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genes 3 and 5 of infectious bronchitis virus are accessory protein genes. 200617037560
s1 gene sequence analysis of a nephropathogenic strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus in egypt.infectious bronchitis is highly contagious and constitutes one of the most common and difficult poultry diseases to control. ibv is endemic in probably all countries that raise chickens. it exists as dozens of serotypes/genotypes. only a few amino acid differences in the s1 protein of vaccine and challenge strains of ibv may result in poor protection. tropism of ibv includes the respiratory tract tissues, proventriculus and caecal tonsils of the alimentary tract, the oviduct and the kidney.200616987422
characterisation of the rna binding properties of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein amino-terminal region.the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein binds viral rna to form the ribonucleocapsid and regulate rna synthesis. the interaction of n protein with viral rna was investigated using circular dichroism and surface plasmon resonance. n protein underwent a conformational change upon binding viral rna and the data indicated electrostatic interactions were involved in the binding of the protein to rna. kinetic analysis suggested the amino-terminal region facilitates long-range non-specific interaction ...200617052713
epidemiological and experimental evidence for immunodeficiency affecting avian infectious bronchitis.we evaluated the effects of viral immunodeficiency on the outcome of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection in chickens as a hypothetical cause for failure of adequate protection in vaccinated chickens. initially, we investigated ibv isolations from cases of respiratory disease in association with the presence of thymic and/or bursal atrophy in 322 submissions during 1997 to 2002. arkansas (ark)-type ibv was most frequently isolated in spite of extensive arkdpi vaccination in the broiler in ...200617121734
diseases of indigenous chickens in bokaa village, kgatleng district, botswana.this study examined flock size and management, level of internal and external parasite burden and seroprevalence of antibodies to poultry pathogens in indigenous chickens in bokaa village, kgatleng district, botswana. the mean flock size was 22.6 +/- 6.85 with a range of 11-34. the mean body weights of cocks and hens were 2.28 +/- 0.56 kg and 1.70 +/- 0.38 kg, respectively. housing and commercial poultry feed were not provided. ascaridia galli, heterakis gallinarum and syngamus trachea were foun ...200617137053
molecular analysis of brazilian infectious bronchitis field isolates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and partial sequencing of the n gene.molecular analysis of 15 brazilian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates, obtained from clinical outbreaks of the disease in chickens (broilers or layers) in the state of minas gerais (brazil) between 1972 and 1989, is reported. using the n protein gene as target, ibvs were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (rt-pcr/rflp) with the restriction enzymes avaii, hphi, sau96i, and tsp509i and cdna sequencing. results obtained from ...200617274284
epididymal stone formation and decreased sperm production in roosters vaccinated with a killed strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus.our objective was to determine if vaccination with killed avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) causes epididymal calcium stones in the rooster as is seen following vaccination with live attenuated aibv. specific-pathogen-free roosters were divided into three groups: nonvaccinated (nonvac), live attenuated aibv-vaccinated (lvac), and killed aibv-vaccinated (kvac) groups. roosters were vaccinated at 2, 6, 10, and 14 wk of age and the epididymal region was observed at 27 wk of age. epididymal s ...200617274299
transcriptome of local innate and adaptive immunity during early phase of infectious bronchitis viral infection.to understand the mechanistic basis of local innate and adaptive immunity against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) at the molecular level, we examined the gene transcription profile of tracheal epithelial layers 3 d after infection of chickens with an attenuated ibv-massachusetts strain. results suggested that the transcription levels of 365 genes were either upregulated or downregulated (2-fold and higher) after ibv infection. among the upregulated 250 genes, 25 were directly immune-related ge ...200617201672
differential detection of turkey coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus, and bovine coronavirus by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction.the objective of the present study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for differential detection of turkey coronavirus (tcov), infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv), and bovine coronavirus (bcov). primers were designed from conserved or variable regions of nucleocapsid (n) or spike (s) protein gene among tcov, ibv, and bcov and used in the same pcr reaction. reverse transcription followed by the pcr reaction was used to amplify a portion of n or s gene of the cor ...200616137773
development of attenuated vaccines from taiwanese infectious bronchitis virus strains.due to variations in serotypes among different strains of avian infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv), vaccination of chicks with imported vaccines fails to protect them from ibv infections in taiwan. therefore, we develop attenuated vaccines from local strains in taiwan. a taiwan group i (tw i) strain was passaged 74 times through specific pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryonated eggs, and then tested in spf chickens. the attenuated vaccine was not pathogenic in 1-week-old chicks, had a neutraliza ...200616239054
neither the rna nor the proteins of open reading frames 3a and 3b of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus are essential for replication.gene 3 of infectious bronchitis virus is tricistronic; open reading frames (orfs) 3a and 3b encode two small nonstructural (ns) proteins, 3a and 3b, of unknown function, and a third, structural protein e, is encoded by orf 3c. to determine if either the 3a or the 3b protein is required for replication, we first modified their translation initiation codons to prevent translation of the 3a and 3b proteins from recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses (ribvs). replication in primary chick kidney ( ...200616352554
genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus strains isolated in china between 1995 and 2004.twenty-six avian infectious bronchitis (ib) viruses (ibv) were isolated from outbreaks in chickens in china between 1995 and 2004. they were characterized by comparison with twenty-six chinese reference strains and five other ibv strains. chinese ibvs, which were mainly nephropathogenic, were placed into seven genotypes. fourteen chinese ibv isolates were placed in genotype i, having small evolutionary distances from each other. genotype ii included 6 strains that were isolated in the 1990s in c ...200616397751
differential localization and turnover of infectious bronchitis virus 3b protein in mammalian versus avian cells.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) 3b protein is highly conserved among group 3 coronaviruses, suggesting that it is important for infection. a previous report (virology 2003, 311:16-27) indicated that transfected ibv 3b localized to the nucleus in mammalian cells using a vaccinia-virus expression system. although we confirmed these findings, we observed cytoplasmic localization of ibv 3b with apparent exclusion from the nucleus in avian cells (ibv normally infects chickens). ibv 3b was virtually ...200616298409
