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bifidogenic and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides produced by lactobacillus rhamnosus e/n cultivated on different carbon sources.lactobacillus rhamnosus e/n is a probiotic bacterium, which synthesizes exopolysaccharides (eps) with significant bifidogenic and antioxidant activities. the sugar composition of the epss produced depended on carbohydrates used as a carbon source in the growth media. five bifidobacterium strains were tested in vitro for their ability to utilize all the epss studied. the highest bifidogenic activity was revealed by epss obtained from lactobacillus cultures supplemented with gal, lac, and mal as t ...201324053021
lactobacillus rhamnosus gg supplementation for preventing respiratory infections in children: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials.to systematically review the effectiveness of administering lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) for preventing respiratory infections in children.201323665598
associations between the human intestinal microbiota, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and serum lipids indicated by integrated analysis of high-throughput profiling data.accumulating evidence indicates that the intestinal microbiota regulates our physiology and metabolism. bacteria marketed as probiotics confer health benefits that may arise from their ability to affect the microbiota. here high-throughput screening of the intestinal microbiota was carried out and integrated with serum lipidomic profiling data to study the impact of probiotic intervention on the intestinal ecosystem, and to explore the associations between the intestinal bacteria and serum lipid ...201323638368
protective effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg against human rotavirus-induced diarrhoea in a neonatal mouse model.group a human rotaviruses (rv) are a leading cause of severe dehydration and gastroenteritis in infants and young children. a large body of evidence suggests that lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) has an effect on the incidence and severity of acute rv-induced diarrhoea; however, the timing and dosage of lgg treatment remains controversial. in the present study, a neonatal mouse model with human rv-induced diarrhoea was set up and the pathophysiological characteristics of the animals were examine ...201323620181
lactobacillus rhamnosus gg reduces hepatic tnfα production and inflammation in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury.the therapeutic effects of probiotic treatment in alcoholic liver disease (ald) have been studied in both patients and experimental animal models. although the precise mechanisms of the pathogenesis of ald are not fully understood, gut-derived endotoxin has been postulated to play a crucial role in hepatic inflammation. previous studies have demonstrated that probiotic therapy reduces circulating endotoxin derived from intestinal gram-negative bacteria in ald. in this study, we investigated the ...201323618528
probiotics and prebiotics in preventing food allergy and eczema.to describe the current literature on clinical trials of probiotics for eczema and food allergy prevention in view of recent new approaches and long-term follow-ups.201323594506
formula selection for management of children with cow's milk allergy influences the rate of acquisition of tolerance: a prospective multicenter study.to prospectively evaluate the effect of different dietary management strategies on the rate of acquisition of tolerance in children with cow's milk allergy (cma).201323582142
inhibition of streptococcus pneumoniae adherence to human epithelial cells in vitro by the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg.colonization of the nasopharynx by streptococcus pneumoniae is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia and otitis media. probiotic bacteria can influence disease outcomes through various mechanisms, including inhibition of pathogen colonization. here, we examine the effect of the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) on s. pneumoniae colonization of human epithelial cells using an in vitro model. we investigated the effects of lgg administered before, at the ...201323561014
the effect of american cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon) constituents on the growth inhibition, membrane integrity, and injury of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in comparison to lactobacillus rhamnosus.the antimicrobial properties of the american cranberry were studied against escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and lactobacillus rhamnosus to determine the effects on growth inhibition, membrane permeability, and injury. cranberry powder was separated using a c-18 sep-pak cartridge into sugars plus organic acids (f1), monomeric phenolics (f2), and anthocyanins plus proanthocyanidins (f3). fraction 3 was further separated into anthocyanins (f4) and proanthocyanidins (f5) using an l ...201323541202
effects of probiotic administration on zebrafish development and reproduction.as the consumption of probiotics increases worldwide, scientists focus on identifying bacterial strains able to improve human life quality and evidence the biological pathways affected by probiotic treatment. in this review, some recent observations on the effects of changes of microbiota on zebrafish metabolism were discussed. in addition, the effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus - a component of the human gut microflora - as a diet supplement on danio rerio were presented. when administered chro ...201323500006
rapid adoption of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg for acute gastroenteritis.a 2007 meta-analysis showed probiotics, specifically lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg), shorten diarrhea from acute gastroenteritis (age) by 24 hours and decrease risk of progression beyond 7 days. in 2005, our institution published a guideline recommending consideration of probiotics for patients with age, but only 1% of inpatients with age were prescribed lgg. the objective of this study was to increase inpatient prescribing of lgg at admission to >90%, for children hospitalized with age, withi ...201323457156
histamine receptor 2 modifies dendritic cell responses to microbial ligands.the induction of tolerance and protective immunity to microbes is significantly influenced by host- and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as histamine.201323465664
role of probiotics in short bowel syndrome in infants and children--a systematic review.short bowel syndrome (sbs) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in children. probiotics, due to their beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., improving gut barrier function, motility, facilitation of intestinal adaptation and decreasing pathogen load and inflammation) may have a therapeutic role in the management of sbs. to conduct a systematic review of the current evidence for the effects of probiotic supplementation in children with sbs, the standard cochrane meth ...201323462584
