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sarcoptic mange in wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in korea.infestation with sarcoptes scabiei was diagnosed from four wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) accidentally captured and presented to the animal health center in seoul grand park zoo, korea. diagnosis was done by microscopic and histologic examination from skin lesions. sarcoptes scabiei was the only species detected from the lesions and characterized by dorsoventrally flattened and round bodies, sucker-like pulvilli borne on long nonjointed pretarsi, triangular scales and spinelike set ...200819110717
helminthic eosinophilic meningitis: emerging zoonotic diseases in the south.today most emerging infectious diseases, such as west nile virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), arise in the natural environment as zoonoses and are often imported into the united states (us). the most common helminthic infections that can cause eosinophilic meningitis (eom) in the us, neuroangiostrongyliasis and baylisascariasis, share many of the characteristics of emerging infectious diseases. neuroangiostrongyliasis, a rodent zoonosis caused by the rat lungworm, angiostrongylu ...200819283982
genetic identification of mammalian carnivore species in the kushiro wetland, eastern hokkaido, japan, by analysis of fecal dna.to identify mammalian carnivore species distributed in the kushiro wetland, eastern hokkaido, japan, we developed molecular-genetic methods for identification of the species from fecal samples collected from the field. species-specific primers and pcr programs were established for five native and six alien species of carnivores: martes zibellina, mustela nivalis, mustela erminea, vulpes vulpes, and nyctereutes procyonoides as native species, and neovison vison, martes melampus, mustela itatsi, c ...200818828658
potential effect of prior raccoonpox virus infection in raccoons on vaccinia-based rabies immunization.the usda, wildlife services cooperative oral rabies vaccination (orv) program uses a live vaccinia virus-vectored (genus orthopoxvirus) vaccine, raboral v-rg (v-rg), to vaccinate specific wildlife species against rabies virus in several regions of the u.s. several naturally occurring orthopoxviruses have been found in north america, including one isolated from asymptomatic raccoons (procyon lotor). the effect of naturally occurring antibodies to orthopoxviruses on successful v-rg vaccination in ...200818834520
prevalence of tetracycline and rabies virus antibody in raccoons, skunks, and foxes following aerial distribution of v-rg baits to control raccoon rabies in ontario, canada.more than 3.6 million baits containing a recombinant vaccinia virus-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) oral rabies vaccine were aerially or hand-distributed during 1999-2006 in an approximate 4,000-9,000 km(2) area of eastern ontario, canada, as part of a multitactic approach to control the raccoon variant of rabies. the efficacy of the program was assessed through the collection and testing of > 6,900 animals for bait acceptance and rabies virus-specific antibodies. raccoon acceptance of rabies vaccine ...200818957651
oral rabies vaccination of a northern ohio raccoon population: relevance of population density and prebait serology.ohio's oral rabies vaccination (orv) program was established to prevent the westward spread of the raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies virus (lyssavirus, rhabdoviridae) in ohio, usa. the program, which targets raccoons, distributes vaccine-bait units (vbu) at a target density of 75 units/km2. few studies have examined the relationship of vbu density and target population density to the prevalence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna). we conducted experimental vbu distributions in august 200 ...200818689640
land-use effects on prevalence of raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis).the raccoon (procyon lotor) is the definitive host of baylisascaris procyonis, a large intestinal roundworm that is zoonotic and can result in fatal or severe central nervous system disease in young children. prevalence of infection among raccoon populations often is high, and in the midwestern united states, b. procyonis has been reported in 68-82% of raccoons. raccoon populations have increased in response to changes in human land use, and often reach higher densities in urban and suburban lan ...200818689644
trichinella murrelli in scavenging mammals from south-central wisconsin, usa.tissues and serum from 59 raccoons (procyon lotor), 42 coyotes (canis latrans), and seven striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) collected in dane and iowa counties, wisconsin, usa, between october 2005 and march 2006 were microscopically and serologically examined for the presence of trichinella spp. encapsulated larvae were found on compression slides prepared from tongue tissues from a few animals. complete tissue digestion of tongues revealed that 19% of the raccoons, 26% of the coyotes, and non ...200818689648
[an attempt to determine intermediate hosts of the tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis in poland].echinococcus multilocularis, a tiny tapeworm (2-3 mm in length) occurs in the small intestine of red foxes and raccoon dogs in poland. small rodents, intermediate hosts of the tapeworm can ingest parasite eggs excreted in faeces by final host. humans can become infected by accidental ingestion of the eggs. the resulting disease, alveolar echinococcosis, potentially lethal zoonosis, typically presents as an infiltrative tumor-like growth in the liver, which may invade neighbouring organs. the obj ...200818702319
visceral and neural larva migrans in rhesus macaques.large ascarid larvae within granulomas were noted histologically in the mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes of 13 of 21 rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) euthanized as part of an experimental viral pathogenesis study. in addition, 7 of the 13 monkeys had cerebral granulomas, which in 4 animals contained nematode larvae similar to those within the lymph nodes. despite the lesions, the animals did not show clinical signs associated with the parasitic infections. characteristics of the larvae incl ...200818702454
detection of lawsonia intracellularis by real-time pcr in the feces of free-living animals from equine farms with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy.the objective of this study was to determine whether lawsonia intracellularis was present in the feces of free-living animals collected on two equine premises with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). fresh feces from black-tailed jackrabbits (lepus californicus, n=100), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis, n=22), feral cats (felis catus, n=14), brewer's blackbirds (euphagus cyanocephalus, n=10), virginian opossums (didelphis virginiana, n=9), raccoons (procyon lotor, n ...200818957657
comparison of suburban vaccine distribution strategies to control raccoon rabies.helicopters and hand baiting are commonly used to distribute vaccine-laden baits to help control raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies in suburban landscapes, but these techniques may be labor intensive, costly, or unavailable in some areas. we tested conventional baiting strategies against polyvinyl-chloride (pvc) bait stations in erie county (new york, usa) during july and august 2003-05. hand, helicopter, and bait station treatments were randomly assigned to six 25-km(2) suburban study sites. to est ...200818957661
