Publications

a comparison of phenotypic traits related to trypanotolerance in five west african cattle breeds highlights the value of shorthorn taurine breeds.	animal african trypanosomosis particularly affects cattle and dramatically impairs livestock development in sub-saharan africa. african zebu (afz) or european taurine breeds usually die of the disease in the absence of treatment, whereas west african taurine breeds (aft), considered trypanotolerant, are able to control the pathogenic effects of trypanosomosis. up to now, only one aft breed, the longhorn n'dama (nda), has been largely studied and is considered as the reference trypanotolerant bre ...	2015	25954819
the b cell adaptor molecule bam32 is critically important for optimal antibody response and resistance to trypanosoma congolense infection in mice.	bam32, a 32 kda adaptor molecule, plays important role in b cell receptor signalling, t cell receptor signalling and antibody affinity maturation in germinal centres. since antibodies against trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) are critically important for control of parasitemia, we hypothesized that bam32 deficient (bam32-/-) mice would be susceptible to t. congolense infection.	2015	25875604
pcr and microsatellite analysis of diminazene aceturate resistance of bovine trypanosomes correlated to knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers in south-western ethiopia.	african animal trypanosomosis is threatening the agricultural production and cattle breeding more severely than any other livestock disease in the continent, even more since the advent of drug resistance. a longitudinal study was conducted from november 2012 to may 2013 in the ghibe valley to evaluate diminazene aceturate (da) resistance and assess livestock owner's perception of trypanocidal drug use. four peasant associations (pas) were purposively selected and the cattle randomly sampled in e ...	2015	25738729
phylogenetic and syntenic data support a single horizontal transference to a trypanosoma ancestor of a prokaryotic proline racemase implicated in parasite evasion from host defences.	proline racemase (prac) enzymes of trypanosoma cruzi (tcprac), the agent of chagas disease, and trypanosoma vivax (tvprac), the agent of livestock trypanosomosis, have been implicated in the b-cells polyclonal activation contributing to immunosuppression and the evasion of host defences. the similarity to prokaryotic prac and the absence in trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense have raised many questions about the origin, evolution, and functions of trypanosome prac (tryprac) enzymes.	2015	25890302
hematocrit alterations and its effects in naturally infected indigenous cattle breeds due to trypanosoma spp. on the adamawa plateau - cameroon.	an experimental study was carried out on 148 naturally infected indigenous cattle breeds with either single or mix infections of various species of trypanosomes. the objectives of this study were to determine the species of trypanosomes, observe their hematopathological consequences on host-related risk factors and to determine the packed cell volume (pcv) of the infected group.	2015	27047158
phenotypic characteristics and trypanosome prevalence of mursi cattle breed in the bodi and mursi districts of south omo zone, southwest ethiopia.	the study was conducted to characterize the morphological features of mursi cattle breed and to identify the species of trypanosome infecting the cattle and its prevalence in these traditionally managed cattle in the bodi and mursi pastoral communities. cattle body description and measurements were made on 201 matured animals. blood samples were collected from 409 animals into heparin-treated capillary tubes and were centrifuged to 12,000 rpm for 5 min to identify trypanosome species from the we ...	2015	25510298
a tegm6-4r antigen-based immunochromatographic test (ict) for animal trypanosomosis.	animal trypanosomosis is a disease that is distributed worldwide which results in huge economic losses due to reduced animal productivity. endemic regions are often located in the countryside where laboratory diagnosis is costly or inaccessible. the establishment of simple, effective, and accurate field tests is therefore of great interest to the farming and veterinary sectors. our study aimed to develop a simple, rapid, and sensitive immunochromatographic test (ict) for animal trypanosomosis ut ...	2015	26290217
a tsetse and tabanid fly survey of african great apes habitats reveals the presence of a novel trypanosome lineage but the absence of trypanosoma brucei.	tsetse and tabanid flies transmit several trypanosoma species, some of which are human and livestock pathogens of major medical and socioeconomic impact in africa. recent advances in molecular techniques and phylogenetic analyses have revealed a growing diversity of previously unidentified tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes potentially pathogenic to livestock and/or other domestic animals as well as wildlife, including african great apes. to map the distribution, prevalence and co-occurrence of kno ...	2015	26219672