spontaneous release of bacteriophage particles by lactobacillus rhamnosus pen.the identification of bacteriophage proteins on the surface of lactobacillus rhamnosus pen was performed by lc-ms/ms analysis. among the identified proteins, we found a phage-derived major tail protein, two major head proteins, a portal protein, and a host specificity protein. electron microscopy of a cell surface extract revealed the presence of phage particles in the analyzed samples. the partial sequence of genes encoding the major tail protein for all tested l. rhamnosus strains was determin ...201323462009
metagenomic analyses of alcohol induced pathogenic alterations in the intestinal microbiome and the effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg treatment.enteric dysbiosis plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ald). detailed characterization of the alterations in the gut microbiome is needed for understanding their pathogenic role in ald and developing effective therapeutic approaches using probiotic supplementation. mice were fed liquid lieber-decarli diet without or with alcohol (5% v/v) for 6 weeks. a subset of mice were administered the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) from 6 to 8 weeks. indicators ...201323326376
lactobacillus rhamnosus gg improves insulin sensitivity and reduces adiposity in high-fat diet-fed mice through enhancement of adiponectin production.recently, a probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) has shown several beneficial effects, including improved insulin sensitivity. to clarify the mechanism underlying the insulin-sensitizing effect of lgg, mice were orally administrated with lgg for 13 weeks, and their body weight, insulin sensitivity, and expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism were examined. lgg-treated mice showed attenuated weight gain and enhanced insulin sensitivity in high fat diet group, while no ch ...201323313485
probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and aloe vera gel improve lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats.the effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) and aloe vera (av) gel on lipid profiles in rats with induced hypercholesterolemia were studied.201323287067
lactobacillus rhamnosus ingestion promotes innate host defense in an enteric parasitic infection.enteric parasite infections around the world are a huge economic burden and decrease the quality of life for many people. the use of beneficial bacteria has attracted attention for their potential therapeutic applications in various diseases. however, the effects of beneficial bacteria in enteric parasitic infections remain largely unexplored. we investigated the effects of ingestion of lactobacillus rhamnosus (jb-1) in a model of enteric nematode (trichuris muris) infection. c57bl/6 (resistant ...201323536695
adhesion and nanomechanics of pili from the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg.knowledge of the mechanisms by which bacterial pili adhere to host cells and withstand external forces is critical to our understanding of their functional roles and offers exciting avenues in biomedicine for controlling the adhesion of bacterial pathogens and probiotics. while much progress has been made in the nanoscale characterization of pili from gram-negative bacteria, the adhesive and mechanical properties of gram-positive bacterial pili remain largely unknown. here, we use single-molecul ...201323531039
sublingual administration of lactobacillus rhamnosus affects respiratory immune responses and facilitates protection against influenza virus infection in mice.the extensive morbidity and mortality caused by influenza a viruses worldwide prompts the need for a deeper understanding of the host immune response and novel therapeutic and/or prophylactic interventions. in this study, we assessed the sublingual route as an effective means of delivering probiotics against influenza virus in mice. in addition, iga levels, nk cell activity, t cell activation, and cytokine profiles in the lungs were examined to understand the mechanism underlying this protective ...201323523767
determination of folate/folic acid level in milk by microbiological assay, immuno assay and high performance liquid chromatography.a concurrent determination of folate versus folic acid in milk by microbiological assay (ma) with lactobacillus rhamnosus as the assay organism, enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (elisa) by competitive binding rapid elisa kit (ridascreen®) and high-pressure-liquid chromatography (hplc) was done for detection of the folate form and its level. ma gave total folate content as lb. rhamnosus showed similar response to most folate isomers formed by the tri-enzyme treatment in comparison with the othe ...201323506679
psychoactive bacteria lactobacillus rhamnosus (jb-1) elicits rapid frequency facilitation in vagal afferents.mounting evidence supports the influence of the gut microbiome on the local enteric nervous system and its effects on brain chemistry and relevant behavior. vagal afferents are involved in some of these effects. we previously showed that ingestion of the probiotic bacterium lactobacillus rhamnosus (jb-1) caused extensive neurochemical changes in the brain and behavior that were abrogated by prior vagotomy. because information can be transmitted to the brain via primary afferents encoded as neuro ...201323139216
integrated production of lactic acid and biomass on distillery stillage.the possibilities of parallel lactic acid and biomass production in batch and fed-batch fermentation on distillery stillage from bioethanol production were studied. the highest lactic acid yield and productivity of 92.3 % and 1.49 g l(-1) h(-1) were achieved in batch fermentation with initial sugar concentration of 55 g l(-1). a significant improvement of the process was achieved in fed-batch fermentation where the concentration of lactic acid was increased to 47.6 % and volumetric productivity ...201323114502
lactobacillus rhamnosus protects human colonic muscle from pathogen lipopolysaccharide-induced damage.lactobacillus species might positively affect gastrointestinal motility. these gram-positive bacteria bind toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) that elicits anti-inflammatory activity and exerts protective effects on damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps). whether such effect occurs in gastrointestinal smooth muscle has not been established yet. aim of this study was to characterize the effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) and of supernatants harvested from lgg cultures on human colonic smooth ...201324118564
adhesive ability means inhibition activities for lactobacillus against pathogens and s-layer protein plays an important role in adhesion.eighty-five strains of lactobacillus were isolated from the pig intestine and identified by sequencing analysis based on 16s rrna gene, from which five lactobacillus strains with high adhesive ability were selected. the inhibition ability of the five lactobacillus strains with or without s-layer proteins against adherence of escherichia coli k88 and salmonella enteritidis 50335 to caco-2 was evaluated in vitro with lactobacillus rhamnosus gg strain (lgg) as a positive control. in addition, toler ...201323792230
strain-specific probiotics properties of lactobacillus fermentum, lactobacillus plantarum and lactobacillus brevis isolates from brazilian food products.a total of 234 lab isolates from brazilian food products were initially screened for their ability to survive at ph 2.0. fifty one of the isolates survived and were selected. they were characterized by phenotypic methods, rep-pcr and identified using 16s rrna gene sequencing as lactobacillus fermentum (34 isolates), lactobacillus plantarum (10) and lactobacillus brevis (7). based on being either highly tolerant to bile, showing an ability for auto-aggregation and/or hydrophobic properties, one l ...201323764216
