Publications

mixed bloodstream infection with staphylococcus aureus and penicillium chrysogenum in an immunocompromised patient: case report and review of the literature.	we report a case of an immunocompromised patient who developed a mixed bacterial-fungal bloodstream infection involving staphylococcus aureus and penicillium chrysogenum. to date, no reports of such mixed bloodstream infection have been found.	2003	14616728
detection of ige reactivity to fungus antigens by immunoblotting in allergic diseases in children.	fungi are well-known as sources for allergens that cause allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sensitization to airborne fungi in allergic diseases in children.	2003	14604308
co-transformation with autonomous replicating and integrative plasmids in penicillium chrysogenum is highly efficient and leads in some cases to rescue of the intact integrative plasmid.	the efficiency of co-transformation in penicillium chrysogenum wisconsin 54-1255 pyrg(-) and the fate of the transforming dna were studied using an integrative (pef43) and an autonomous replicating plasmid (pam9l). the results showed a co-transformation frequency of nearly 70% of all transformants tested. the total efficiency of transformation was shown to be dependent on the plasmid marker used as transformant selection (i.e., markers in the integrative or autonomous replicating vector). analys ...	2003	14516761
identification of moulds belonging to the penicillium genus using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr-sscp) method followed by 'computer assisted' statistical analysis of the electrophoretic patterns.		2003	14535495
antibodies to molds and satratoxin in individuals exposed in water-damaged buildings.	immunoglobulin (ig)a, igm, and igg antibodies against penicillium notatum, aspergillus niger, stachybotrys chartarum, and satratoxin h were determined in the blood of 500 healthy blood donor controls, 500 random patients, and 500 patients with known exposure to molds. the patients were referred to the immunological testing laboratory for health reasons other than mold exposure, or for measurement of mold antibody levels. levels of iga, igm, and igg antibodies against molds were significantly gre ...	2003	15143855
removal of as(v) from wastewaters by chemically modified fungal biomass.	biosorption has been demonstrated to be a useful alternative to conventional treatment systems for the removal of toxic metals from dilute aqueous solution. the objective of this paper was to examine the main aspects of a possible strategy for the removal of arsenates, employing p. chrysogenum biomass. the pretreatment of biomass with common surfactants (as hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide and dodecylamine) and a cationic polyelectrolyte was found to improve the biosorption efficiency. the in ...	2003	14511725
active internalization of the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein paf in sensitive aspergilli.	the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein paf inhibits the growth of various filamentous fungi. in this study, paf was found to localize to the cytoplasm of sensitive aspergilli by indirect immunofluorescence staining. the internalization process required active metabolism and atp and was prevented by latrunculin b, suggesting an endocytotic mechanism.	2003	14576124
hydrolytic activity of penicillium chrysogenum pg222 on pork myofibrillar proteins.	moulds grow on many different dry-cured meat products and are able to hydrolyse muscle proteins. however, their contribution to proteolysis in these products is not well known. only recently, the ability of just a few strains of penicillium spp. to increase proteolysis in dry-cured meat products has been shown. for these strains to be used as starter cultures, their hydrolytic activity under standard conditions should be characterised. with this purpose, the effect of penicillium chrysogenum pg2 ...	2003	14623381
a cold-adapted endo-arabinanase from penicillium chrysogenum.	previously, three arabinan-degrading enzymes were isolated from penicillium chrysogenum 31b. here we describe another arabinan-degrading enzyme, termed abnc, from the culture filtrate of the same organism. analysis of the reaction products of debranched arabinan by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (hpaec) revealed that abnc cleaved the substrate in an endo manner and that the final major product was arabinotriose. the molecular mass of abnc was estimated to be 35 kda by sds-page. e ...	2003	14642815
microbial exposure and mold-specific serum igg levels among children with respiratory symptoms in 2 school buildings.	in this study, the authors determined the association between serum mold-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) levels in primary school children (n = 181) with asthma, wheezing, or cough symptoms and exposure to indoor mold in 2 schools, with and without mold damage. microbial exposure was determined with environmental sampling. serum igg antibody concentrations against 24 microbial strains were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. children's microbe-specific igg levels were often higher ...	2003	14738273
[76 years since discovery of a penicillin-producing organism (1928-2003)].		2003	15106310
the "scorpion" experiment onboard the international space station. preliminary results.	the "scorpion" program onboard the russian segment (rs) of the international space station (iss) is designed to carry out complex research of the effects of the nar-earth space parameters on the conditions under which various experiments and operations are being conducted. special attention in this program was paid to the biological objects onboard the orbital station, e.g. it was found that variation in the number of colony forming units (micromicets and bacteria) correlates with the solar acti ...	2003	14997884