development of a quantitative light cycler real-time rt-pcr for detection of avian reovirus.a robust, ultrasensitive, and accurate quantitative assay was developed for avian reovirus (arv) with the light cycler sybr green-based real-time reverse transcription-pcr (real-time lc rt-pcr). the assay exhibited high specificity as all negative controls and other avian pathogens, such as newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and mycoplasma synovia (ms), failed to show any positive detection. a min ...200616300834
cell cycle perturbations induced by infection with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus and their effect on virus replication.in eukaryotic cells, cell growth and division occur in a stepwise, orderly fashion described by a process known as the cell cycle. the relationship between positive-strand rna viruses and the cell cycle and the concomitant effects on virus replication are not clearly understood. we have shown that infection of asynchronously replicating and synchronized replicating cells with the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a positive-strand rna virus, resulted in the accumulation of inf ...200616571830
antigenic and molecular characterization of isolates of the italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus genotype.as part of an epidemiological surveillance of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in spain, four spanish field isolates showed high s1 spike sequence similarities with an ibv sequence from the genbank database named italy 02. given that little was known about this new emergent ibv strain we have characterized the four isolates by sequencing the entire s1 part of the spike protein gene and have compared them with many reference ibv serotypes. in addition, cross-virus neutralization assays were cond ...200616595297
isolation of a coronavirus from a green-cheeked amazon parrot (amazon viridigenalis cassin).a virus (av71/99) was isolated from a green-cheeked amazon parrot by propagation and passage in both primary embryo liver cells derived from blue and yellow macaw (ara ararauna) embryos and chicken embryo liver cells. electron microscopic examination of cytopathic agents derived from both types of cell cultures suggested that it was a coronavirus. this was confirmed using a pan-coronavirus reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction that amplified part of gene 1 that encodes the rna-dependen ...200616595304
infectious bronchitis virus s1 gene sequence comparison is a better predictor of challenge of immunity in chickens than serotyping by virus neutralization.five strains of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial chickens from the state of pennsylvania, usa during the years 1998 and 1999 were studied. the strains were selected for cross-challenge in specific pathogen free chickens and virus neutralization in chick embryos on the basis of partial s1 sequence amino acid identity values. the partial sequences analysed spanned the hypervariable amino terminus region of s1 from amino acid residues 48 to 219, based on the beaudette strain. us ...200616595305
sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian infectious bronchitis virus.the importance of sialic acid for infection by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has been analysed. neuraminidase treatment rendered vero, baby hamster kidney and primary chicken kidney cells resistant to infection by the ibv-beaudette strain. sialic acid-dependent infection was also observed with strain m41 of ibv, which infects primary chicken kidney cells but not cells from other species. in comparison with influenza a virus and sendai virus, ibv was most sensitive to pre-treatment of c ...200616603523
determination of the effective dose of the live mycoplasma synoviae vaccine, vaxsafe ms (strain ms-h) by protection against experimental challenge.the minimum effective dose of the mycoplasma synoviae-h (ms-h) vaccine was determined through protection against experimental challenge. chickens were vaccinated by eyedrop with the following doses of a vaccine: 1.2 x 10(5), 2.4 x 10(5) 4.8 x 10(5), 9.6 x 10(5), 1.92 x 10(6), and 3.84 x 10(6) color change units (ccu), then challenged 6 wk after vaccination. rapid serum agglutination results indicated that 100% of birds receiving an ms-h dose of > or = 4.8 x 10(5) ccu had antibodies to ms and enz ...200616617988
detection of antibodies to avian infectious bronchitis virus by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.the recombinant antigen obtained by cloning and expressing two ibv nucleocapsid protein fragments (143-414 aa, 281-414 aa) in escherichia coli was used for the detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) specific antibodies in chicken sera by the indirect elisa (rnpibv-elisa). as a result of testing 1524 serum samples the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of rnpibv-elisa when comparing those of the routine whole ibv elisa have been shown to be 93.81% and 87.36%, respectively. the a ...200616675032
structure- and oil type-based efficacy of emulsion adjuvants.oil-based emulsions are well-known immunopotentiators for inactivated, "killed" vaccines. we addressed the relationship between emulsion structure and levels of in vivo antibody formation to inactivated new castle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as antigens in 3-week-old chickens. the use of a polymeric emulsifier allowed for direct comparison of three types of emulsions, water-in-oil (w/o), oil-in-water (o/w) and w/o-in-water (w/o/w), while maintaining an identical con ...200616675072
biochemical evidence for the presence of mixed membrane topologies of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein expressed in mammalian cells.coronavirus envelope (e) protein is a small integral membrane protein with multi-functions in virion assembly, morphogenesis and virus-host interaction. different coronavirus e proteins share striking similarities in biochemical properties and biological functions, but seem to adopt distinct membrane topology. in this report, we study the membrane topology of the sars-cov e protein by immunofluorescent staining of cells differentially permeabilized with detergents and proteinase k protection ass ...200616684538
identification of one peptide which inhibited infectivity of avian infectious bronchitis virus in vitro.purified avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was used to screen a random phage display peptide library. after the fourth panning, 10 positive phages were sequenced and characterized. the phages specifically inhibited ibv infectivity in hela cells and blocked ibv haemagglutination. one linear peptide "gsh hrh vhs pfv" from the positive phages with the highest neutralization titer was synthesized and this peptide inhibited ibv infection in hela as well. the results may contribute to developmen ...200616704119
delineation and modelling of a nucleolar retention signal in the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein.unlike nuclear localization signals, there is no obvious consensus sequence for the targeting of proteins to the nucleolus. the nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure which is crucial to the normal operation of the eukaryotic cell. studying nucleolar trafficking signals is problematic as many nucleolar retention signals (norss) are part of classical nuclear localization signals (nlss). in addition, there is no known consensus signal with which to inform a study. the avian infectious bronchi ...200616734668