identification and characterization of toxin-antitoxin systems in strains of lactobacillus rhamnosus isolated from humans.the toxin-antitoxin gene systems (tass) are present in the genomes of the overwhelming majority of bacteria and archaea. these systems are involved in various cellular regulatory processes (including stress response), and have not been previously investigated in lactobacilli. we identified 6 putative tass with toxins belonging to the maze and rele superfamilies (pemk1-а1lrh, pemk2-а2lrh, pemk3-relb2lrh, rele1lrh, relb3-rele3lrh, and yefm-yoeblrh) in the genomes of annotated strains of lactobacil ...201323727113
the expression of adhesin ef-tu in response to mucin and its role in lactobacillus adhesion and competitive inhibition of enteropathogens to mucin.to analyse the expression of ef-tu in lactobacillus strains with response to mucin exposure and its role in interfering with adhesion of enteropathogens to mucin.201323663754
lactobacillus plantarum cs24.2 prevents escherichia coli adhesion to ht-29 cells and also down-regulates enteropathogen-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-8 expression.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of lactobacillus plantarum cs24.2 to antagonize escherichia coli adhesion and modulate expression of the responses by ht-29 cells of inflammatory molecules to e. coli adhesion. experiments were performed under different adhesion conditions and findings compared with the responses of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg. tests of competitive adhesion, adhesion inhibition and displacement assays were performed for lactobacilli (l. rhamnosus gg and l ...201323586634
study of probiotic potential of four wild lactobacillus rhamnosus strains.the four wild lactobacillus rhamnosus strains were examined in vitro for resistance to simulated gastro and intestinal juices, adhesion to ht-29 cells, antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens and immunomodulating activity. the strains l. rhamnosus sb5l, j5l and in1l were able to survive in simulated gastro juice while the strain l. rhamnosus sb31l lost viability exposed to simulated gastro juice for 3 h. the four strains had high viability in simulated small intestinal juice with little ...201323528983
the use of the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and viral findings in the nasopharynx of children attending day care.limited data are available on the effects of probiotics on the nasopharyngeal presence of respiratory viruses in children attending day care. in this substudy of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 28-week intervention study, nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected, on visits to a physician due to symptoms of infection, from children receiving control milk (n = 97) and children receiving the same milk supplemented with probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (n = 97). the presence o ...201323794458
inhibition of fe-induced colon oxidative stress by lactobacilli in mice.iron (fe) can promote hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) and hydroxyl radical generation in the colonic surface and promote growth of fe-dependent bacteria. some lactobacillus strains are resistant to oxygen free-radicals, allowing them to survive in a fe-modulated mucosal environment and influence colon microbial ecology and redox state. here, we investigated the capacity of lactobacilli with different antioxidant abilities to modify the bacterial profile and prevent oxidative stress in the colon of ...201322990462
role of lactobacillus in the prevention of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a major public health problem because of significant morbidity and mortality, and many clinicians pay attention to lactobacillus as a potentially effective treatment. the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of lactobacillus in the prevention of cdad.201324229690
growth-promoting effects of caseinomacropeptide from cow and goat milk on probiotics.caseinomacropeptide (cmp), a 7-kda phosphoglycopolypeptide fragment released from κ-casein during milk renneting, is heterogeneous with respect to post-translational glycosylation. several studies have reported that cmp has growth-promoting activity on lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera bifidobacterium. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycosylation and sequence variations between bovine and caprine cmp on the growth of two probiotics: lactobacillus rhamnosus rw-9595 ...201323182022
fermentation of non-sterilized fish biomass with a mixed culture of film-forming yeasts and lactobacilli and its effect on innate and adaptive immunity in mice.non-sterilized fish waste containing fish bones was fermented using combined starter cultures of film-forming yeast (candida ethanolica) and lactic acid bacteria (lab; lactobacillus casei and lactobacillus rhamnosus) in order to obtain a liquefied fermented broth without spoiling. during the entire fermentation, the number of lab cells was maintained at a high level (6 × 10(8)-5 × 10(7) cells/ml). although the number of general bacteria was 10(6)cell/ml after adding non-sterilized fish biomass, ...201323810659
strain-dependent augmentation of tight-junction barrier function in human primary epidermal keratinocytes by lactobacillus and bifidobacterium lysates.in this study, we investigated whether probiotic lysates can modify the tight-junction function of human primary keratinocytes. the keratinocytes were grown on cell culture inserts and treated with lysates from bifidobacterium longum, lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus reuteri, lactobacillus fermentum, or lactobacillus rhamnosus gg. with the exception of l. fermentum (which decreased cell viability), all strains markedly enhanced tight-junction barrier function within 24 h, as assessed by me ...201323770906
probiotic administration reduces mortality and improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis in experimental sepsis.recent clinical trials indicate that probiotic administration in critical illness has potential to reduce nosocomial infections and improve clinical outcome. however, the mechanism(s) of probiotic-mediated protection against infection and sepsis remain elusive. the authors evaluated the effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) and bifidobacterium longum (bl) on mortality, bacterial translocation, intestinal epithelial homeostasis, and inflammatory response in experimental model of septic peri ...201323571641
[outcomes of clostridium difficile enterocolitis after administration of antibiotics along with probiotic supplement].clostridium difficile enterocolitis is a potentially fatal disease showing increasing incidence in hospital environment. therapeutic approach in the management of clostridium difficile enterocolitis is highly complex, particularly because of its tendency to relapse and reinfection. the study was aimed at investigating the factors influencing the development of clostridium difficile enterocolitis and outcomes of enterocolitis after administration of standard antimicrobial therapy combined with pr ...201323888728