sorbicillactone a: a structurally unprecedented bioactive novel-type alkaloid from a sponge-derived fungus.	this chapter deals with the discovery of sorbicillactone a, as an illustrative example of the fruitful cooperation within biotecmarin--its isolation and chemical characterization, and its biological activities. sorbicillactone a was isolated from a strain of penicillium chrysogenum cultured from a sample of the mediterranean sponge ircinia fasciculata; it possesses a unique bicyclic lactone structure, seemingly derived from sorbicillin. among the numerous known sorbicillin-derived structures, it ...	2003	15825646
allergen detection from 11 fungal species before and after germination.	allergens dispersed by airborne fungal spores play an important but poorly understood role in the underlying cause and exacerbation of asthma. previous studies suggest that spores of alternaria and aspergillus release greater quantities of allergen after germination than before germination. it is unknown whether this is true of other allergenic fungi.	2003	12589346
characterization of exposure to low levels of viable penicillium chrysogenum conidia and allergic sensitization induced by a protease allergen extract from viable p. chrysogenum conidia in mice.	previous evidence by our laboratory has shown that mice inoculated with viable penicillium chrysogenum conidia or spores at levels comparable to those found in contaminated buildings induced spore antigen-specific allergic responses. we proposed that mice exposed to low levels of viable p. chrysogenum conidia would not develop allergic symptoms. we also hypothesized that the symptoms induced by high numbers of conidia were the result of sensitization to allergens released by the conidia.	2003	12660424
the isopenicillin n acyltransferases of aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum differ in their ability to maintain the 40-kda alphabeta heterodimer in an undissociated form.	the isopenicillin n acyltransferases (iats) of aspergillus nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum differed in their ability to maintain the 40-kda proacyltransferase alphabeta heterodimer in an undissociated form. the native a. nidulans iat exhibited a molecular mass of 40 kda by gel filtration. the p. chrysogenum iat showed a molecular mass of 29 kda by gel filtration (corresponding to the beta subunit of the enzyme) but the undissociated 40-kda heterodimer was never observed even in crude extrac ...	2003	12709055
continuous cultivations of a penicillium chrysogenum strain expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus: kinetics of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid and byproduct formations.	the production kinetics of a transformed strain of penicillium chrysogenum expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus was investigated in chemostat cultivations. the recombinant strain produces adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (ad-7-adca) as the major product; however, during the cultivations, the appearance of a major unknown and poorly secreted product was observed. investigations using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and liquid chromatography-mass s ...	2003	12783491
continuous cultivations of a penicillium chrysogenum strain expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus: growth yields and morphological characterization.	the growth stoichiometry of a penicillium chrysogenum strain expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus was determined in glucose-limited chemostat cultivations using a chemically defined medium. this strain produces adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (ad-7-adca) when it is fed with adipic acid. the biomass yield and maintenance coefficients for the strain were similar to those found for penicillin-producing strains of penicillium chrysogenum. the maximum specific gro ...	2003	12783492
effect of protease epg222 obtained from penicillium chrysogenum isolated from dry-cured ham in pieces of pork loins.	the fungal protease epg222 obtained from penicillium chrysogenum pg222 isolated from dry-cured ham, was assayed for proteolytic activity in a meat model system based on sterile pieces of pork loins for 32 days. treated samples showed a significative reduction of total high ionic strength-soluble proteins during the incubation period, as compared with a control incubated without enzyme, both on the surface and in the depth. sds-page analysis of this protein fraction showed higher hydrolysis of th ...	2003	12502393
does the detoxification of penicillin side-chain precursors depend on microsomal monooxygenase and glutathione s-transferase in penicillium chrysogenum?	the glutathione (gsh) s-conjugation of 1,2-epoxy-3-(4'-nitrophenoxy)propane was catalysed predominantly by microsomal glutathione s-transferase (mgst) in penicillium chrysogenum. the specific mgst activity unlike the cytosolic gst (cgst) activity increased substantially when the penicillin side-chain precursor phenoxyacetic acid (poa) was included in the culture medium. therefore, a microsomal monooxygenase (causing possible release of epoxide intermediates) and mgst-dependent detoxification pat ...	2003	12872310
three-dimensional structure of penicillium chrysogenum virus: a double-stranded rna virus with a genuine t=1 capsid.	although double-stranded (ds) rna viruses are a rather diverse group, they share general architectural principles and numerous functional features. all dsrna viruses, from the mammalian reoviruses to the bacteriophage phi6, including fungal viruses, share a specialized capsid involved in transcription and replication of the dsrna genome, and release of the viral plus strand rna. this ubiquitous capsid consists of 120 protein subunits in a so-called t=2 organization. the stringent requirements of ...	2003	12888349
