Publications

nf-kappa b-inducing kinase is a common mediator of il-17-, tnf-alpha-, and il-1 beta-induced chemokine promoter activation in intestinal epithelial cells.	il-17 expression is restricted to activated t cells, whereas the il-17r is expressed in a variety of cell types including intestinal epithelial cells. however, the functional responses of intestinal epithelial cells to stimulation with il-17 are unknown. moreover, the signal transduction pathways activated by the il-17r have not been characterized. il-17 induced nf-kappa b protein-dna complexes consisting of p65/p50 heterodimers in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line iec-6. the induction of ...	1999	10228009
structural organization of the human elk1 gene and its processed pseudogene elk2.	in the ets gene family of transcription factors, elk1 belongs to the subfamily of ternary complex factors (tcfs) which bind to the serum response element (sre) in conjunction with a dimer of serum response factors (srfs). the primary structure of the human elk1 gene was determined by genomic cloning. the gene structure of elk1 spans 15.2 kb and consists of seven exons and six introns. the coding sequence resides on exons 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. sequencing of cdna clones isolated from human hippocampus ...	1999	10231026
high glucose alters the response of mesangial cell protein kinase c isoforms to endothelin-1.	high glucose causes glomerular mesangial growth and increased matrix synthesis contributing to diabetic glomerulopathy. our purpose was to determine if high glucose alters endothelin-1 (et-1) or platelet-derived growth factor-b activation of mesangial cell diacylglycerol-sensitive protein kinase c (pkc) isoforms and subsequent stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk; p42, p44).	1999	9987073
molecular phylogeny of the ets gene family.	we have constructed a molecular phylogeny of the ets gene family. by distance and parsimony analysis of the ets conserved domains we show that the family containing so far 29 different genes in vertebrates can be divided into 13 groups of genes namely ets, er71, gabp, pea3, erg, erf, elk, dets4, elf, ese, tel, yan, spi. since the three dimensional structure of the ets domain has revealed a similarity with the winged-helix-turn-helix proteins, we used two of them (cap and hsf) to root the tree. t ...	1999	10022817
id helix-loop-helix proteins inhibit nucleoprotein complex formation by the tcf ets-domain transcription factors.	the id subfamily of helix-loop-helix (hlh) proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. id proteins are thought to inhibit differentiation mainly through interaction with other hlh proteins and by blocking their dna-binding activity. members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-domain proteins have key functions in regulating immediate-early gene expression in response to mitogenic stimulation. tcfs form dna-bound complexes wi ...	1999	10022839
cloning and characterization of the promoters of the maxik channel alpha and beta subunits.	large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (maxik) channels are expressed in nerve, muscle, and other cell types and are important determinants of smooth muscle tone. to determine the mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of maxik channels, we characterized the promoter regions of the pore forming (alpha) and regulatory (beta) subunits of the human channel complex. maximum promoter activity (up to 12.3-fold over control) occurred between nucleotides -567 and -220 for the alph ...	1999	10023076
identification of grb4/nckbeta, a src homology 2 and 3 domain-containing adapter protein having similar binding and biological properties to nck.	adapter proteins made up of src homology (sh) domains mediate multiple cellular signaling events initiated by receptor protein tyrosine kinases. here we report that grb4 is an adapter protein closely related to but distinct from nck that is made up of three sh3 domains and one sh2 domain. northern analysis indicated that both genes are expressed in multiple tissues. both nck and grb4 proteins could associate with receptor tyrosine kinases and the sh3-binding proteins pak, sos1, and prk2, and the ...	1999	10026169
signalling and gene regulation by urea and nacl in the renal medulla.	1. cells of the mammalian renal medulla are routinely subjected to an enormously elevated and labile ambient osmolality as a consequence of the renal concentrating mechanism. the present review focuses on the most recent advances in hyperosmotic solute-mediated signal transduction and regulation of gene transcription in cells of the kidney medulla. 2. on the basis of osmolality alone, nacl and urea are the principal renal medullary solutes. 3. urea, which is membrane permeant, activates transcri ...	1999	10027073
overexpression of protein tyrosine phosphatase-alpha (ptp-alpha) but not ptp-kappa inhibits translocation of glut4 in rat adipose cells.	protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptpases) are likely to play important roles in insulin action. we recently demonstrated that the nontransmembrane ptpase ptp1b can act as a negative modulator of insulin-stimulated translocation of glut4. we now examine the role of ptp-alpha and ptp-kappa (two transmembrane ptpases) in this metabolic action of insulin. rat adipose cells were transfected with either ptp-alpha or ptp-kappa and effects of these ptpases on the translocation of a cotransfected epitope-t ...	1999	10049686
arachidonic acid in platelet microparticles up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin formation via a protein kinase c/mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway.	activation of platelets results in shedding of membrane microparticles (mp) with potentially bioactive properties. platelet mp modulate platelet, monocyte, and vascular endothelial cell function, both by direct effects of mp arachidonic acid (aa) and by its metabolism to bioactive prostanoids. we have previously reported that platelet mp induce expression of cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 and prostacyclin production in monocytes and endothelial cells. to elucidate further the molecular mechanisms that u ...	1999	10066822
effects of photoperiod on the cessation of growth during autumn in male red deer and growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-i secretion.	male red deer undergo seasonal cycles of food intake and growth rate, which are high during spring and low during winter, despite high quality food ad libitum. hormonal profiles during the cessation of growth in autumn and the potential role of photoperiod in the timing of the observed changes have been investigated. whether this seasonal decrease in growth affected the response of gh and igf-i to fasting was also examined. two groups of six male 1-year-old red deer were exposed to different pho ...	1999	10068507
experimental narthecium ossifragum nephrotoxicity in cervids from norway.	one moose (alces alces), two red deer (cervus elaphus), two reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and two fallow deer (dama dama) were dosed intraruminally with an aqueous extract made from 30 g of bog asphodel (narthecium ossifragum) (wet weight) per kg live weight. the moose and one of the two reindeer were mildly depressed and had reduced appetite 3 to 7 days and 1 to 4 days after dosing, respectively. the serum creatinine and urea concentrations increased markedly in the moose and red deer, and moder ...	1999	10073342
influence of social status on ovarian function in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).	this study examines the effects of behavioural and environmental factors on ovarian function in red deer hinds. patterns of postovulatory luteal progesterone secretion were investigated in groups of farmed red deer hinds following oestrus induced by progesterone administration and withdrawal. hinds were held under conditions leading to low (experiment 1, held in paddocks: 0.29 per animal/h) or high (experiment 2, held in pens: 1.11 per animal/h) interaction rates, and progesterone was measured i ...	1999	10073469