in vitro characterization of aggregation and adhesion properties of viable and heat-killed forms of two probiotic lactobacillus strains and interaction with foodborne zoonotic bacteria, especially campylobacter jejuni.bacterial aggregation and/or adhesion are key factors for colonization of the digestive ecosystem and the ability of probiotic strains to exclude pathogens. in the present study, two probiotic strains, lactobacillus rhamnosus cncm-i-3698 and lactobacillus farciminis cncm-i-3699, were evaluated as viable or heat-killed forms and compared with probiotic reference lactobacillus strains (lb. rhamnosus gg and lb. farciminis cip 103136). the autoaggregation potential of both forms was higher than that ...201323329323
myosin-cross-reactive antigens from four different lactic acid bacteria are fatty acid hydratases.the 67 kda myosin-cross-reactive antigen (mcra) is a member of the mcra family of proteins present in a wide range of bacteria and was predicted to have fatty acid isomerase function. we have now characterised the catalytic activity of mcras from four lab stains, including lactobacillus rhamnosus lgg, l. plantarum st-iii, l. acidophilus ncfm and bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis bb-12. mcra genes from these strains were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein f ...201322955678
effect of water-soluble fraction of cherry tomatoes on the adhesion of probiotics and salmonella to intestinal epithelial cells.tomato is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world and contains many valuable nutritional components. here we investigate the prebiotic effects of cherry tomatoes for improving gut health.201323749725
assessment of the effect of stress-tolerance acquisition on some basic characteristics of specific probiotics.the production of viable functional probiotics presupposes stability of strain features in the final product. we evaluated the impact of acquisition of heat-tolerance and subsequent freeze-drying on the adhesion properties of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, lactobacillus casei shirota, bifidobacterium lactis bb-12 and bifidobacterium animalis if20/1 and on their ability to inhibit the adhesion of pathogens in a mucus model. both fresh and freeze-dried cultures were evaluated. significant differences ...201323688551
association of a probiotic to a helicobacter pylori eradication regimen does not increase efficacy or decreases the adverse effects of the treatment: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.the treatment for the eradication of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is complex; full effectiveness is rarely achieved and it has many adverse effects. in developing countries, increased resistance to antibiotics and its cost make eradication more difficult. probiotics can reduce adverse effects and improve the infection treatment efficacy.if the first-line therapy fails a second-line treatment using tetracycline, furazolidone and proton-pump inhibitors has been effective and low cost in brazil; ...201323530767
probiotics lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, lactobacillus acidophilus suppresses dmh-induced procarcinogenic fecal enzymes and preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci in early colon carcinogenesis in sprague dawley rats.diet makes an important contribution to colorectal cancer (crc) risk implying risks for crc are potentially reducible. therefore, the probiotics have been suggested as the prophylactic measure in colon cancer. in this study, different probiotics were used to compare their protective potential against 1,2 dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (dmh)-induced chemical colon carcinogenesis in sprague dawley rats. animals belonging to different probiotic groups were fed orally with 1 × 10(9) lactobacilli ...201323368917
antimicrobial potential for the combination of bovine lactoferrin or its hydrolysate with lactoferrin-resistant probiotics against foodborne pathogens.previous reports have shown that several probiotic strains can resist the antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin (blf), but the results are inconsistent. moreover, a portion of orally administered apo-blf is digested in vivo by pepsin to yield blf hydrolysate, which produces stronger antibacterial activity than that observed with apo-blf. however, whether blf hydrolysate affects the growth of probiotic strains is unclear. therefore, various probiotic strains in taiwan were collected and ev ...201323332852
in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria against clostridium difficile.clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become a significant threat to public health. although broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment option for cdi, its use has evident limitations. probiotics have been proved to be effective in the treatment of cdi and are a promising therapeutic option for cdi. in this study, 4 strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab), namely, lactobacillus rhamnosus (lr5), lactococcuslactis (sl3), bifidobacterium breve (br3), and bifidobacterium lactis (bl ...201324278635
safety and immunomodulatory effects of three probiotic strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants in healthy adults: setoprob study.we previously described the isolation and characterization of three probiotic strains from the feces of exclusively breast-fed newborn infants: lactobacillus paracasei cncm i-4034, bifidobacterium breve cncm i-4035 and lactobacillus rhamnosus cncm i-4036. these strains were shown to adhere to intestinal mucus in vitro, to be sensitive to antibiotics and to resist biliary salts and low ph. in the present study, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 100 healthy vol ...201324205115
competitive inhibition of three novel bacteria isolated from faeces of breast milk-fed infants against selected enteropathogens.numerous in vitro and in vivo studies conducted using different probiotic micro-organisms have demonstrated their ability to interfere with the growth and virulence of a variety of enteropathogens. the reported beneficial effects of the use of probiotics to complement antibiotic therapy or prevent diarrhoea or gastrointestinal infection in infants have increased in recent years. in the present study, we demonstrated the capacity of supernatants obtained from three novel probiotics (lactobacillus ...201323360882
isolation, identification and characterisation of three novel probiotic strains (lactobacillus paracasei cncm i-4034, bifidobacterium breve cncm i-4035 and lactobacillus rhamnosus cncm i-4036) from the faeces of exclusively breast-fed infants.the aim of the present study was to isolate, identify and characterise novel strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria with probiotic properties from the faeces of exclusively breast-fed infants. of the 4680 isolated colonies, 758 exhibited resistance to low ph and tolerance to high concentrations of bile salts; of these, only forty-two exhibited a strong ability to adhere to enterocytes in vitro. the identities of the isolates were confirmed by 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) sequencing, whic ...201323360881