[fungi growth in buildings].	the results of research into occurrence of fungi in buildings are hereby presented. indoor air pollution balanced between 10(2)-10(3) cfu/m3. examined building surfaces have been found significantly mouldy. total number of fungi ranged from 3.28 x 10(5) to 9.75 x 10(10) cfu/100 cm2. the results of the research show the active development of this group of microorganisms. in rooms, over 30 fungi species belonging to 11 genera have been detected. the most frequently occurring ones were fungi genera ...	2003	12870304
effect of penicillium chrysogenum and debaryomyces hansenii on the volatile compounds during controlled ripening of pork loins.	during ripening of meat products such as dry-cured ham, the moulds and yeasts that proliferate on the surface may contribute to flavour development. however, their contribution to volatile components of dry-cured meat products is not known. one strain each of penicillium chrysogenum and debaryomyces hansenii, selected from dry-cured ham by their proteolytic activity, were tested to determine their effect on the volatile compounds during ripening. sterile pork loins were inoculated and ripened fo ...	2003	12810295
domain structure characterization of the multifunctional alpha-aminoadipate reductase from penicillium chrysogenum by limited proteolysis. activation of alpha-aminoadipate does not require the peptidyl carrier protein box or the reduction domain.	the alpha-aminoadipate reductase (alpha-aar) of penicillium chrysogenum, an enzyme that activates the alpha-aminoadipic acid by forming an alpha-aminoadipyl adenylate and reduces the activated intermediate to alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde, was purified to homogeneity by immunoaffinity techniques, and the kinetics for alpha-aminoadipic acid, atp, and nadph were determined. sequencing of the n-terminal end confirmed the 10 first amino acids deduced from the nucleotide sequence. its domain structu ...	2003	12509419
curvularia haloperoxidase: antimicrobial activity and potential application as a surface disinfectant.	a presumed antimicrobial enzyme system, the curvularia haloperoxidase system, was examined with the aim of evaluating its potential as a sanitizing agent. in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, curvularia haloperoxidase facilitates the oxidation of halides, such as chloride, bromide, and iodide, to antimicrobial compounds. the curvularia haloperoxidase system caused several-log-unit reductions in counts of bacteria (pseudomonas spp., escherichia coli, serratia marcescens, aeromonas salmonicida, s ...	2003	12902249
contribution of hydrolytic enzymes produced by saprophytic fungi to the decrease in plant toxicity caused by water-soluble substances in olive mill dry residue.	we studied the influence of saprophytic fungi on the toxic effect that the water-soluble substances in dry residues from olive (ador) have on the growth of plants. all saprophytic fungi were able to decrease the phytotoxicity of ador, although the toxicity of this residue did not decrease in the same way. penicillium chrysogenum was able to reduce the toxicity of ador when this residue was applied at the highest dose of 15%. fusarium lateritum, f. graminearum and mucor racemosus were able to red ...	2004	12811426
novel genes involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis: the three-component isopenicillin n epimerase system.	cephalosporin is one of the best beta-lactam antibiotics, widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases. it is synthesized by acremonium chrysogenum. the levels of cephalosporin produced by the improved strains obtained by classical mutation and selection procedures are still low compared to the penicillin titers obtained from the high-producing penicillium chrysogenum strains. most of the genes encoding the cephalosporin biosynthesis enzymes have been cloned, and some improvement of cepha ...	2004	15719553
compartmentalization and transport in beta-lactam antibiotics biosynthesis.	classical strain improvement of beta-lactam producing organisms by random mutagenesis has been a powerful tool during the last century. current insights in the biochemistry and genetics of beta-lactam production, in particular in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum, however, make a more directed and rational approach of metabolic pathway engineering possible. besides the need for efficient genetic methods, a thorough understanding is needed of the metabolic fluxes in primary, intermed ...	2004	15719554
pcmtr, an aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease of penicillium chrysogenum.	the gene encoding an aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease of penicillium chrysogenum was cloned, functionally expressed and characterized in saccharomyces cerevisiae m4276. the permease, designated pcmtr, is structurally and functionally homologous to mtr of neurospora crassa, and unrelated to the amino acid permease (aap) family which includes most amino acid permeases in fungi. database searches of completed fungal genome sequences reveal that mtr type permeases are not widely di ...	2004	15581852
antibiotics in the chemical communication of fungi.	in dual cultures oudemansiella mucida and xerula melanotricha (basidiomycetes) react to the presence of living penicillium notatum or p. turbatum with an increased production of strobilurin a (1) or x (2). p. notatum in turn reacts to the two basidiomycetes or their antibiotic strobilurin a alone with the production of n-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-2-aminobenzoic acid amide (3) or chrysogine (4). p. melinii and p. urticae overgrow o. mucida due to complete resistance to strobilurin a. p. brevicompactum ...	2004	15666540
