Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| intracellular neutralization of ricin toxin by single-domain antibodies targeting the active site. | the extreme potency of the plant toxin, ricin, is due to its enzymatic subunit, rta, which inactivates mammalian ribosomes with near-perfect efficiency. here we characterized, at the functional and structural levels, seven alpaca single-domain antibodies (vhhs) previously reported to recognize epitopes in proximity to rta's active site. three of the vhhs, v2a11, v8e6, and v2g10, were potent inhibitors of rta in vitro and protected vero cells from ricin when expressed as intracellular antibodies ... | 2020 | 31931008 |
| dermatophilus congolensis associated bronchopneumonia in an alpaca. | a severe, chronic, locally extensive granulomatous bronchopneumonia was diagnosed on post-mortem and histopathological examination of an adult alpaca. dermatophilus congolensis organisms were isolated from the lungs and genotypic identification of aerobic culture was confirmed by sequence analysis of the entire 16s rdna gene. this is the first report of d. congolensis-associated bronchopneumonia in any species. | 2020 | 31729199 |
| in vitro selection of anti-gliadin single-domain antibodies from a naïve library for cdna-display mediated immuno-pcr. | gluten intolerance, or adverse intestinal reactions to gluten, is a fairly common problem among certain groups of people. celiac disease is the most severe form of gluten intolerance, which can lead to permanent damage in the digestive system. since lifelong avoidance of gluten is the only available treatment, development of reliable techniques to identify gluten contamination in food is important. gliadin, a component of gluten, is known to play a major role in gluten toxicity. in this study, c ... | 2020 | 31678363 |
| pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered doramectin in alpacas. | the objective of this research was to evaluate comparative pharmacokinetics of doramectin in alpacas, after subcutaneous administration of 0.2 mg/kg dose. six healthy adult alpacas, mean age of 5 years ± 1, (three female and three gelded males) of mean bodyweight of 62 kg ± 16 kg with an average body condition scored 2.8 ± 1 out of five, were used in this study. serial blood samples were collected from the jugular vein before the administration until day 21 afterwards to establish the pharmacoki ... | 2020 | 31660626 |
| isolation of antigen-specific vhh single-domain antibodies by combining animal immunization with yeast surface display. | in addition to conventional hetero-tetrameric antibodies, the adaptive immune repertoire of camelids comprises the so-called heavy chain-only antibodies devoid of light chains. consequently, antigen binding is mediated solely by the variable domain of the heavy chain, referred to as vhh. in recent years, these single-domain moieties emerged as promising tools for biotechnological and biomedical applications. in this chapter, we describe the generation of vhh antibody yeast surface display librar ... | 2020 | 31625096 |
| ultrastructural description of sarcocystis sp. in cardiac muscle of naturally infected alpacas (vicugna pacos). | recently, it was proposed the name of sarcocystis masoni n. sp. for the sarcocystis that causes microcyst in skeletal muscle of south american camelids. however, there are no ultrastructural reports of microcysts of sarcocystis in cardiac muscle of alpacas. this study reports ultrastructural features of microcysts of sarcocystis sp. from cardiac muscle of naturally infected alpacas. | 2020 | 31123483 |
| dental disease in alpacas. part 2: risk factors associated with diastemata, periodontitis, occlusal pulp exposure, wear abnormalities, and malpositioned teeth. | dental disorders, of which tooth root abscesses are best documented, are highly prevalent in alpacas. identification of risk factors can be valuable for prevention of dental disorders in this species. | 2020 | 32108969 |
| dental disease in alpacas. part 1: prevalence of dental disorders and their mutual relationships. | dental disease is a troublesome health concern in alpacas. specifically, the occurrence of tooth root abscesses has been described in veterinary literature. nevertheless, no objective prevalence data are available for dental disorders in alpacas. | 2020 | 32107866 |
| field trial vaccination against cowpox in two alpaca herds. | in europe, cowpox virus (cpxv) infection in south american camelids occurs as a so-called spill-over infection. although infected animals generally have a mild form of the disease and survive, cases of fatal generalised cpxv infection have also been described. prevention by prophylactic vaccination is the only way to protect animals from disease. in the present study, modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) vaccine, which has been successfully used in many animal species, was used in a prime-boost ... | 2020 | 32093320 |
| a high affinity nanobody against endothelin receptor type b: a new approach to the treatment of melanoma. | the aim of the study was to produce a single-domain antibody (nanobody) specific for endothelin receptor type b (ednrb) which has high expression in melanoma. cultured human melanoma cells were used as antigens to immunize alpacas. after antibody generation was verified in alpaca serum, total rna was extracted from alpaca lymphocytes and the target vhh fragment was amplified by two-step pcr, cloned in the pcantab5e phagemid vector, and used to transform escherichia coli tg1 cells to obtain a pha ... | 2020 | 32080807 |
| alimentary necrobacillosis in alpacas. | ulcers of the oral cavity, esophagus, and gastric compartments of south american camelids are uncommon. multifocal-to-coalescing ulcers were identified in the oral cavity, esophagus, and/or gastric compartments of 5 alpacas submitted for postmortem examination. fusobacterium necrophorum was isolated from the lesions in all alpacas, in combination with other aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. in 4 of these cases, f. necrophorum-associated lesions were considered secondary to neoplasia or other chron ... | 2020 | 32070228 |