the phylogeny of the red panda (ailurus fulgens): evidence from the hindlimb.the red panda (ailurus fulgens) is an endangered carnivore living in the temperate forests of the himalayas and southern china. the phylogeny of the red panda has been the subject of much debate. morphological and molecular studies have supported a wide range of possible relationships, including close ties to procyonids, ursids, mustelids, and mephitids. this study provides additional morphological data, including muscle maps, for ailurus. the hindlimbs of four cadavers from the national zoologi ...200819014366
baylisascaris procyonis encephalitis in patagonian conures (cyanoliseus patagonus), crested screamers (chauna torquata), and a western canadian porcupine (erethizon dorsatum epixanthus) in a manitoba zoo.neurological disease occurred in 4 patagonian conures (cyanoliseus patagonus), 2 crested screamer chicks (chauna torquata), and 1 western canadian porcupine (erethizon dorsatum epixanthus) at a manitoba zoo. baylisascaris procyonis, the common raccoon roundworm, not previously identified in manitoba, is considered the likely cause of neural larval migrans in these cases.200819043485
influenza infection in wild raccoons.raccoons (procyon lotor) are common, widely distributed animals that frequently come into contact with wild waterfowl, agricultural operations, and humans. serosurveys showed that raccoons are exposed to avian influenza virus. we found antibodies to a variety of influenza virus subtypes (h10n7, h4n6, h4n2, h3, and h1) with wide geographic variation in seroprevalence. experimental infection studies showed that raccoons become infected with avian and human influenza a viruses, shed and transmit vi ...200819046505
[epizootic situation and measures for control of wild animals' rabies in republic of bashkortostan].epizootologic characteristics of rabies incidence in the republic of bashkortostan for the period 1998 - 2006 are presented. districts of bashkortostan are divided on 3 zones according to severity of epizootic situation. three years-cyclicity of rabies incidence with peak during winter was determined. foxes, raccoons, wolves, lynxes, badgers, minks and, during recent years, corsacs are involved into the epizootic chain. main source of rabies in the republic is foxes with share of 91.9% among sic ...200818819417
salmonella infections in the common raccoon (procyon lotor) in western pennsylvania.ten salmonella enterica serotypes were isolated from fecal samples collected from anesthetized raccoons (n = 738) trapped in six pennsylvania counties from 2003 to 2005. comparison of raccoon pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) pulse type data with the pennsylvania department of health pfge database revealed that the patterns of seven salmonella serotypes matched those isolated from humans with salmonellosis.200818596136
optimal control of vaccine distribution in a rabies metapopulation model.we consider an sir metapopulation model for the spread of rabies in raccoons. this system of ordinary differential equations considers subpopulations connected by movement. vaccine for raccoons is distributed through food baits. we apply optimal control theory to find the best timing for distribution of vaccine in each of the linked subpopulations across the landscape. this strategy is chosen to limit the disease optimally by making the number of infections as small as possible while accounting ...200818613731
immunization of black-tailed prairie dog against plague through consumption of vaccine-laden baits.prairie dogs (cynomys spp.) are highly susceptible to yersinia pestis and, along with other wild rodents, are significant reservoirs of plague for other wildlife and humans in the western united states. a recombinant raccoon poxvirus, expressing the f1 antigen of y. pestis, was incorporated into a palatable bait and offered to three groups (n = 18, 19, and 20) of black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) for voluntary consumption, either one, two, or three times, at roughly 3-wk intervals ...200818957649
efficacy and bait acceptance of vaccinia vectored rabies glycoprotein vaccine in captive foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs (canis familiaris).the red fox, dog, and raccoon dog are known to play a major role in the global epidemiology of rabies. these three canid species were used to compare the appetency and efficacy of two commercial bait formats, each containing a single dose of vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) vaccine. square and rectangular raboral v-rg baits were fed to individual caged animal, and results were evaluated using three parameters: bait consumption, induction of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection ...200818620017
serological survey for antibodies to leptospira in dogs and raccoons in washington state.a high number of reported canine leptospirosis cases occurred in washington state from 2004 to 2006. this prompted a serosurvey of healthy dogs from around the state to determine the distribution of exposure risk and to provide insight into serovar epidemiology in the region. in addition, a convenience sample of sera from injured raccoons was also tested, and clinical serological data from the washington animal disease diagnostic laboratory were examined. the proportion of dogs with an antibody ...200818631236
detection of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsial infection in wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) in chonbuk province, korea.both the spotted fever and the typhus group rickettsioses are potential emerging arthropod-borne infectious disease complexes in korea. wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) sheltered at the korean society for the protection of wild animals, chonbuk branch, korea, were sampled for the presence of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsial pathogens. thirty-six serum samples of wild raccoon dogs were examined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test using type-specific yh strain ...200818634203
increased recognition of powassan encephalitis in the united states, 1999-2005.powassan virus (powv) disease is a rare human disease caused by a tick-borne encephalitis group flavivirus maintained in a transmission cycle between ixodes cookei and other ixodid ticks and small and medium-sized mammals. during 1958-1998, only 27 powv disease cases (mostly powassan encephalitis) were reported from eastern canada and the northeastern united states (average, 0.7 cases per year). during 1999-2005, nine cases (described herein) of serologically confirmed powv disease were reported ...200818959500
the rabies situation in eastern europe.an overview of the rabies situation in the 19 countries of central and eastern europe covering more than 2.5 million km2 is presented. in 2005, 6,500 cases of rabies were registered in this region with 31% in domestic animals and 69% in wild animals. rabies was found in a limited number of dogs in 10 countries, and sporadically in three countries with seven cases in bats. a similar situation existed in 2006. rabies is very rare in humans: 2 cases were reported in belarus in 2006. around 40,000 p ...200818634463