reciprocal antibody and complement responses of two chicken breeds to vaccine strains of newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus.serum antibody responses and haemolytic complement activity were evaluated in white leghorn (wlh) and rhode island red (rir) chickens that were vaccinated with live-attenuated vaccines of newcastle disease virus, or infectious bronchitis virus, or infectious bursal disease virus by means of ocular challenge at 10 times the normal vaccination dose. complement titres in non-vaccinated birds were significantly higher in wlh birds compared to rir birds. the lentogenic viral infection resulted in an ...200616755366
new variant of ibv in poland. 200616766733
x-ray structures of the n- and c-terminal domains of a coronavirus nucleocapsid protein: implications for nucleocapsid formation.coronaviruses cause a variety of respiratory and enteric diseases in animals and humans including severe acute respiratory syndrome. in these enveloped viruses, the filamentous nucleocapsid is formed by the association of nucleocapsid (n) protein with single-stranded viral rna. the n protein is a highly immunogenic phosphoprotein also implicated in viral genome replication and in modulating cell signaling pathways. we describe the structure of the two proteolytically resistant domains of the n p ...200616775348
hexamethylene amiloride blocks e protein ion channels and inhibits coronavirus replication.all coronaviruses encode a small hydrophobic envelope (e) protein, which mediates viral assembly and morphogenesis by an unknown mechanism. we have previously shown that the e protein from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) forms cation-selective ion channels in planar lipid bilayers (wilson, l., mckinlay, c., gage, p., ewart, g., 2004. sars coronavirus e protein forms cation-selective ion channels. virology 330(1), 322-331). we now report that three other e proteins also f ...200616815524
changes in nucleolar morphology and proteins during infection with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure involved in ribosome subunit biogenesis, cell cycle control and mediating responses to cell stress, among other functions. while many different viruses target proteins to the nucleolus and recruit nucleolar proteins to facilitate virus replication, the effect of infection on the nucleolus in terms of morphology and protein content is unknown. previously we have shown that the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein will localize to the nucleolus. in this ...200616819967
safety and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus used for chicken embryo vaccination.commercial vaccines for in ovo vaccination have not yet been developed for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the major coronavirus in the poultry industry. recombinant ibvs based on the beaudette strain expressing the beaudette spike protein (beau-r) or that from the virulent m41 strain (beaur-m41(s)) were assessed for their potential as prototype vaccines for application to 18-day-old embryos. pathogenicity was assessed by observing the effect on hatchability, and/or the production of nasal di ...200616860445
seroprevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reovirus, avian pneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus in nigerian poultry.eight poultry farms in nigeria, including chickens from nine breeder, 14 broiler, 28 pullet, 11 layer, and three cockerel flocks, were tested for antibody seroprevalence to the following poultry viruses of potential economic importance: infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian reovirus, avian pneumovirus (apv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), avian influenza virus (aiv), and avian leukosis virus (alv). serum samples were collected between 1999 and 2004 and were tested for antibodies u ...200616863071
detection of massachusetts and arkansas serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in broilers.the objective of this study was to compare the presence of the arkansas (ark) and massachusetts (mass) serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in the tracheas and cecal tonsils of commercial broilers after vaccination at 1 day of age by coarse spray. when given as a single serotype vaccine, the mass strain was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) only in the tracheas, whereas the ark strain was detected in bot ...200616863085
maternal antibody transfer from dams to their egg yolks, egg whites, and chicks in meat lines of chickens.maternal antibodies are transferred from hens to the chicks via the egg. to gain insight into maternal antibody transfer and endogenous production of antibodies in broiler chicks, total igy, iga, igm, as well as anti-newcastle disease virus (ndv) and anti-infectious bronchitis (ibv) antibody levels were examined in the dams' plasma, egg yolks, egg whites, and chicks' plasma on d 3, 7, 14, and 21. blood was collected from 39-wk-old breeder hens (line 1, n = 17; line 2, n = 21). fertile eggs were ...200616903465
serological survey of the infectious disease status of old english game fowl in the lower north island, new zealand.to investigate the serological status of old english game (oeg) cockerels for a range of infectious diseases of poultry.200616915341
genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the california 99 (cal99) variant of infectious bronchitis virus.the california 99 (cal99) variant of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was first recovered in 1999 from vaccinated broiler chicken flocks in central california. the s1 hypervariable region of cal99 genome was most closely related to arkansas (ark) serotype viruses. in this study, the complete genome of cal99 was sequenced, and the structural protein genes were compared with those of commonly used ibv vaccines as well as those of isolates from naturally occurring outbreaks in different parts of t ...200716927130
characterization of the nuclear export signal in the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein.the nucleocapsid (n) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleolus and contains an eight-amino-acid nucleolar retention motif. in this study, a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (nes) (291-lqldglhl-298) present in the c-terminal region of the ibv n protein was analyzed by using alanine substitution and deletion mutagenesis to investigate the relative contributions that leucine residues make to nuclear export and where these residues are located on the str ...200717202223
ribonucleocapsid formation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus through molecular action of the n-terminal domain of n protein.conserved among all coronaviruses are four structural proteins: the matrix (m), small envelope (e), and spike (s) proteins that are embedded in the viral membrane and the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (n), which exists in a ribonucleoprotein complex in the lumen. the n-terminal domain of coronaviral n proteins (n-ntd) provides a scaffold for rna binding, while the c-terminal domain (n-ctd) mainly acts as oligomerization modules during assembly. the c terminus of the n protein anchors it to the vir ...200717229691
vaccination against the avian infectious bronchitis virus affects sperm concentration, sperm quality and blood testosterone concentrations in cockerels.1. it was previously found that cockerels vaccinated with live attenuated avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) have decreased serum testosterone concentrations, epididymal stones and reduced fertility. the objectives of this study were twofold: to determine if reduced fertility following vaccination with live attenuated virus was the result of reduced sperm concentration or reduced sperm quality and to determine if vaccination with a killed strain of virus caused a similar reduction in sperm ...200717952734