| cladophialophora encephalitis in an alpaca. | a 4-year-old huacaya hembra was evaluated for acute neurologic signs including recumbency and a left head tilt. cranial nerve examination revealed a left ear droop, muzzle deviation to the right, mydriasis of the left eye, an absent menace response, bilateral absent pupillary light reflex when light was directed into the left eye, and bilateral horizontal nystagmus with fast phase to the right. multifocal intracranial lesions were suspected. computed tomography revealed an intracranial mass. pos ... | 2020 | 32020931 |
| neoleukin-2 enhances anti-tumour immunity downstream of peptide vaccination targeted by an anti-mhc class ii vhh. | cancer-specific mutations can lead to peptides of unique sequence presented on mhc class i to cd8 t cells. these neoantigens can be potent tumour-rejection antigens, appear to be the driving force behind responsiveness to anti-ctla-4 and anti-pd1/l1-based therapies and have been used to develop personalized vaccines. the platform for delivering neoantigen-based vaccines has varied, and further optimization of both platform and adjuvant will be necessary to achieve scalable vaccine products that ... | 2020 | 32019478 |
| in silico identification of immunotherapeutic and diagnostic targets in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol metabolism of the coccidian sarcocystis aucheniae. | meat of the south american camelids (sacs) llama and alpaca is an important source of animal protein and income for rural families in the andes, and a product with significant growth potential for local and international markets. however, infestation with macroscopic cysts of the coccidian protozoon sarcocystis aucheniae, a parasitosis known as sac sarcocystosis, significantly hampers its commercialization. there are no validated methods to diagnose the presence of s. aucheniae cysts other than ... | 2020 | 31880101 |
| cryptosporidium parvum as a risk factor of diarrhea occurrence in neonatal alpacas in peru. | cryptosporidiosis has been reported as an important cause of neonatal diarrhea and mortality in cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, but its impact on alpaca health has not been studied thoroughly. in this study, we have determined the prevalence and evaluated the role of cryptosporidiosis as a risk factor for diarrhea occurrence in newborn alpacas. during the calving season (january-march) of 2006, stool specimens (n = 1312) were collected from 24 herds of newborn alpacas in puno and cuzco, depa ... | 2020 | 31754858 |
| synaptotagmin-4 promotes dendrite extension and melanogenesis in alpaca melanocytes by regulating ca2+ influx via trpm1 channels. | synaptotagmin-4 (syt4) is a membrane protein that regulates membrane traffic in neurons in a calcium-dependent or calcium-independent manner. in melanocytes, the intracellular free calcium ion (ca2+ ) may be important for dendrite growth and melanogenesis. mammalian melanocytes originating from neural crest cells produce melanins. therefore, we predicted that syt4 might play a role in melanogenesis and the dendrite morphology of melanocytes. to investigate whether syt4 is involved in melanocyte ... | 2020 | 31743468 |
| ultrasound-guided psoas compartment and sciatic nerve blocks for pain management of hind limb procedures in the alpaca (vicugna pacos). | loco-regional anesthetic techniques are considered important in the multimodal approach to analgesia in both human and veterinary medicine. no such techniques are described in the alpaca, bar the use of epidural. this is in part due to the lack of anatomical description for this species. while this limitation exists, the use of ultrasound guidance makes peripheral nerve blocks a viable possibility in the alpaca. | 2020 | 32821656 |
| treatment of sarcoptic and chorioptic mange in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) herd with a combination of topical amitraz and subcutaneous ivermectin. | clinical history: an outbreak of intense pruritus and weight loss in a herd of 40 alpacas (vicugna pacos) in the south-west of france was investigated after the death of 14 adults. one alpaca was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital for diagnosis and treatment but died soon after and one of the dead alpacas was submitted for necropsy. clinical findings: the remaining alpacas were intensely pruritic with variably severe and extensive alopecia, erythema, lichenification and crusting on the f ... | 2020 | 32814497 |
| an update on the molecular basis of phosphoantigen recognition by vγ9vδ2 t cells. | about 1-5% of human blood t cells are vγ9vδ2 t cells. their hallmark is the expression of t cell antigen receptors (tcr) whose γ-chains contain a rearrangement of vγ9 with jp (trgv9jp or vγ2jγ1.2) and are paired with vδ2 (trdv2)-containing δ-chains. these tcrs respond to phosphoantigens (pag) such as (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (hmbpp), which is found in many pathogens, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (ipp), which accumulates in certain tumors or cells treated with aminobisphos ... | 2020 | 32527033 |
| evaluation of the short- and long-term complications and outcomes of phacoemulsification surgery in alpacas. | to describe the complications and determine the visual outcomes associated with phacoemulsification surgery in alpacas. | 2020 | 32510743 |
| landscape of variable domain of heavy-chain-only antibody repertoire from alpaca. | heavy-chain-only antibodies (hcabs), which are devoid of light chains, have been found naturally occurring in various species including camelids and cartilaginous fish. because of their high thermostability, refoldability and capacity for cell permeation, the variable regions of the heavy chain of hcabs (vhhs) have been widely used in diagnosis, bio-imaging, food safety and therapeutics. most immunogenetic and functional studies of hcabs are based on case studies or a limited number of low-throu ... | 2020 | 32506493 |
| a close neuroanatomical relationship between the enkephalinergic (methionine-enkephalin) and tachykininergic (substance p) systems in the alpaca diencephalon. | in the alpaca diencephalon, the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing methionine-enkephalin (met) or substance p (sp) has been studied. | 2020 | 32412087 |
| development of anti-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) nanobodies as potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools. | matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) is an endopeptidase involved in cardiovascular disease and cancer. to date, no highly selective mmp-2 inhibitors have been identified for potential use in humans. aim of our work was to apply the nanobody technology to the generation of highly selective inhibitors of human mmp-2 and to assess their effects on platelet function and their applicability as conjugated nanobodies. we constructed a nanobody library after immunising an alpaca with human active mmp-2 a ... | 2020 | 31669421 |
