Publications

decreasing lead levels in swedish biota revealed by 36 years (1969-2004) of environmental monitoring.	since the 1980s, lead levels decreased significantly in most marine biota from the baltic sea, the kattegatt and the skagerrack and in terrestrial biota from south and central sweden, analysed in the national swedish environmental monitoring programme. in herring and cod liver, the decrease was 4.2-7.1% annually 1981-2003 and in perch liver and guillemot eggs analysed since the middle of the 1990s the decrease was 10-13%. in kidneys of young starlings from south and central sweden, lead levels d ...	2006	16896466
diet and behavior of the saint-césaire neanderthal inferred from biogeochemical data inversion.	biogeochemistry is a powerful tool for dietary reconstruction, and mixing equations can be used to quantify the contribution of multiple sources to an individual's diet. the goals of this paper are: 1) to generalize the inverse method to dietary mixtures; and 2) to reconstruct the diet of the saint-césaire neanderthal using sr/ca and ba/ca data of the mineral fraction of bone (hydroxylapatite), and with published delta13c and delta15n data of the associated organic fraction of bone (collagen). a ...	2006	16908051
lifestyle, genetics, and disease in sami.	to present a summary of the lifestyle, genetic origin, diet, and disease in the population of sami, indigenous people of northern fennoscandia.	2006	16909452
influence of diet on fatty acids and tocopherols in m. longissimus dorsi from reindeer.	our aim was to compare the effects of two pelleted diets containing differing fa composition with natural lichen pasture on reindeer's meat fa composition. in addition we wanted to increase the knowledge about reindeer fa metabolism and the effect of animal sex and age on fa composition in reindeer muscle. the trial included five reindeer groups: three grazing, consisting of adult males, adult females, and calves; and two groups of calves fed conventional pellets (cpd) and pellets containing cru ...	2006	16933791
population dynamics of nematode parasites of reindeer in the sub-arctic.	nematode parasite infections of semi-domestic reindeer grazing in their natural habitat in northern finland were monitored for approximately 2 years. this was achieved by monthly faecal egg counts of male and female calves and adult females from an experimental reindeer herd, in addition to estimating the acquisition of nematode infection from pasture using tracer reindeer calves. the most abundant parasite was ostertagia gruehneri in the worm counts of tracer animals and in faecal egg counts of ...	2006	16934935
temporomandibular disorders, headaches, and cervical pain among females in a sami population.	the aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and co-morbidity of long-standing, intense, and frequent symptoms of pain and dysfunction in the jaw-face, head, and cervical region among adult females drawn from the sami population in northern sweden.	2006	16945899
campylobacter spp., enterococcus spp., escherichia coli, salmonella spp., yersinia spp., and cryptosporidium oocysts in semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in northern finland and norway.	the specific aim of this study was to assess the faecal shedding of zoonotic enteropathogens by semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) to deduce the potential risk to human health through modern reindeer herding. in total, 2,243 faecal samples of reindeer from northern regions of finland and norway were examined for potentially enteropathogenic bacteria (campylobacter species, enterococcus species, escherichia coli, salmonella species and yersinia species) and parasites (cryptos ...	2006	16987403
perceived and measured levels of environmental pollution: interdisciplinary research in the subarctic lowlands of northeast european russia.	using interdisciplinary field research in the usa basin, northeast european russia, we compared local inhabitants' perception of environmental problems with chemical and remote-sensing signatures of environmental pollution and their local impacts. extensive coal mining since the 1930s around inta and vorkuta has left a legacy of pollution, detected by measuring snowpack, topsoil, and lichen chemistry, together with remote-sensing techniques and analysis of lake water and sediments. vorkuta and i ...	2006	16989506
[disease monitoring in european mouflon (ovis gmelini musimon) populations by clinical blood tests--aspects of epidemiology and treatment control of claw diseases].	european mouflon are in the focus of research since they were brought from the tyrrhenic islands to the european mainland a hundred years ago. from the beginning many populations on european mainland suffer from different claw diseases which are unknown in their original habitats. foot rot, the ovine purulent laminitis, whose existence im wild ruminants was negotiated some years before, furthermore claw alterations caused by primary or secondary lack of trace elements similar to the copper defic ...	2006	17007468
ige cross reactivity between reindeer and bovine milk beta-lactoglobulins in cow's milk allergic patients.	allergic reactions to cow's milk are common in small children. one of the main protein allergens found in cow's milk is beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg). reindeer and bovine milk both contain related beta-lg proteins, but the allergenicity of reindeer beta-lg has not previously been studied. the purpose of this study was to analyze the immunological cross-reactivity of ige antibodies from children with cow's milk allergy to reindeer and bovine beta-lg.	2006	17039668
balancing within various discourses--the art of being old and living as a sami woman.	the aim of this part of the umeå 85+ study was to explore how indigenous women narrate their lives and their experience of being old as sami women. interviews with 9 old sami women were analyzed using grounded theory. the categories identified were "reindeer as the basis of life," "longing for significant sami values," "feeling valued as a sami woman," and "changing for survival;" these evolved into the core category: "balancing within various discourses-the art of being old and living as a sami ...	2006	17043029
oral myiasis in a child by the reindeer warble fly larva hypoderma tarandi.	we describe a case of human oral myiasis by a first-stage larva of the reindeer warble fly, hypoderma (oedemagena) tarandi (l.) (diptera: oestridae), in a 12-year-old girl. in september the patient complained of erythema, swelling and conjunctivitis of the right eyelid. symptoms subsided spontaneously but re-occurred in october. in december she presented with acute swelling of the right corner of the mouth. later that day a living larva protruded from this swelling. the patient had been on vacat ...	2006	17044887
suicide among indigenous sami in arctic norway, 1970-1998.	suicide mortality was examined between 1970 and 1998 in a cohort of 19,801 persons categorized as indigenous sami in arctic norway. standardized mortality ratios (smr) were calculated using the suicide rates of the rural population of arctic norway as reference. there was a significant moderate increased risk for suicide among indigenous sami (smr = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (ci): 1.02-1.56). in the study period, 89 suicides occurred in the cohort (70 men and 19 women) with increased suicide ...	2006	17048080