epidemiology of rabies in southeast europe.rabies remains endemic within a number of countries in southeast europe including romania, bulgaria and turkey. with the probable expansion of the european union eastwards, it is likely that rabies elimination programs will be increased to reduce the burden of disease in new accession countries. a clear understanding of the epidemiology of the virus in this area of europe is vital before such programs are introduced. with the exception of turkey, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the principal dise ...200818634479
rabies risk in raccoon dogs and foxes.raccoon dogs are seen as a new host for fox rabies in europe. disease spread in a community of species can change the epidemiology of the disease and calls for new disease control strategies. this study assesses the risk of a rabies outbreak, introduced to a community of foxes and raccoon dogs in southern finland, as an example of the reintroduction of rabies into rabies-free areas. epidemiology is simulated with a two-species model, based on approaches for rabies in foxes and parameterised from ...200818634482
downside risk of wildlife translocation.translocation has been used successfully by wildlife professionals to enhance or reintroduce populations of rare or extirpated wildlife, provide hunting or wildlife viewing opportunities, farm wild game, and reduce local human-wildlife conflicts. however, accidental and intentional translocations may have multiple unintended negative consequences, including increased stress and mortality of relocated animals, negative impacts on resident animals at release sites, increased conflicts with human i ...200818634483
the rabies elimination programme in estonia using oral rabies vaccination of wildlife: preliminary results.the first case of sylvatic rabies in estonia was recorded in 1968. rabies is maintained in raccoon dogs and red foxes. the main prophylactic means used in animals up to 2005 consisted of compulsory vaccination of dogs and cats. in october 2005, the first large scale wildlife oral vaccination campaign was carried out in the northern part of the country (25,800 km2) from the western to the eastern border, including islands. in 2006, two campaigns were conducted across the country. rabies surveilla ...200818634485
efficacy of a square presentation of v-rg vaccine baits in red fox, domestic dog and raccoon dog.oral vaccination programmes conducted in rabies infected countries from eastern europe and eurasia should not be restricted to foxes but should target other major rabies vectors such as dogs and raccoon dogs as well. the objective of this experimental trial was to assess the protection induced by the vaccine by challenging these different species, which had been previously vaccinated intramuscularly with the square v-rg baits (produced in the us). different parameters were evaluated such as attr ...200818634487
what is the future of wildlife rabies control in europe?over the last fifteen years or so, classical rabies in terrestrial wildlife has been eliminated from large areas of western europe. over the next few years, terrestrial rabies is likely to occur only east of a line from the baltic sea to the black sea; the overall aim is to eliminate terrestrial rabies from the whole european union. elimination of rabies from the less rich countries of eastern europe, and the protection of europe against a resurgence of rabies in the longer term requires modific ...200818634490
attaining raccoon rabies management goals: history and challenges.prior to 1977, raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies was confined to the southeastern us. translocations led to emergence of this rabies variant in the mid-atlantic states, followed by spread northerly to northeast ohio and ontario, quebec, and new brunswick, canada. raccoon rabies is currently contiguous from southwest alabama to southeastern canada. since 1998, state, federal, county and municipal as well as canadian and mexican experts have collaborated on goals and strategies to prevent raccoon rab ...200818634506
immunogenicity of the era g 333 rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs.the immunogenic properties of era g 333 attenuated rabies virus strain in foxes and raccoon dogs by the oral route of administration were examined. this strain is a proposed candidate for oral rabies vaccine in russia. as was previously demonstrated, the advantage of this virus, provided by the us centers for disease control and prevention in the framework of the biotechnology engagement program, is apathogenicity for 3-week old and adult mice, as well as for other target and non-target species, ...200818634508
characterization of 'candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris' (family anaplasmataceae) from raccoons (procyon lotor).recently, a novel ehrlichial organism was isolated from a raccoon (procyon lotor) and the isolate (rac413) was infectious to two naïve raccoons but not laboratory mice, rats or rabbits. in this study, amplification and sequencing of four gene targets (16s rrna gene, groesl, glta and rpob) confirmed that the novel ehrlichial organism was a member of the family anaplasmataceae and was most closely related to, but distinct from, 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' tk4456(r) and is58. rac413 shared ...200819060060
transmammary infection of free-ranging florida panther neonates by alaria marcianae (trematoda: diplostomatidae).two freshly-dead female florida panther (fp) neonates, puma concolor couguar (=puma concolor coryi), an 11-day-old and a 17-day-old, were collected in the florida panther national wildlife refuge (26 degrees 14'n, 81 degrees 36'w), collier county, florida. the 2 neonates were siblings and had presumably fed only on milk from the dam since birth. a 12-day-old female fp neonate was collected in the big cypress national preserve (26 degrees 05'n, 81 degrees 15'w), collier county, florida and had al ...200918665664
nightly and seasonal movements, seasonal home range, and focal location photo-monitoring of urban striped skunks (mephitis mephitis): implications for rabies transmission.we followed radio-collared striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) from january 2004-december 2005 in two urban areas of flagstaff, arizona, usa to determine seasonal patterns of movement and home-range size. we also used automated cameras to determine the potential for inter- and intraspecific interaction at skunks' diurnal resting sites and nocturnal focal locations. we found no difference between sexes in nightly rates of travel or in size of seasonal home range. nightly rates of travel were great ...200919395748
serologic survey for selected infectious diseases in raccoons (procyon lotor) in indiana, usa.the objective of this study was to characterize the antibody prevalence of important livestock and domestic animal pathogens in raccoons (procyon lotor) trapped and sampled in 39 forest patches in north-central indiana, usa, between 2004 and 2005. a total of 459 serum samples were tested for antibodies to leptospira serovars, 512 for canine distemper virus (cdv) antibodies, and 340 for antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). in total, 47, 16, and 0% of the samp ...200919395767