| diarrheagenic escherichia coli isolates from neonatal alpacas mainly display f17 fimbriae adhesion gene. | neonatal domestic south american camelid llamas and alpacas suffer from an enteric disease complex characterized by abdominal distention, lethargy, dehydration, and eventual fatal septicemia. analysis of rectal swabs from neonatal alpacas suffering clinical diarrheas has constantly isolated escherichia coli, mainly the epec and ehec pathotypes. the present communication reports the results of molecular analysis of 226 e. coli strains from neonatal alpaca rectal swabs. the isolates were initially ... | 2020 | 32990930 |
| prevalence of coat colour traits and congenital disorders of south american camelids in austria, germany and switzerland. | the increasing popularity of alpacas and llamas outside of south america is undeniable. the associated limited genetic diversity raises questions about health and other genetically determined traits like coat colour. therefore, a survey studying the prevalence of congenital disorders and coat colours and patterns in south american camelids was performed in austria, germany and switzerland. moreover, the motivation for keeping these animals, the herd size and breeds was assessed. | 2020 | 32948208 |
| extenders for alpaca epididymal spermatozoa: comparison of inra96 and andromed. | artificial insemination would be a useful technique for alpaca breeders to use as an aid to breeding to increase fleece quality. the technique, however, is not well developed in alpacas, partly because of the viscous nature of their seminal plasma. castration conducted for husbandry purposes can provide a source of epididymal spermatozoa to test semen extenders or handling regimens, thus circumventing the problem of the viscous ejaculate. in this experiment, two semen extenders (andromed and inr ... | 2020 | 33126045 |
| suspected case of 'alpaca fever' in the uk. | 2020 | 33008989 | |
| coccidioidomycosis in llamas and alpacas diagnosed at the university of california, davis (1990-2016). | given the predisposition of south american camelids to coccidioidomycosis, we sought to describe the disease presentation in alpacas and llamas and identify potential risk factors for these species. the records of 224 llamas and alpacas that were tested for coccidioides infection using immunodiffusion serology at the coccidioidomycosis serology laboratory of the university of california, davis, between 1990 and 2016 were examined; of those, 46 alpacas and 42 llamas had positive test results. the ... | 2020 | 32944758 |
| coronavirus infections in companion animals: virology, epidemiology, clinical and pathologic features. | coronaviruses are enveloped rna viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. the host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric ... | 2020 | 32933150 |
| parasitological survey to address major risk factors threatening alpacas in andean extensive farms (arequipa, peru). | extensive alpaca farming in the colca valley (arequipa, peru) is the most important resource for farmers who live in this remote area of the country. grazing is the major available source of food, whereas forage production and supply are limited. food availability is low during the dry season predisposing animals to parasitic diseases and reproduction failure. in this study, we looked into gaining an overview about flock health management and nutritional and parasitological status of different a ... | 2020 | 32921655 |
| alpaca field behaviour when cohabitating with lambing ewes. | a common strategy to reduce predator attack on livestock is the deployment of guardian alpacas. however, little research has been conducted on the behaviour of this species while housed with other livestock. this study monitored two male alpacas cohabitating with 180 lambing ewes in order to quantify field behaviour in two phases. phase one assessed diurnal patterns of alpacas and lambing ewes using global navigation satellite system (gnss) collars recording data over 41 days, in combination wit ... | 2020 | 32916862 |
| sedative effects and pharmacokinetics of detomidine when administered intravenously and intravaginally as a gel in alpacas. | to evaluate the sedative effects and pharmacokinetics of detomidine gel administered intravaginally to alpacas in comparison with intravenously (iv) administered detomidine. | 2020 | 32863105 |
| cytogenetic mapping of 35 new markers in the alpaca (vicugna pacos). | alpaca is a camelid species of broad economic, biological and biomedical interest, and an essential part of the cultural and historical heritage of peru. recently, efforts have been made to improve knowledge of the alpaca genome, and its genetics and cytogenetics, to develop molecular tools for selection and breeding. here, we report cytogenetic mapping of 35 new markers to 19 alpaca autosomes and the x chromosome. twenty-eight markers represent alpaca snps, of which 17 are located inside or nea ... | 2020 | 32397072 |
| comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects and recovery characteristics of anesthesia maintenance with xylazine, ketamine and propofol or isoflurane in alpacas (vicugna pacos) for imaging procedures. | 2020 | 32330697 | |
| ophthalmology of clinically normal alpacas (vicugna pacos) in the united kingdom: a cross-sectional study. | alpacas are being more frequently presented to veterinarians in the uk. it is important to validate whether published normal ocular parameters are consistent with the alpaca population in the uk. | 2020 | 32303669 |
| optimising adjacent membrane segmentation and parameterisation in multicellular aggregates by piecewise active contours. | in fluorescence microscopy imaging, the segmentation of adjacent cell membranes within cell aggregates, multicellular samples, tissue, organs, or whole organisms remains a challenging task. the lipid bilayer is a very thin membrane when compared to the wavelength of photons in the visual spectra. fluorescent molecules or proteins used for labelling membranes provide a limited signal intensity, and light scattering in combination with sample dynamics during in vivo imaging lead to poor or ambival ... | 2020 | 32141623 |