isolation and identification of four infectious bronchitis virus strains in china and analyses of their s1 glycoprotein gene.between 2003 and 2005, four strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from the vaccinated chicken flocks in china. the results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that all the four isolates were relative to strain a2 of ibv, which was isolated in 1996 in beijing and related to strain 4/91. the s1 gene of the spike protein was amplified and sequenced. the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the s1 gene had a similar degree of identity (88.98-99.28%) among the ...200717289305
coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the coronavirus of the chicken (gallus gallus), is one of the foremost causes of economic loss within the poultry industry, affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. the virus replicates not only in the epithelium of upper and lower respiratory tract tissues, but also in many tissues along the alimentary tract and elsewhere e.g. kidney, oviduct and testes. it can be detected in both respiratory and faecal material. there is increasing ev ...200717296157
infection of hela cells by avian infectious bronchitis virus is dependent on cell status.to investigate the adaptation of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in a human cell line may be beneficial to understanding the potential mechanisms of coronavirus interspecies infection. the current study addressed the poor replication of ibv in the hela human cell line demonstrated in previous reports. we showed that ibv strains m41, h52, h120 and gray could be propagated in hela cells with distinct cytopathic effect. the virus titre in freshly dispersed hela cells was 1000-fold higher th ...200717620171
molecular and serologic characterization, pathogenicity, and protection studies with infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from california.in this study, we characterized three variant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains isolated in 2003 and 2004 from broiler chickens in california and compared them to previously isolated california variant viruses and to common vaccine serotypes used in the united states. we conducted genetic, serologic, and pathogenicity studies on all three isolates, then tested different vaccines against one of the viruses. genetically the three variant ibv strains, designated ca557/03, ca706/03, and ca17 ...200717626478
evaluation of the effectiveness of two infectious bronchitis virus vaccine programs for preventing disease caused by a california ibv field isolate.infectious bronchitis virus ca99 serotype was isolated from several broiler flocks in northern california. the virus caused late-onset respiratory disease and increased airsacculitis condemnation in affected flocks despite the use of an established infectious bronchitis virus vaccination program. an experimental study compared holland/arkansas and massachusetts/arkansas vaccination protocols to determine the efficacy of commercial infectious bronchitis virus vaccines in reducing respiratory dise ...200717626488
the efficacy of an avian metapneumovirus vaccine applied simultaneously with infectious bronchitis and newcastle disease virus vaccines to specific-pathogen-free chickens.avian metapneumovirus (ampv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) are important respiratory pathogens of chickens. to achieve early posthatch protection against all three diseases it would be helpful to deliver live ampv, ibv, and ndv vaccines simultaneously at 1 day of age. however, previous work has indicated that the efficacy of ampv vaccines may be affected when codelivered with ibv or ndv vaccines. the efficacy of an ampv vaccine when codelivered to chickens ...200717626490
intratracheally administered pathogen-associated molecular patterns affect antibody responses of poultry.various potential immune-modulating microbially derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp), or so called homotopes, are present in high concentrations in the environment of food animals. in previous studies, intravenously administered pamp had variable effects on specific primary and secondary immune responses of poultry to systemically administered antigens. in the present study, we evaluated the effects of intratracheal (i.t.) challenge with the pamp lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic ...200717626812
a massachusetts prototype like coronavirus isolated from wild peafowls is pathogenic to chickens.coronavirus infection was investigated in apparently healthy wild peafowls in guangdong province of china in 2003, while severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) broke out there. no sars-like coronavirus had been isolated but a novel avian coronavirus strain, peafowl/gd/kq6/2003 (kq6), was identified. sequence analysis revealed that kq6 was an avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of coronavirus in group 3. the genome sequence of kq6 had extremely high degree of identity ...200717629993
ultrastructural observations on effects of infectious bronchitis virus in eggshell-forming regions of the oviduct of the commercial laying hen.the pathogenesis of 2 strains of infectious bronchitis virus (t and n1/88 strains) was studied in the eggshell-forming regions of the oviduct of commercial laying hens. there were no external shell deformities, except for paler shells. there was no decline in egg production in either of the infected groups. one hen from the n1/88-infected group and 2 hens from the t-infected group were out of lay. the light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic changes in infected shell-forming region ...200717704379
a pseudoknot improves selection efficiency in ribosome display.the size and diversity of ribosome display libraries depends upon stability of the complex formed between the ribosome, mrna and translated protein. to investigate if mrna secondary structure improves stability of the complex, we tested a pseudoknot, originating from the genomic rna of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of the positive-stranded coronavirus group. we used the previously-isolated anti-dna scfv, 3d8, as a target protein. during in vitro translation in rabbit reticulocyte l ...200717827535
[genetic variations of membrane gene of infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in china between 1995 and 2004].membrane (m) protein genes of 20 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains isolated in china between 1995 and 2004 were sequenced and analyzed. the m genes of twenty isolates were composed of 672 to 681 nucleotides, encoding polypeptides of 223 to 226 amino acid residues. variations of the deduced amino acids of m gene mainly occurred at positions 2 to 17 and 221 to 233, comparing with that of the ibv strain lx4. there were deletions or insertions in the m gene of chinese isolates at amino acid ...200717894233
[development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against h7 hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus].to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the hemagglutinin protein of h7 subtype of avian influenza virus (aiv).200717908508
two-way antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and group 1 animal covs is mediated through an antigenic site in the n-terminal region of the sars-cov nucleoprotein.in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in humans, causing a global epidemic. by phylogenetic analysis, sars-cov is distinct from known covs and most closely related to group 2 covs. however, no antigenic cross-reactivity between sars-cov and known covs was conclusively and consistently demonstrated except for group 1 animal covs. we analyzed this cross-reactivity by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot analysis using specific ...200717913799