cherry chlorotic rusty spot and amasya cherry diseases are associated with a complex pattern of mycoviral-like double-stranded rnas. i. characterization of a new species in the genus chrysovirus.	cherry chlorotic rusty spot (ccrs) and amasya cherry disease (acd) display similar symptoms and are associated with a series of dsrnas. however, a direct comparison has been lacking. here, a side-by-side analysis confirmed that both diseases were symptomatologically very similar, as were the number (10-12) and size of their associated dsrnas. sequence determination of four of these dsrnas revealed that they were essentially identical for ccrs and acd. the largest (3399 bp), which potentially enc ...	2004	15483256
expression of agsa, one of five 1,3-alpha-d-glucan synthase-encoding genes in aspergillus niger, is induced in response to cell wall stress.	1,3-alpha-d-glucan is an important component of the cell wall of filamentous fungi. we have identified a family of five 1,3-alpha-d-glucan synthase-encoding genes in aspergillus niger. the agsa gene was sequenced and the predicted protein sequence indicated that the overall domain structure of 1,3-alpha-d-glucan synthases is conserved in fungi. using rt-pcr and northern blot analysis, we found that expression of the agsa gene and to a lesser extent also of agse were induced in the presence of th ...	2004	15670714
effect of two systemic fungicides on cellulose decomposing fungi of tomato plants and on some enzymatic activities.	kocide 101 (77% cupric hydroxide) and ridomil plus (15% metalaxyl and 35% copper oxychloride) were used in the treatment of tomato plants. the two fungicides exerted a depressive effect on the total counts and on the individual cellulose decomposing fungal species associated with the roots and shoots of tomato. when these fungicides were incorporated in the liquid culture medium specified for growth and extracellular enzyme production by some selected fungal species, there was a significant redu ...	2004	15704330
elicitor effects on reactive oxygen species in liquid cultures of penicillium chrysogenum.	activity of reactive oxygen species (ros) was investigated in liquid cultures of penicillium chrysogenum p2 supplemented with carbohydrates. oligosaccharides lowered the ros activity in all samples. the greatest effect occurred when oligosaccharides were added to samples 48 h after inoculation. the ros decrease in the presence of oligoguluronate, oligomannuronate and mannan oligosaccharides was 18%, 36% and 54%, respectively (ros levels varied notably with culture age and type of elicitor). the ...	2004	15000483
molecular and structural analysis of immunoglobulin e-binding epitopes of pen ch 13, an alkaline serine protease major allergen from penicillium chrysogenum.	through proteomic and genomic approaches we have previously identified and characterized an alkaline serine protease that is a major allergen (88% frequency of ige binding) of penicillium chrysogenum (pen ch 13).	2004	15663570
contribution of a selected fungal population to proteolysis on dry-cured ham.	the proteolytic changes taking place in dry-cured hams lead to increases in free amino acids. such free amino acids not only contribute to flavour, but also serve as precursors of volatile compounds. several months of ripening time are required to allow the particular flavour to develop. the fungal population allowed to grow on the surface of some types of dry-cured could play a key role on proteolysis, as it has been shown for dry-cured sausages. the purpose of this work was to study the possib ...	2004	15172485
culturability and toxicity of sick building syndrome-related fungi over time.	two experiments were conducted regarding the culturability and toxicity of fungi located on building materials over time and the efficacy of seven laboratory techniques in recovering culturable fungi from sample swabs. in the first experiment, eight sections of drywall were inoculated with stachybotrys chartarum and stored at 25 +/- 5 degrees celsius and 20-60% relative humidity (rh) for up to two years. another eight sections of ceiling tile were stored at 100% rh for 1 year. six sections of ce ...	2004	15238302
identification of a negative regulatory element which regulates basal transcription of a multidrug resistance gene cdr1 of candida albicans.	we have earlier shown that transcriptional activation of the candida drug resistance gene, cdr1, is linked to various stresses wherein a proximal promoter (-345 bp from the transcription start point (tsp)) was found to be predominantly more responsive. in this study we have examined basal expression of the cdr1 proximal promoter by employing a renilla luciferase reporter system. we observed that upon sequential deletion of the proximal promoter, there was modulation in basal reporter activity. t ...	2004	14734019
uptake of the beta-lactam precursor alpha-aminoadipic acid in penicillium chrysogenum is mediated by the acidic and the general amino acid permease.	external addition of the beta-lactam precursor alpha-aminoadipic acid to the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum leads to an increased intracellular alpha-aminoadipic acid concentration and an increase in penicillin production. the exact route for alpha-aminoadipic acid uptake is not known, although the general amino acid and acidic amino acid permeases have been implicated in this process. their corresponding genes, pcgap1 and pcdip5, of p. chrysogenum were cloned and functionally expres ...	2004	15294814