| development and production of nanobodies specifically against green fluorescence protein. | variable domains of heavy chains of camelid heavy-chain antibodies (vhhs) are known as nanobodies. nanobodies are approximately 15 kda in size with high affinity to their antigens. they can be easily manipulated and produced in microorganisms. in this study, an alpaca was immunized with purified green fluorescence protein (gfp) and a vhh library from lymphocytes of the immunized alpaca was constructed with a capacity of 6.7 × 107. the library was biopanned against gfp by phage display technique ... | 2020 | 32270250 |
| microrna-379 mediates pigmentation, migration and proliferation of melanocytes by targeting the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. | melanogenesis, migration and proliferation of melanocytes are important factors that determine the hair colours of mammals. micrornas (mirnas) have been shown to be closely related to these processes. in melanocytes of alpacas, insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1) has been shown to improve melanogenesis through the cyclic amp (camp) pathway. mir-379 was predicted to target insulin-like growth factor (igf) receptor 1 (igf1r), which binds to igf1. therefore, we hypothesized that mir-379 could media ... | 2020 | 32170969 |
| the effect of whole carcase medium voltage electrical stimulation, tenderstretching and longissimus infusion with actinidin on alpaca meat quality. | the effect on alpaca meat quality from applying medium voltage electrical stimulation (es) in combination with tenderstretching (ts; pubic symphysis suspended) to whole carcases was investigated, along with the effect of actinidin infusion on alpaca longissimus (ltl) quality. carcases (n = 36) were allocated to either no es + achilles hung; or es + ts. the left- and right-hand side ltl of each carcase was allocated to one of three infusion treatments; no infusion (control), infusion with water o ... | 2020 | 32155532 |
| transboundary tuberculosis: importation of alpacas infected with mycobacterium bovis from the united kingdom to poland and potential for serodiagnostic assays in detecting tuberculin skin test false-negative animals. | the present study highlights the transboundary nature of tuberculosis (tb) in alpacas and the failure of current antemortem testing protocols to identify tb-free alpaca herds and individuals for exportation. the tuberculin skin test (tst) failed to identify mycobacterium bovis-infected animals prior to movement from the united kingdom (uk) to poland. this study describes the use of four serological assays [enferplex camelid tb, dual-path platform (dpp) vettb and bovidtb assays, and multi-antigen ... | 2020 | 31899584 |
| biomechanical insights into the role of foot pads during locomotion in camelid species. | from the camel's toes to the horse's hooves, the diversity in foot morphology among mammals is striking. one distinguishing feature is the presence of fat pads, which may play a role in reducing foot pressures, or may be related to habitat specialization. the camelid family provides a useful paradigm to explore this as within this phylogenetically constrained group we see prominent (camels) and greatly reduced (alpacas) fat pads. we found similar scaling of vertical ground reaction force with bo ... | 2020 | 32123239 |
| an alpaca nanobody neutralizes sars-cov-2 by blocking receptor interaction. | sars-cov-2 enters host cells through an interaction between the spike glycoprotein and the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor. directly preventing this interaction presents an attractive possibility for suppressing sars-cov-2 replication. here, we report the isolation and characterization of an alpaca-derived single domain antibody fragment, ty1, that specifically targets the receptor binding domain (rbd) of the sars-cov-2 spike, directly preventing ace2 engagement. ty1 binds the rb ... | 2020 | 32887876 |
| modifications of extracellular matrix features in the left and right uterine horns during the embryo pre-implantation period in vicugna pacos. | more than 98% of the pregnancies in south american camelids is carried out in the left uterine horn (luh). hence, embryos originated from right-ovary ovulations have to migrate to the contralateral or left uterine horn (luh) to implant and survive. a reason for this unique pattern of embryo implantation has not been elucidated yet. in general, embryo implantation involves an extensive extracellular matrix (ecm) remodeling within the endometrium, in which collagen and matrix metalloproteinases (m ... | 2020 | 32877844 |
| neurochemical characterization of the hypothalamus of the early fetal and newborn alpaca vicugna pacos. | in this study we performed a neurochemical characterization of the hypothalamus in the developing alpaca (vicugna pacos) with the aim of revealing the distributions of immunoreactive (-ir) cells containing parvalbumin (pv), calbindin (cb), calretinin (cr), the somatostatin (som), the enzyme aromatase p450 (p450arom), the estrogen receptor α (er-α), and estrogen receptor β (er-β) in embryonal stages, early fetal age, and in the newborn. this analysis has been carried out on embryos at 20, 30, 45 ... | 2020 | 31854109 |
| foot health and prevalence of dichelobacter nodosus in 11 ungulate species at berne animal park. | dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus) is the etiological agent of ovine footrot affecting mainly sheep worldwide, but also free-ranging wild ungulates such as alpine ibex (capra ibex ibex) and mufflon (ovis orientalis orientalis). a nationwide ovine footrot eradication program is planned for the years to come, based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-testing of interdigital swab samples and regular footbathing. in this cross-sectional study, we clinically evaluated the foot health and analysed pres ... | 2020 | 33140726 |
| development and characterization of anti-sheep podoplanin monoclonal antibodies pmab-253 and pmab-260. | anti-podoplanin (pdpn) monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are needed as markers for lymphatic endothelial cells or type i alveolar cells in immunohistochemical analyses. we have developed anti-pdpn mabs for many species, including humans, mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, cats, bovines, pigs, tasmanian devils, alpacas, tigers, whales, goats, horses, and bears. this study develops and characterizes anti-sheep pdpn (spdpn) mabs using cell-based immunization and screening (cbis) method. a rap14 tag was added to ... | 2020 | 32679010 |