interleukin-6 expression after infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens.viral infections in chickens pose a major health threat to the poultry industry. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) usually causes respiratory disease; however, the disease severity is influenced by the genotype of the chicken and the ibv strain involved. nephropathogenic strains of ibv, such as the australian t strain, can cause high mortalities due to kidney failure characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and inflammation. in a previous study, a line of specific pathogen-free chickens, t ...200717931118
ultrastructural study of infectious bronchitis virus infection in infundibulum and magnum of commercial laying hens.the infundibulum and magnum of the oviduct were examined in hens in full lay which were infected with two australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the ultramicroscopic changes in the infundibulum and magnum were compared with control hens which had eggs at different positions in the oviduct. the ciliated and granular cells of the surface epithelia and secretory epithelial cells of the tubular glands were the target cells of ibv. no pathological changes were recorded during 2-8 da ...200717321700
feline aminopeptidase n is not a functional receptor for avian infectious bronchitis virus.coronaviruses are an important cause of infectious diseases in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), and have the continued potential for emergence from animal species. a major factor in the host range of a coronavirus is its receptor utilization on host cells. in many cases, coronavirus-receptor interactions are well understood. however, a notable exception is the receptor utilization by group 3 coronaviruses, including avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). feline amino ...200717324273
strong antiviral activity of heated and hydrated dolomite--preliminary investigation.heated and hydrated naturally occurring dolomite showed very strong antiviral activity. infectivity of avian and human influenza, avian infectious bronchitis (coronavirus), newcastle disease (paramyxovirus) and avian laryngotracheitis (herpesvirus) viruses dropped at least 1,000 fold following contact with the dolomite for five minutes at 4 degrees c. dolomite is expected to be useful to inhibit the incidence of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.200717339770
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to (poly100)s1 protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus.fragments within s1 genes ((poly100)s1) of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains zj971, m41 and sc021202 (sc) were subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector and expressed in escherichia coli. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recombinant (poly100)s1 proteins were produced, characterized and used to analyse epitopes on the s1 subunit of ibv. nine mabs raising from the three (poly100)s1 proteins recognized five different epitopes of the s1 subunit, designated as s1-a, b, c, d and e ...200717348910
characterisation of cyclin d1 down-regulation in coronavirus infected cells.the positive strand rna coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), induces a g2/m phase arrest and reduction in the g1 and g1/s phase transition regulator cyclin d1. quantitative real-time rt-pcr and western blot analysis demonstrated that cyclin d1 was reduced post-transcriptionally within infected cells independently of the cell-cycle stage at the time of infection. confocal microscopy revealed that cyclin d1 decreased in ibv-infected cells as infection progressed and inhibition studies i ...200717359980
sequence changes of infectious bronchitis virus isolates in the 3' 7.3 kb of the genome after attenuating passage in embryonated eggs.attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines are available but the relationship between sequence and virulence is not clear. in this study, the sequences of the 3' 7.3 kb of the genome, amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction before and after attenuation, were compared to study the relationship between virulence and the sequences of three ibv strains. after attenuation, two to six amino acid substitutions were found in the spike 1 subunit, and two or three amino ...200717364511
structure of the sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein rna-binding dimerization domain suggests a mechanism for helical packaging of viral rna.coronavirus nucleocapsid proteins are basic proteins that encapsulate viral genomic rna to form part of the virus structure. the nucleocapsid protein of sars-cov is highly antigenic and associated with several host-cell interactions. our previous studies using nuclear magnetic resonance revealed the domain organization of the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein. rna has been shown to bind to the n-terminal domain (ntd), although recently the c-terminal half of the protein has also been implicated in r ...200717379242
correlation between mechanical strength of messenger rna pseudoknots and ribosomal frameshifting.programmed ribosomal frameshifting is often used by viral pathogens including hiv. slippery sequences present in some mrnas cause the ribosome to shift reading frame. the resulting protein is thus encoded by one reading frame upstream from the slippery sequence and by another reading frame downstream from the slippery sequence. although the mechanism is not well understood, frameshifting is known to be stimulated by an mrna structure such as a pseudoknot. here, we show that the efficiency of fra ...200717389398
manipulation of the infectious bronchitis coronavirus genome for vaccine development and analysis of the accessory proteins.infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) is the cause of the single most economically costly infectious disease of domestic fowl in the uk--and probably so in many countries that have a developed poultry industry. a major reason for its continued dominance is its existence as many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein (s), cross-protection being poor. although controlled to some degree by live and inactivated vaccines, a new generation of ib vaccines is called for. reverse genetic or ...200717416443
different genotypes of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis viruses co-circulating in chicken population in china.chicken nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis (ib) was prevalent in the most chicken farms during recent years, although the ib vaccination program has been widely performed in china. to characterize the s1 protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from china, five representative nephropathogenic ib viruses isolated from chickens in different provinces were genetically and phylogenetically analyzed. the results showed that the length of the s1 genes of the isolates were quite different (1,61 ...200717431755
heparan sulfate is a selective attachment factor for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus beaudette.the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain beaudette is an embryo-adapted virus that has extended species tropism in cell culture. in order to understand the acquired tropism of the beaudette strain, we compared the s protein sequences of several ibv strains. the beaudette strain was found to contain a putative heparan sulfate (hs)-binding site, indicating that the beaudette virus may use hs as a selective receptor. to ascertain the requirements of cell-surface hs for beaudet ...200717461266