the effect of a multispecies synbiotic mixture on the duration of diarrhea and length of hospital stay in children with acute diarrhea in turkey: single blinded randomized study.probiotics have been successfully used for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children and this effect depends on the strains and dose. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of a synbiotic mixture on the duration of diarrhea and the length of hospital stay in children with acute watery diarrhea. this is a prospective randomized, multicenter single blinded clinical trial in hospitalized children with acute watery diarrhea. all children were treated with conventional hydration therapy wit ...201323239048
effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus lgg® and bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis bb-12® on health-related quality of life in college students affected by upper respiratory infections.college students are susceptible to upper respiratory infections (uri) due to inadequate sleep, stress and close living quarters. certain probiotic strains modulate immune function and may improve health-related quality of life (hrql) during uri. the present study recruited apparently healthy college students and assessed the effect of probiotics on hrql outcomes (i.e. self-reported duration, symptom severity and functional impairment of uri) in those who developed uri. missed school and work da ...201323020819
in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains.probiotics have gained importance in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and control clostridial enteric disease. limited information is available on the ability of different probiotic bacteria used in food products to inhibit clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. the objective of this study was to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected commercial bacterial strains on pathogenic clostridia and their growth characteristics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions ...201323471038
early supplementation with lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 reduces eczema prevalence to 6 years: does it also reduce atopic sensitization?the role of probiotics in prevention of allergic disease is still not clear; efficacy may depend on the timing, dose, duration, and specific probiotic used. using a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial (australian new zealand clinical trials registry: actrn12607000518460), we have shown that in a high-risk birth cohort, maternal supplementation from 35 weeks gestation until 6 months if breastfeeding and infant supplementation from birth until 2 years with lactobacillus rhamnosus hn00 ...201323957340
role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections.meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a multidrug-resistant micro-organism and is the principal nosocomial pathogen worldwide. following initial in vitro experiments demonstrating that lactobacillus acidophilus cl1285(®) and lactobacillus casei lbc80r(®) commercial strains exhibit antibacterial activity against clinical mrsa isolates, we conducted a literature search to find any evidence of probiotic efficacy in decolonisation or treatment of s. aureus infection. as summarised bel ...201324071026
effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by-products fermented with a probiotic microbe on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance against edwardsiella tarda in juvenile olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus (temminck & schlegel).two consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of citrus by-products (cb) fermented with probiotic bacteria on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder. in experiment i, five diets were formulated to contain 0% (control) or 3% four different cb fermented with bacillus subtilis (bs), enterococcus faecium (ef), lactobacillus rhamnosus (lr) and l. plantarum (lp) (designated as con, cbf-bs, cbf-ef, ...201323311661
genotoxicity assessment of multispecies probiotics using reverse mutation, mammalian chromosomal aberration, and rodent micronucleus tests.genotoxicity assessment is carried out on freeze dried powder of cultured probiotics containing lactobacillus rhamnosus lcr177, bifidobacterium adolescentis ba286, and pediococcus acidilactici pa318. ames tests, in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration assay, and micronucleus tests in mouse peripheral blood are performed. for 5 strains of salmonella typhimurium, the ames tests show no increased reverse mutation upon exposure to the test substance. in cho cells, the frequency of chromosome aberra ...201324250262
bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide a is necessary and sufficient for acute activation of intestinal sensory neurons.symbionts or probiotics are known to affect the nervous system. to understand the mechanisms involved, it is important to measure sensory neuron responses and identify molecules responsible for this interaction. here we test the effects of adding lactobacillus rhamnosus (jb-1) and bacteroides fragilis to the epithelium while making voltage recordings from intestinal primary afferent neurons. sensory responses are recorded within 8 s of applying jb-1 and excitability facilitated within 15 min. ba ...201323403566
purification and characterization of anti-alicyclobacillus bacteriocin produced by lactobacillus rhamnosus.lactobacillus rhamnosus cicc 20975 produces a 6,502-da bacteriocin, named bacteriocin rc 20975, active against alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus brevis, bacillus subtilis, and listeria innocua. this bacteriocin is not quite heat stable but is effective after refrigerated storage and freeze-thaw cycles. bacteriocin rc 20975 was added at a concentration of 256 au/ml to the endospores of a. acidoterrestris dsm 3922; no viable cells were detected after 24 h. ...201323992502
antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride on multi-species cariogenic biofilm on caries.silver diamine fluoride (sdf) has clinical success in arresting dentin caries, this study aimed to investigate its mechanism of action.201323442825
molecular cloning, expression of mind gene from lactobacillus acidophilus vtcc-b-871 and analyses to identify lactobacillus rhamnosus pn04 from vietnam hottuynia cordata thunb.the mind gene encoding an inhibitor cell division mind homolog from lactobacillus acidophilus vtcc-b-871 was cloned. we showed that there were 97 % homology between mind genes of l. acidophilus vtcc-b-871 and lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and lactobacillus rhamnosus lc705. based on the analysis of the dna sequence data from the l. rhamnosus genome project and sequenced mind gene of l. acidophilus vtcc-b-871, a pair of primers was designed to identified the different mind genes from l. acidophilus a ...201324426140
management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis.acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. also, some microorganisms ...201324194646
a network-based approach to identify substrate classes of bacterial glycosyltransferases.bacterial interactions with the environment- and/or host largely depend on the bacterial glycome. the specificities of a bacterial glycome are largely determined by glycosyltransferases (gts), the enzymes involved in transferring sugar moieties from an activated donor to a specific substrate. of these gts their coding regions, but mainly also their substrate specificity are still largely unannotated as most sequence-based annotation flows suffer from the lack of characterized sequence motifs tha ...201424885406
antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of biosurfactants isolated from lactobacilli against multi-drug-resistant pathogens.biosurfactants (bs) are amphiphilic compounds produced by microbes, either on the cell surface or secreted extracellularly. bs exhibit strong antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties, making them good candidates for applications used to combat infections. in this study, our goal was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm abilities of bs produced by lactobacillus jensenii and lactobacillus rhamnosus against clinical multidrug resistant (mdr) strains of acinetobacte ...201425124936
the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of seven plants on cariogenic bacteria--an in vitro evaluation.to compare the antibacterial effect of hydro alcoholic extract of salvia officinalis, pimpinella anisum, satureja hortensis, rhus coriaria, carum copticum, mentha longifolia, achillea millefolium against streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus rhamnosus and actinomyces viscosus through two in vitro methods.201424984654
probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg enhanced th1 cellular immunity but did not affect antibody responses in a human gut microbiota transplanted neonatal gnotobiotic pig model.this study aims to establish a human gut microbiota (hgm) transplanted gnotobiotic (gn) pig model of human rotavirus (hrv) infection and diarrhea, and to verify the dose-effects of probiotics on hrv vaccine-induced immune responses. our previous studies using the gn pig model found that probiotics dose-dependently regulated both t cell and b cell immune responses induced by rotavirus vaccines. we generated the hgm transplanted neonatal gn pigs through daily feeding of neonatal human fecal suspen ...201424722168
in vivo gut transcriptome responses to lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and lactobacillus acidophilus in neonatal gnotobiotic piglets.probiotics facilitate mucosal repair and maintain gut homeostasis. they are often used in adjunct with rehydration or antibiotic therapy in enteric infections. lactobacillus spp have been tested in infants for the prevention or treatment of various enteric conditions. however, to aid in rational strain selection for specific treatments, comprehensive studies are required to delineate and compare the specific molecules and pathways involved in a less complex but biologically relevant model (gnoto ...201424637605
the potential hazards of aspergillus sp. in foods and feeds, and the role of biological treatment: a review.the contamination of food and feed by aspergillus has become a global issue with a significant worldwide economic impact. the growth of aspergillus is unfavourable to the development of food and feed industries, where the problems happen mostly due to the presence of mycotoxins, which is a toxic metabolite secreted by most aspergillus groups. moreover, fungi can produce spores that cause diseases, such as allergies and asthma, especially to human beings. high temperature, high moisture, retarded ...201425269603
antifungal activity of lactobacilli and its relationship with 3-phenyllactic acid production.in this study, 13 lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains (including 5 lactobacillus casei, 2 lactobacillus rhamnosus, 2 lactobacillus fermentum, 1 lactobacillus acidophilus, 1 lactobacillus plantarum, 1 lactobacillus sakei, and 1 lactobacillus reuteri species) were assessed for both their antifungal activity against four food spoilage molds (colletotrichum gloeosporioides, botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, and aspergillus flavus) and their capability to produce the novel antimicrobial compound ...201424412414
effect of bacterial cell-free supernatants on infectivity of norovirus surrogates.bacterial metabolic products were evaluated for inhibitory effects on viral propagation in cell culture. cell-free supernatants (cfs) were prepared from growth of enterococcus faecalis atcc 19433, pseudomonas fluorescens atcc 13525, escherichia coli 08, staphylococcus epidermidis atcc 12228, bacillus subtilis 168, bacillus coagulans 185a, b. coagulans 7050, clostridium sporogenes pa3679, and a commercial probiotic mixture of lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus rhamnosus, bifidobacterium bif ...201424406013
modulation of respiratory tlr3-anti-viral response by probiotic microorganisms: lessons learned from lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1505.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. host immune response is implicated in both protective and immunopathological mechanisms during rsv infection. activation of toll-like receptor (tlr)-3 in innate immune cells by rsv can induce airway inflammation, protective immune response, and pulmonary immunopathology. a clear understanding of rsv-host interaction is important for the development of novel and effective thera ...201424860569
molecular analysis and clinical significance of lactobacillus spp. recovered from clinical specimens presumptively associated with disease.lactobacillus spp. are part of the normal human flora and are generally assumed to be nonpathogenic. we determined the genotypic identification of >100 lactobacillus isolates from clinical specimens in the context of presumed pathogenic potential (e.g., recovered as the single/predominant isolate from a sterile site or at ≥10(5) cfu/ml from urine). this study assessed the clinical significance and the frequency of occurrence of each lactobacillus sp. we identified 16 species of lactobacillus by ...201424131686
effect of probiotic supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms and association with gastrointestinal functioning: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.a range of immune system abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia. probiotic compounds modulate the immune response and offer a potential treatment strategy for schizophrenia. probiotic compounds have also been observed to improve gastrointestinal dysfunction, which is a common problem in individuals with schizophrenia. we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine whether probiotic supplementation can reduce symptom severity in patients with schizophr ...201424940526
cholesterol-lowering potentials of lactic acid bacteria based on bile-salt hydrolase activity and effect of potent strains on cholesterol metabolism in vitro and in vivo.this study collected different probiotic isolates from animal and plant sources to evaluate the bile-salt hydrolase activity of probiotics in vitro. the deconjugation potential of bile acid was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. hepg2 cells were cultured with probiotic strains with high bsh activity. the triglyceride (tg) and apolipoprotein b (apo b) secretion by hepg2 cells were evaluated. our results show that the bsh activity and bile-acid deconjugation abilities of pedi ...201425538960