isolation and characterization of leptospira spp. from raccoons in japan.we investigated whether raccoons (procyon lotor) carried leptospires in their kidneys in japan. leptospira was isolated from 2 of 71 raccoons captured in kanagawa prefecture and 1 of 53 raccoons at a zoological park in nagasaki prefecture. anti-leptospira antibodies were detected in 16 of 124 raccoons (12.9%) in kanagawa and 33 of 53 raccoons (62.3%) in nagasaki, respectively. the partial nucleotide sequences of their flab genes suggested that the isolates belonged to l. interrogans. the serovar ...200919420844
evaluation of the chagas stat-pak assay for detection of trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in wildlife reservoirs.an immunochromatographic assay (chagas stat-pak) was evaluated for the detection of trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 4 species of wildlife reservoirs. antibodies to t. cruzi were detected in raccoons (procyon lotor) (naturally and experimentally infected) and degus (octodon degu) (experimentally-infected) using the chagas stat-pak. in naturally exposed wild raccoons, the chagas stat-pak had a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7-80.0% and 96.3%, respectively. compared with indirect immunofluoresce ...200919016578
molecular evidence for the presence of new babesia species in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan.we recently reported that feral raccoons (procyon lotor) with splenomegaly native to japan were carriers of a babesia microti-like parasite identical to that found in the united states, which was likely introduced to japan from north america via raccoons imported as pets. thus, we attempted extensive molecular survey for piroplasma infections of feral raccoon with normal spleen in hokkaido, japan using nested pcr that target broadly to 18s ribosomal rna gene (ssu-rdna) of all the parasites in th ...200919349121
oral transmission of trypanosoma cruzi with opposing evidence for the theory of carnivory.we present the first demonstration of oral transmission of trypanosoma cruzi to raccoons (procyon lotor), a natural reservoir host in the united states, by ingestion of trypomastigotes and infected bugs, but not infected tissue. to investigate an alternative, non-vector-based transmission method, we tested the hypothesis that raccoons scavenging on infected hosts results in patent infection. macerated tissue from selected organs infected with amastigote stages of t. cruzi was orally administered ...200918763853
risk-based cost modelling of oral rabies vaccine interventions for raccoon rabies.distribution of oral rabies vaccine (orv) is an effective but costly strategy to control raccoon rabies. because of high costs, orv for raccoon rabies in the u.s. has been limited primarily to epizootic areas, leaving extensive raccoon rabies regions without any orv intervention. several cost scenarios for orv application in raccoon rabies enzootic and epizootic regions were modelled in new york state to obtain estimated costs of orv baits per scenario and potential savings compared with a unifo ...200918771519
landscape modelling spatial bottlenecks: implications for raccoon rabies disease spread.a landscape genetic simulation modelling approach is used to understand factors affecting raccoon rabies disease spread in southern ontario, canada. using the ontario rabies model, we test the hypothesis that landscape configuration (shape of available habitat) affects dispersal, as indicated by genetic structuring. we simulated range expansions of raccoons from new york into vacant landscapes in ontario, in two areas that differed by the presence or absence of a landscape constriction. our resu ...200919324623
a suspected canine distemper epidemic as the cause of a catastrophic decline in santa catalina island foxes (urocyon littoralis catalinae).the island fox (urocyon littoralis catalinae) population on santa catalina island, california, usa declined precipitously in 1999 with an approximate 95% reduction on their eastern range, an area representing 87% of the island. during this investigation, between october 1999 and april 2000, evidence of live foxes dramatically decreased. the only carcass recovered during the decline succumbed to a co-infection of canine distemper virus (cdv) and toxoplasmosis. sequence analysis of the viral p gen ...200919395743
aerial distribution of onrab baits as a tactic to control rabies in raccoons and striped skunks in ontario, canada.during august 2006 and 2007, baits containing oral rabies vaccine, live adenovirus vector, known as onrab , were aerially distributed in sw ontario, canada. bait acceptance during 2006 was 62 and 74% in raccoons (procyon lotor) in areas baited at 150 baits/km(2) and 75 and 77% in plots baited at 300 baits/km(2). during 2007, bait acceptance for raccoons ranged between 59% and 80%, and 83% and 87%, in areas baited at 75 and 400 baits/km(2), respectively. bait acceptance by skunks varied among plo ...200919395746
animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006.in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ...200919395747
wild ecotopes and food habits of triatoma longipennis infected by trypanosoma cruzi lineages i and ii in mexico.the control of wild triatomine populations that can invade dwellings is a major challenge for chagas disease control in mexico, but a better knowledge of the biology of these populations is required to develop appropriate control methods. we describe a new terrestrial ecotope of triatoma longipennis, a principal vector in the occidental part of mexico, in addition to its previously identified niche in rock pile boundary walls. analysis of feeding hosts in the two ecotopes showed that this specie ...200919478263
the relationship between baylisascaris procyonis prevalence and raccoon population structure.parasite transmission is a dynamic process that can be affected by factors including host and parasite population dynamics. raccoons ( procyon lotor ) are the definitive host of baylisascaris procyonis , an intestinal roundworm. transmission of this parasite has been linked to raccoon behavior and human land-use patterns; however, we do not know the importance of host population structure. therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between raccoon population attribu ...200919480537
feline panleukopenia. abcd guidelines on prevention and management.overview: feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) infects all felids as well as raccoons, mink and foxes. this pathogen may survive in the environment for several months and is highly resistant to some disinfectants. infection: transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route. indirect contact is the most common route of infection, and fpv may be carried by fomites (shoes, clothing), which means indoor cats are also at risk. intrauterine virus transmission and infection of neonates can occur. disease sign ...200919481033
serologic evidence of avian influenza (h4n6) exposure in a wild-caught raccoon.growing concerns about avian influenza, and its effect on agriculture and human health, have highlighted the need to understand the role of wildlife in maintaining and spreading the virus. we surveyed the wildlife inhabiting a poultry farm with recent h3n6 and h4n6 avian influenza virus exposure in pennsylvania, u.s.a. one raccoon (procyon lotor) tested positive for h4n6 antibodies. this is the first recorded incident of avian influenza exposure in a wild raccoon. we suggest that raccoons may pl ...200919848088