determination of the prevalence of trypanosome species in cattle from monduli district, northern tanzania, by loop mediated isothermal amplification.	bovine african trypanosomosis (bat) remains one of the major vector-borne diseases with serious impediment to cattle production and economic advancement in sub-saharan africa. the present study evaluated the performance of the trypanosome-species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), using parasite dna obtained from 295 indigenous tanzanian short horn zebu (tshz) and boran crosses in monduli district within northern tanzania, against routine microscopy on giemsa-stained blood f ...	2015	25953023
micro rna expression profiles in peripheral blood cells of rats that were experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense and different trypanosoma brucei subspecies.	to identify mirnas whose expression are differentially regulated during trypanosome infections a microarray targeting more than 600 rat mirna was used to analyze the mirna expression profiles between uninfected rats and animals infected by trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei s.l. the potential targets of dysregulated mirnas as well as their biological pathways and functions were predicted using several bioinformatics software tools. irrespective of the infecting trypanosome species, ei ...	2015	25797398
characterization of calflagin, a flagellar calcium-binding protein from trypanosoma congolense.	identification of species-specific trypanosome molecules is important for laboratory- and field-based research into epidemiology and disease diagnosis. although trypanosoma congolense is the most important trypanosome pathogen of cattle in africa, no species-specific molecules found in infective bloodstream forms (bsf) of the parasites have been identified, thus limiting development of diagnostic tests.	2016	27055052
antitrypanosomal activity of verbascum sinaiticum benth. (scrophulariaceae) against trypanosoma congolense isolates.	african trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with a large impact on the livelihood of the rural poor in sub-saharan africa. the available drugs for managing this disease are old, expensive and are facing the problem of drug resistance. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of aqueous and absolute methanol leaf extracts of verbascum sinaiticum benth. against trypanosoma congolense field isolate.	2016	27629546
the animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review.	pathogenic animal trypanosomes affecting livestock have represented a major constraint to agricultural development in africa for centuries, and their negative economic impact is increasing in south america and asia. chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis represent the main means of control. however, research into new trypanocides has remained inadequate for decades, leading to a situation where the few compounds available are losing efficacy due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. in this r ...	2016	27719692
structural characterization reveals a novel bilobed architecture for the ectodomains of insect stage expressed trypanosoma brucei pssa-2 and trypanosoma congolense isa.	african trypanosomiasis, caused by parasites of the genus trypanosoma, is a complex of devastating vector-borne diseases of humans and livestock in sub-saharan africa. central to the pathogenesis of african trypanosomes is their transmission by the arthropod vector, glossina spp. (tsetse fly). intriguingly, the efficiency of parasite transmission through the vector is reduced following depletion of trypanosoma brucei procyclic-specific surface antigen-2 (tbpssa-2). to investigate the underlying ...	2016	27671214
semen characteristics and reaction time of yankasa rams experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi infection.	trypanosomosis is a serious, often fatal disease of domestic animals and humans, and a major constraint to livestock productivity and agricultural development in areas of africa, latin america, the middle east, and asia. it is caused by hemoflagelate protozoan of the genus trypanosoma. several species of trypanosoma such as trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma brucei, and trypanosoma evansi are known to infect domestic animals. trypanosoma evansi is one of the most widespread p ...	2016	27188633
animal african trypanosomiasis: time to increase focus on clinically relevant parasite and host species.	animal african trypanosomiasis (aat), caused by trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax, remains one of the most important livestock diseases in sub-saharan africa, particularly affecting cattle. despite this, our detailed knowledge largely stems from the human pathogen trypanosoma brucei and mouse experimental models. in the postgenomic era, the genotypic and phenotypic differences between the aat-relevant species of parasite or host and their model organism counterparts are increasingly a ...	2016	27167665
high frequency of (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) type among (diptera: glossinidae) in a historic trypanosoma foci in north-eastern gabon: preliminary study.	human african trypanosomiasis became a neglected disease after the 1960s, when case numbers dropped dramatically. it again became a public health problem in sub-saharan africa at the end of the 1990s, when new cases were reported, notably in central africa, and specifically in gabon, where historic foci existed and new cases have been reported. therefore, the present study reports on an entomological survey conducted in may 2012 to determine the pathogenic trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fl ...	2016	27113105