reindeer beta-lactoglobulin crystal structure with pseudo-body-centred noncrystallographic symmetry.	reindeer beta-lactoglobulin (betalg) belongs to the lipocalin superfamily. its dna and protein sequences have been determined and showed that it had nine residue changes from bovine betalg. reindeer betalg, the structure of which was finally determined at 2.1 a resolution in space group p1, crystallized in a unit cell that is both p2-like and p2(1)-like owing to the presence of an almost perfect (but noncrystallographic) body-centring vector. the non-body-centred data could only be observed usin ...	2006	17057340
simulating the influences of various fire regimes on caribou winter habitat.	caribou are an integral component of high-latitude ecosystems and represent a major subsistence food source for many northern people. the availability and quality of winter habitat is critical to sustain these caribou populations. caribou commonly use older spruce woodlands with adequate terrestrial lichen, a preferred winter forage, in the understory. changes in climate and fire regime pose a significant threat to the long-term sustainability of this important winter habitat. computer simulatio ...	2006	17069367
geographic pattern of serum antibody prevalence for brucella spp. in caribou, grizzly bears, and wolves from alaska, 1975-1998.	blood samples were collected from 2,635 caribou (rangifer tarandus), 1,238 grizzly bears (ursus arctos), and 930 wolves (canis lupus) from throughout mainland alaska during 1975-98. sera were tested for evidence of exposure to brucella spp. serum antibody prevalences were highest in the northwestern region of the state. in any specific area, antibody prevalences for caribou and wolves were of a similar magnitude, whereas antibody prevalence for bears in these same areas were two to three times h ...	2006	17092888
prolonged persistence of fecally excreted ivermectin from reindeer in a sub-arctic environment.	in december 2001 and 2002, feces from reindeer calves treated with ivermectin were distributed on plots established on two types of forested reindeer pasture in northern finland. the ungrazed plots were on an enclosure that had been fenced to prevent reindeer access for the last 6 years. the grazed plots were on an area that had been heavily stocked by reindeer during the last 5 years. after enclosures had been established, reindeer and large wildlife were prevented from entering by a fence. top ...	2006	17117798
song: the e. coli song (to the tune of "rudolph the red-nosed reindeer").		2006	21638738
metabolism of carbohydrate in alimentary tract of reindeer in winter.	the study was conducted on six reindeers in december. it was established that concentration of reducing sugars in the chyme of jejunum increases substantially (6 times in comparison with abomasum), whereas concentration cellulose, on the contrary, decreases (4.5 times). the maximal increase of monosaccharides in the small intestine testifies to formation of metabolic fund of sugars in this part of the alimentary tract due to high degree of polysaccharides hydrolysis of exogenous, as well as endo ...	2006	21395994
characteristics of the 5' untranslated region of wisent (bison bonasus) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) pestivirus isolates.	the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of the pestivirus strains isolated from wisent and reindeer suffering from severe diarrhoea in the duisburg zoo in germany were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for comparison with those of other pestiviruses from cattle, sheep, goats and swine. phylogenetic trees constructed from the primary nucleotide sequences of these strains demonstrated that the 5'-utr of both the wisent and reindeer isolates were identical and s ...	2006	20429058
[pulmonary mycoses in bisons and reindeers].		2006	13736459
[seasonal peculiarities of secretory and motor functions of the stomach in reindeers].		2006	13083743
shapes of differential pulse voltammograms and level of metallothionein at different animal species.	metallothioneins play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of essential metalsand in protecting of cells against metal toxicity as well as oxidative damaging. exceptinghumans, blood levels of metallothionein have not yet been reported from any animalspecies. blood plasma samples of 9 animal species were analysed by the adsorptive transferstripping technique to obtain species specific voltammograms. quite distinct records wereobtained from the takin (budorcas taxicolor), while other interesting ...	2007	28903235
steroid hormone secretion during the ovulatory cycle and pregnancy in farmed alaskan reindeer.	seasonal endocrine changes in 5 non-bred and 10 pregnant alaskan reindeer have been documented. blood samples were collected from early september until early may, spanning the breeding season, gestation, or the anovulatory period. plasma was analyzed by ria for progesterone (p4), estradiol-17beta, estrone, and estrone sulfate. elevated p4 in 80% of the reindeer at the onset of the study indicated that ovarian activity had been initiated. the median date for the onset of the first recorded full-l ...	2007	17121977
ecological role of reindeer summer browsing in the mountain birch (betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests: effects on plant defense, litter decomposition, and soil nutrient cycling.	mammalian herbivores commonly alter the concentrations of secondary compounds in plants and, by this mechanism, have indirect effects on litter decomposition and soil carbon and nutrient cycling. in northernmost fennoscandia, the subarctic mountain birch (betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests are important pasture for the semidomestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus). in the summer ranges, mountain birches are intensively browsed, whereas in the winter ranges, reindeer feed on ground lichens, ...	2007	17123112
where clocks are redundant: weak circadian mechanisms in reindeer living under polar photic conditions.	biological rhythms are a result of interplay between endogenous clocks and the ambient light-dark (ld) cycle. biological timing in resident polar organisms presents a conundrum because these experience distinct daily ld cycles for only a few weeks each year. we measured locomotor activity in reindeer, rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus (sr, n = 5 and 6) and r. tarandus tarandus (nr, n = 6), ranging freely at 78 and 70 degrees n, respectively, continuously throughout 1 year using data loggers. nr, b ...	2007	17131139
genetic structure of circumpolar populations: a synthesis.	this article summarizes research conducted on the genetic structure of circumpolar populations of alaska, siberia, and the aleutian archipelago from 1977 to present. three research programs are described: (1) 1977-1978, on the genetics of small, yupik-speaking communities of st. lawrence island (savoonga and gambell) compared with inupk communities of king island and wales, alaska. this research, based on 25 standard protein and blood markers, demonstrated genetic discontinuity between the popul ...	2007	17286261