further development of raccoon poxvirus-vectored vaccines against plague (yersinia pestis).in previous studies, we demonstrated protection against plague in mice and prairie dogs using a raccoon pox (rcn) virus-vectored vaccine that expressed the f1 capsular antigen of yersinia pestis. in order to improve vaccine efficacy, we have now constructed additional rcn-plague vaccines containing two different forms of the lcrv (v) gene, including full-length (vfull) and a truncated form (v307). mouse challenge studies with y. pestis strain co92 showed that vaccination with a combination of rc ...200919879228
landscape genetics of raccoons (procyon lotor) associated with ridges and valleys of pennsylvania: implications for oral rabies vaccination programs.raccoons are the reservoir for the raccoon rabies virus variant in the united states. to combat this threat, oral rabies vaccination (orv) programs are conducted in many eastern states. to aid in these efforts, the genetic structure of raccoons (procyon lotor) was assessed in southwestern pennsylvania to determine if select geographic features (i.e., ridges and valleys) serve as corridors or hindrances to raccoon gene flow (e.g., movement) and, therefore, rabies virus trafficking in this physiog ...200919125658
cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and disease of rodents and small exotic mammals.cardiovascular disease in small exotic mammals is anecdotally common, but clinical reports of diagnosis and treatment of disease are rare. this article focuses on known causes of cardiovascular disease in the small exotic mammal. normal anatomy and physiology, as it differs from the dog and cat, is also highlighted. cardiomyopathy, dirofilariasis, atrial thrombosis, and other acquired and congenital cardiac and vascular diseases of rodents, hedgehogs, sugar gliders, raccoons, opossums, and skunk ...200919131033
differential permeability of rivers to raccoon gene flow corresponds to rabies incidence in ontario, canada.the correlation of landscape features with genetic discontinuities reveals barriers to dispersal that can contribute to understanding present and future spread of wildlife diseases. this knowledge can then be used for targeting control efforts. the impact of natural barriers on raccoon dispersal was assessed through genetic analysis of samples from two regions, niagara (n = 666) and st. lawrence (n = 802). these areas are transected by major rivers and are at the northern front of a raccoon rabi ...200919140963
hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (oh-pcbs) in the blood of mammals and birds from japan: lower chlorinated oh-pcbs and profiles.an analytical method was developed to measure tri- to octa-chlorinated oh-pcbs and pentachlorophenol (pcp) in the whole blood. further, baseline data on the levels and profiles of these phenolic compounds in japanese mammals (human, cat, dog, raccoon dog, and northern fur seal) and birds (black-tailed gull, common cormorant, and jungle crow) were obtained. eighteen identifiable and fifty unknown peaks of oh-pcbs were detected and the major congeners identified were 4'oh-cb101/120, 4oh-cb107/4'oh ...200919054541
synanthropic trichinella infection in finland.the first three human trichinellosis cases in finland were recorded around 1890, and altogether eight cases were registered until 2008. the first infected finnish swine was found in 1954. from the early 1980s, an increasing trend in the number of infected swine was seen, with the highest number registered in 1996, after which a decrease has been observed. infected pigs were found yearly until 2004. since 1954, all slaughtered pigs have been tested for trichinella, regardless of subsequent export ...200919054618
bacteroidales diversity in ring-billed gulls (laurus delawarensis) residing at lake michigan beaches.this study investigated the occurrence and diversity of bacteroidales fecal bacteria in gulls residing in the great lakes region. members of this bacterial order have been widely employed as human and bovine host-specific markers of fecal pollution; however, few studies have focused on gulls, which can be a major source of fecal indicator bacteria and pathogens at beaches. we found a low but consistent occurrence of bacteroidales in gulls at five beaches in three different counties spanning the ...200919151182
gastrointestinal helminths in raccoons in texas.raccoons (n=590) were collected from october 1999 to august 2003 from 35 counties across texas, and gastrointestinal tracts were examined for helminth parasites. prevalence was calculated and differences in mean abundance were examined among habitat ecoregions, age classes, and between sexes. twenty different species of helminths (13 nematodes, two cestodes, two acanthocephalans, and three trematodes) were positively identified in the gastrointestinal tracts of 590 raccoons in texas. five of the ...200919204330
prevalence of baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (procyon lotor) in portland, oregon, usa.we investigated the prevalence of baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons living in the metropolitan area of portland, oregon, usa, in order to assess the potential public health risk involved in the transmission of b. procyonis to humans and companion animals. sixty-nine euthanized raccoons were collected from portland wildlife-control agencies. infection with b. procyonis was determined through the harvesting of adult worms from raccoon intestines during necropsy and by fecal analysis using modifi ...200919204331
unusual odd-chain and trans-octadecenoic fatty acids in tissues of feral european beaver (castorfiber), eurasian badger (melesmeles) and raccoon dog (nyctereutesprocyonoides).the fatty acid (fa) composition of depot adipose tissues in the raccoon dog (nyctereutesprocyonoides) and the european beaver (castorfiber) differs from that reported for the lipids of other monogastric animals, especially with regard to the presence of trans-octadecenoic acids. the concentrations of pentadecanoic acid 15:0 (pa) and heptadecanoic acid 17:0 (ha) in the lipids of the tested animals ranged from 0.23 to 0.79% and from 0.33 to 2.35% of total fas, respectively. the total content of th ...200919243702
molecular characterization of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a viruses isolated from raccoon dogs in china.the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus can infect a variety of animals and continually poses a threat to animal and human health. while many genotypes of h5n1 virus can be found in chicken, few are associated with the infection of mammals. characterization of the genotypes of viral strains in animal populations is important to understand the distribution of different viral strains in various hosts. this also facilitates the surveillance and detection of possible emergence of highly pat ...200919270752
intestinal helminth infections in feral cats and a raccoon dog on aphaedo island, shinan-gun, with a special note on gymnophalloides seoi infection in cats.four feral cats and a raccoon dog purchased from a local collector on aphaedo island, shinan-gun, where human gymnophalloides seoi infections are known to be prevalent, were examined for their intestinal helminth parasites. from 2 of 4 cats, a total of 310 adult g. seoi specimens were recovered. other helminths detected in cats included heterophyes nocens (1,527 specimens), pygidiopsis summa (131), stictodora fuscata (4), acanthotrema felis (2), spirometra erinacei (15), toxocarids (4), and a ho ...200919488429