regulation of penicillin biosynthesis in filamentous fungi.	the beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin is one of the mainly used antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases. it is produced as end product by some filamentous fungi only, most notably by aspergillus (emericella) nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum. the penicillin biosynthesis is catalysed by three enzymes which are encoded by the following three genes: acva (pcbab), ipna (pcbc) and aata (pende). the genes are organised into a gene cluster. although the production of secondary metabolites ...	2004	15719552
transformation of copper oxychloride fungicide into copper oxalate by tolerant fungi and the effect of nitrogen source on tolerance.	aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum were able to grow on czapek dox medium amended with elevated concentrations [up to 500 ppm active ingredient (ai)] of the fungicide copper oxychloride. solubilization of the fungicide in solid medium was evident by the appearance of a clear (halo) zone underneath and around the growing colonies. the halo formed with a. niger, grown on fungicide-containing nitrate nitrogen medium, was found subsequently to enclose concentric rings of newly crystalline ...	2004	14971857
central nervous system infection due to penicillium chrysogenum.	penicillium chrysogenum was isolated from three subsequent cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens of a 73-year-old male patient without immunological compromise. the isolated was tested against five antifungal agents according to the nccls m38-p macrodilution method. mics were determined as follows: amphotericin b (amb), 2 microg ml(-1); fluconazole (flz), 8 microg ml(-1); itraconazole (itz), 1 microg ml(-1); flucytosine (5fc), 0.125 microg ml(-1); and terbinafine (trb), 0.06 microg ml(-1). the pat ...	2004	15189193
[penicillium chrysogenum endophthalmitis: a case report].	we report a case of penicillium chrysogenum endophthalmitis after penetrating ocular trauma in a 9-year-old child, describing the initial management and the therapeutic adaptation after biopsy culture. after a review of endophthalmitis treatment, we discuss mycotic endophthalmitis treatment and recommend the use of intravitreal antibiotics. in this case, we used amphotericin b to treat the fungal disorder with success.	2004	15039628
human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase (isoform 1, brain): kinetic properties of the adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase domains.	recombinant human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (paps) synthetase, isoform 1 (brain), was purified to near-homogeneity from an escherichia coli expression system and kinetically characterized. the native enzyme, a dimer with each 71 kda subunit containing an adenosine triphosphate (atp) sulfurylase and an adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase domain, catalyzes the overall formation of paps from atp and inorganic sulfate. the protein is active as isolated, but activity is enhanced by t ...	2004	15065880
allosteric inhibition of zinc-finger binding in the major groove of dna by minor-groove binding ligands.	in recent years, two methods have been developed that may eventually allow the targeted regulation of a broad repertoire of genes. the engineered protein strategy involves selecting cys(2)his(2) zinc finger proteins that will recognize specific sites in the major groove of dna. the small molecule approach utilizes pairing rules for pyrrole-imidazole polyamides that target specific sites in the minor groove. to understand how these two methods might complement each other, we have begun exploring ...	2004	15049695
crystal structure of a novel zinc-binding atp sulfurylase from thermus thermophilus hb8.	atp sulfurylase (atps) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the adenylyl group from atp to inorganic sulfate, producing adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) and pyrophosphate. the crystal structure of atps from thermus thermophilus hb8 (ttatps, 347 amino acid residues) in complex with aps was determined at 2.5 a resolution. ttatps is composed of three domains [domain i (residues 1-134), domain ii (residues 135-290), and domain iii (residues 291-347)], like the riftia pachyptila sym ...	2004	15065853
mould extracts increase the allergic response to ovalbumin in mice.	exposure to moulds in indoor air is thought to induce asthma in susceptible persons. moulds may contain several potent allergens. however, more importantly, moulds may increase the allergic response to other allergens (adjuvant effect). previously, we have found that a beta-1,3-glucan from the cell wall of the fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum increases the allergic response to the model allergen ovalbumin (ova) in a mouse model.	2004	15479281
an investigation into techniques for cleaning mold-contaminated home contents.	this study examined the efficacy of the following treatments to reduce selected fungal spore and mycotoxin levels on materials commonly found in home contents: (1) gamma irradiation at a 10-13 kilogray exposure, (2) a detergent/bleach wash, and (3) a steam cleaning technique. a minimum of six replicates were performed per treatment. paper, cloth, wood, and carpet were inoculated with either fungal spores (stachybotrys chartarum, aspergillus niger, penicillium chrysogenum, or chaetomium globosum) ...	2004	15238314
isolation and characterisation of antibiotic producing microorganisms in composted nigerian soil.	compost samples obtained from different locations within the premises of the university of lagos were analysed to determine the presence and types of antibiotic-producing bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes using nutrient agar, potato dextrose agar and starch casein nitrate agar respectively as culture media. a variety of bacteria were isolated and these included staphylococcus aureus, b. subtilis, b. pumilis, b. lactesporus, b. megaterium, b. pulvifaciens, b. licheniformis, streptococus spp., cor ...	2004	15847340