evolutionary diversification of the trypanosome haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor from an ancestral haemoglobin receptor.	the haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor of the african trypanosome species, trypanosoma brucei, is expressed when the parasite is in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, allowing it to acquire haem through the uptake of haptoglobin-haemoglobin complexes. here we show that in trypanosoma congolense this receptor is instead expressed in the epimastigote developmental stage that occurs in the tsetse fly, where it acts as a haemoglobin receptor. we also present the structure of the t. congolense rece ...	2016	27083048
animal trypanosomosis in clinically healthy cattle of north cameroon: epidemiological implications.	the control of animal trypanosomosis consists, amongst other things, of the punctual treatment of new cases, primarily diagnosed by pastoralists on the basis of clinical signs. this practice suggests that many apparently healthy infected animals are left untreated. in this study animal trypanosomosis in clinically healthy zebu cattle was evaluated, the distribution of the vectors established and the epidemiological implications discussed.	2016	27075986
survey on trypanosoma spp. infection of dogs in gabon and its epidemiological implications for sleeping sickness.	this survey screened native dogs (canis familiaris) in gabon (africa) for trypanosome infection. a total of 376 apparently healthy dogs, divided into two populations, were examined. the first group included 252 semi-domesticated dogs inhabiting 16 villages of the ogooué-ivindo province, a rural inland area in northeast gabon, and the second group 124 dogs belonging to protection companies or families from libreville (n = 113) and port-gentil (n = 11), in the coastal area of gabon. both study are ...	2016	26947985
community-based tsetse fly control significantly reduces fly density and trypanosomosis prevalence in metekel zone, northwest, ethiopia.	african animal trypanosomosis is a great obstacle to livestock production where tsetse flies play a major role. metekel zone is among the tsetse-infested areas. community-based tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control using targets was conducted from june 2011 to may 2012 in metekel zone, ethiopia, to decrease trypanosomosis and tsetse fly. cloth screen targets were developed, impregnated with 0.1 % deltamethrin, and deployed alongside rivers by the research team together with the community animal ...	2016	26885985
refractory hypoglycaemia in a dog infected with trypanosoma congolense.	a 20 kg german shepherd dog was presented to a french veterinary teaching hospital for seizures and hyperthermia. the dog had returned 1 month previously from a six-month stay in senegal and sub-saharan africa. biochemistry and haematology showed severe hypoglycaemia (0.12 g/l), anaemia and thrombocytopenia. despite administration of large amounts of glucose (30 ml of 30% glucose iv and 10 ml of 70% sucrose by gavage tube hourly), 26 consecutive blood glucose measurements were below 0.25 g/l (ex ...	2016	26795063
mif-mediated hemodilution promotes pathogenic anemia in experimental african trypanosomosis.	animal african trypanosomosis is a major threat to the economic development and human health in sub-saharan africa. trypanosoma congolense infections represent the major constraint in livestock production, with anemia as the major pathogenic lethal feature. the mechanisms underlying anemia development are ill defined, which hampers the development of an effective therapy. here, the contribution of the erythropoietic and erythrophagocytic potential as well as of hemodilution to the development of ...	2016	27632207
comparative evaluation of the nested its pcr against the 18s pcr-rflp in a survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in kwale county, kenya.	we compared the nested internal transcribed spacer (its) pcr and the 18s pcr-rflp (restriction-fragment length polymorphism) pan-trypanosome assays in a cross-sectional survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in 358 cattle in kwale county, kenya. the prevalence of trypanosomiasis as determined by the nested its pcr was 19.6% (70/358) and by 18s pcr-rflp was 16.8% (60/358). of the pathogenic trypanosomes detected, the prevalence of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax was greater than that of tr ...	2016	27423733
trypanocidal activity of ethanolic extracts of commiphora swynnertonii burtt on trypanosoma congolense.	african trypanosomosis is the disease caused by extracellular protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma transmitted by tsetse flies. the current study has evaluated the trypanocidal activity of commiphora swynnertonii extracts on trypanosoma congolense.	2016	27392030