evaluation of an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to influenza a virus in domestic and wild avian and mammalian species.an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa) was developed for the detection of antibodies to influenza a virus in taxonomically diverse domestic and wild vertebrate species. in contrast to the belisas published previously that require reagent production, manipulation by the end-user, or have not been evaluated for use with both mammalian and avian species, this assay is performed using commercially available recombinant nucleoprotein antigen and corresponding nucleoprotein-spe ...200919523985
a pathological study of sepsis associated with sarcoptic mange in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in japan.the pathological findings in japanese raccoon dogs with sarcoptic mange infection associated with death from sepsis are described. microscopical lesions of the skin were consistent with those described previously in wildlife populations with sarcoptes infection, but secondary lesions were also present in the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen and brain of these animals. this infection was therefore very similar to "crusted scabies" or "norwegian scabies" in man and was characterized by severe ...200919539304
mycobacterium microti--pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient.human tuberculosis is caused by members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes m. tuberculosis, m. bovis, m. africanum and m. bovis bcg. however there are increasing reports of rarely occurring genetic variants such as m. canettii, m. microti and m. pinipedii. the natural reservoir, mode of transmission and potential modification of host interaction of these species is not yet fully elucidated. we report a rare case of extensive cavitary smear-positive tuberculosis of the left ...200919562286
nasal neuroendocrine carcinoma in a free-living japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus).neuroendocrine carcinoma was diagnosed in the left nasal cavity of a free-living japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). microscopically, the tumour consisted of sheets of anaplastic cells separated by narrow zones of fibrovascular stroma. the neoplastic cells had varying numbers of cytoplasmic granules stained by the grimelius method. immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were variably labelled for cytokeratin ae1/ae3, vimentin, chromogranin a and s-100. ultrastructura ...200919081111
overwintering strategy of wild free-ranging and enclosure-housed japanese raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides albus).the raccoon dog, nyctereutes procyonoides, is a canid with a passive overwintering strategy in northern europe. however, the behaviour and physiology of the japanese subspecies, n. p. albus, which has fewer chromosomes than the other subspecies, remain unknown. we measured body temperature, body composition and blood biochemistry of wild free-ranging and fasted enclosure-housed n. p. albus during boreal winter in hokkaido, japan. body temperature of n. p. albus decreased from 38 degrees c in aut ...200919101736
arthropods (acari, mallophaga, siphonaptera) collected from procyon lotor (linnaeus, 1758) (mammalia, carnivora, procyonidae) in poland.from 9 specimens of procyon lotor collected in vicinity of dobroszyn and górzyca (lubuskie province) 61 arthropods of 6 species were obtained: siphonaptera (one specimen), acari (3 species), phthiraptera (one specimen--trichodectes octomaculatus; new species to fauna of poland) and one specimen of psocoptera.200919579787
genetically different isolates of trypanosoma cruzi elicit different infection dynamics in raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana).trypanosoma cruzi is a genetically and biologically diverse species. in the current study we determined t. cruzi infection dynamics in two common north american reservoirs, virginia opossums (didelphis virginiana) and raccoons (procyon lotor). based on previous molecular and culture data from naturally-exposed animals, we hypothesised that raccoons would have a longer patent period than opossums, and raccoons would be competent reservoirs for both genotypes t. cruzi i (tci) and tciia, while opos ...200919607833
the control of raccoon rabies in ontario canada: proactive and reactive tactics, 1994-2007.proactive and reactive tactics have been utilized in ontario, canada, to prevent raccoon rabies from becoming established. a total of 96,621 raccoons (procyon lotor) and 7,967 striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were live captured using 1,221,044 trap nights, vaccinated against rabies by injection, and released, during proactive trap-vaccinate-release (tvr) programs in southern ontario during 1994-2007. during those years, on average, 43% to 83% of the raccoon populations were vaccinated against ...200919617488
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) from raccoon dog can serve as an efficient receptor for the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.raccoon dog is one of the suspected intermediate hosts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). in this study, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) gene of raccoon dog (rdace2) was cloned and sequenced. the amino acid sequence of rdace2 has identities of 99.3, 89.2, 83.9 and 80.4 % to ace2 proteins from dog, masked palm civet (pcace2), human (huace2) and bat, respectively. there are six amino acid changes in rdace2 compared with huace2, and four changes compared with pc ...200919625462
relative importance of demographics, locale, and seasonality underlying louse and flea parasitism of raccoons (procyon lotor).a variety of demographic, seasonal, and site-specific variables may influence parasitism, but the relative importance of these variables is generally unclear. we measured the relative ability of host characteristics, season, and site to explain louse (trichodectes octomaculatus) and flea (orchopeas howardi) infestation across 10 populations of raccoons (procyon lotor). lice are highly dependent on specific hosts and are predicted to display a relatively strong relationship with factors intrinsic ...200918578574
development and characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the raccoon tick (ixodes texanus).fourteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the raccoon tick (ixodes texanus). three multiplexed panels comprising the loci were developed and 50 ticks collected from two infected raccoons (procyon lotor) were genotyped. the number of alleles per locus ranged from five to 22, and single locus heterozygosities ranged from 0.46 to 0.94. future research will further our understanding of i. texanus biology and help in elucidating the effects of life-history variation on parasite popu ...200921564631
species identification of north american guinea worms (nematoda: dracunculus) with dna barcoding.dracunculus insignis is a nematode parasite that infects the subcutaneous tissues of mammals such as raccoon (procyon lotor), mink (neovison vison) and fisher (martes pennanti). d. lutrae, a morphologically similar species, has only been recovered from the otter (lontra canadensis). species identification of these two north american guinea worms has only been achieved by morphology of males and host identity. as a result, where only female specimens are present, accurate identifications are not ...200921564728