penicillium chrysogenum pex5p mediates differential sorting of pts1 proteins to microbodies of the methylotrophic yeast hansenula polymorpha.	we have isolated the penicillium chrysogenum pex5 gene encoding the receptor for microbody matrix proteins containing a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (pts1). pc-pex5 contains 2 introns and encodes a protein of approximately 75 kda. p. chrysogenum pex5 disruptants appear to be highly unstable, show poor growth, and are unable to sporulate asexually. furthermore, pex5 cells mislocalize a fluorescent pts1 reporter protein to the cytosol. pc-pex5 was expressed in a pex5 null mutant of the yeas ...	2004	15275666
fungi and the indoor environment: their impact on human health.		2004	15350789
the influence of small oligosaccharides on the immune system.	in this study, oligosaccharides known to enhance the synthesis of penicillin by penicillium chrysogenum have been presented to human immune cells and their effect measured. in addition a range of commercially available oligosaccharides have been tested. results obtained indicate that oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerisation greater than 6 and with a tendency to form helical structures are most effective at influencing the immune system as measured by the production of reactive oxidising ...	2004	15220076
rapid identification of microbial vocs from tobacco molds using closed-loop stripping and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	several microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) that can serve as potential chemical markers for microbial contamination in tobacco have been identified. four different fungal species, aspergillus niger (an), a. ornatus (ao), pencillium chrysogenum (pc) and rhizopus stolonifer (rs), commonly reported in moldy tobacco were cultured and screened for mvocs. because the mvocs emitted by a microbial species are substrate specific, the fungal strains were separately grown on potato dextrose agar ...	2004	15517467
mites and fungi in heavily infested stores in the czech republic.	toxigenic and allergen-producing fungi represent a serious hazard to human food and animal feed safety. ninety-four fungal species were isolated from mite-infested samples of seeds taken from czech seed stores. fungi were isolated from the surface of four kinds of seeds (wheat, poppy, lettuce, and mustard) and from the gut and external surface of five species of mites (i.e., acarus siro l., 1758, caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides (zachvatkin, 1973), lepidoglyphus destructor (schrank, 1781), tyrophagus ...	2004	15666776
overproduction of a single protein, pc-pex11p, results in 2-fold enhanced penicillin production by penicillium chrysogenum.	current industrial production of beta-lactam antibiotics, using the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum, is the result of many years of strain improvement by classical mutagenesis. more efficient production strains showed significant increases in the number and volume fraction of microbodies in their cells, organelles that harbor key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. we have isolated the p. chrysogenum cdna encoding pc-pex11p, a peroxin that is involved in m ...	2004	15670713
penicillium chrysogenum glucose oxidase -- a study on its antifungal effects.	purification and characterization of the high molecular mass candida albicans-killing protein secreted by penicillium chrysogenum.	2004	15546411
molecular characterization of a penicillium chrysogenum exo-1,5-alpha-l-arabinanase that is structurally distinct from other arabinan-degrading enzymes.	the nucleotide sequence of the abnx cdna gene, which encodes an exo-arabinanase (abnx) of penicillium chrysogenum 31b, was determined. abnx was found to be structurally distinct from known arabinan-degrading enzymes based on its amino acid sequence and a hydrophobic cluster analysis. the protein in the protein database with the highest similarity to abnx was the neurospora crassa conserved hypothetical protein. the abnx cdna gene product expressed in escherichia coli catalyzed the release of ara ...	2004	14988022
survival and growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 in roast beef and salami after exposure to an alkaline cleaner.	survival and growth of wild-type (edl 933) and rpos-deficient (frik 816-3) strains of escherichia coli o157:h7 after exposure to an alkaline cleaner for 2 min and inoculating into roast beef (ph 6.3) and hard salami (ph 4.9) at low (0.003 to 0.52 cfu/g) and high (0.69 to 31.5 cfu/g) populations were determined. roast beef was stored at 4 and 12 degrees c; salami was stored at 4, 12, and 20 degrees c. at 4 degrees c, untreated cells of both strains showed greater reductions in populations in sala ...	2004	15508618
development of selective media for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from soil and plant debris.	a new semi-selective medium, acidified weak potato-dextrose agar (awpda) with mertect (active ingredient: thiabendazole), was developed for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris. the medium was selected based on growth inhibition tests against alternaria and several other commonly encountered saprobic fungi utilizing three antifungal agents, botran (active ingredient: dichloran), bayleton (active ingredient: triadimefon), and mertect, and two b ...	2004	15381969