| detection of lion podoplanin using the antitiger podoplanin monoclonal antibody pmab-231. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that specifically target podoplanin (pdpn), a marker for type i alveolar cells, are needed for immunohistochemical analyses. anti-pdpn mabs are available for many species, including human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, bovine, pig, tasmanian devil, alpaca, tiger, whale, goat, horse, bear, and sheep pdpns. however, no antilion pdpn (liopdpn) antibody has been developed. in this study, possible cross-reaction between available anti-pdpn mabs and liopdpn was examined. i ... | 2020 | 32401677 |
| development of an anti-sheep podoplanin monoclonal antibody pmab-256 for immunohistochemical analysis of lymphatic endothelial cells. | sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting podoplanin (pdpn) are needed for immunohistochemical analyses as a marker for lymphatic endothelial cells. we recently have developed anti-pdpn mabs against many species, including human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, bovine, pig, tasmanian devil, alpaca, tiger, whale, goat, horse, and bear. however, anti-sheep pdpn (spdpn) has not yet been established. in this study, we used the cell-based immunization and screening method for the de ... | 2020 | 32349619 |
| calving date and its variability as a potential trait in the breeding objective to account for reproductive seasonality in alpacas. | the low fertility and offspring survival indicators in alpacas can be partially due to their particularity seasonal reproduction that reduces the opportunities of the females to become pregnant within a season, with the survival of the offspring concerned by the availability of food and exposure to diseases that depends on the calving date. optimizing the date of delivery and reducing its variability are shown as eligible criteria that could be used as selection criteria within the genetic impro ... | 2020 | 32320085 |
| south american camelids: their values and contributions to people. | south american camelids (sacs) make several material and non-material contributions to people and are a key component of the andean biocultural heritage. from the perspective of the ipbes' conceptual framework, sacs constitute the "nature" component in the complex system of interactions between human societies and the andean mountain environment. there are four sac living species today, two of which are wild, or salqa, in the indigenous cosmovision: guanaco (lama guanicoe) and vicuña (vicugna vi ... | 2020 | 33133295 |
| camelids: new players in the international animal production context. | the camelidae family comprises the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), and four species of south american camelids: llama (lama glama), alpaca (lama pacos) guanaco (lama guanicoe), and vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in south america (south american ... | 2020 | 31898022 |
| a persisting nontropical focus of burkholderia pseudomallei with limited genome evolution over five decades. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of the high-mortality disease melioidosis. although melioidosis is classified as a tropical disease, rare autochthonous cases have been reported from temperate climatic regions, with uncertainty as to whether b. pseudomallei is persistent in the local environment and whether specific genetic mechanisms facilitate the survival of b. pseudomallei outside the tropics. sporadic cases of melioidosis occurred in a valley region (latitude 31.6°s) in sout ... | 2020 | 33172968 |
| toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in south american camelids in switzerland and assessment of serological tests for diagnosis. | little is known about the epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama) outside south america. the study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum infections in south american camelids (sac) in switzerland, to optimize serological tests for sac and to identify risk factors, which may favour infection. | 2020 | 32410682 |
| identification of emerging trends in the prevalence of dermatophytoses in alpacas (vicugna pacos) farmed in poland. | the increasing number of dermatophytoses among animals observed recently in developed countries may be connected with relocation of many exotic species outside their natural living environment. moreover, an impact on this situation may also be exerted by relapses related to limited compliance with antifungal treatment regimes. many exotic animals, including camelids, imported to european countries are connected with cases of tuberculosis or zoophilic dermatophytoses in humans. in the present stu ... | 2020 | 32406160 |
| treatment of sarcoptic mange in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (vicugna pacos) with repeated subcutaneous moxidectin injections. | an outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in a herd of llamas and alpacas in the black forrest (baden-wuerttemberg, germany). the diagnosis was made by clinical picture and detection of mites in skin scrapings and ear swabs. at the beginning numerous of sarcoptes mites were found in the scraping samples. the llamas and alpacas were treated subcutaneously with 0,2 mg/kg bodyweight moxidectin every three weeks (2 ml per llama, 1,5 ml per alpaca). because of the slow recovery of the south ame ... | 2020 | 32738415 |
| comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate. | the objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (lama pacos) and sheep (ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (ls), 5:5 (ms) and 7:3 (hs). six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square experiment. total protozoa concentration was determined under the microsc ... | 2020 | 33029865 |
| aestipascuomycesdupliciliberans gen. nov, sp. nov., the first cultured representative of the uncultured sk4 clade from aoudad sheep and alpaca. | we report on the isolation of the previously-uncultured neocallimastigomycota sk4 lineage, by two independent research groups, from a wild aoudad sheep rumen sample (texas, usa) and an alpaca fecal sample (baden-württemberg, germany). isolates from both locations showed near-identical morphological and microscopic features, forming medium-sized (2-5 mm) white filamentous colonies with a white center of sporangia, on agar roll tubes and a heavy biofilm in liquid media. microscopic analysis reveal ... | 2020 | 33167420 |