a differential requirement for the cooh-terminal region of the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor in amphiregulin and egf mitogenic signaling.	the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) mediates the actions of a family of bioactive peptides that include epidermal growth factor (egf) and amphiregulin (ar). here we have studied ar and egf mitogenic signaling in egfr-devoid nr6 fibroblasts that ectopically express either wild type egfr (wt) or a truncated egfr that lacks the three major sites of autophosphorylation (c'1000). cooh-terminal truncation of the egfr significantly impairs the ability of ar to (i) stimulate dna synthesis, (ii) ...	1999	10085134
genomic fingerprinting and development of a dendrogram for brucella spp. isolated from seals, porpoises, and dolphins.	genomic dna from reference strains and biovars of the genus brucella was analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). fingerprints were compared to estimate genetic relatedness among the strains and to obtain information on evolutionary relationships. electrophoresis of dna digested with the restriction endonuclease xbai produced fragment profiles for the reference type strains that distinguished these strains to the level of species. included in this study were strains isolated from ...	1999	10098687
low-temperature sensitivity and enhanced bohr effect in red deer (cervus elaphus) haemoglobin: a molecular adaptive strategy to life at high altitude and low temperature.	a study of the functional properties of haemoglobin from red deer (cervus elaphus) whose habitat varies over a wide range of latitude, was performed. the oxygen-binding properties of the most common haemoglobin phenotype from the species living in sardinia were examined with particular attention to the effect of ph, chloride, 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate and temperature. results indicate that red deer haemoglobin, like all haemoglobins from ruminants so far examined, is characterized by a low intrin ...	1999	10102994
glutamate induces phosphorylation of elk-1 and creb, along with c-fos activation, via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway in brain slices.	in cell culture systems, the tcf elk-1 represents a convergence point for extracellular signal-related kinase (erk) and c-jun n-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (jnk/sapk) subclasses of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. its phosphorylation strongly potentiates its ability to activate transcription of the c-fos promoter through a ternary complex assembled on the c-fos serum response element. in rat brain postmitotic neurons, elk-1 is strongly expressed (v. sgambato, ...	1999	9858538
characterization of the human elk-1 promoter. potential role of a downstream intronic sequence for elk-1 gene expression in monocytes.	to characterize the human elk-1 promoter, we mapped the transcriptional start site and isolated elk-1-specific genomic phage clones that contained extensive upstream and downstream sequences. a tata-like motif was identified immediately upstream of the transcriptional start site. functional analyses of dna fragments containing the tata element and the identification of a dnase i-hypersensitive chromatin site (hs 1) in close proximity to the tata box suggest that the identified tata motif is impo ...	1999	9880555
regulation of mcl1 through a serum response factor/elk-1-mediated mechanism links expression of a viability-promoting member of the bcl2 family to the induction of hematopoietic cell differentiation.	proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are tightly regulated during hematopoiesis, allowing amplification along specific lineages while preventing excessive proliferation of immature cells. the mcl1 member of the bcl2 family is up-regulated during the induction of monocytic differentiation (approximately 10-fold with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (tpa)). mcl1 has effects similar to those of bcl2, up-regulation promoting viability, but differs from bcl2 in its rapid inducibility and ...	1999	9880563
novel roles of specific isoforms of protein kinase c in activation of the c-fos serum response element.	protein kinase c (pkc) is a multigene family of enzymes consisting of at least 11 isoforms. it has been implicated in the induction of c-fos and other immediate response genes by various mitogens. the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter is necessary and sufficient for induction of transcription of c-fos by serum, growth factors, and the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa). it forms a complex with the ternary complex factor (tcf) and with a dimer of the serum r ...	1999	9891065
a high throughput system for the evaluation of protein kinase c inhibitors based on elk1 transcriptional activation in human astrocytoma cells.	protein kinase c (pkc) designates a family of kinases that regulate many essential functions including cell growth and differentiation. the tight regulation of pkc activity is crucial for maintaining normal cellular proliferation and excessive activity leads to abnormal or uncontrolled cell growth. recent reports indicate that malignant glioma cell lines express 100 to 1000-fold higher pkc activity when compared to non-neoplastic astrocytes. this high activity correlates well with the proliferat ...	1999	9917510
sp1 phosphorylation by erk 2 stimulates dna binding.	egf stimulates gene expression through a variety of signal transduction pathways that include the ras-erk pathway. we have shown previously that egf receptor activation stimulates gastrin gene expression through a gc-rich element called gere. this element binds sp1 family members and raises the possibility that the ras-erk signal transduction cascade may target this novel egf responsive element. moreover, it is known that erk 2 is capable of phosphorylating other mitogen-inducible transcription ...	1999	9918860
c3 toxin activates the stress signaling pathways, jnk and p38, but antagonizes the activation of ap-1 in rat-1 cells.	lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) stimulates the c-fos serum response element (sre) by activating two distinct signal pathways regulated by the small gtpases, ras and rhoa. ras activates the erk cascade leading to phosphorylation of the transcription factors elk-1 and sap1a at the ets/tcf site. rhoa regulates an undefined pathway required for the activation of the srf/carg site. here we have examined the role of the ras and rhoa pathways in activation of the sre and c-fos expression in rat-1 cells. pe ...	1999	9920930
gastrin induces c-fos gene transcription via multiple signaling pathways.	we previously observed that the trophic actions of gastrin (g17) on the ar42j rat acinar cell line are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-induced c-fos gene transcription via protein kinase c (pkc)-dependent and -independent pathways. in this study, we further investigated the signaling pathways that target c-fos in response to g17. g17 led to a sixfold induction in luciferase activity in cells transfected with plasmids containing the -356+109 sequence of the murine c-fos promot ...	1999	9950815
bidirectional transfer between electrical and flurothyl kindling in mice: evidence for common processes in epileptogenesis.	this study sought to determine whether there was a transfer of seizure susceptibility between two models of epileptogenesis, electrical kindling and a newly described model of flurothyl kindling. in this study, we determined the effects of preexposure to one kindling agent on the seizure responsiveness to the other.	1999	9952259