lithium chloride inhibits the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in cell culture.the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major economic pathogen of domestic poultry that, despite vaccination, causes mortality and significant losses in production. during replication of the rna genome there is a high frequency of mutation and recombination, which has given rise to many strains of ibv and results in the potential for new and emerging strains. currently the live-attenuated vaccine gives poor cross-strain immunity. effective antiviral agents may therefore be ...200717479370
cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in the absence of p53.manipulation of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis are two common strategies used by many viruses to regulate their infection cycles. in cells infected with coronaviruses, cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis were observed in several reports. however, little is known about how these effects are brought out, and how manipulation of the functions of host cells would influence the replication cycle of coronavirus. in this study, we demonstrate that infection with coronavirus infectious bron ...200717493653
s1 gene sequence heterogeneity of a pathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain and its embryo-passaged, attenuated derivatives.infectious bronchitis virus ck/ch/ldl/97i was attenuated by serial passage in chicken embryos. virus of passage 115 was attenuated as determined by clinical response to inoculation to 15-day-old specific pathogen free chickens. the vaccination-challenge test showed that the attenuated passage 115 virus could afford protection against the homologous pathogenic virus, passage 5, by the clinical response. based on the sequence analysis and comparison of the s1 gene, both the pathogenic and attenuat ...200717497337
coronavirus associated with an enteric syndrome on a quail farm.an enteric syndrome was observed in quail (coturnix coturnix) semi-intensively reared for restocking in apulia (southern italy). the birds showed depression, severe diarrhoea, dehydration and reduced growth. mortality occurred particularly in young birds. at necropsy the prominent lesion was enteritis. a coronavirus was detected by electron microscopy and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the faeces and in the intestinal content of the dead quails. the virus could not be cultiva ...200717497340
[construction of recombinant bcg bearing s1 glycoprotein of nephropathogenic ibv and study on its immunogenicity on chickens].glycoprotein si was the major protein to determine infection and immunogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the s1 glycoprotein gene of ibv isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and proved to be s1 gene by sequencing. the e. coli-mycobacterium expression shuttle plasmid pr-alpha-s1 was constructed by inserting the s1 gene to the prr3 with human mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp70 promoter and a signal peptide. then the plasmid pr-alpha-s1 was ...200717552243
antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents against nidovirales in cell culture.coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens, the relevance of which increased due to the emergence of new human coronaviruses like sars-cov, hku1 and nl63. together with toroviruses, arteriviruses, and roniviruses the coronaviruses belong to the order nidovirales. so far antivirals are hardly available to combat infections with viruses of this order. therefore, various antiviral strategies to counter nidoviral infections are under evaluation. lectins, which bind to n-linked oligosacch ...200717560666
detection and seroprevalence of infectious bronchitis virus strains in commercial poultry in pakistan.this study was conducted to investigate the incidence of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in commercial broiler and layer flocks in pakistan. serum samples from 16 layers and 9 broiler flocks were screened against m-41, d-274, d-1466, and 4-91 strain antigens using hemagglutination inhibition assay. overall, 88% of the flocks were seropositive for m-41 antibodies, whereas 40, 52, and 8% of the flocks were positive for d-274, d-1466, and 4-91 ibv strains, respectively. the m-41 antigen was also ...200717575179
infectious bronchitis virus serotypes in poultry flocks in jordan.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes respiratory disease in chickens all over the world. ibv has many serotypes that do not confer cross protection against each other. hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test has been used to determine the serotypes of ibv as a substitute to the more laborious virus neutralization test and the more sophisticated restriction endonuclease digestion or sequencing of the s1 gene. in jordan, no previous studies have been carried out to determine the involvement of i ...200717161477
comparative histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (t and n1/88) in laying hens and cockerels.the comparative and sequential histopathology of different tissues of unvaccinated laying hens and cockerels were studied in chickens exposed to t and n1/88 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the harderian gland and trachea of hens and cockerels in both t- and n1/88-infected groups were damaged to a similar extent. the cecum was unaffected for both strains of ibv in both hens and cockerels. the sequential histopathological changes in hens revealed that ibv multiplies initially in the h ...200717179415
histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in laying hens vaccinated in the rearing phase.the comparative histopathology of 2 different strains of infectious bronchitis virus (t and n1/ 88) in vaccinated hens was studied at 110 wk of age. the harderian gland showed similar histopathology in t- and n1/88-infected hens. the trachea and kidney of challenged vaccinated hens were protected to a moderate extent, but the oviduct was protected to only a small extent. the severity and persistence of lesions were greater in tubular shell gland, shell gland pouch, and kidney of the t-infected h ...200717179416
preliminary crystallographic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus main protease.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the prototype of the genus coronavirus. it causes a highly contagious disease which affects the respiratory, reproductive, neurological and renal systems of chickens, resulting great economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. the coronavirus (cov) main protease (m(pro)), which plays a pivotal role in viral gene expression and replication through a highly complex cascade involving the proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins, is an attractive t ...200717183167
capillary zone electrophoresis method for fingerprint of allantoic fluid in normal and infected spf embryonated chicken eggs.a capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed for fingerprint determination of allantoic fluid in specific pathogen free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs. the effects of some crucial parameters, such as buffer type, ph, wavelength and running voltage on the separation were studied systematically. the components of the allantoic fluid were well separated using a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an effective length of 50 cm and an internal diameter of 50 microm. one hundred millimolars s ...200717055591