development and characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the american dog tick (dermacentor variabilis).twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the american dog tick (dermacentor variabilis), an important vector of infectious diseases in humans and animals. four multiplexed panels comprising the loci were developed and 45 ticks collected from two raccoons (procyon lotor) were genotyped. the number of alleles per locus ranged from nine to 30, and single locus heterozygosities ranged from 0.18 to 0.93. data generated using these markers will further our understanding of factors aff ...200921564581
a child with raccoon roundworm meningoencephalitis: a pathogen emerging in your own backyard?raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) is a cause of devastating neural and ocular disease. the first documented case of raccoon roundworm encephalitis in canada, in a seven-year-old boy who presented with severe neurological impairment, is presented. his significant recovery illustrates the importance of clinical suspicion and the benefit of early treatment.200921119798
reproductive characteristics of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) captured by the pest control in kamakura, japan.in order to examine reproductive characteristics of feral raccoons in kamakura, 335 raccoons were collected from march 2005 to march 2007. raccoons were classified into five age classes: class i, less than 5 months old; class ii, 5-11 months; class iii, 12-17 months; class iv, 18-23 months; and class v, over 23 months old. females were examined for their age specific pregnancy rate and litter size. to determine when raccoon births occur in the region, birth months of fetuses were estimated by th ...200919959898
bartonella rochalimae in raccoons, coyotes, and red foxes.to determine additional reservoirs for bartonella rochalimae, we examined samples from several wildlife species. we isolated b. rochalimae from 1 red fox near paris, france, and from 11 raccoons and 2 coyotes from california, usa. co-infection with b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was documented in 1 of the coyotes.200919961681
differentiated evolutionary conservatism and lack of polymorphism of crucial sex determination genes (sry and sox9) in four species of the family canidae.the sex determination process is under the control of several genes of which two (sry and sox9), encoding transcription factors, play a crucial role. it is well-known that mutations at these genes may cause the development of an intersexual phenotype. the aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the coding sequence and 5'-flanking regions of both genes in four species of the family canidae (the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). similarity of the coding sequence ...200919777961
trypanosoma rangeli genotypes association with rhodnius prolixus and r. pallescens allopatric distribution in central america.previous kdna polymorphism-based reports have revealed the existence of two trypanosoma rangeli genotypes (kp1+ and kp1-): sl and ssu rrna gene polymorphism-based studies have revealed that five genotypes (a-e) are distributed throughout different latin-american countries. some evidence has shown that the genotypes' biogeographical distribution is associated with sympatric rhodnius species. 12 t. rangeli isolates from humans and reservoirs from el salvador, guatemala, honduras, costa rica and pa ...200919778637
backyard raccoon latrines and risk for baylisascaris procyonis transmission to humans. 200919788835
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...200920027214
[non-indigenous and non-specific parasitic nematodes--the background and the consequences].introduction of the host is the main reason behind introduction of the parasite, e. g., nematodes. the introduction of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) in europe in the 1980s resulted in expansion of the swimbladder nematode anguillicola crassus which soon invaded not only populations of the european eel (a. anguilla), but also other local fish. the raccoon (procyon lotor) is native to north america. it is the specific host of strongyloides procyonis and baylisascaris procyonis. more than 90 ...200920209803
[baylisascariasis--a new dangerous zoonosis].baylisascaris procyonis is a large nematode of the order ascaridida, specific for raccoon (procyon lotor). in north america, raccoons are extremely common in rural, suburban, and urban settings, where they have become well adapted to living alongside people. in the 1930s raccoons were introduced into europe (i. a. poland) and asia for the commercial fur trade and into japan as pets. the prevalence of b. procyonis infection in raccoons is often high, and infected animals can disseminate in their ...200920209804
the important zoonoses in the protected areas of the tatra national park (tanap).the northern part of slovakia constitutes an important tourist and recreational area of the country. protected localities of the tatra national park (tanap) are characterised by specific ecological conditions. the high numbers of animals inhabiting protected areas of the tanap and their potential encounters with tourists contribute to a risk of transmission of important parasitic zoonoses. the aim of presently reported study was to perform a long-lasting and detailed survey on the occurrence of ...200920209814
surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in scavengers of white-tailed deer carcasses in the chronic wasting disease area of wisconsin.chronic wasting disease (cwd), a class of neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) occurring in cervids, is found in a number of states and provinces across north america. misfolded prions, the infectious agents of cwd, are deposited in the environment via carcass remains and excreta, and pose a threat of cross-species transmission. in this study tissues were tested from 812 representative mammalian scavengers, collected in the cwd-affected area of wisconsin, for tse inf ...200919697235
safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (adrg1.3-onrab) in target and non-target species.a replication-competent human adenovirus vector in which the rabies virus glycoprotein gene was inserted (adrg1.3-onrab) was given by direct instillation into the oral cavity to representatives of three wildlife vector species of concern in ontario (red fox, raccoon and striped skunk) and to a variety of non-target wildlife species, domestic and laboratory species. despite use of a relatively high dose of vaccine, no untoward clinical signs were observed. subsequent to vaccine exposure, detectio ...200919698811
borna disease virus in raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.we have examined the seroprevalence of bdv in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan. serum samples from raccoons were examined using elisa and western blot assays to detect the presence of serum antibodies that react specifically to bdv antigens. among 549 investigated individuals, eleven (2.0%) showed a positive reaction to bdv antigens. brain tissue samples from five individuals were subjected to rt-pcr, which detected bdv sequences in three of them. sequence analysis revealed a hig ...200919721351