finding an appropriate order for a hierarchy based on probabilistic dominance.	methods of ranking individuals in a dominance hierarchy that use transitivity of relationships may obscure irregularities. furthermore, these methods use only a small proportion of the information available from dominance encounters. this paper presents an intuitively appealing and easily implemented alternative to existing methods for ordering dominance data, developed from the work of batchelder et al. (1992 journal of mathematical psychology36, 185-212). the procedure presented here is based ...	1999	10328784
social segregation is not a consequence of habitat segregation in red deer and feral soay sheep.	in many sexually dimorphic mammals, adults tend to form single-sex groups ('social segregation'). it has been assumed that social segregation is simply a by-product of sex differences in habitat use ('habitat segregation'). i tested this assumption on red deer, cervus elaphus, and feral soay sheep, ovis aries, using data on group composition, habitat use and space use collected on the scottish islands of rum (1974-1993) and hirta (1985-1994), respectively. if social segregation had been a by-pro ...	1999	10328803
bone morphogenetic protein-2 inhibits mapk-dependent elk-1 transactivation and dna synthesis induced by egf in mesangial cells.	bone morphogenetic protein-2 (bmp-2) is a member of the tgfbeta superfamily of growth and differentiation factors. we investigated the effect of bmp-2 on epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced mitogenic signaling in kidney glomerular mesangial cells. bmp-2 dose-dependently inhibits egf-induced dna synthesis. maximum effect was obtained at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. bmp-2 had no inhibitory effect on the egf receptor (egfr)-associated tyrosine kinase activity indicating that inhibition of dna sy ...	1999	10329414
hypoxia-associated induction of early growth response-1 gene expression.	the paradigm for the response to hypoxia is erythropoietin gene expression; activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (hif-1) results in erythropoietin production. previously, we found that oxygen deprivation induced tissue factor, especially in mononuclear phagocytes, by an early growth response (egr-1)-dependent pathway without involvement of hif-1 (yan, s.-f., zou, y.-s., gao, y., zhai, c., mackman, n., lee, s., milbrandt, j., pinsky, d., kisiel, w., and stern, d. (1998) proc. natl. acad. sci. ...	1999	10329706
stimulation of elk1 transcriptional activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases is negatively regulated by protein phosphatase 2b (calcineurin).	cellular calcium (ca2+) and the ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (cam) regulate the activities of ca2+/cam-dependent protein kinases and protein phosphatase 2b (calcineurin). functional interactions between cam kinases and mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases were described. in this report, we describe cross-talk between calcineurin and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. calcineurin was found to specifically down-regulate the transcriptional activity of transcription factor elk1, foll ...	1999	10329725
targeting of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases to mef2 transcription factors.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase-mediated signalling to the nucleus is an important event in the conversion of extracellular signals into a cellular response. however, the existence of multiple map kinases which phosphorylate similar phosphoacceptor motifs poses a problem in maintaining substrate specificity and hence the correct biological response. both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) and c-jun nh2-terminal kinase (jnk) subfamilies of map kinases use a second specificity ...	1999	10330143
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. i. descriptive data.	a longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer (cervus elaphus) farms was carried out in new zealand for 2 years from mar 1992. management of hind mobs and their composition during mating, calving, and weaning were recorded. about 2700 hinds were individually monitored for live weight, body condition score and reproductive success. all hinds were pregnancy tested in june by ultrasound and classified as having conceived before may 1, after may 1, or as being not pregnant. calving dates and dam ...	1999	10333069
activation of the 9e3/ccaf chemokine by phorbol esters occurs via multiple signal transduction pathways that converge to mek1/erk2 and activate the elk1 transcription factor.	using primary fibroblasts in culture, we have investigated the signal transduction mechanisms by which phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters, activate the 9e3 gene and its chemokine product the chicken chemotactic and angiogenic factor. this gene is highly stimulated by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (pdbu) via three pathways: (i) a small contribution through protein kinase c (the commonly recognized pathway for these tumor promoters), (ii) a contribution involving tyrosine kinases, and (iii) a l ...	1999	10336436
angiogenesis activators and inhibitors differentially regulate caveolin-1 expression and caveolae formation in vascular endothelial cells. angiogenesis inhibitors block vascular endothelial growth factor-induced down-regulation of caveolin-1.	angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed via proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. a variety of angiogenesis inhibitors that antagonize the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) have recently been identified. however, the mechanism by which these diverse angiogenesis inhibitors exert their common effects remains largely unknown. caveolin-1 and -2 are known to be highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells ...	1999	10336480
production of interferon by the conceptus in red deer cervus elaphus.	a type i interferon secreted by early sheep and cow conceptuses is responsible for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in these species. interferon-tau (ifn tau) acts locally on the maternal endometrium to prevent luteolysis and prolong progesterone secretion. the production of ifn tau was investigated in early pregnancy in red deer, cervus elaphus. the oestrous cycles of 14 hinds were synchronized using intra-vaginal controlled internal progesterone-releasing devices. hinds were run with a fe ...	1999	10341723
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand: ii. risk factors for adult hind conception.	a 2-year longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. about 2600 adult hinds were individually monitored for reproductive success. after mating, hinds were pregnancy-tested by ultrasound and were classified as having conceived before 1 may, after 1 may or as being not pregnant. risk factors potentially affecting the probability of conception before 1 may or of conception that year were investigated using path analysis. final path diagrams ...	1999	10343332
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand: iii. risk factors for yearling hind conception.	a 2-year longitudinal observational study of 15 red-deer farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. seven hundred yearling hinds were individually monitored for reproductive success. after mating, hinds were pregnancy tested by ultrasound and were classified as having conceived before 1 may, after 1 may, or as being not pregnant. risk factors potentially affecting the probability of conception before 1 may or of conception that year were investigated using path analysis. to increase t ...	1999	10343333