host intracellular signaling events and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in african trypanosomiasis.	pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, possess specific molecules or proteins that are recognized by several host innate immune receptors, leading to the activation of several intracellular signaling molecules and pathways. the magnitude and quality of these events significantly affect the outcome of infection. african trypanosomes, including trypanosoma congolense, are capable of manipulating the host immune response, including the activity of macrophages, which are the key immune ...	2016	27242788
molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria.	animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ...	2016	27216812
characterization of an epimastigote-stage-specific hemoglobin receptor of trypanosoma congolense.	since trypanosoma spp. lack a complete heme synthesis pathway, the parasites are totally dependent on their host for heme throughout all of the stages of their life-cycle. we herein report the identification and characterization of a t. congolense epimastigote form (emf)-specific hemoglobin (hb) receptor. the gene was initially reported to encode a t. congolense haptoglobin (hp)-hb complex receptor (tchphbr) based on its similarity to a gene encoding a t. brucei hp-hb complex receptor (tbhphbr).	2016	27216446
phylogenetic analysis of the trypanosoma genus based on the heat-shock protein 70 gene.	trypanosome evolution was so far essentially studied on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu-rrna) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ggapdh) genes. we used for the first time the 70kda heat-shock protein gene (hsp70) to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among 11 trypanosoma species on the basis of 1380 nucleotides from 76 sequences corresponding to 65 strains. we also constructed a phylogeny based on combined datasets of ssu-rdna, ...	2016	27180897
mycophenolic acid and its derivatives as potential chemotherapeutic agents targeting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase in trypanosoma congolense.	this study aimed to evaluate the trypanocidal activity of mycophenolic acid (mpa) and its derivatives for trypanosoma congolense the proliferation of t. congolense was completely inhibited by adding <1 μm mpa and its derivatives. in addition, the imp dehydrogenase in t. congolense was molecularly characterized as the target of these compounds. the results suggest that mpa and its derivatives have the potential to be new candidates as novel trypanocidal drugs.	2016	27139487
an anti-proteome nanobody library approach yields a specific immunoassay for trypanosoma congolense diagnosis targeting glycosomal aldolase.	infectious diseases pose a severe worldwide threat to human and livestock health. while early diagnosis could enable prompt preventive interventions, the majority of diseases are found in rural settings where basic laboratory facilities are scarce. under such field conditions, point-of-care immunoassays provide an appropriate solution for rapid and reliable diagnosis. the limiting steps in the development of the assay are the identification of a suitable target antigen and the selection of appro ...	2016	26835967
trypanocidal activity of 2,5-diphenyloxazoles isolated from the roots of oxytropis lanata.	eleven 2,5-diphenyloxazole derivatives (1-11), together with six known isoflavonoid derivatives, were isolated from the roots of oxytropis lanata. the 2,5-diphenyloxazole (1) obtained proved to be identical to a standard sample used as a scintillator and liquid laser dye. the other oxazole derivatives isolated were found to have one to four hydroxy and/or o-methyl groups in their phenyl rings. seven of the oxazole derivatives obtained are new (3-9). the inhibitory activity of the isolated compou ...	2016	27797518
cloning, expression, molecular characterization and preliminary studies on immunomodulating properties of recombinant trypanosoma congolense calreticulin.	trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites, which are pathogens of veterinary and medical importance. several mammalian species, including humans, can be infected by different species of the genus trypanosoma (t. congolense, t. evansi, t. brucei, t. vivax) exhibiting more or less virulent and pathogenic phenotypes. a previous screening of the excreted-secreted proteins of t. congolense demonstrated an overexpression of several proteins correlated with the virulence and pathogenicity of the ...	2016	27688033
bovine trypanosomosis and glossina distribution in selected areas of southern part of rift valley, ethiopia.	cross-sectional study was conducted in 9 selected districts of the southern part the rift valley, ethiopia to estimate the dry period prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis as well as assessment of glossina species. from a total of 1838 cattle examined for trypanosomosis by buffy coat technique 133 (7.2%) were found infected by trypanosome species. from the total positive animals 66.9 and 33.1% of them accounted to trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax, respectively. significantly higher pre ...	2016	26581831