| genomic analysis of the domestication and post-spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca. | despite their regional economic importance and being increasingly reared globally, the origins and evolution of the llama and alpaca remain poorly understood. here we report reference genomes for the llama, and for the guanaco and vicuña (their putative wild progenitors), compare these with the published alpaca genome, and resequence seven individuals of all four species to better understand domestication and introgression between the llama and alpaca. | 2020 | 32616020 |
| prevalence and subtypes of blastocystis in alpacas, vicugna pacos in shanxi province, china. | blastocystis, an enteric protist, has been reported to be an important cause of protozoal gastrointestinal manifestations in humans and animals worldwide. animals harboring certain blastocystis subtypes (sts) may serve as a potential source of human infection. however, information about the prevalence and genetic diversity of blastocystis in alpacas is limited. in the present study, a total of 366 fecal samples from alpacas in shanxi province, northern china, were examined for blastocystis by pc ... | 2020 | 32418387 |
| a genome-wide association study of deafness in three canine breeds. | congenital deafness in the domestic dog is usually related to the presence of white pigmentation, which is controlled primarily by the piebald locus on chromosome 20 and also by merle on chromosome 10. pigment-associated deafness is also seen in other species, including cats, mice, sheep, alpacas, horses, cows, pigs, and humans, but the genetic factors determining why some piebald or merle dogs develop deafness while others do not have yet to be determined. here we perform a genome-wide associat ... | 2020 | 32413090 |
| biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of novel bacteriocinogenic strains isolated from animal's droppings at the zoological garden of lille, france. | this study aimed at exploring droppings of animals living in captivity in the zoological garden (zoo) of lille (france), as novel sources of bacteriocinogenic strains. a collection of 295 bacterial isolates was constituted from droppings of capybara, alpaca, muntjac, zebra, tapir, rhinoceros, binturong, armadillo, saki monkey and cockatoo. of 295 isolates, 51 exhibited antagonism against a panel of pathogenic target bacteria like escherichia coli mc4100, clostridium perfringens dsm 756 and salmo ... | 2020 | 32388703 |
| solitary tracheal b-cell lymphoma in an adult alpaca (vicugna pacos). | this report describes a case of solitary tracheal lymphoma in a 14-year-old alpaca mare. | 2020 | 33167982 |
| borna disease outbreak with high mortality in an alpaca herd in a previously unreported endemic area in germany. | borna disease virus 1 (bodv-1) is the causative agent of borna disease, an often fatal neurologic condition of domestic mammals, including new world camelids, in endemic areas in central europe. recently, bodv-1 gained further attention by the confirmation of fatal zoonotic infections in humans. although borna disease and bodv-1 have been described already over the past decades, comprehensive reports of borna disease outbreaks in domestic animals employing state-of-the-art diagnostic methods are ... | 2020 | 32223069 |
| alpaca (vicugna pacos), the first nonprimate species with a phosphoantigen-reactive vγ9vδ2 t cell subset. | vγ9vδ2 t cells are a major γδ t cell population in the human blood expressing a characteristic vγ9jp rearrangement paired with vδ2. this cell subset is activated in a tcr-dependent and mhc-unrestricted fashion by so-called phosphoantigens (pags). pags can be microbial [(e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, hmbpp] or endogenous (isopentenyl pyrophosphate, ipp) and pag sensing depends on the expression of b7-like butyrophilin (btn3a, cd277) molecules. ipp increases in some transformed o ... | 2020 | 32139608 |
| encephalomyocarditis virus infection in alpacas. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection was detected by real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) in four adult alpacas (vicugna pacos) from two properties on the far north coast of new south wales (nsw) in april and may 2018 and in two adult alpacas from a third property on the central coast of nsw in october 2018. viral rna was detected in a range of samples, including blood, fresh body organs and mucosal swabs. emcv was isolated from the blood and body organs of five of these alpacas. ... | 2020 | 32794196 |
| an unbiased immunization strategy results in the identification of enolase as a potential marker for nanobody-based detection of trypanosoma evansi. | trypanosoma evansi is a widely spread parasite that causes the debilitating disease "surra" in several types of ungulates. this severely challenges livestock rearing and heavily weighs on the socio-economic development in the affected areas, which include countries on five continents. active case finding requires a sensitive and specific diagnostic test. in this paper, we describe the application of an unbiased immunization strategy to identify potential biomarkers for nanobody (nb)-based detect ... | 2020 | 32722150 |
| serological evidence of toxoplasma gondii and chlamydia infection in alpacas (vicugna pacos) in shanxi province, northern china. | toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, chlamydia and bluetongue virus (btv) are four important pathogens which can cause reproductive loss. the present study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of t. gondii, n. caninum, chlamydia and btv in alpacas in shanxi province, northern china. a total of 251 serum samples were collected from alpacas, and antibodies against t. gondii and chlamydia were examined by the modified agglutination test (mat) and indirect hemagglutination assay (iha), respe ... | 2020 | 32693119 |
| use of distal radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous (rumm) nerve blocks in a huacaya alpaca undergoing radial fracture repair. | 2020 | 32651059 | |