sperm collection from shot red deer stags (cervus elaphus) and the utilisation of sperm frozen and subsequently thawed.	sperm samples were collected from the epididymides of 11 hunter-killed stags (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) within 2 to 17 h post mortem in september 1991. progressively motile spermatozoa were diluted and deep-frozen in tris-yolk extender by a procedure routinely used for bovine semen. the pre-freezing motility of spermatozoa from 6 stags was higher than 80%, while the sperm of 5 animals was found to be unsuitable for dilution. in the post-thawed sperm of six stags 40-50% of the spermatozoa showe ...	1999	10344086
activated g protein-coupled receptor induces tyrosine phosphorylation of stat3 and agonist-selective serine phosphorylation via sustained stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. resultant effects on cell proliferation.	the peptide hormone somatostatin exhibits antiproliferative activity by interacting with the g protein-coupled sst2 or sst5 receptor types. we show here that somatostatin at the human recombinant sst4 receptor induced a concentration-dependent increase in proliferation (ec50 20 nm) with a maximal response 5-fold greater than that produced by its synthetic analog, l-362,855. analysis of the phosphorylation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1 and erk2 showed temporal differences ...	1999	10347203
collagen-homology domain 1 deletion mutant of shc suppresses transformation mediated by neu through a mapk-independent pathway.	shc proteins are implicated in coupling receptor tyrosine kinase to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway by recruiting grb2/sos to the plasma membrane. to better understand the role of shc in the oncogenesis by point-mutation activated neu (p185), we transfected a shc mutant (shcdeltachi), which lacks the grb2 binding site y317 by deletion of collagen-homology domain 1, into p185-transformed nih3t3 cells. the cellular transformation phenotypes were found to be largely suppressed ...	1999	10353605
population density affects sex ratio variation in red deer.	many mammal populations show significant deviations from an equal sex ratio at birth, but these effects are notoriously inconsistent. this may be because more than one mechanism affects the sex ratio and the action of these mechanisms depends on environmental conditions. here we show that the adaptive relationship between maternal dominance and offspring sex ratio previously demonstrated in red deer (cervus elaphus), where dominant females produced more males, disappeared at high population dens ...	1999	10365956
immunohistochemical localization of epha5 in the adult human central nervous system.	to better understand the functional role of epha5 in the adult human central nervous system (cns), we performed an immunohistochemical mapping study. epha5, like other members of the elk/eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, was widely distributed in cns neurons. however, the distribution of the neuronal staining was not uniform. the abundance of stained neurons appeared to increase from the forebrain to the hindbrain and spinal cord. glial and endothelial tissue was unstained. these findings ...	1999	10375373
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. iv. biological markers as risk factors for yearling and adult hind conception.	a 2-year observational study of 15 red deer (cervus elephus) farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. in each year of study, approximately 1650 hinds were individually monitored for reproductive success. during farm visits in march 1992 and 1993, five yearling and five adult hinds per farm were randomly selected and blood sampled to define their haematological, biochemical and blood mineral profile. faecal samples were taken for parasite egg and larvae count. biological markers pote ...	1999	10379675
management of limb fractures in wapiti (cervus elaphus): 22 cases (1993-1997).	to determine treatment and outcome of a series of wapiti (elk) with fractures of the limbs.	1999	10382027
rapid phosphorylation of elk-1 transcription factor and activation of map kinase signal transduction pathways in response to visual stimulation.	the ap-1 transcription factor, which is composed of various combinations of fos and jun proteins, is believed to be a key participant in molecular processes that guide activity-dependent changes in gene expression. in this study, we investigated the activity of different map kinases that have been implicated in ap-1 activation. we examined the activities of erk, jnk/sapk, and p38 mapk along with their nuclear targets (elk-1 and c-jun) in rat visual cortex after light stimulation. the transcripti ...	1999	10383826
calcitonin gene-related peptide acts as a mitogen for human gin-1 gingival fibroblasts by activating the map kinase signalling pathway.	in many peripheral tissues, calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) is released from peptidergic sensory nerve fibres and acts like a growth factor during tissue development and regeneration. however, the ability of cgrp to influence gingival tissue has not been studied. to address this question, we have now examined the effects of cgrp on the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (gin-1) in vitro. gin-1 cells have approximately 3100 specific cgrp-binding sites with a kd of 38.6 pm on their ...	1999	10384404
gab2, a new pleckstrin homology domain-containing adapter protein, acts to uncouple signaling from erk kinase to elk-1.	we describe a novel human adapter molecule containing a pleckstrin homolgy (ph) domain at the n terminus that is closely related to human grb2-associated binder 1, gab1, and drosophila daughter of sevenless. we designate this protein as gab2. northern blot analysis indicates that gab2 is widely expressed and has an overlapping but distinctive expression pattern as compared with gab1, with high levels of gab2 mrna detected in the heart, brain, placenta, spleen, ovary, peripheral blood leukocytes, ...	1999	10391903
gi proteins use a novel beta gamma- and ras-independent pathway to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase and mobilize ap-1 transcription factors in jurkat t lymphocytes.	receptors coupled to pertussis toxin (ptx)-sensitive gi proteins regulate t lymphocyte cytokine secretion, proliferation, and chemotaxis, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms of gi protein signaling in mammalian lymphocytes. using the jurkat t lymphocyte cell line, we found that a stably expressed gi protein-coupled receptor (the delta-opioid receptor (dor1)) stimulates mek-1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1 and erk2) and transcriptional activity by an erk t ...	1999	10391949
glycine-extended gastrin exerts growth-promoting effects on human colon cancer cells.	since human colon cancers often contain significant quantities of progastrin-processing intermediates, we sought to explore the possibility that the biosynthetic precursor of fully processed amidated gastrin, glycine-extended gastrin, may exert trophic effects on human colonic cancer cells.	1999	10404512
the expression of tobacco knotted1-type class 1 homeobox genes correspond to regions predicted by the cytohistological zonation model.	we have isolated and characterized four tobacco homeobox genes, nth1, nth9, nth20, nth22 (nicotiana tabacum homeobox) which belong to the class 1 knotted1-type family of homeobox genes. comparison of the inferred amino acid sequences of the elk homeodomains of these genes and previously reported kn1-type class 1 proteins has revealed that the four new tobacco genes belong to distinct subclasses, suggesting that each nth gene may have distinct functions. using in situ hybridization and by analysi ...	1999	10406119