oral administration of azithromycin ameliorates trypanosomosis in trypanosoma congolense-infected mice.	animal trypanosomosis is a devastating parasitic disease that is of economic importance to livestock production. the infection includes animal african trypanosomosis, surra, and dourine. the treatment is based solely on few compounds that were discovered decades ago and which are associated with severe toxicity. furthermore, it is likely that the parasite has developed resistance towards them. thus, there is an urgent need for new, accessible, and less toxic drugs. azithromycin is an antibiotic ...	2017	28674747
characterization of tabanid flies (diptera: tabanidae) in south africa and zambia and detection of protozoan parasites they are harbouring.	tabanids are haematophagous flies feeding on livestock and wildlife. in the absence of information on the relationship of tabanid flies and protozoan parasites in south africa and zambia, the current study was aimed at characterizing tabanid flies collected in these two countries as well as detecting protozoan parasites they are harbouring. a total of 527 tabanid flies were collected whereby 70·2% were from south africa and 29·8% were from zambia. morphological analysis revealed a total of five ...	2017	28502276
intestinal bacterial communities of trypanosome-infected and uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis from three human african trypanomiasis foci in cameroon.	glossina sp. the tsetse fly that transmits trypanosomes causing the human or the animal african trypanosomiasis (hat or aat) can harbor symbiotic bacteria that are known to play a crucial role in the fly's vector competence. we hypothesized that other bacteria could be present, and that some of them could also influence the fly's vector competence. in this context the objectives of our work were: (a) to characterize the bacteria that compose the g. palpalis palpalis midgut bacteriome, (b) to evi ...	2017	28824591
differential virulence and tsetse fly transmissibility of <i>trypanosoma congolense</i> and <i>trypanosoma brucei</i> strains.	african animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-saharan african countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (glossina spp.). in the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of swiss white mice (n = 6). we further determined the vectorial capacity of glossina pallidipes, for ...	2017	28697609
polymerase chain reaction identification of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in wild tsetse flies from nkhotakota wildlife reserve, malawi.	trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is the causative agent of acute human african trypanosomiasis. identification of t. b. rhodesiense in tsetse populations is essential for understanding transmission dynamics, assessng human disease risk, and monitoring spatiotemporal trends and impact of control interventions. accurate detection and characterisation of trypanosomes in vectors relies on molecular techniques. for the first time in malawi, a molecular technique has been used to detect trypanosomes in ...	2017	28567189
the incrimination of three trypanosome species in clinically affected german shepherd dogs in sudan.	canine trypanosomosisis (ct) is a common disease caused by tsetse- and non-tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes worldwide. the severity of the disease varies from acute, sub-acute to chronic with non-specific clinical signs. here, we attempt in a cross-sectional study to assess the current situation of ct and the role of dogs in transmitting trypanosomes to other domesticated animals. the study was carried out during july 2016 on 50 caged german shepherd dogs in khartoum state to investigate the prev ...	2017	28856450
thymic stromal lymphopoietin is critical for regulation of proinflammatory cytokine response and resistance to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection.	african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) poses serious threat to human and animal health in sub-saharan africa. because there is currently no vaccine for preventing this disease and available drugs are not safe, understanding the mechanisms that regulate resistance and/or susceptibility to the disease could reveal novel targets for effective disease therapy and prevention. thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) plays a critical role in driving th2 immune response. although susceptibility to expe ...	2017	28769924
discovery and genomic analyses of hybridization between divergent lineages of trypanosoma congolense, causative agent of animal african trypanosomiasis.	hybrid populations and introgressive hybridization remain poorly documented in pathogenic micro-organisms, as such that genetic exchange has been argued to play a minor role in their evolution. recent work demonstrated the existence of hybrid microsatellite profiles in trypanosoma congolense, a parasitic protozoan with detrimental effects on livestock productivity in sub-saharan africa. here, we present the first population genomic study of t. congolense, revealing a remarkable number of single ...	2017	28752916