radiocesium in caribou and reindeer in northern canada, alaska and greenland from 1958 to 2000.	this study summarizes the spatial and temporal trends of fallout (137)cs concentrations in caribou and reindeer (rangifer tarandus ssp.), reported in various programs in canada, alaska and greenland, over a 40-y period. during the 1960s, the highest (137)cs concentrations (2000-3000bqkg(-1) wet weight in muscle) were found in the large caribou herds of central northern canada, with levels about 50% lower in alaska and greenland. concentrations varied by up to a factor of 6 between spring and fal ...	2007	17239506
male phenotypic quality influences offspring sex ratio in a polygynous ungulate.	evolutionary models of sex ratio adjustment applied to mammals have ignored that females may gain indirect genetic benefits from their mates. the differential allocation hypothesis (dah) predicts that females bias the sex ratio of their offspring towards (more costly) males when breeding with an attractive male. we manipulated the number of available males during rut in a polygynous ungulate species, the reindeer (rangifer tarandus), and found that a doubling of average male mass (and thus male ...	2007	17254998
137cs and 90sr in live and dead reindeer lichens (genera cladonia) from the "kraton-3" underground nuclear explosion site.	the contents of 137cs and 90sr have been determined in 29 samples of live and dead reindeer lichens (genera cladonia) collected at the "kraton-3" underground nuclear explosion site (65.9 degrees n 112.3 degrees e, event year--1978) in yakutia, russia in 2002. the area contamination was within the range of 0.36-700 and 0.13-770 kbq m(-2) for 137cs and 90sr, respectively. the dead organisms were on average much more contaminated than the live ones. vertical fractionation of the live lichen carpet ...	2007	17222484
adaptations for life in the arctic: evidence that melatonin rhythms in reindeer are not driven by a circadian oscillator but remain acutely sensitive to environmental photoperiod.	in reindeer rangifer tarandus, a high latitude species, the rhythmic production of melatonin periodically dissipates under natural photoperiods when, in mid-winter, there is near permanent darkness and again, in summer, when there is permanent light. in spring and autumn, as expected, melatonin production reflects the ambient light:dark (ld) cycle. we investigated the expression of circadian mechanisms on blood levels of melatonin in reindeer. two experiments were conducted in which animals were ...	2007	17803527
traditional food attributes must be included in studies of food security in the canadian arctic.	the objective was to explore some typically understudied characteristics of food security in arctic canada: observed changes to traditional food systems, perceived advantages and health benefits of traditional food and traditional food preferences.	2007	18018844
towards evidence based emergency medicine: best bets from the manchester royal infirmary. weather dependent nasal erythema in reindeer (rangifer tarandus).	a short cut review was carried out to establish whether nasal erythema in a reindeer might be a useful navigational aid on christmas eve. from a search of nine papers, five presented evidence relevant to the question. the author, date and country of publication, "subjects" studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are presented in table 3. the clinical bottom line is that a reindeer with a red nose at rest at the north pole would not inspire confidence.	2007	18029521
nordic rattle: the hoarse vocalization and the inflatable laryngeal air sac of reindeer (rangifer tarandus).	laryngeal air sacs have evolved convergently in diverse mammalian lineages including insectivores, bats, rodents, pinnipeds, ungulates and primates, but their precise function has remained elusive. among cervids, the vocal tract of reindeer has evolved an unpaired inflatable ventrorostral laryngeal air sac. this air sac is not present at birth but emerges during ontogenetic development. it protrudes from the laryngeal vestibulum via a short duct between the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage. ...	2007	17310544
serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in an indigenous north american population.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are thought to be uncommon in north america. recently, hev transmission has been reported following the consumption of deer meat. because deer are closely related to caribou and caribou meat is a staple of the canadian inuit and the american eskimo diet, the present study explored the seroprevalence of hev infection in an isolated canadian inuit community.	2007	17637946
spectrum of selection: new approaches to detecting the scale-dependent response to habitat.	detecting habitat selection depends on the spatial scale of analysis, but multi-scale studies have been limited by the use of a few, spatially variable, hierarchical levels. we developed spatially explicit approaches to quantify selection along a continuum of scales using spatial (coarse-graining) and geostatistical (variogram) pattern analyses at multiple levels of habitat use (seasonal range, travel routes, feeding areas, and microsites). we illustrate these continuum-based approaches by apply ...	2007	17645009
carnivore repatriation and holarctic prey: narrowing the deficit in ecological effectiveness.	the continuing global decline of large carnivores has catalyzed great interest in reintroduction to restore populations and to reestablish ecologically functional relationships. i used variation in the distribution of four holarctic prey species and their behavior as proxies to investigate the pace and intensity by which responses are lost or reinvigorated by carnivore repatriation. by simulating the presence of wolves (canis lupus), tigers (panthera tigris), and brown bears (ursus arctos) at 19 ...	2007	17650259
comparative cryptogam ecology: a review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry.	recent decades have seen a major surge in the study of interspecific variation in functional traits in comparative plant ecology, as a tool to understanding and predicting ecosystem functions and their responses to environmental change. however, this research has been biased almost exclusively towards vascular plants. very little is known about the role and applicability of functional traits of non-vascular cryptogams, particularly bryophytes and lichens, with respect to biogeochemical cycling. ...	2007	17353205
activity pattern of arctic reindeer in a predator-free environment: no need to keep a daily rhythm.	arctic cervids face considerable challenges in sustaining life in a harsh and highly seasonal environment, and when to forage is a key component of the survival strategy. we predict that a cervid maximizes net intake of energy to change the duration of feeding-ruminating cycles depending on season, and pays no attention to light or other activity-entraining cues. still, in periods of bad weather it may pay energetically to reduce exposure and heat loss. we investigated environmental impact on th ...	2007	17370092