the cell wall stress response in aspergillus niger involves increased expression of the glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-encoding gene (gfaa) and increased deposition of chitin in the cell wall.	perturbation of cell wall synthesis in saccharomyces cerevisiae, either by mutations in cell wall synthesis-related genes or by adding compounds that interfere with normal cell wall assembly, triggers a compensatory response to ensure cell wall integrity. this response includes an increase in chitin levels in the cell wall. here it is shown that aspergillus niger also responds to cell wall stress by increasing chitin levels. the increased chitin level in the cell wall was accompanied by increase ...	2004	15470111
kinetic and stability properties of penicillium chrysogenum atp sulfurylase missing the c-terminal regulatory domain.	atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum is a homohexameric enzyme that is subject to allosteric inhibition by 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate. in contrast to the wild type enzyme, recombinant atp sulfurylase lacking the c-terminal allosteric domain was monomeric and noncooperative. all kcat values were decreased (the adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (adenylylsulfate) (aps) synthesis reaction to 17% of the wild type value). additionally, the michaelis constants for mgatp and sulfate (or mol ...	2004	14613928
molecular characterization of penicillium chrysogenum virus: reconsideration of the taxonomy of the genus chrysovirus.	molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequencing of penicillium chrysogenum virus (pcv) dsrnas indicated that pcv virions contained four dsrna segments with sizes of 3562, 3200, 2976 and 2902 bp. each dsrna segment had unique sequences and contained a single large open reading frame (orf). in vitro translation of transcripts derived from full-length cdna clones of pcv dsrnas yielded single products of sizes similar to those predicted from the deduced amino acid sequences of the individual or ...	2004	15218197
transglycosylation catalyzed by a penicillium chrysogenum exo-1,5-alpha-l-arabinanase.	penicillium chrysogenum exo-arabinanase (abnx), which releases arabinobiose from the nonreducing terminus of alpha-1,5-l-arabinan, was found to possess trans-arabinobiosylation activity on various acceptors, such as aliphatic alcohols, sugars, and sugar alcohols. abnx was found to prefer primary hydroxyl groups in polyhydric alcohols as acceptors over primary hydroxyl groups in monohydric alcohols. among the 21 different compounds tested, glycerol was the best acceptor for the enzyme. the transf ...	2004	15342117
allergic inflammation induced by a penicillium chrysogenum conidia-associated allergen extract in a murine model.	recent evidence has shown that viable conidia from the fungus penicillium chrysogenum induce allergic effects in mice. the present study was conducted to determine the specific allergic dose response of c57bl/6 mice to the protease extract, pen ch, isolated from viable p. chrysogenum conidia.	2004	15180764
elicitor effects on penicillium chrysogenum morphology in submerged cultures.	changes in morphology and sporulation were investigated in liquid cultures of penicillium chrysogenum p2 supplemented with carbohydrate oligosaccharides. sodium alginate and locust-bean (ceratonia siliqua) gum-derived oligosaccharides were used as elicitors. spore germination was inhibited by the addition of og (oligoguluronate) elicitor (30% inhibition when compared with control). addition of any of the elicitors to stirred-tank cultures increased hyphal-tip numbers, clump area and spore counts ...	2004	15134576
inactivation of the lys7 gene, encoding saccharopine reductase in penicillium chrysogenum, leads to accumulation of the secondary metabolite precursors piperideine-6-carboxylic acid and pipecolic acid from alpha-aminoadipic acid.	pipecolic acid serves as a precursor of the biosynthesis of the alkaloids slaframine and swainsonine (an antitumor agent) in some fungi. it is not known whether other fungi are able to synthesize pipecolic acid. penicillium chrysogenum has a very active alpha-aminoadipic acid pathway that is used for the synthesis of this precursor of penicillin. the lys7 gene, encoding saccharopine reductase in p. chrysogenum, was target inactivated by the double-recombination method. analysis of a disrupted st ...	2004	14766586
berkeleydione and berkeleytrione, new bioactive metabolites from an acid mine organism.	[structure: see text] two novel hybrid polyketide-terpenoid metabolites were isolated from a penicillium sp. growing in the berkeley pit lake of butte, montana. their structures were deduced by spectroscopic analysis and confirmed by single-crystal x-ray analysis on berkeleydione (1). both compounds inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-3 and caspase-1, and berkeleydione showed activity toward non-small-cell lung cancer in nci's human cell line antitumor screen.	2004	15012097
cloning and characterization of preferentially expressed genes in an aluminum-tolerant mutant derived from penicillium chrysogenum ifo4626.	cdnas expressed preferentially in an al-tolerant microorganism were isolated by subtraction hybridization with cdnas of al-sensitive penicillium chrysogenum ifo4626 as driver cdna and cdnas of the al-tolerant mutant derived from the wild cells by uv irradiation as tester cdna. northern blot analysis revealed that mrna levels of six genes were increased significantly in the al-tolerant mutant after exposure to al stress when compared with the wild cells. two genes accumulated in both the presence ...	2004	14734176