influenza b viruses isolated in uruguay during the 2002-2005 seasons: genetic relations and vaccine strain match.monitoring antigenic and genetic variations of circulating influenza viruses is critical for the selection of annual vaccine strains. in order to gain insight into the molecular evolution of influenza b viruses (ibv) isolated in uruguay in 2002 and 2005 outbreaks, antigenic and phylogenetic studies were carried out for the hemagglutinin (ha) gene. antigenic relations among uruguayan and reference strains isolated elsewhere were performed by means of hemagglutination inhibition assays (hai). gene ...200716987563
phylogenetic analysis of partial s1 and n gene sequences of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from italy revealed genetic diversity and recombination.a total of ten infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates collected from commercial chickens in italy in 1999 were characterized by rt-pcr and sequencing of the s1 and n genes. phylogenetic analysis based on partial s1 gene sequences showed that five field viruses clustered together with 793/b-type strains, having 91.3-98.5% nucleotide identity within the group, and one isolate had very close sequence relationship (94.6% identity) with 624/i strain. these two ibv types have been identified in it ...200717043759
an arginine-to-proline mutation in a domain with undefined functions within the helicase protein (nsp13) is lethal to the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in cultured cells.genetic manipulation of the rna genomes by reverse genetics is a powerful tool to study the molecular biology and pathogenesis of rna viruses. during construction of an infectious clone from a vero cell-adapted coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), we found that a g-c point mutation at nucleotide position 15526, causing arg-to-pro mutation at amino acid position 132 of the helicase protein, is lethal to the infectivity of ibv on vero cells. when the in vitro-synthesized full-length tran ...200716979681
sybr green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the generic detection of coronaviruses.coronaviruses are etiologic agents of respiratory and enteric diseases in humans and in animals. in this study, a one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay based on sybr green chemistry and degenerate primers was developed for the generic detection of coronaviruses. the primers, designed in the open reading frame 1b, enabled the detection of 32 animal coronaviruses including strains of canine coronavirus, feline coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis v ...200716941059
mannan-binding lectin (mbl) serum concentration in relation to propagation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in chickens.mannan-binding lectin (mbl) is a collectin that mediates activation of the complement system and is of importance for host defenses. in humans low concentrations of mbl in serum have been associated with susceptibility to several viral diseases. to understand the function of mbl in relation to infectious viral diseases two chicken lines were selected for high and low concentrations of mbl in serum for several generations. offspring from the two sub-lines were subjected to infection with infectio ...200718158730
inhibition of gene expression directed by small interfering rnas in infectious bronchitis virus.in this study, fourteen small interfering rnas (sirnas) were synthesized for targeting of coding gene sequences, specific 5'-leader sequence of mrna and 3'-end sequence of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genome. the expression of viral genes in vero-e6 cells was detected by real-time pcr. obtained results indicated that the majority of sirnas could effectively inhibit the expression of viral genes. the inhibition effect of sirnas significantly differed among various genes and sites on the ...200718197734
pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus in vaccinated chickens of two different major histocompatibility b complex genotypes.infectious bronchitis (ib) disease progression in vaccinated chickens after challenge was evaluated in a single commercial line of layer chickens presenting two different major histocompatibility complex (mhc) b complex genotypes. mhc b genotypes were determined by dna sequence-based typing of bf2 alleles. in total, 33 b2/b15 and 47 b2/b21 chickens were vaccinated with an ark-type ib virus (ibv) attenuated vaccine and challenged with ark-type ibv field isolate al/4614/98 14 days later. additiona ...200717992938
sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses: identification of a novel phylogenetic group in korea.twelve korean infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were isolated in the field from chickens suspected of being carriers of infectious bronchitis between 2001 and 2003. the s1 glycoprotein genes of these ibv isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rtpcr) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. these korean ibv isolates were classified into three groups according to their rflp patterns obtained using the restriction enzyme haeii ...200717993755
a recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing chicken interleukin-2 increases the protection provided by in ovo vaccination with infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis virus.in ovo vaccination remains an attractive option for the mass application of vaccines to poultry, ensuring a uniform application of vaccine in a cost-effective manner. however, the number of vaccines that can be delivered safely by this method is limited. several infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vaccines can be given in ovo though most are delivered post-hatch and there are no currently licensed embryo-safe infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines. reduction in the dose of vaccines given ...200717996994
immunopotentiating effects of four chinese herbal polysaccharides administered at vaccination in chickens.this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 4 chinese herbal polysaccharides on the production of serum antibodies and the proliferation of peripheral t lymphocytes, including subpopulations in vaccinated chickens. a total of 450 chickens were randomly assigned to 9 groups at 14 d of age and vaccinated first with live newcastle disease (nd)-infectious bronchitis virus vaccine, and second with nd-infectious bronchitis oil adjuvant vaccine at 28 d of age. at the same time as the first vacc ...200718029798
effects of several virucidal agents on inactivation of influenza, newcastle disease, and avian infectious bronchitis viruses in the allantoic fluid of chicken eggs.general theories on the inactivation of viruses in the presence of a concentrated protein, such as the allantoic fluid of chicken eggs, are not useful. that is, although sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide are generally known as strong virucidal agents, they do not sufficiently inactivate viruses in allantoic fluid. we found that benzalkonium chloride (bc) is an effective virucidal agent against influenza, newcastle disease, and avian infectious bronchitis viruses even in the presence of a ...200718032831
[potent immune responses elicited by a bicistronic ibv dna vaccine expressing s1 and il-2 gene].abstract: candidate ibv vaccines should elicit cellular responses as well as humoral responses. si gene of avian infectious bronchitis virus and interleukin-2 (il-2) gene from chicken were inserted into the bicistronic pires-egfp/ dsred plasmid. the pires-s1, pires-il2 and pires-s1/il-2 plasmid expressing or co-expressing s1 and il-2 gene were constructed. plasmids were transfected into the vero cells by lipofectamine, and the expressed products were detected by rt-pcr and indirect immunofluores ...200718271263