detection of antibodies against japanese encephalitis virus in raccoons, raccoon dogs and wild boars in japan.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infects numerous animal species including humans, horses and pigs. in this study, antibodies against jev in feral raccoons (procyon lotor), wild boars (sus scrofa) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in japan were examined. the results showed that 40.7% (22 out of 54), 64.5% (40 out of 62), 69.1% (47 out of 68) and 0% (0 out of 20) of raccoons in hyogo, osaka, wakayama and hokkaido, respectively, had virus-neutralizing antibodies against jev. in addition ...200919721354
detection of antibody to canine distemper virus in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a lethal disease among members of the carnivora. to clarify the distribution of cdv in wild animals, we examined 106 raccoon sera collected from two prefectures in japan, hyogo and osaka, from 2005 to 2007. among them, 34 raccoons (32.1%) possessed a virus-neutralizing (vn) antibody to kdk-1 strain (genotype asia-1). there was no significant difference in seroprevalence of cdv regardless of places, gender, and body weights. in hyogo, a geometric mean of vn tit ...200920046037
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2008.during 2008, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the cdc, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) catt ...200919751163
multiplex pcr system for identifying the carnivore origins of faeces for an epidemiological study on echinococcus multilocularis in hokkaido, japan.a multiplex pcr system was developed to identify the carnivore origins of faeces collected in hokkaido, japan, for epidemiological studies on echinococcus multilocularis. primers were designed against the d-loop region of mitochondrial dna. two separate primer mixtures (mix 1, specific forward primers to fox, raccoon dog and dog, and a universal reverse primer [prh]; and mix 2, specific forward primers to cat, raccoon and weasels and prh) were used so that the pcr products (160 bp, fox and cat; ...200919756739
tactics and economics of wildlife oral rabies vaccination, canada and the united states.progressive elimination of rabies in wildlife has been a general strategy in canada and the united states; common campaign tactics are trap-vaccinate-release (tvr), point infection control (pic), and oral rabies vaccination (orv). tvr and pic are labor intensive and the most expensive tactics per unit area (approximately $616/km(2) [in 2008 can$, converted from the reported $450/km(2) in 1991 can$] and approximately $612/km(2) [$500/km(2) in 1999 can$], respectively), but these tactics have prov ...200919757549
muscular sarcocystosis in wild carnivores in honshu, japan.a total of 65 free-living carnivores collected on honshu island, japan were examined for muscular sarcocystis species infections. among them, 12 japanese raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), one japanese red fox (vulpes vulpes japonica), three japanese martens (martes melampus melampus), and two japanese badgers (meles meles anakuma) were found to have sarcocysts in their muscles. no inflammatory reactions associated with sarcocysts were observed. ultrastructurally, the sarcocysts ...200919841942
prevalence and distribution of baylisascaris procyonis in urban raccoons (procyon lotor) in winnipeg, manitoba.the prevalence of baylisascaris procyonis was estimated in the urban raccoon population of winnipeg through the fecal flotation of raccoon feces collected at active latrines and through gross postmortem and fecal flotation of samples collected from nuisance raccoons. fecal flotation of latrine-collected feces was positive in 33 of 89 samples and, of 52 latrines identified, 26 were positive on 1 or more occasions. trapped individual raccoons subjected to postmortem examination were positive in 57 ...200919881923
human vaccinia infection after contact with a raccoon rabies vaccine bait - pennsylvania, 2009.since 2003, the u.s. department of agriculture's wildlife services has coordinated a multistate oral rabies vaccination (orv) program for wildlife in a 15-state zone extending from maine to alabama and in texas. the program seeks to enhance local control and prevent the spread of epizootic rabies among raccoons and, in texas, among gray foxes and coyotes. the program uses baits containing liquid vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant virus vaccine. because contact with ruptured baits ca ...200919893480
rabies in northeastern europe--the threat from invasive raccoon dogs.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main terrestrial wildlife rabies vector in europe. however, recently the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides)--an invasive species originating from east asia--has become increasingly important as secondary host, especially in the baltic states. this imposes problems on neighboring rabies-free countries (such as finland), where the density of each of the two vector species on its own might be too low to sustain a long-term rabies epizootic, but the community o ...200919901385
antibodies to west nile virus in raccoons and other wild peridomestic mammals in iowa.surveillance for evidence of west nile virus (wnv) infection in small- and medium-sized wild mammals was conducted in iowa, usa, from may 2005 to june 2007. sera were collected from 325 mammals belonging to nine species and tested for antibodies to wnv and other flaviviruses by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). all sera that had antibodies to flaviviruses by blocking elisa were further examined by plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt). thirteen mammals were seropo ...200919901390
baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (procyon lotor) in eastern tennessee.raccoon (procyon lotor) carcasses (n=118) were collected from july through december 2007 throughout eastern tennessee. necropsies were performed, and baylisascaris procyonis was collected from the gastrointestinal tract of infected carcasses. prevalence rates were determined for the overall sample population, males and females, and adults and juveniles. the sample population had a b. procyonis prevalence of 12.7%. males and females had a prevalence of 15% and 11%, respectively; prevalence in adu ...200919901404
influence of oral rabies vaccine bait density on rabies seroprevalence in wild raccoons.the effect of different oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait densities (75, 150, and 300 baits/km(2)) on the seroprevalence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvnas) in raccoons (procyon lotor) was assessed at a 15% seroprevalence difference threshold in rural areas of northeast ohio. results (n=588 raccoons) indicated that seropositivity for rvnas was associated with both bait density and bait campaign frequency. associations were not detected for raccoon gender, age, or macro-habitat. the odds ...200919925951
oral immunization of raccoons and skunks with a canine adenovirus recombinant rabies vaccine.oral vaccination is an important part of wildlife rabies control programs. currently, the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus is the only oral rabies vaccine licensed in the united states, and it is not effective in skunks. in the current study, captive raccoons and skunks were used to evaluate a vaccine developed by incorporating the rabies virus glycoprotein gene into a canine adenovirus serotype 2 vector (cav2-rvg). seven of 7 raccoons orally vaccinated with cav2-rvg developed viru ...200919925952
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