antibodies to lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in young children with different propensity to develop islet autoimmunity.the intestinal microbiota is essential to the maturation and homeostasis of the immune system. immunoblot assays were used to establish the prevalence of serum igg, igm, and iga antibodies specific for bifidobacterium adolescentis, bifidobacterium longum, and lactobacillus rhamnosus gg proteins in young children presenting with or without type 1 diabetes (t1d). we demonstrated that children between the ages of 6 and 12 months had a substantial increase in the frequency of igg antibodies specific ...201424741589
lactobacilli and bifidobacteria enhance mucosal b cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model.b cells play a key role in generation of protective immunity against rotavirus infection, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children. current rv vaccines are less effective in developing countries compared to developed countries. commensals/probiotics influence mucosal immunity, but the role of early gut colonizing bacteria in modulating intestinal b cell responses to rv vaccines is largely unknown. we co-colonized neonatal gnotobiotic pigs, the only animal model susceptible to hrv diarrhea, w ...201425483333
differential modification of genetic susceptibility to childhood eczema by two probiotics.in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled birth cohort, we have recently shown a beneficial effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 (hn001) for the prevention of eczema in children through to 6 years of age but no effect of bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis hn019 (hn019).201425146491
immune system stimulation by probiotic microorganisms.probiotic organisms are claimed to offer several functional properties including stimulation of immune system. this review is presented to provide detailed informations about how probiotics stimulate our immune system. lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, lactobacillus casei shirota, bifidobacterium animalis bb-12, lactobacillus johnsonii la1, bifidobacterium lactis dr10, and saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii are the most investigated probiotic cultures for their immunomodulation properties. probiotics ...201424499072
specific probiotics and virological findings in symptomatic conscripts attending military service in finland.viral upper respiratory tract infections occur frequently among conscripts. probiotics have reduced viral infections in children attending day care. limited data are available on the effects of probiotics on the nasopharyngeal presence of respiratory viruses.201424793963
short-term probiotic therapy alleviates small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, but does not improve intestinal permeability in chronic liver disease.: although numerous animal studies suggest that probiotic therapy has beneficial effects in various liver diseases, the evidence for beneficial effects in human liver disease is controversial. this study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of probiotic therapy in alleviating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (sibo) and permeability in chronic liver disease.201425244414
assessment of stress tolerance acquisition in the heat-tolerant derivative strains of bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis bb-12 and lactobacillus rhamnosus gg.the purpose of this study was to investigate the heat-shock response at molecular level in lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis bb-12 and their heat-tolerant derivatives and to characterize the changes that make the derivatives more robust in terms of heat stress.201424724909
effects of lactobacillus paracasei cncm i-4034, bifidobacterium breve cncm i-4035 and lactobacillus rhamnosus cncm i-4036 on hepatic steatosis in zucker rats.we have previously described the safety and immunomodulatory effects of lactobacillus paracasei cncm i-4034, bifidobacterium breve cncm i-4035 and lactobacillus rhamnosus cncm i-4036 in healthy volunteers. the scope of this work was to evaluate the effects of these probiotic strains on the hepatic steatosis of obese rats. we used the zucker rat as a genetic model of obesity. zucker-lepr(fa/fa) rats received one of three probiotic strains, a mixture of l. paracasei cncm i-4034 and b. breve cncm i ...201424852284
bifidobacterium breve attenuates murine dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and increases regulatory t cell responses.while some probiotics have shown beneficial effects on preventing or treating colitis development, others have shown no effects. in this study, we have assessed the immunomodulating effects of two probiotic strains, lactobacillus rhamnosus (l. rhamnosus) and bifidobacterium breve (b. breve) on t cell polarization in vitro, using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), and in vivo, using murine dextran sodium sulfate (dss) colitis model. with respect to the latter, the mrna expression of ...201424787575
effect of prebiotic carbohydrates on growth, bile survival and cholesterol uptake abilities of dairy-related bacteria.three strains of lactic acid bacteria and one probiotic bifidobacterium strain sourced from milk origin were considered to select for the best synbiotic-like combination for cholesterol uptake ability. for that purpose, fermentative characteristics, bile salt hydrolase activity, bile survival and cholesterol removal were assessed in the presence of different carbohydrates.201424037813
bifidobacterium breve and lactobacillus rhamnosus treatment is as effective as budesonide at reducing inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma.asthma is estimated to affect as many as 300 million people worldwide and its incidence and prevalence are rapidly increasing throughout the world, especially in children and within developing countries. recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of potentially beneficial bacteria for allergic diseases. this study is aimed at exploring the therapeutic effects of long-term treatment with two different beneficial bacterial strains (bifidobacterium breve m-16 v and lactobacillus rhamnos ...201424735374
extracellular vesicles modulate host-microbe responses by altering tlr2 activity and phagocytosis.oral delivery of gram positive bacteria, often derived from the genera lactobacillus or bifidobacterium, can modulate immune function. although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, immunomodulatory effects may be elicited through the direct interaction of these bacteria with the intestinal epithelium or resident dendritic cell (dc) populations. we analyzed the immune activation properties of lactobacilli and bifidobacterium species and made the surprising observation that cellular responses in v ...201424586537
probiotic modulation of dendritic cell function is influenced by ageing.dendritic cells (dcs) are critical for the generation of t-cell responses. dc function may be modulated by probiotics, which confer health benefits in immunocompromised individuals, such as the elderly. this study investigated the effects of four probiotics, bifidobacterium longum bv. infantis ccug 52486, b. longum sp 07/3, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (l.gg) and l. casei shirota (lcs), on dc function in an allogeneic mixed leucocyte reaction (mlr) model, using dcs and t-cells from young and older ...201424094416
lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and bifidobacterium longum attenuate lung injury and inflammatory response in experimental sepsis.probiotic use to prevent nosocomial gastrointestinal and potentially respiratory tract infections in critical care has shown great promise in recent clinical trials of adult and pediatric patients. despite well-documented benefits of probiotic use in intestinal disorders, the potential for probiotic treatment to reduce lung injury following infection and shock has not been well explored.201424830455
probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia.ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is common in intensive care units (icus). some evidence indicates that probiotics may reduce the incidence of vap. several additional published studies have demonstrated that probiotics are safe and efficacious in preventing vap in icus. we aimed to systematically summarise the results of all available data to generate the best evidence for the prevention of vap.201425344083
cohort study of probiotics in a north american neonatal intensive care unit.to determine whether routine probiotic administration to very preterm infants would reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) without adverse consequences.201424411521
growth and safety evaluation of infant formulae containing oligosaccharides derived from bovine milk: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial.a limited number of nondigestible oligosaccharides are available for use in infant formula. this study evaluated growth and safety in infants fed formula supplemented with a mixture of bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (bmos). this mixture, which was generated from whey permeate, contains galactooligosaccharides and other oligosaccharides from bovine milk, such as 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose. we hypothesized that growth in infants fed bmos-supplemented formula would be noninferior to that in inf ...201425527244
probiotic lactobacillus strains protect against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.this work evaluated the capacity of two probiotic strains, lactobacillus casei crl431 and lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1506, to protect against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide (cy)-treated mice. changes in mature granulocytes and progenitor cells in bone marrow (bm) and blood were studied. in addition, the ability of probiotics to accelerate the recovery of the immune response against the opportunistic pathogen candida albicans was evaluated. we demonstrated for the firs ...201424975836
immunostimulatory cpg motifs in the genomes of gut bacteria and their role in human health and disease.toll-like receptor (tlr) signalling plays an important role in epithelial and immune cells of the intestine. tlr9 recognizes unmethylated cpg motifs in bacterial dna, and tlr9 signalling maintains the gut epithelial homeostasis. here, we carried out a bioinformatic analysis of the frequency of cpg motifs in the genomes of gut commensal bacteria across major bacterial phyla. the frequency of potentially immunostimulatory cpg motifs (all cpg hexamers) or purine-purine-cg-pyrimidine-pyrimidine hexa ...201424255136
characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from infant faeces as potential probiotic starter cultures for fermented sausages.a total of 109 lactic acid bacteria isolated from infant faeces were identified by partial 16s rrna, cpn60 and/or phes sequencing. lactobacillus was the most prevalent genus, representing 48% of the isolates followed by enterococcus (38%). lactobacillus gasseri (21%) and enterococcus faecalis (38%) were the main species detected. a further selection of potential probiotic starter cultures for fermented sausages focused on lactobacillus as the most technologically relevant genus in this type of p ...201424290655
bacterial counts from five over-the-counter probiotics: are you getting what you paid for?there is concern that the bacterial colony counts present at the time of manufacture and listed on the probiotic package may not be reflective of the numbers viable colonies at the time of purchase and patient consumption thereby diminishing efficacy. we performed a colony count study of three separate samples of five different probiotics purchased from three different stores: bifidobacterium infantis (align(®)); lactobacillus acidophilus cl1285(®) and lactobacillus casei lbc80r(®) (bio-k+(®)); ...201424184290
lactobacillus rhamnosus l34 and lactobacillus casei l39 suppress clostridium difficile-induced il-8 production by colonic epithelial cells.clostridium difficile is the main cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and colitis known as c. difficile-associated disease (cdad).with increased severity and failure of treatment in cdad, new approaches for prevention and treatment, such as the use of probiotics, are needed. since the pathogenesis of cdad involves an inflammatory response with a massive influx of neutrophils recruited by interleukin (il)-8, this study aimed to investigate the probiotic effects of lactobacillus spp. on the suppre ...201424989059
pathogen exclusion properties of canine probiotics are influenced by the growth media and physical treatments simulating industrial processes.manufacturing process used in preparation of probiotic products may alter beneficial properties of probiotics. the effect of different growth media and inactivation methods on the protective properties of canine-originated probiotic bacteria against adhesion of canine enteropathogens was investigated.201424779583
decolonization of gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium: case series and review of literature.prolonged asymptomatic carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in the gastrointestinal tract and the lack of effective decolonization regimen perpetuate the endemicity of vre in the healthcare settings.201425248287
tailoring the probiotic potential of non-starter lactobacillus strains from ripened parmigiano reggiano cheese by in vitro screening and principal component analysis.non-starter lactic acid bacteria (nslab) inhabiting fermented food have been recently revised as source of probiotic strains. here, we in vitro assessed the potential probiotic aptitude of a de-replicated set of nslab previously isolated from long ripened parmigiano reggiano cheeses (22 lactobacillus rhamnosus, 18 lactobacillus paracasei, 3 lactobacillus casei, 2 lactobacillus harbinensis, and 2 lactobacillus fermentum). most strains showed moderate to good resistance to biological barriers, inc ...201424290648
effectiveness of alternative methods for toothbrush disinfection: an in vitro study.this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative methods for toothbrush disinfection.201424971388
lactobacillus rhamnosus and its cell-free culture supernatant differentially modulate inflammatory biomarkers in escherichia coli-challenged human dendritic cells.the intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance to the commensal microbiota and food antigens. different strains of probiotics possess the ability to finely regulate the activation of dendritic cells (dc), polarising the subsequent activity of t-cells. nevertheless, information about their underlying mechanisms of action is scarce. in the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of a potentially probioti ...201424480321
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