a dominant role for the raf-mek pathway in forskolin, 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol acetate, and platelet-derived growth factor-induced creb (camp-responsive element-binding protein) activation, uncoupled from serine 133 phosphorylation in nih 3t3 cells.	in this study we describe that platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf), 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (tpa), and forskolin induced creb (camp-responsive element-binding protein) ser-133 phosphorylation with comparable magnitude and kinetics in nih 3t3 cells. while forskolin was the most potent activator of creb, tpa or pdgf modestly increased creb activity. the role of protein kinase c, protein kinase a, and the raf-mek kinase pathway in the activation and ser-133 phosphorylation of creb by t ...	1999	10406459
a role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating the ability of thyrotropin-releasing hormone to stimulate the prolactin promoter.	the hypothalamic hormone, trh, stimulates prl secretion and gene transcription. we have examined the possibility that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) may play a role in mediating trh effects on the prl gene. trh was found to stimulate sustained activation of mapk in prl-producing, gh3 cells, consistent with a possible role in transcriptional regulation. a kinase-defective, interfering mapk kinase (mapkk) mutant reduced trh induction of the prl promoter. treatment with the mapkk inhib ...	1999	10406461
probing for drug-induced multiplex signal transduction pathways using high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: application to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation in the rat c6 glioma cell.	whole-cell [(32)p]-protein phosphorylation assays and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-dge) were applied to the analysis of the beta-adrenoceptor (betaar)-linked signal transduction pathway. rat c6 glioma cells were stimulated with isoproterenol and the protein lysates were resolved by 2-dge. two dimensional [(32)p]-phosphoprotein 'maps' were generated depicting the modulation of intracellular proteins after isoproterenol stimulation versus unstimulated cells. a total of 274 distinct phosp ...	1999	10407186
kinase suppressor of ras forms a multiprotein signaling complex and modulates mek localization.	genetic screens for modifiers of activated ras phenotypes have identified a novel protein, kinase suppressor of ras (ksr), which shares significant sequence homology with raf family protein kinases. studies using drosophila melanogaster and caenorhabditis elegans predict that ksr positively regulates ras signaling; however, the function of mammalian ksr is not well understood. we show here that two predicted kinase-dead mutants of ksr retain the ability to complement ksr-1 loss-of-function allel ...	1999	10409742
the eag family of k+ channels in drosophila and mammals.	mutations of eag, first identified in drosophila on the basis of their leg-shaking phenotype, cause repetitive firing and enhanced transmitter release in motor neurons. the encoded eag polypeptide is related both to voltage-gated k+ channels and to cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels. homology screens identified a family of eag-related channel polypeptides, highly conserved from nematodes to humans, comprising three subfamilies: eag, elk, and erg. when expressed in frog oocytes, eag channels ...	1999	10414305
activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity attenuates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and inhibits c-fos and nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages infected with leishmania donovani.	intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania antagonize host defense mechanisms by interfering with cell signaling in macrophages. in this report, the impact of leishmania donovani on mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases and nitric oxide synthase (nos) expression in the macrophage cell line raw 264 was investigated. overnight infection of cells with leishmania led to a significant decrease in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (pma)-stimulated map kinase activity and inhibited pma-i ...	1999	10417174
ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to acth and yarding in unrestrained red deer (cervus elaphus) stags.	seasonal changes in the activity and responsiveness of the adrenal gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) stags were quantified by measuring 24 h endogenous cortisol secretory profiles and plasma cortisol responses to either administration of exogenous acth or a standardised stressor during november (period of velvet growth), february (pre-rut), april (mid-rut) and july (post-rut) (southern hemisphere) using a remote blood sampling device (dracpac). ultradian rhythms in the concentration of plasma c ...	1999	10425468
diaphorase activity in sebaceous glands and related structures of the male red deer.	the localisation of diaphorase was visualised by light microscopy using the dye nitro blue tetrazolium and nadph as substrates. under appropriate conditions, diaphorase reduces this dye to a dark blue insoluble formazan. the enzyme was located at very low activity in many tissue and glandular structures of the deer, but at very much higher activity in sebaceous glands in the dermal velvet of the antler and skin, and in additional sebaceous gland-related structures in the ear canal, prepuce and t ...	1999	10425709
improved immunofluorescence assay for detection of giardia and cryptosporidium from asymptomatic adult cervine animals.	we tested an improved immunofluorescence assay (ifa) in detecting giardia and cryptosporidium from feces of asymptomatic adult cervine animals. samples were concentrated by sucrose flotation before being stained by fluorescent monoclonal antibody and examined microscopically. the detection limit was determined as 500 g. intestinalis cysts or 200 c. parvum oocysts/g of sample. among the 82 samples collected from adult fallow deer, columbian black-tailed deer, and tule elk in northern california, ...	1999	10431741
antinarcotic effects of the velvet antler water extract on morphine in mice.	the present study was undertaken to investigate the antinarcotic effects of velvet antler water extract (vawe) from cervus elaphus on morphine. morphine-induced analgesic action was measured by tail-flick method. morphine-induced hyperactivity and reverse tolerance were evidenced by measuring the enhanced ambulatory activity using a tilting-type ambulometer. dopamine (da) receptor supersensitivity in mice displaying morphine-induced reverse tolerance was evidenced by the enhanced response in amb ...	1999	10432206
protein phosphatase 2a suppresses map kinase signalling and ectopic protein expression.	signalling by map kinase was examined in cos-7 cells by transiently expressing a transcription reporter system plus epitope-tagged protein phosphatase 2a catalytic subunit [(ha)3-pp2ac]. transactivation of a luciferase gene by gal4-elk-1 in serum-stimulated cells was reduced 20-fold by co-expression of wild type (ha)3-pp2ac. this reduction of map kinase signalling required specific type-2a phosphatase activity, because the effects were not mimicked by co-expression of either a mutated, inactive ...	1999	10433518
nitric oxide regulates shear stress-induced early growth response-1. expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in endothelial cells.	endothelial cells (ecs) subjected to shear stress constantly release nitric oxide (no). the effect of no on shear stress-induced endothelial responses was examined. ecs subjected to shear stress induced a transient and shear force-dependent increase in early growth response-1 (egr-1) mrna levels. treatment of ecs with an no donor, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (snap) or 3-morpholinosydnonimine (sin-1), inhibited this shear stress-induced egr-1 expression. conversely, an no synthase inhibitor t ...	1999	10436166
