to their anchoring to the particular mhc class ii molecules, we had prepared a peptide vaccine, 46f/ha127-133/54a (18mer) (yegfs wtgvtqn kakgit), against a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) influenza viruses. it was shown that the 46f/ha127-133/54a (18mer) was effective in ab mice. in the present study, we first examined whether this peptid ...	1998	9612710
[use of caco-2 cells for isolation of influenza virus].	in this study we assessed the usefulness of caco-2 cells, derived from a human colon carcinoma, to isolate an influenza virus. throat washings collected from 30 patients with influenza-like illnesses in miyazaki prefecture in 1997 were inoculated in mdck and caco-2 cells, 17 influenza virus strains were isolated in mdck cells, and 20 in caco-2 cells. of all the viruses isolated, only one strain was identified as influenza virus type b; other strains were identified as type a (h3n2). furthermore, ...	1998	9621562
in vivo antiinfluenza virus activity of kampo medicine sho-seiryu-to through mucosal immune system.	the kampo (japanese herbal) medicine, sho-seiryu-to, which has traditionally been used for the treatment of colds and bronchial asthma, showed potent antiinfluenza a and b virus activity through augmentation of production of antiviral iga antibody in the nasal and bronchoalveolar cavities of mice when administrated orally before viral infection. sho-seiryu-to also showed antiinfluenza virus activity against a virus h1n1 subtype infected in aged mice (approximately 6 months old) with an increase ...	1998	9646280
virus-specific cd8+ t cells in primary and secondary influenza pneumonia.	virus-specific cd8+ effector t cells (ectl) are enriched in the lungs of mice with primary influenza pneumonia, though later detection of memory t cells (mctl) in the mediastinal lymph nodes (mln) or spleen by peptide-based staining protocols is at the limits of flow cytometric analysis. respiratory challenge with an h3n2 virus months after h1n1 priming induces a massive recall response, which reduces virus titers 2-3 days earlier than in nave controls. influenza-specific mctl produce interferon ...	1998	9655482
molecular mechanisms of serum resistance of human influenza h3n2 virus and their involvement in virus adaptation in a new host.	h3n2 human influenza viruses that are resistant to horse, pig, or rabbit serum possess unique amino acid mutations in their hemagglutinin (ha) protein. to determine the molecular mechanisms of this resistance, we characterized the receptor-binding properties of these mutants by measuring their affinity for total serum protein inhibitors and for soluble receptor analogs. pig serum-resistant variants displayed a markedly decreased affinity for total pig serum sialylglycoproteins (which contain pre ...	1998	9658077