relative biological effectiveness (rbe) of alpha radiation in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells.	northern peoples can receive elevated radiation doses (1- 10 msv/y) from transfer of polonium-210 (210po) through the lichen-caribou-human food chain. ingested 210po is primarily blood-borne and thus many of its short range alpha particles irradiate the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. the relative biological effectiveness (rbe) of alpha particles vs. x-rays was examined in porcine aortic endothelial cells as a surrogate for understanding what might happen to human endothelial cells i ...	2007	17378525
the morphology of the filaroid nematode setaria tundra, the cause of peritonitis in reindeer rangifer tarandus.	in finland during 2003-2005, large numbers of nematodes, tentatively identified as setaria sp., were observed in the peritoneal cavity of reindeer rangifer tarandus during a peritonitis outbreak associated with poor body condition. the morphology of worms recovered from slaughtered reindeer is described based on light and scanning electron microscopy. worms were confirmed as belonging to the superfamily filarioidea by the presence of microfilariae-producing females and the size and the shape of ...	2007	17381867
rapid multi-residue screening of antibiotics in muscle and kidney by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.	a new approach for simple and rapid multi-residue screening of antibiotics in muscle and kidney by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) is described. nineteen analytes from five classes of antibiotics, i.e. tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, beta-lactams and macrolides were included in the method. the recently registered drug acetylisovaleryltylosin and its metabolite 3-ortho-acetyltylosin, for which no methods of analysis have been published so far, are among the anal ...	2007	17386726
potential spatial overlap of heritage sites and protected areas in a boreal region of northern canada.	under article 8-j of the convention on biological diversity, governments must engage indigenous and local communities in the designation and management of protected areas. a better understanding of the relationship between community heritage sites and sites identified to protect conventional conservation features could inform conservation-planning exercises on indigenous lands. we examined the potential overlap between gwich'in first nations' (northwest territories, canada) heritage sites and ar ...	2007	17391188
genetic characterisation of six sarcocystis species from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in norway based on the small subunit rrna gene.	six sarcocystis species, i.e. sarcocystis grueneri, sarcocystis rangi, sarcocystis tarandivulpes, sarcocystis hardangeri, sarcocystis rangiferi and sarcocystis tarandi have previously been described from reindeer based on sarcocyst morphology. in order to validate and expand the species descriptions, the complete small subunit (ssu) rrna gene was sequenced and used to genetically characterise the six species. the aim was to reveal possible genetic variation in the ssu rrna gene within each sarco ...	2007	17416466
changes in landscape composition influence the decline of a threatened woodland caribou population.	1. large-scale habitat loss is frequently identified with loss of biodiversity, but examples of the direct effect of habitat alterations on changes in vital rates remain rare. quantifying and understanding the relationship between habitat composition and changes in vital rates, however, is essential for the development of effective conservation strategies. 2. it has been suggested that the decline of woodland caribou rangifer tarandus caribou populations in north america is precipitated by timbe ...	2007	17439473
no evidence of inbreeding avoidance in a polygynous ungulate: the reindeer (rangifer tarandus).	in polygynous species, mate choice is an integrated part of sexual selection. however, whether mate choice occurs independently of the genetic relatedness among mating pairs has received little attention, although inbreeding may have fitness consequences. we studied whether genetic relatedness influenced females' choice of partner in a highly polygynous ungulate--the reindeer (rangifer tarandus)--in an experimental herd during two consecutive rutting seasons; the herd consisting of 75 females in ...	2007	17443960
systemic nocardiosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	systemic infection by nocardia asteroides was diagnosed in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). at necropsy, the animal had enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes, pleural and peritoneal effusions, and numerous, multifocal to coalescing, yellow, firm nodules with inspissated pus in the lung, pleura, omentum, liver, heart, adrenal glands, and left kidney. microscopically, the nodules consisted of foci of pyogranulomatous inflammation. microscopic lesions were present in the grossly affected or ...	2007	17459869
novel rumen bacterial diversity in two geographically separated sub-species of reindeer.	svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) live under austere nutritional conditions on the high-arctic archipelago of svalbard, while semi-domesticated norwegian reindeer (r. tarandus tarandus) migrate between lush coastal summer pastures and inland winter pastures with lichens on mainland norway. svalbard reindeer are known to have high rumen concentrations of cellulolytic bacteria, ranging from 15% of the viable population in summer to 35% in winter, compared to only 2.5% in norwegia ...	2007	17473904
mating patterns amongst siberian reindeer herders: inferences from mtdna and y-chromosomal analyses.	the evenks and evens, who speak closely related languages belonging to the northern tungusic branch of the tungusic family, are nomadic reindeer herders and hunters. they are spread over an immense territory in northeastern siberia, and consequently different subgroups are in contact with diverse peoples speaking samoyedic, turkic, mongolic, chukotka-kamchatkan, and yukaghir languages. nevertheless, the languages and culture of the evenks and evens are similar enough for them to have been classi ...	2007	17492671
prion protein genes in caribou from alaska.	prion protein genes were sequenced in free-ranging alaska caribou (rangifer tarandus grantii). caribou prion alleles are identical or nearly so to those of wapiti, white-tailed deer, and mule deer. five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected with substitutions at residues 2 (v-->m), 129 (g-->s), 138 (s-->n), 146 (n-->n), and 169 (v-->m). the 138n codon had been previously reported only in prion pseudogenes of other cervids. in caribou, the 138s and 138n alleles are present at frequencies ...	2007	17495306
deer exposed to exceptionally high concentrations of lead near the continental mine in idaho, usa.	habitat surrounding the inactive continental mine in northern idaho, usa, supports bear (ursus arctos, ursus americanus), moose (alces alces), elk (cervus elaphus), woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), and abundant mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). tailings on the mining site were capped and remediated in 2003 to reduce environmental exposure of surrounding soil and sediments of blue joe creek, downslope of the mine. before capping, the mean pb c ...	2007	17521153