remarkable richness of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes) from the gorongosa national park and niassa national reserve of mozambique revealed by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (fflb).	trypanosomes of african wild ungulates transmitted by tsetse flies can cause human and livestock diseases. however, trypanosome diversity in wild tsetse flies remains greatly underestimated. we employed fflb (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) for surveys of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (3086) from the gorongosa national park (gnp) and niassa national reserve (nnr) in mozambique (mz), identified as glossina morsitans morsitans (gnp/nnr=77.6%/90.5%) and glossina pallidipes (22.4%/9.5%). trypa ...	2017	28688979
molecular occurrence of trypanosomes, erythrocyte and serum sialic acid concentrations of muturu and bunaji cattle in benue state, nigeria.	one hundred each, of muturu and bunaji cattle were screened, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), for trypanosomes in makurdi and gboko local government areas of benue state, nigeria. erythrocyte surface sialic acid (essa) and free serum sialic acid (fssa) concentrations were determined and compared in both breeds with the aim of providing baseline data for research and diagnostic purposes. five per cent (5%) and 23% of the muturu and bunaji cattle, respectively, were positive for trypanosomes ...	2017	28606317
trypanosuppresive effects of ellagic acid and amelioration of the trypanosome-associated pathological features coupled with inhibitory effects on trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico.	the search for novel antitrypanosomal agents had previously led to the isolation of ellagic acid as a bioactive antitrypanosomal compound using in vitro studies. however, it is not known whether this compound will elicit antitrypanosomal activity in in vivo condition which is usually the next step in the drug discovery process.	2017	28545671
in vivo effect of commiphora swynnertonii ethanolic extracts on trypanosoma congolense and selected immunological components in mice.	the search for alternative trypanocidal compounds which can be available at affordable price is of paramount importance for control of trypanosomosis in human and animals. the current study evaluates the in vivo activity of ethanolic stem bark extracts on trypanosoma congolense and selected immunological components in an inbred swiss albino mouse model.	2017	28535783
novel trypanocide from an extract of pleurotus sajor-caju against trypanosoma congolense.	control of african trypanosomiasis relies on chemotherapy, but the development of resistance and the problem of drug residues require research for alternatives. triterpenes and phenolics, the major constituents of pleurotus sajor-caju (fr.) singer (pleurotaceae), are reported to be effective against trypanosomiasis.	2017	27650882
a multigene family encoding surface glycoproteins in trypanosoma congolense.	trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of the most important livestock disease in africa, expresses specific surface proteins involved in its parasitic lifestyle. unfortunately, the complete repertoire of such molecules is far from being deciphered. as these membrane components are exposed to the host environment, they could be used as therapeutic or diagnostic targets. by mining the t. congolense genome database, we identified a novel family of lectin-like glycoproteins (tcoclecs). these m ...	2017	28357394
cattle breeding, trypanosomosis prevalence and drug resistance in northern togo.	african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is a major disease of cattle in togo and its control is essentially based on chemotherapy. however, because of excessive use of trypanocides during the past decades, chemo-resistance in the parasites has developed. in order to assess the current situation of aat and resistance to trypanocidal drugs in northern togo, a study was conducted on cattle from december 2012 to august 2013 in the regions of kara and savanes. an initial cross-sectional survey was carrie ...	2017	28288771
stigmasterol retards the proliferation and pathological features of trypanosoma congolense infection in rats and inhibits trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico.	stigmasterol has been reported to possess antitrypanosomal activity using in vitro model but information on the in vivo antitrypanosomal effects which is necessary in drug development process has not been evaluated. hence, the present study investigates the in vivo effects of stigmasterol against t. congolense in addition to its inhibitory effects of trypanosomal sialidase. stigmasterol, at 100mg/kg bw, did not significantly (p>0.05) reduce the progression of t. congolense infection in animals b ...	2017	28249250
trypanosomiasis challenge estimation using the diminazene aceturate (berenil) index in zebu in gabon.	a longitudinal study was conducted within a cattle ranch in gabon to determine the diminazene aceturate (berenil) index (dai) in a group of zebu, raised under low tsetse density; this measure providing an assessment of trypanosomiasis risk. the objective was to evaluate the trypanosomiasis pressure thus informing trypanosomiasis control methods and cattle management. twenty female adult zebu were monitored for 24 weeks during the dry season. blood samples were collected on a weekly basis and sub ...	2017	28194625