the involvement of phosphohydrolases in mineralization: studies on enzymatic activities extracted from red deer antler.	the process of growth of red deer antler "bone" is very similar to the endochondral growth of long bones. the growth zones of the antler are temporally organized from the tip, in a proximal direction, permitting sequential aspects of antler development to be followed in serial transverse sections from the tip to the base. the activities of alkaline phosphatase (alkpase, phosphodiesterase i, nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, and 5'-nucleotidase were measured in extracts of antler mine ...	1999	10441657
enhanced transcription factor dna binding and gene expression induced by arsenite or arsenate in renal slices.	although the kidney represents a target for the accumulation and toxicity of arsenic, little is known about the molecular targets of arsenic in this organ. therefore, these studies were designed to examine the molecular impact of arsenite [as(iii)] and arsenate [as(v)] at low (nanomolar) concentrations. precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices were challenged with as(iii) or as(v) for up to 8 h. neither form of the metal induced overt cytotoxicity as assessed by intracellular k+ levels over th ...	1999	10445758
ldl stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression, independent of ldl receptors, in vascular smooth muscle cells.	low density lipoprotein (ldl) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis, stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (smc) differentiation and proliferation, but the signal transduction pathways between ldl stimulation and cell proliferation are poorly understood. because mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) play a crucial role in mediating cell growth, we studied the effect of ldl on the induction of mapk phosphatase-1 (mkp-1) in human smcs and found that ldl stimulated induction o ...	1999	10446064
an upstream element containing an ets binding site is crucial for transcription of the human presenilin-1 gene.	deletion mapping of the human presenilin-1 (ps1) promoter delineated the most active fragment from -118 to +178 in relation to the transcription start site mapped in this study, in both human neuroblastoma sk-n-sh and hepatoma hepg2 cells. 5' deletions revealed that a crucial element controlling over 90% of the promoter activity in these cell lines is located between -22 and -6. a mutation altering only two nucleotides of the ets consensus sequence present at -12 (ggaa to ttaa) has a similar eff ...	1999	10446206
the conserved knox domain mediates specificity of tobacco knotted1-type homeodomain proteins.	overproduction of the tobacco knotted1-type homeodomain proteins nth1, nth15, and nth23 in transgenic tobacco plants causes mild, severe, and no morphological alterations, respectively. the deduced amino acid sequences of the homeodomains and adjacent elk domains are highly conserved, and the n-terminal knox domains also are moderately conserved. to investigate the contributions of both the conserved and divergent regions to the severity of morphological alterations, we generated chimeric protei ...	1999	10449577
new ether-à-go-go k(+) channel family members localized in human telencephalon.	a cdna encoding a novel voltage-gated k(+) channel protein was isolated from human brain. this protein, termed bec1, is 46% identical to rat elk in the ether-à-go-go k(+) channel family. the bec1 gene maps to the 12q13 region of the human genome. northern blot analysis indicates that bec1 is exclusively expressed in human brain, where the expression is concentrated in the telencephalic areas such as the cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum. by in situ hybridization, bec1 is detec ...	1999	10455180
separation of m-like current and erg current in ng108-15 cells.	differentiated ng108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells were whole-cell voltage-clamped. hyperpolarizing pulses, superimposed on a depolarized holding potential (-30 or -20 mv), elicited deactivation currents which consisted of two components, distinguishable by fitting with two exponential functions. linopirdine [dup 996, 3,3-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-1-phenylindolin-2-one), a neurotransmitter-release enhancer known as potent and selective blocker of the m-current of rat sympathetic neurons, i ...	1999	10455268
bone turnover associated with antler growth in red deer (cervus elaphus).	although it is known that skeletal bone depletion occurs during antler growth in deer, it is not clear whether repletion of the skeleton takes place before or after completion of antler development. this study attempted to correlate repeated scanning electron microscopic measures of ilium and rib bone porosity from six approximately 2-monthly biopsy samples (using back-scattered imaging) and biochemical markers of bone turnover (serum hydroxyproline and osteocalcin concentrations) taken for 11 m ...	1999	10456981
epizootiologic background of dissimilar distribution of human cases of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a joint endemic area.	lyme borreliosis (lb) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) are co-endemic in some parts of europe, however, their distribution differs despite a common tick vector and comparable animal hosts. a serosurvey of game and small mammals was made in a highly endemic area and compared with historical data in human cases; the epidemiologic risk and the population density of game were modelled using a geographic information system. while lb-risk corresponded with an overall population density of game (red d ...	1999	10465328
radionuclides in deer and elk from los alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone.	this paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (3h, 90sr, 137cs, 238pu, 239,240pu, 241am, and totu) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) collected from los alamos national laboratory (lanl), los alamos, new mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. also, the committed effective dose equivalent (cede) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (recf) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from lanl lands were e ...	1999	10466109
do morning report format changes affect educational content?	the goal of this prospective observational study was to determine if format changes in a paediatric morning report conference affected the educational content presented.	1999	10476015
activation of the erk/mapk pathway by an isoform of rap1gap associated with g alpha(i)	many receptors for neuropeptides and hormones are coupled with the heterotrimeric g(i) protein, which activates the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (erk/mapk) cascade through both the alpha- and betagamma-subunits of g(i). the betagamma-subunit activates the erk/mapk cascade through tyrosine kinase. constitutively active g(alpha)i2 (gip2) isolated from adrenal and ovarian tumours transforms rat-1 fibroblasts and also activates the erk/mapk cascade by an unknown mechanism. the erk/mapk pa ...	1999	10476970
interleukin-9-induced expression of m-ras/r-ras3 oncogene in t-helper clones.	in an attempt to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in interleukin-9 (il-9) activities, representational difference analysis (rda) was used to identify messages that are induced by il-9 in a murine t-helper-cell clone. one of the isolated genes encodes for the newly described m-ras or r-ras3, which is part of the ras gene superfamily. m-ras expression was found to be induced by il-9 but not il-2 or il-4 in various murine t-helper-cell clones, and this induction seems to be depen ...	1999	10477695