mortality in the sami population of north norway, 1970-98.	the pattern of mortality among many groups of indigenous people has been shown to be disadvantageous in comparison with the general population. knowledge regarding causes of death among the sami population in the northern part of norway is limited. the sami constitute an ethnic minority whose lifestyle diverges from that of the rest of the population.	2007	17530553
transferability of microsatellite loci from cervidae species to the endangered brazilian marsh deer, blastocerus dichotomus.	blastocerus dichotomus, the marsh deer, is the largest brazilian cervidae species. the species is endangered because of hunting and loss of its natural habitat, i.e., flood plain areas, because of hydroelectric power station construction and agricultural land expansion. in the present study, we tested 38 microsatellite loci from four cervidae species: odocoileus virginianus (7), rangifer tarandus (17), capreolus capreolus (7), and mazama bororo (7). eleven loci showed clear amplification, openin ...	2007	17573663
outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in finland.	in 2003, there was an outbreak of peritonitis in reindeer in the southern and middle part of the finnish reindeer herding area caused by the filarioid nematode setaria species. in the province of oulu, the proportion of reindeer viscera condemned owing to parasitic lesions increased from 4.9 per cent in 2001 to 40.1 per cent in 2003. in 2004, the focus of the outbreak moved approximately 100 km north. a total of 260 adult and pre-adult setaria species nematodes were collected for morphological a ...	2007	17575247
observations on besnoitiosis in virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) from michigan, usa.	besnoitia tissue cysts were found in five naturally-infected adult opossums (didelphis virginiana) from michigan. details of the microscopy, histopathology, ultra-structure, and genetic features of the cysts were studied to identify their species-specific traits. the materials were differentiated phenotypically from cysts of other besnoitia spp. by difference in size, pattern of tissue distribution, morphology of pellicle and nucleus, number of micronemes and rhoptries, amount of lipids and amyl ...	2007	17580564
prevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild ruminants from the countryside or captivity in the czech republic.	in the czech republic, sera from 720 wild ruminants were examined for antibodies to neospora caninum by screening competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat); the same sera were also examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by ifat. neospora caninum antibodies were found in 14% (11 positive/79 tested) roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 14% (2/14) sika deer (cervus nippon), 6% (24/ 377) red deer (cervus elaphus), 1% (2/143) ...	2007	18163361
papillar morphology of the rumen of forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus) and semidomesticated reindeer (r. t. tarandus).	the papillar morphology of the ventral and dorsal rumen of the wild forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus lönn.) and semidomesticated reindeer (r. t. tarandus l.) was studied in october and november 1996. the morphological measurements which were carried out were: the lengths of the papillae, the number of the papillae per square centimetre, the cross-sectional area and perimeter of sections cut from the middle of papillae. from these measurements mean papillar volume, areal papillar volum ...	2007	17845227
comment arising from a paper by wittmer et al.: hypothesis testing for top-down and bottom-up effects in woodland caribou population dynamics.	conservation strategies for populations of woodland caribou rangifer tarandus caribou frequently emphasize the importance of predator-prey relationships and the availability of lichen-rich late seral forests, yet the importance of summer diet and forage availability to woodland caribou survival is poorly understood. in a recent article, wittmer et al. (can j zool 83:407-418, 2005b) concluded that woodland caribou in british columbia were declining as a consequence of increased predation that was ...	2007	17891419
fatal inanition in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): pathological findings in completely emaciated carcasses.	in a project to determine the causes of winter mortality in reindeer in finnmark county, northern norway, the most frequent diagnosis turned out to be complete emaciation, despite several of the reindeer having been given silage for up to 4 weeks before they died. the present paper describes autopsy results and other findings in these animals.	2007	17903247
morphological and molecular identification of three species of sarcocystis in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in iceland.	six sarcocystis species have previously been described from reindeer in norway based on sarcocyst morphology and dna sequencing. the aim of this study was to determine whether reindeer in iceland, which descend from reindeer imported from norway in 1787, also were infected with sarcocystis, and to identify and genetically characterise any species present. muscle tissue from the heart, diaphragm and/or oesophagus was collected from 36 reindeer in iceland. pieces of all tissue samples were examine ...	2007	17904291
evidence for a trade-off between early growth and tooth wear in svalbard reindeer.	ruminants depend on efficient physical degradation of forage through chewing to increase the surface area of the food particles presented to the microflora. fossil evidence suggests that increased molar height is an adaptation for wear tolerance in dry ecosystems with sparse vegetation, but no study has shown selection pressure for hypsodonty in contemporary ruminants. we explored the relationships between particle size in rumen, tooth wear (scanned molar occlusal topography), age and body mass ...	2007	17922710
development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay for quantification of gamma interferon mrna to diagnose tuberculosis in multiple animal species.	tuberculosis of free-ranging and captive wildlife, including species implicated in the maintenance and transmission of mycobacterium bovis, is a difficult disease to diagnose and control. historically, diagnosis of tuberculosis has relied largely upon assays of cell-mediated immunity (cmi), such as tuberculin skin testing. this approach, however, is problematic or impractical for use with many wildlife species. increasingly, in vitro diagnostic tests, including gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-based ...	2007	17942606
serosurvey for toxoplasma gondii in arctic foxes and possible sources of infection in the high arctic of svalbard.	samples (blood or tissue fluid) from 594 arctic foxes (alopex lagopus), 390 svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), 361 sibling voles (microtus rossiaemeridionalis), 17 walruses (odobenus rosmarus), 149 barnacle geese (branta leucopsis), 58 kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), and 27 glaucous gulls (larus hyperboreus) from svalbard and nearby waters were assayed for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using a direct agglutination test. the proportion of seropositive animals was 43% in ar ...	2007	17950534