orchitis in roosters with reduced fertility associated with avian infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus infections.the pathogenesis of infection involving both infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) causes reproductive damage in hens after viral replication in the epithelium of the oviduct, resulting in loss of cilia and degeneration and necrosis of the epithelial and glandular cells. although ibv has been indicated as a possible cause of the formation of calcium stones in the epididymus of roosters, a definitive association has not been confirmed. this report describes the detect ...200718251400
evaluating viral interference between infectious bronchitis virus and newcastle disease virus vaccine strains using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.the potential for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) replication interference was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr). fourteen-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated via eyedrop with live commercial vaccine strains of ibv and ndv alone or in combination to directly evaluate ibv and ndv replication in the trachea at 1, 3, and 5 days after vaccination. commercial ndv vaccine strains used were b1, vg/ga, and c2. ...200718251404
molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated from the enteric contents of brazilian laying hens and broilers.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, which is characterized by respiratory, reproductive, and renal signs. however, the role of ibv as an enteric pathogen in still controversial. in brazil, antigenic groups of ibv divergent from the massachusetts serotype used for vaccination schedules in that country have already been demonstrated. the present study aimed to assess the different genotypes of ibv in brazilian commercial poultry flocks by partia ...200718251411
pre-validation study for testing of avian viral vaccines for extraneous agents by pcr.the biological nature of vaccines imposes a permanent risk for contamination with extraneous agents. therefore, testing of vaccines for freedom from extraneous agents is essential in the manufacturing process and quality control. relevant methods for testing for extraneous agents of avian viral vaccines are specified in the monographs of the european pharmacopoeia (ph. eur.). currently, most of these methods involve the use of embryonated eggs or chickens. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a wi ...200718413134
isolation and characterization of chlamydophila psittaci isolated from laying hens with cystic oviducts.the objective of this study was to isolate and identify a hypothetical chlamydiaceae pathogen from laying hens with an oviduct cyst, and to characterize its potential causal relation with decreased egg production. our clinical survey showed that cystic oviducts were prevalent at rates of 10% and 15.1% in breeder and commercial hen flocks, respectively. chlamydial antigens were detected in 20 of 50 pharyngeal swabs (40%) and in 17 of 20 oviduct tissues (85%) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa ...200818459300
health evaluation of free-ranging humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) in peru.as part of ongoing ecological studies of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) at punta san juan, ica department, peru, health surveys were conducted in november 1992, 1993, and 1994. in the three surveys, 98 birds in total were handled for examination, and blood was collected for laboratory analysis from 90 of these birds. all birds seemed to be in good condition. body weights of females were significantly lower in 1994 than in the other years. fleas (parapsyllus humboldti) and ticks (ornith ...200818459309
complete genomic sequence of turkey coronavirus.turkey coronavirus (tcov), one of the least characterized of all known coronaviruses, was isolated from an outbreak of acute enteritis in young turkeys in ontario, canada, and the full-length genomic sequence was determined. the full-length genome was 27,632 nucleotides plus the 3' poly(a) tail. two open reading frames, orfs 1a and 1b, resided in the first two thirds of the genome, and nine additional downstream orfs were identified. a gene for hemagglutinin-esterase was absent in tcov. the regi ...200818468711
avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis attenuated live vaccines undergo selection of subpopulations and mutations following vaccination.in this study, we were interested in determining if high titered egg adapted modified live infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines contain spike gene related quasispecies that undergo selection in chickens, following vaccination. we sequenced the spike glycoprotein of 12 ibv vaccines (5 different serotypes from 3 different manufacturers) directly from the vaccine vial, then compared that sequence with reisolated viruses from vaccinated and contact-exposed birds over time. we found differences ...200818262691
targeted protein accumulation promoted by autoassembly and its recovery from plant cells.the expression of a fusion protein formed between the avian infectious bronchitis virus m protein and the bacterial enzyme beta-glucuronidase (gus) in plants promotes the formation of new organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in tobacco plants. this unusual organization of the membranes, never present in nontransformed plants, has been explained by the oligomerization of the gus domains of the ibvm-gus fusion proteins. these specific organized membranes could have broad implications for biot ...200818264977
molecular survey of avian respiratory pathogens in commercial broiler chicken flocks with respiratory diseases in jordan.acute respiratory tract infections are of paramount importance in the poultry industry. avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian pneumovirus (apv), and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) have been recognized as the most important pathogens in poultry. in this study, trachea swabs from 115 commercial broiler chicken flocks that suffered from respiratory disease were tested for aiv subtype h9n2, ibv, ndv, and apv by using reverse transcription ...200818281569
identification of the avian infectious bronchitis coronaviruses with mutations in gene 3.the sequence of a 6.0-kb fragment was compared in the 3'-encoding region of the genome in 27 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains. all these strains have the same s-3-m-5-n gene order, as is the case for other ibvs. however, the sizes of the corresponding open reading frames (orfs) of some genes varied among the virus strains. phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignments demonstrated that recombination events had occurred in the origin and evolution of the strains ck/ch/lsd/03i and ck/ch/l ...200818295413
enhancement of the immunogenicity of an infectious bronchitis virus dna vaccine by a bicistronic plasmid encoding nucleocapsid protein and interleukin-2.a dna vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) can induce specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity. however, compared to conventional vaccines, dna vaccines usually induce poor antibody responses. to develop a more potent ibv dna vaccine formulations, a monocistronic vector encoding the nucleocapsid protein of ibv and a bicistronic vector separately encoding the nucleocapsid protein and immune-stimulatory interleukin-2 were constructed. when the dna vaccines were administered to the ...200818329109
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