| molecular identification of cryptosporidium spp. in alpacas (vicugna pacos) in china. | cryptosporidium is a ubiquitous protozoan in human and animals. to investigate the genetic diversity of cryptosporidium spp. in alpaca (vicugna pacos) in china, 484 fecal samples from alpacas were collected at nine sites, and cryptosporidium spp. were screened with pcr amplification of the small subunit ribosome rna (ssu rrna) locus. cryptosporidium spp. infected 2.9% (14/484) of the alpacas. of the nine collection sites, two were positive for cryptosporidium, wensu (3.0%, 3/100) and qinghe (31. ... | 2020 | 32612927 |
| beta-nerve growth factor stimulates spontaneous electrical activity of in vitro embryonic mouse gnrh neurons through a p75 mediated-mechanism. | the control of ovulation helps guarantee the success of reproduction and as such, contributes to the fitness of a species. in mammals, two types of ovulation are observed: induced and spontaneous ovulation. recent work on camelids, that are induced ovulators, highlighted the role of a factor present in seminal plasma, beta nerve growth factor (β-ngf), as the factor that triggers ovulation in a gnrh dependent manner. in the present work, we characterized alpaca β-ngf (aβ-ngf) and its 3d structure ... | 2020 | 32606357 |
| protection from influenza by intramuscular gene vector delivery of a broadly neutralizing nanobody does not depend on antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. | cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. we have previously described r1a-b6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of h1n1, h5n1, h2n2, and h9n2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly c ... | 2020 | 32547534 |
| ovulation mechanism in south american camelids: the active role of β-ngf as the chemical signal eliciting ovulation in llamas and alpacas. | the ovulation-inducing effect of seminal plasma was first suggested in bactrian camels over 30 years ago, initiating a long search to identify the 'ovulation-inducing factor' (oif) present in camelids semen. during the last decade, primarily in llamas and alpacas, this molecule has been intensively studied characterizing its biological and chemical properties and ultimately identifying it as β-nerve growth factor (β-ngf). the high concentration of oif/β-ngf in seminal plasma of llamas and alpaca ... | 2020 | 32088046 |
| chromosome-level assembly of wild bactrian camel genome reveals organization of immune gene loci. | camelids are characterized by their unique adaptive immune system that exhibits the generation of homodimeric heavy-chain immunoglobulins, somatic hypermutation of t-cell receptors, and low genetic diversity of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes. however, short-read assemblies are typically highly fragmented in these gene loci owing to their repetitive and polymorphic nature. here, we constructed a chromosome-level assembly of wild bactrian camel genome based on high-coverage long-read ... | 2020 | 32012460 |
| untangling the fibre ball: proteomic characterization of south american camelid hair fibres by untargeted multivariate analysis and molecular networking. | the proteomic analysis of hairs, yarns or textiles has emerged as a powerful method to determine species of origin, mainly used in archaeozoological research and fraud control. differentiation between the south american camelid (sac) species (the wild guanaco and vicuña and their respective domesticates the llama and alpaca) is particularly challenging due to poor database information and significant hybridization between species. in this study, we analysed 41 modern and 4 archaeological samples ... | 2020 | 33152504 |
| forensic identification of the keratin fibers of south american camelids by ambient ionization mass spectrometry: vicuña, alpaca and guanaco. | the keratin fleece of the endangered vicuña (vicugna vicugna) commands a high value in international markets, and this trade has caused illegal poaching and a substantial decrease in vicuña populations. morphological analysis of hairs does not have the resolution to determine the species of origin of camelid natural fibers. in addition, commerce in camelid fleece also includes the legal trade of alpaca (vicugna pacos) and guanaco (lama guanicoe) wool. | 2020 | 32770752 |
| meat of south american camelids - sensory quality and nutritional composition. | meat contains a range of nutrients in a highly bioavailable form and when meat is excluded from the diet, without being replaced with suitable alternatives, nutrient deficiencies may occur. for this reason, it is very important to extend our knowledge of nutrients in alternative red meats, such as that provided from the south american camelids- llama and alpaca. this review summarises the current information on the nutritional and sensory parameters of llama and alpaca meat and factors affecting ... | 2021 | 32892087 |
| multimeric nanobodies from camelid engineered mice and llamas potently neutralize sars-cov-2 variants. | since the start of the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has caused more than 2 million deaths worldwide. multiple vaccines have been deployed to date, but the continual evolution of the viral receptor-binding domain (rbd) has recently challenged their efficacy. in particular, sars-cov-2 variants originating in the u.k. (b.1.1.7), south africa (b.1.351) and new york (b.1.526) have reduced neutralization activity from conval ... | 2021 | 33688659 |
| type i and iii ifns produced by the nasal epithelia and dimmed inflammation are features of alpacas resolving mers-cov infection. | while mers-cov (middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus) provokes a lethal disease in humans, camelids, the main virus reservoir, are asymptomatic carriers, suggesting a crucial role for innate immune responses in controlling the infection. experimentally infected camelids clear infectious virus within one week and mount an effective adaptive immune response. here, transcription of immune response genes was monitored in the respiratory tract of mers-cov infected alpacas. concomitant to the ... | 2021 | 34029358 |
| nanobodies from camelid mice and llamas neutralize sars-cov-2 variants. | since the start of the covid-19 pandemic, sars-cov-2 has caused millions of deaths worldwide. although a number of vaccines have been deployed, the continual evolution of the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the virus has challenged their efficacy. in particular, the emerging variants b.1.1.7, b.1.351 and p.1 (first detected in the uk, south africa and brazil, respectively) have compromised the efficacy of sera from patients who have recovered from covid-19 and immunotherapies that have received ... | 2021 | 34098567 |