revisiting lévy flight search patterns of wandering albatrosses, bumblebees and deer.	the study of animal foraging behaviour is of practical ecological importance, and exemplifies the wider scientific problem of optimizing search strategies. lévy flights are random walks, the step lengths of which come from probability distributions with heavy power-law tails, such that clusters of short steps are connected by rare long steps. lévy flights display fractal properties, have no typical scale, and occur in physical and chemical systems. an attempt to demonstrate their existence in a ...	2007	17960243
accounting for system dynamics in reserve design.	systematic conservation plans have only recently considered the dynamic nature of ecosystems. methods have been developed to incorporate climate change, population dynamics, and uncertainty in reserve design, but few studies have examined how to account for natural disturbance. considering natural disturbance in reserve design may be especially important for the world's remaining intact areas, which still experience active natural disturbance regimes. we developed a spatially explicit, dynamic s ...	2007	17974334
giardia duodenalis cysts isolated from wild moose and reindeer in norway: genetic characterization by pcr-rflp and sequence analysis at two genes.	there are few genotyping studies of giardia duodenalis isolates from cervid hosts, although a previous study suggested that cervids may be a source of infection for humans and cattle. giardia duodenalis isolates collected from wild moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in norway during 2002 and 2003 were characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fraction length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) at the beta-giardin gene, and sequence analysis at both the beta-giardin and glutama ...	2007	17984252
integrative use of spatial, genetic, and demographic analyses for investigating genetic connectivity between migratory, montane, and sedentary caribou herds.	genetic differentiation is generally assumed to be low in highly mobile species, but this simplistic view may obscure the complex conditions and mechanisms allowing genetic exchanges between specific populations. here, we combined data from satellite-tracked migratory caribou (rangifer tarandus), microsatellite markers, and demographic simulations to investigate gene flow mechanisms between seven caribou herds of eastern canada. our study included one montane, two migratory, and four sedentary h ...	2007	17784914
from carcass to cave: large mammal exploitation during the aurignacian at vogelherd, germany.	recent results from the zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains from vogelherd cave, southwestern germany, provide new insight into the subsistence behavior of early modern human groups during the aurignacian. the results presented here represent the first comprehensive study of the archaeofauna from this site. several episodes of occupation are inferred at this site, taking place primarily between 31 and 32 ka. although a wide spectrum of pleistocene mammals is represented in the aurignaci ...	2007	17663999
anaplasma phagocytophilum - the most widespread tick-borne infection in animals in europe.	the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) may cause infection in several animal species including human. the disease in domestic ruminants is also called tick-borne fever (tbf), and has been known for at least 200 years. in europe, clinical manifestations due to a. phagocytophilum have been recorded in sheep, goat, cattle, horse, dog, cat, roe deer, reindeer and human. however, seropositive and pcr-positive mammalian have been detected in several other species. ...	2007	17682851
climatic variability and the population dynamics of historical hunter-gatherers: the case of sami of northern finland.	our current knowledge on climate-mediated effects on human population dynamics is based on preindustrial agrarian societies where climate-induced crop failures had a major impact on fertility and mortality rates. however, because most of the human evolutionary history has been shaped by hunter-gatherer lifestyle relying on diverse plant and animal food sources, it is also important to understand how climate affected the population dynamics of hunter-gatherers. we thus studied whether climate, me ...	2007	17696129
modelling radiocaesium transfer and long-term changes in reindeer.	a dynamic model on (137)cs in reindeer is presented, taking into consideration short- and long-term mechanisms, including the effect of ground deposition, transfer to vegetation, reindeer diet, feed intake, absorption and depletion of radiocaesium in the reindeer body. the model was optimised to fit measured activity concentrations in swedish reindeer after the chernobyl fallout. for comparison, regression analyses were made and aggregated transfer factors and effective ecological half-lives wer ...	2007	17707963
differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou.	the grey wolf has one of the largest historic distributions of any terrestrial mammal and can disperse over great distances across imposing topographic barriers. as a result, geographical distance and physical obstacles to dispersal may not be consequential factors in the evolutionary divergence of wolf populations. however, recent studies suggest ecological features can constrain gene flow. we tested whether wolf-prey associations in uninterrupted tundra and forested regions of canada explained ...	2007	17725575
oral and physiological paleohealth in cold adapted peoples: northeast asia, hokkaido.	this paper examines variables useful in reconstructing oral (caries, antemortem tooth loss, alveolar defects) and physiological (cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasia) well-being in two bioarchaeological assemblages from hokkaido, japan: okhotsk (n = 37 individuals) and jomon (n = 60). findings are compared and contrasted with each other, with published series from honshu japan, and samples from climatically near-equivalent alaska. it was found that more meaningful comparisons of hokkaido p ...	2008	17786996
a severe outbreak of contagious ecthyma (orf) in a free-ranging musk ox (ovibos moschatus) population in norway.	during july-october 2004, 19 (18 calves, 1 yearling) free-ranging musk oxen (ovibos moschatus) at dovre, norway, were observed with contagious echtyma-like lesions, and 16 of them were euthanized. six musk oxen were subjected to necropsy, histopathological and microbiological examinations. all euthanized animals had lesions consistent with contagious ecthyma presenting as wart-like, scabby lesions on the muzzle, lips, oral mucosa and limbs to a variable extent. the histopathological examination ...	2008	17768017
climate change reduces reproductive success of an arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch.	in highly seasonal environments, offspring production by vertebrates is timed to coincide with the annual peak of resource availability. for herbivores, this resource peak is represented by the annual onset and progression of the plant growth season. as plant phenology advances in response to climatic warming, there is potential for development of a mismatch between the peak of resource demands by reproducing herbivores and the peak of resource availability. for migratory herbivores, such as car ...	2008	18006410