two theileria cervi ssu rrna gene sequence types found in isolates from white-tailed deer and elk in north america.	two theileria cervi ssu rrna gene sequence types, f and g, from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) isolates in north america were confirmed. previously, nucleotide sequencing through a single variable (v4) region showed the presence of ssu rrna gene types f and g in t. cervi isolates from white-tailed deer and an elk. in this study, both sequence types were found in four t. cervi isolates (two from deer and two from elk). microheterogeneity only appear ...	1999	10479079
bacillary hemoglobinuria in a free-ranging elk calf.	a dead elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) calf was diagnosed with bacillary hemoglobinuria, a toxemia caused by the bacterium clostridium haemolyticum. the mortality occurred in southwest washington, usa (46 degrees 13'n, 123 degrees 22'w), in an area in which several previous mortalities, suspected but not conclusively diagnosed to be either bacillary hemoglobinuria, enterotoxemia, or leptospirosis, occurred. this is the first reported incidence of mortality attributable to bacillary hemoglobinuri ...	1999	10484149
mapk superfamily activation in human airway smooth muscle: mitogenesis requires prolonged p42/p44 activation.	asthma is frequently associated with abnormal airway smooth muscle (asm) growth that may contribute to airway narrowing and hyperresponsiveness to contractile agents. although numerous hormones and cytokines have been shown to induce human asm (hasm) proliferation, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hasm hyperplasia are largely unknown. here we characterize the roles of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) superfamily [p42/p44 mapk, c-jun amino-terminal kinase/stress-activat ...	1999	10484455
use of capillary electrophoresis and fluorescent labeled peptides to detect the abnormal prion protein in the blood of animals that are infected with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans and in animals are fatal neuro-degenerative diseases with long incubation times. the putative cause of these diseases is a normal host protein, the prion protein, that becomes altered. this abnormal prion protein is found mostly in the brains of infected individuals in later stages of the disease, but also can be found in lymphoid and other tissues in lower amounts. in order to eradicate this disease in animals, it is important to develop a sys ...	1999	10486728
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human g-protein-coupled receptor, edg7, for lysophosphatidic acid.	lysophosphatidic acid (lpa), together with sphingosine 1-phosphate, is a bioactive lipid mediator that acts on g-protein-coupled receptors to evoke multiple cellular responses, including ca(2+) mobilization, modulation of adenylyl cyclase, and mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase activation. in this study, we isolated a human cdna encoding a novel g-protein-coupled receptor, designated edg7, and characterized it as a cellular receptor for lpa. the amino acid sequence of the edg7 protein is 53. ...	1999	10488122
beta 1 integrin- and proteoglycan-mediated stimulation of t lymphoma cell adhesion and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling by thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-1 peptides.	cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions play important regulatory roles in lymphocyte homeostasis. thrombospondin-1 (tsp1) is a matricellular protein that differentially promotes the adhesion of resting and activated t cells. in this work, we show that adhesion of jurkat t cells on substrates coated with tsp1 or tsp1-derived peptides is mediated by beta 1 integrins, cd47, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. interactions with tsp1 or tsp1 peptides stimulated cd3-induced ras activation and tyrosine ...	1999	10490955
isolation, purification, and characterization of pregnancy-specific protein b from elk and moose placenta.	pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb) was isolated, purified, and partially characterized from elk and moose placenta. the procedure, which was monitored by bovine pspb (bpspb) ria, included homogenization and extraction in aqueous solution, acidic and ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion exchange, gel filtration, and affinity chromatographies. the estimated molecular sizes of moose pspb (mpspb) were 58 kda and 31 kda, and of elk pspb (epspb) were 57 kda, 45 kda, and 31 kda by sds-page. the iso ...	1999	10491644
ungulates from atapuerca td6.	the ungulates from unit 6 of gran dolina (td6) in the sierra de atapuerca (northern spain) are studied. they include stephanorhinus etruscus, equus cf. altidens, sus scrofa, dama nestii? vallonetensis, cervus elaphus, eucladoceros giulii, cervidae indet. and bovini cf. "bison voigtstedtensis." the taxonomy and stratigraphical distribution of most of these taxa are not universally accepted. s. etruscus, d. n.? vallonetensis, e. giulii and "b. voigtstedtensis" are late early and early middle pleis ...	1999	10496994
on the functional importance of thyrotropin receptor intramolecular cleavage.	we examined the relationship between tsh receptor (tshr) cleavage into two subunits and ligand-independent, constitutive activity characteristic of this receptor. because of homology to the thrombin receptor-tethered ligand, we focused initially on a region in the vicinity of the second, downstream cleavage site of the tshr ectodomain. we introduced into the wild-type tshr three mutations. one mutation, tshr(gqe(367-369)net) prevents cleavage at site 2. the other two mutations, elk(369-371)t-y ( ...	1999	10499506
rat trh receptor type 2 exhibits higher basal signaling activity than trh receptor type 1.	two types of rat trh receptor (trh-r1 and trh-r2) have been identified and shown previously to exhibit similar binding and stimulated signaling activity via the phosphoinositide-calcium transduction pathway. since mouse trh-r1 exhibits basal (or constitutive or ligand-independent) signaling activity, we compared basal signaling by trh-r1 and trh-r2. basal signaling was measured as receptor-mediated reporter gene induction via different transcription factors. we found that trh-r2 exhibited higher ...	1999	10499553
early determinants of lifetime reproductive success differ between the sexes in red deer.	in polygynous, sexually dimorphic species, sexual selection should be stronger in males than in females. although this prediction extends to the effects of early development on fitness, few studies have documented early determinants of lifetime reproductive success in a natural mammal population. in this paper, we describe factors affecting the reproductive success of male and female red deer (cervus elaphus) on the island of rum, scotland. birthweight was a significant determinant of total life ...	1999	10501037
power to detect qtl in a free-living polygynous population.	evolutionary biologists attempting to detect quantitative trait loci (qtl) in natural populations have thus far had to carry out some kind of cross with their study organism. such techniques often increase the probability of detecting linkage, but are impossible or undesirable in many populations. a potential way of overcoming this problem is to carry out linkage studies in large complex pedigrees. in this paper we contrast the power to detect linkage in a complex pedigree of red deer (cervus el ...	1999	10504431
jnk activation is required for jb6 cell transformation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.	signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways plays a key role in a variety of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, tumor promotion, and cell death. c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) are identified as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and are known to phosphorylate and activate several transcription factors, including c-jun, atf, and elk-1. however, the role of jnk activation in tumor promotion is not yet defined. because previ ...	1999	10514437