| vaccination with rift valley fever virus live attenuated vaccine strain smithburn caused meningoencephalitis in alpacas. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a zoonotic, viral, mosquito-borne disease that causes considerable morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock in africa and the arabian peninsula. in june 2018, 4 alpaca inoculated subcutaneously with live attenuated rvf virus (rvfv) smithburn strain exhibited pyrexia, aberrant vocalization, anorexia, neurologic signs, and respiratory distress. one animal died the evening of inoculation, and 2 at ~20 d post-inoculation. concern regarding potential vaccine strain r ... | 2021 | 34041966 |
| bovine coronavirus and the associated diseases. | coronaviruses (covs) possess the largest and most complex rna genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating rna synthesis and modification. coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain covs. the 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory cov (sars-cov), middl ... | 2021 | 33869323 |
| potent neutralization of sars-cov-2 by hetero-bivalent alpaca nanobodies targeting the spike receptor-binding domain. | cell entry by sars-cov-2 requires the binding between the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the viral spike protein and the cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2). as such, rbd has become the major target for vaccine development, while rbd-specific antibodies are pursued as therapeutics. here, we report the development and characterization of sars-cov-2 rbd-specific vhh/nanobody (nb) from immunized alpacas. seven rbd-specific nbs with high stability were identified using phage display. t ... | 2021 | 33658349 |
| serological evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and peste des petits ruminants virus infection in alpacas (vicugna pacos) in shanxi province, northern china. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) are two important pathogens associated with a variety of disease syndromes that result in substantial financial losses in animal husbandry. this study was performed to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to bvdv and pprv among alpacas raised in shanxi province of northern china. serum samples were obtained from 246 alpacas in taiyuan (n=182), xinzhou (n=31), and jinzhong cities (n=33) of shanxi province, and serol ... | 2021 | 33939008 |
| enteric viral infections among domesticated south american camelids: first detection of mammalian orthoreovirus in camelids. | enteric infections are a major cause of neonatal death in south american camelids (sacs). the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric viral pathogens among alpacas and llamas in canchis, cuzco, located in the southern peruvian highland. fecal samples were obtained from 80 neonatal alpacas and llamas and tested for coronavirus (cov), mammalian orthoreovirus (mrv), and rotavirus a (rva) by rt-pcr. of the 80 fecal samples analyzed, 76 (95%) were positive for at least one of the ... | 2021 | 34069466 |
| neutralization of sars-cov-2 by highly potent, hyperthermostable, and mutation-tolerant nanobodies. | monoclonal anti-sars-cov-2 immunoglobulins represent a treatment option for covid-19. however, their production in mammalian cells is not scalable to meet the global demand. single-domain (vhh) antibodies (also called nanobodies) provide an alternative suitable for microbial production. using alpaca immune libraries against the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the sars-cov-2 spike protein, we isolated 45 infection-blocking vhh antibodies. these include nanobodies that can withstand 95°c. the mos ... | 2021 | 34302370 |
| nanobody cocktails potently neutralize sars-cov-2 d614g n501y variant and protect mice. | neutralizing antibodies are important for immunity against sars-cov-2 and as therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of covid-19. here, we identified high-affinity nanobodies from alpacas immunized with coronavirus spike and receptor-binding domains (rbd) that disrupted rbd engagement with the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and potently neutralized sars-cov-2. epitope mapping, x-ray crystallography, and cryo-electron microscopy revealed two distinct antigenic sites a ... | 2021 | 33893175 |
| molecular characterization of group a rotavirus strains detected in alpacas (vicugna pacos) from peru. | the alpaca is a very important social and economic resource for the production of fibre and meat for andean communities. peru is the main producer of alpacas. group a rotavirus (rva) has been sporadically detected in alpacas. in this study, a total of 1423 faecal samples from alpacas from different locations of the puno department in peru were collected and analysed by an antigen-capture elisa in order to detect rva. four per cent of the samples were rva-positive (57/1423). the genotype constell ... | 2021 | 33830912 |
| new world camelids are sentinels for the presence of borna disease virus. | borna disease (bd), a frequently fatal neurologic disorder caused by borna disease virus 1 (bodv-1), has been observed for decades in horses, sheep, and other mammals in certain regions of europe. the bicoloured white-toothed shrew (crocidura leucodon) was identified as a persistently infected species involved in virus transmission. recently, bodv-1 attracted attention as a cause of fatal encephalitis in humans. here, we report investigations on bodv-1-infected llamas from a farm in a bd endemic ... | 2021 | 33501762 |
| molecular evolution of human coronavirus 229e in hong kong and a fatal covid-19 case involving coinfection with a novel human coronavirus 229e genogroup. | compared to other human coronaviruses, the genetic diversity and evolution of human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) are relatively understudied. we report a fatal case of covid-19 pneumonia coinfected with hcov-229e in hong kong. genome sequencing of sars-cov-2 and hcov-229e from a nasopharyngeal sample of the patient showed that the sars-cov-2 strain hk13 was most closely related to sars-cov-2 type strain wuhan-hu-1 (99.99% nucleotide identity), compatible with his recent history of travel to wuha ... | 2021 | 33568452 |