potentials and limitations for human control over historic fire regimes in the boreal forest.	fire, being both a natural and cultural phenomenon, presents problems in disentangling the historical effect of humans from that of climate change. here, we investigate the potential impact of humans on boreal fire regimes from a perspective of fuels, ignitions and culture. two ways for a low technology culture to impact the fire regime are as follows: (i) by altering the number of ignitions and their spatial distribution and timing and (ii) by hindering fire spread. different cultures should be ...	2008	18006412
evidence for declines in human population densities during the early upper paleolithic in western europe.	in western europe, the middle to upper paleolithic (m/up) transition, dated between approximately 35,000 and approximately 40,000 radiocarbon years, corresponded to a period of major human biological and cultural changes. however, information on human population densities is scarce for that period. new faunal data from the high-resolution record of saint-césaire, france, indicate an episode of significant climatic deterioration during the early upper paleolithic (eup), which also was associated ...	2008	18172204
accumulation of radiocesium by mushrooms in the environment: a literature review.	during the last 50 years, a large amount of information on radionuclide accumulators or "sentinel-type" organisms in the environment has been published. much of this work focused on the risks of food-chain transfer of radionuclides to higher organisms such as reindeer and man. until the 1980s and 1990s, there were few published data on the radiocesium ((134)cs and (137)cs) accumulation by mushrooms. the present review of published data for (134,137)cs accumulation by mushrooms in nature discusse ...	2008	18191312
human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late pleistocene eurasian megafauna.	late pleistocene extinctions are of interest to paleontological and anthropological research. in north america and australia, human occupation occurred during a short period of time and overexploitation may have led to the extinction of mammalian megafauna. in northern eurasia megafaunal extinctions are believed to have occurred over a relatively longer period of time, perhaps as a result of changing environmental conditions, but the picture is much less clear. to consider megafaunal extinction ...	2008	18199470
heterogeneity in individual quality overrides costs of reproduction in female reindeer.	reproductive allocation at one age is predicted to reduce the probability of surviving to the next year or to lead to a decrease in future reproduction. this prediction assumes that reproduction involves fitness costs. however, few empirical studies have assessed whether such costs may vary with the age at primiparity or might be overridden by heterogeneities in individual quality. we used data from 35 years' monitoring of individually marked semi-domestic reindeer females to investigate fitness ...	2008	18246374
human ophthalmomyiasis interna caused by hypoderma tarandi, northern canada.	human myiasis caused by bot flies of nonhuman animals is rare but may be increasing. the treatment of choice is laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy with larva removal and intraocular steroids. ophthalmomyiasis caused by hypoderma spp. should be recognized as a potentially reversible cause of vision loss.	2008	18258079
morphology and genetics of a babesia isolate from capreolus capreolus.	a babesia isolate that was morphologically distinct from babesia capreoli and very similar to b. divergens was found in the blood of a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) found dead in central italy. sequences corresponding to the full coding region of the 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene were identical to a sequence reported for babesia divergens from a reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and 99.9% and 99.8% similar to those reported for b. capreoli and bovine origin b. divergens, respectively.	2008	18263834
blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the cervigam assay.	mitogen- and antigen-induced interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) responses of peripheral blood leucocytes from cervids were evaluated by a commercial whole-blood assay. the assay was applied to mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer and reindeer, m bovis bcg-vaccinated white-tailed deer and elk, and unvaccinated, uninfected white-tailed deer, fallow deer, elk and reindeer. the responses of the m bovis-infected white-tailed deer to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) varied with time and between individuals. ...	2008	18281626
the effects of wintertime undernutrition on plasma leptin and insulin levels in an arctic ruminant, the reindeer.	we examined the effects of prolonged undernutrition on plasma leptin and insulin levels and some serum protein metabolites in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) during winter and spring. the reindeer (male <1 year) were fed their preferred winter feed, low-protein lichen ad libitum for 5 weeks, followed by 40% restriction of energy for 8 weeks and refeeding with high-protein pellets for 6 weeks. the control group received high-protein reindeer pellets ad libitum throughout the experiment. ...	2008	18282730
optimal foraging: lévy pattern or process?	many different species have been suggested to forage according to a lévy walk in which the distribution of step lengths is heavy-tailed. theoretical research has shown that a lévy exponent of approximately 2 can provide a higher foraging efficiency than other exponents. in this paper, a composite search model is presented for non-destructive foraging behaviour based on brownian (i.e. non-heavy-tailed) motion. the model consists of an intensive search phase, followed by an extensive phase, if no ...	2008	18292078
cancer in the sami population of sweden in relation to lifestyle and genetic factors.	the reindeer herding sami of sweden have low incidences of cancer. the aim of the present study was to investigate the cancer risk in a large cohort of swedish sami, containing sami with different lifestyle and genetic sami heritage. a cohort of 41,721 sami identified in official national registers between 1960 and 1997, was divided into two sub-populations -- reindeer herding sami (rs) and non-reindeer herding sami (nrs). a demographically matched non-sami reference population (ns) was used as ...	2008	18322808
sarcocystis in moose (alces alces): molecular identification and phylogeny of six sarcocystis species in moose, and a morphological description of three new species.	muscle tissues from 34 moose from southeastern norway and two moose from canada were examined. sarcocysts were excised and morphologically classified by light microscopy, and some cysts were further examined by scanning electron microscopy or dna amplification and sequencing at the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. in norwegian moose, three sarcocyst types were recognized, yet five sarcocystis species were found by sequence analysis. new names were proposed for three species which could be characte ...	2008	18369663