in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo activity of diamidines against trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax.	african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is caused by the tsetse-transmitted protozoans, trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax, leading to huge agricultural losses throughout sub-saharan africa. three drugs are available to treat nagana in cattle (diminazene diaceturate, homidium- and isometamidium chloride). with increasing reports of drug-resistant populations, new molecules should be investigated as potential candidates to combat nagana. dicationic compounds have demonstrated excellent efficacy agai ...	2017	28193658
molecular identification of trypanosome species in trypanotolerant cattle from the south of gabon.	the aim of this study was to provide information on trypanosome species infecting trypanotolerant cattle from southern gabon. the study was conducted on 224 trypanotolerant cattle from three regions located in southern gabon, using its1 primer-based pcr. seventy-two (32%) n'dama cattle were found polymerase chain reaction (pcr) positive with trypanosomes. the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 57% (63/110), 4% (4/100), and 36% (5/14) in the gala section of the nyanga ranch, the miyama ranc ...	2017	28145221
development of a rapid antibody test for point-of-care diagnosis of animal african trypanosomosis.	trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax are the main causative agents of animal african trypanosomosis (aat), a disease which hinders livestock production throughout sub-saharan africa and in some parts of south america. although two trypanocidal drugs are currently available, the level of treatment is low due to the difficulty in diagnosing the disease in the field. the major clinical signs of aat such as anaemia, weight loss, and infertility, are common to several other endemic livestock diseases. ...	2017	28043385
bovine trypanosomosis and vector density in omo-ghibe tsetse belt, south ethiopia.	african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is a parasitic disease that causes serious economic losses in livestock from anemia, loss of condition, emaciation and death in untreated cases. it is one of the major constraints to improved livestock production and productivity in ethiopia. entomological and parasitological surveys were conducted in the omo-ghibe tsetse belt of south ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and the apparent tsetse density (ad), and identify the potential ...	2017	28007483
identification and characterization of guanosine 5'-monophosphate reductase of trypanosoma congolense as a drug target.	trypanosoma congolense is one of the most prevalent pathogens which causes trypanosomosis in african animals, resulting in a significant economic loss. in its life cycle, t. congolense is incapable of synthesizing purine nucleotides via a de novo pathway, and thus relies on a salvage pathway to survive. in this study, we identified a gene from t. congolense, tcil3000_5_1940, as a guanosine 5'-monophosphate reductase (gmpr), an enzyme that modulates the concentration of intracellular guanosine in ...	2017	28366788
identification of potential protein partners that bind to the variant surface glycoprotein in trypanosoma equiperdum.	trypanosoma equiperdum possesses a dense coat of a variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) that is used to evade the host immune response by a process known as antigenic variation. soluble and membrane forms of the predominant vsg from the venezuelan t. equiperdum teap-n/d1 strain (svsg and mvsg, respectively) were purified to homogeneity; and antibodies against svsg and mvsg were raised, isolated, and employed to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies that structurally mimic the vsg surface. prospective ...	2017	28183369
evaluating the impact of targeting livestock for the prevention of human and animal trypanosomiasis, at village level, in districts newly affected with t. b. rhodesiense in uganda.	uganda has suffered from a series of epidemics of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), a tsetse transmitted disease, also known as sleeping sickness. the area affected by acute trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense hat (rhat) has been expanding, driven by importation of infected cattle into regions previously free of the disease. these regions are also affected by african animal trypanosomiasis (aat) demanding a strategy for integrated disease control.	2017	28162093
conjugates of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and salicylhydroxamate and lipocations display potent antiparasite effects by efficiently targeting the trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense mitochondrion.	we investigated a chemical strategy to boost the trypanocidal activity of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-dhba)- and salicylhydroxamic acid (sham)-based trypanocides with triphenylphosphonium and quinolinium lipophilic cations (lc). three series of lc conjugates were synthesized that were active in the submicromolar (5a-d and 10d-f) to low nanomolar (6a-f) range against wild-type and multidrug resistant strains of african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei brucei and t. congolense). this represente ...	2017	28112515