crkl mediates ras-dependent activation of the raf/erk pathway through the guanine nucleotide exchange factor c3g in hematopoietic cells stimulated with erythropoietin or interleukin-3.	crkl is an sh2 and sh3 domain-containing adaptor protein implicated in pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. here, we demonstrate that overexpression of crkl enhances the erythropoietin (epo)- or interleukin (il)-3-induced activation of elk-1 and the c-fos gene promoter activity in 32d/epor-wt cells. moreover, the epo-induced activation of erk1 and erk2 was augmented and prolonged in cells inducibly overexpressing crkl. a moderate increase in epo-induced activation of jnk was also observ ...	1999	10514505
involvement of nh(2)-terminal sequences in the negative regulation of vav signaling and transforming activity.	deletion of the nh(2)-terminal 65 amino acids of proto-vav (to form onco-vav) activates its transforming activity, suggesting that these sequences serve a negative regulatory role in vav function. however, the precise role of these nh(2)-terminal sequences and whether additional nh(2)-terminal sequences are also involved in negative regulation have not been determined. therefore, we generated additional nh(2)-terminal deletion mutants of proto-vav that lack the nh(2)-terminal 127, 168, or 186 am ...	1999	10521418
identification of glucagon-like peptide-2 (glp-2)-activated signaling pathways in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing the rat glp-2 receptor.	glucagon-like peptide-2 (glp-2) promotes the expansion of the intestinal epithelium through stimulation of the glp-2 receptor, a recently identified member of the glucagon-secretin g protein-coupled receptor superfamily. although activation of g protein-coupled receptors may lead to stimulation of cell growth, the mechanisms transducing the glp-2 signal to mitogenic proliferation remain unknown. we now report studies of glp-2r signaling in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells expressing a transfected ...	1999	10521425
the mechanism of phosphorylation-inducible activation of the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1.	protein phosphorylation represents one of the major mechanisms for transcription factor activation. here we demonstrate a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases leads to changes in transcription factor activity. map kinases stimulate dna binding and transcriptional activation mediated by the mammalian ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. phosphorylation of the c-terminal transcriptional activation domain induces a conformational change in elk-1, ...	1999	10523309
dependence of dbl and dbs transformation on mek and nf-kappab activation.	dbs was identified initially as a transforming protein and is a member of the dbl family of proteins (>20 mammalian members). here we show that dbs, like its rat homolog ost and the closely related dbl, exhibited guanine nucleotide exchange activity for the rho family members rhoa and cdc42, but not rac1, in vitro. dbs transforming activity was blocked by specific inhibitors of rhoa and cdc42 function, demonstrating the importance of these small gtpases in dbs-mediated growth deregulation. altho ...	1999	10523665
inhibition of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induction of c-fos mrna by the protein kinase a inhibitor n-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide.	the tumor promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) can induce expression of many immediate-early genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. in this study, tpa increased c-fos mrna, cellular cyclic amp, and protein kinase a (pka) activity in the first 30 min with similar inductive time courses. treatment of nih 3t3 cells with n-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide (h-89), a pka specific inhibitor, suppressed tpa induction of pka activity and c-fos mrna in a concentration-dep ...	1999	10535756
involvement of phosphodiesterase i in mineralization: histochemical studies using antler from red deer (cervus elaphus) as a model.	the growing antler of 1-year-old red deer is an excellent system in which to study processes involved in "cartilage model" endochondral-type bone growth. antlers grow from the tip, permitting the developmental sequences of bone formation to be studied as distance-dependent phenomena, in which early processes can be observed at the distal end, and later events are sequentially more proximal. quantitative light microscope histochemical assays for alkaline phosphatase (alp) and phosphodiesterase i ...	1999	10541765
autonomously binding protein detected on ets box of c-fos serum response element in proliferating cells.	the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter contains an ets box whose integrity is required for full activation of this proto-oncogene by nerve growth factor (ngf) in pc12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. electrophoretic mobility shift assays (emsa) detect a protein in nuclear extracts that binds to the wild-type sre, but not to an sre containing a mutated ets box. competition studies using unlabeled probes, and supershift experiments using antibodies and in vitro translated core serum res ...	1999	10543729
selective activation in the mapk pathway by hg(ii) in precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices.	the kidneys are the primary organ for the accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury. in these studies the molecular response of precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices to low levels of inorganic mercury was examined. cortical slices (275 microm) were obtained from 1.0 kg nzw rabbits and exposed to mercuric chloride [hg(ii)] at concentrations of 0.01-10 microm for 2-8 h. overt cytotoxicity, as assessed by intracellular k(+) levels, was not observed following exposure to these concentratio ...	1999	10544060
monomorphism and polymorphism at mhc drb loci in domestic and wild ruminants.	genetic polymorphism at mhc class ii drb loci was investigated in samples of musk-ox from canada and greenland; moose from sweden, norway, canada, and alaska; roe deer from norway and sweden; reindeer from svalbard and norway; fallow deer from norway and sweden; and red deer from norway. the results were compared with published data on cattle, bison, goat, sheep, and red deer. cattle-specific primers amplified a single drb locus in all species except fallow deer and red deer, in which two loci w ...	1999	10319259
age-sensitive and -insensitive pathways leading to jnk activation in mouse cd4(+) t-cells.	the c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) can be activated in t-cells either by the combination of tcr and cd28 costimulation or by a variety of stress-related stimuli including uv light, h(2)o(2), and hyperosmolar sorbitol solutions. in t-lymphocytes, tcr/cd28 stimulation of jnk leads to induction of new gene expression via c-jun, atf-2, and elk-1. phosphorylation of c-jun in cd4(+) t-cells stimulated by cd3/cd4/cd28 cross-linking declines with age, due to diminished activation of jnk. here we show tha ...	1999	10607425
artefactual gene induction during preparation of xenopus laevis animal cap explants.	the animal cap assay in xenopus laevis was used to study the induction and regulation of the mesoderm-specific gene xegr-1, a homolog of the mammalian egr-1 genes. egr-1 is an immediate-early gene whose growth factor-stimulated transcriptional induction displays a transient activity profile and occurs independent of protein synthesis. the xegr-1 promoter contains multiple serum response elements (sres). in this paper we show that xegr-1 is induced unspecifically during the process of animal cap ...	1999	10610029