molecular anatomy of the cytoplasmic domain of bovine growth hormone receptor, a quantitative trait locus.	quantitative trait loci (qtl) studies have indicated growth hormone receptor (ghr) as a candidate gene affecting cattle milk yield and composition. in order to characterize genetic variation at ghr in cattle, we studied european and east african breeds with different histories of selection, and bos grunniens, ovis aries, sus scrofa, bison bison and rangifer tarandus as references. we sequenced most of the cytoplasmic domain (900 bp of exon 10), 89 bp of exon 8, including the putative causative m ...	2008	18381258
isotopic dietary analysis of a neanderthal and associated fauna from the site of jonzac (charente-maritime), france.	we report here on the isotopic analysis (carbon and nitrogen) of collagen extracted from a neanderthal tooth and animal bone from the late mousterian site of jonzac (charente-maritime, france). this study was undertaken to test whether the isotopic evidence indicates that animal protein was the main source of dietary protein for this relatively late neanderthal, as suggested by previous studies. this was of particular interest here because this is the first isotopic study of a relatively late ne ...	2008	18396318
characterisation of the first complete genome sequence of the roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus.	the complete genomic dna of a novel roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus (ccpv1) was amplified and sequenced from fibropapillomatous skin lesions of a hungarian roe deer. viral dna was detected by a pair of degenerate primers and the remaining genomic sequence was amplified by a long-template high-fidelity pcr and sequenced. the ccpv1 genome was 8032 bp long and contained open reading frames (orfs) typical for delta-papillomaviruses (e6, e7, e1, e2, e4, e5, e9, l2, and l1) and a 799 bp ...	2008	18417239
eubacterium rangiferina, a novel usnic acid-resistant bacterium from the reindeer rumen.	reindeer are able to eat and utilize lichens as an important source of energy and nutrients. in the current study, the activities of antibiotic secondary metabolites including usnic, antranoric, fumarprotocetraric, and lobaric acid commonly found in lichens were tested against a collection of 26 anaerobic rumen bacterial isolates from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) using the agar diffusion method. the isolates were identified based on their 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rrna) gene seque ...	2008	18421431
stroke and acute myocardial infarction in the swedish sami population: incidence and mortality in relation to income and level of education.	gender differences in cardiovascular diseases (cvd) among the sami have been reported previously. the aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of and mortality from stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage (sah), and acute myocardial infarction (ami) in the swedish sami population between 1985 and 2002, and to analyse the potential impact of income and level of education on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2008	18426788
experimental evidence of a risk-sensitive reproductive allocation in a long-lived mammal.	when reproduction competes with the amount of resources available for survival during an unpredictable nonbreeding season, individuals should adopt a risk-sensitive regulation of their reproductive allocation. we tested this hypothesis on female reindeer (rangifer tarandus), which face a trade-off between reproduction and acquisition of body reserves during spring and summer, with autumn body mass functioning as insurance against stochastic winter climatic severity. the study was conducted in a ...	2008	18459345
genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of eurasian reindeer.	although there is little doubt that the domestication of mammals was instrumental for the modernization of human societies, even basic features of the path towards domestication remain largely unresolved for many species. reindeer are considered to be in the early phase of domestication with wild and domestic herds still coexisting widely across eurasia. this provides a unique model system for understanding how the early domestication process may have taken place. we analysed mitochondrial seque ...	2008	18460427
quality of life in relation to physical, psychosocial and socioeconomic conditions among reindeer-herding sami.	to analyse different aspects of health-related quality of life factors among members of reindeer-herding families.	2008	18468256
mortality of the sami in northern finland 1979-2005.	to describe the mortality of the finnish sami population. study design. a cohort study. the sami population living in northern finland represents a specific genetic background and a way of life that has been different from other finns.	2008	18468258
dietary patterns in the population living in the sámi core areas of norway--the saminor study.	to identify dietary patterns and to investigate their association with selected life-style and demographic factors, ethnicity and self-perceived health. study design. population-based cross-sectional design, using food frequency questionnaires.	2008	18468261
warming, plant phenology and the spatial dimension of trophic mismatch for large herbivores.	temporal advancement of resource availability by warming in seasonal environments can reduce reproductive success of vertebrates if their own reproductive phenology does not also advance with warming. indirect evidence from large-scale analyses suggests, however, that migratory vertebrates might compensate for this by tracking phenological variation across landscapes. results from our two-year warming experiment combined with seven years of observations of plant phenology and offspring productio ...	2008	18495618
re-evaluation of blood mercury, lead and cadmium concentrations in the inuit population of nunavik (québec): a cross-sectional study.	arctic populations are exposed to mercury, lead and cadmium through their traditional diet. studies have however shown that cadmium exposure is most often attributable to tobacco smoking. the aim of this study is to examine the trends in mercury, lead and cadmium exposure between 1992 and 2004 in the inuit population of nunavik (northern québec, canada) using the data obtained from two broad scale health surveys, and to identify sources of exposure in 2004.	2008	18518986
nonlinear effects of climate and density in the dynamics of a fluctuating population of reindeer.	nonlinear and irregular population dynamics may arise as a result of phase dependence and coexistence of multiple attractors. here we explore effects of climate and density in the dynamics of a highly fluctuating population of wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) on svalbard observed over a period of 29 years. time series analyses revealed that density dependence and the effects of local climate (measured as the degree of ablation [melting] of snow during winter) on numbers were both ...	2008	18589531