the presence of penicillium and penicillium mycotoxins in food wastes.	a total of 97 samples (48 summer and 49 winter) of food waste from private households were investigated for penicillium and for mycotoxins. twenty-five penicillium species were isolated and penicillium crustosum, penicillium brevicompactum, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium expansum, penicillium roqueforti, penicillium spinulosum, penicillium viridicatum, penicillium commune, penicillium citrinum and penicillium solitum were, in decreasing order, the most frequently identified species. mycoto ...	2004	14698099
high efficiency transformation of penicillium nalgiovense with integrative and autonomously replicating plasmids.	penicillium nalgiovense is a filamentous fungus that is acquiring increasing biotechnological importance in the food industry due to its widespread use as starter culture for cured and fermented meat products. strains of p. nalgiovense can be improved by genetic modification to remove the production of penicillin and other potentially hazardous secondary metabolites, to improve its capacity to control the growth of undesirable fungi and bacteria on the meat product, and other factors that contri ...	2004	14698104
fermentation and antimicrobial activities of extracts from different species of fungus belonging to genus, trichoderma.	the present paper discusses the effects of the crude extracts of trichoderma spp. on a number of fungal and bacterial organisms. these include paecilomyces variotii, penicillium notatum, nematospora corylii, mucor miehei, bacillus brevis, bacillus subtilis, enterobacter dissolvens and sarcina lutea. the culture broth extracts of different isolates of trichoderma harzianum, t. longibrachiatum and t. koningii cultured in different media were investigated individually for in-vitro antifungal and an ...	2004	17298115
cross-reactivity of aspergillus, penicillium, and stachybotrys antigens using affinity-purified antibodies and immunoassay.	in this study, the author examined the cross-reactivities of stachybotrys chartarum, aspergillus niger/fumigatus, and penicillium notatum with affinity-purified rabbit sera. the molds were grown for expression of maximum numbers of antigens, after which they were extracted and mixed with commercially available extracts. the mixture was used for antibody preparation in rabbits, measurement of antibody levels, and for the demonstration of the degree of cross-reactivity. control rabbits were inject ...	2004	16201672
intestinal invasion and disseminated disease associated with penicillium chrysogenum.	penicillium sp., other than p. marneffei, is an unusual cause of invasive disease. these organisms are often identified in immunosuppressed patients, either due to human immunodeficiency virus or from immunosuppressant medications post-transplantation. they are a rarely identified cause of infection in immunocompetent hosts.	2005	16371150
proper folding of the antifungal protein paf is required for optimal activity.	the penicillium chrysogenumantifungal protein paf is secreted into the supernatant after elimination of a preprosequence. paf is actively internalized into the hyphae of sensitive molds and provokes growth retardation as well as changes in morphology. thus far, no information is available on the exact mode of action of paf, nor on the function of its prosequence in protein activity. therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of secreted paf as well as of intracellularly retained pro-paf and ...	2005	15636746
new insights into the target site and mode of action of the antifungal protein of aspergillus giganteus.	the antifungal protein (afp) secreted by aspergillus giganteus exerts growth inhibitory effects on various filamentous fungi. in order to obtain more information on the mode of action of afp, we used transmission electron microscopy in this study to compare the cellular ultrastructure of the afp-sensitive aspergillus niger and of the afp-resistant penicillium chrysogenum upon afp treatment. furthermore, afp was localized by immunogold staining in both fungi. severe membrane alterations in a. nig ...	2005	15636747
allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana.	background: beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of beauveria species has not been widely studied. methods: ige-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. skin reactivity to b. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal s ...	2005	15644142
characterization of the oat1 gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding an omega-aminotransferase: induction by l-lysine, l-ornithine and l-arginine and repression by ammonium.	the penicillium chrysogenum oat1 gene, which encodes a class iii omega-aminotransferase, was cloned and characterized. this enzyme converts lysine into 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde, and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of 2-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. the enzyme is related to ornithine-5-aminotransferases and to the lysine-6-aminotransferases encoded by the lat genes found in bacterial cephamycin gene clusters. expression of oat1 is ind ...	2005	16163487
synthesis of penicillium chrysogenum acetyl-coa:isopenicillin n acyltransferase in hansenula polymorpha: first step towards the introduction of a new metabolic pathway.	the enzyme acetyl-coa:isopenicillin n acyltransferase (iat) is a peroxisomal enzyme that mediates the final step of penicillin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungi penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans. however, the precise role of peroxisomes in penicillin biosynthesis is still not clear. to be able to use the power of yeast genetics to solve the function of peroxisomes in penicillin biosynthesis, we introduced iat in the yeast hansenula polymorpha. to this purpose, the p. chrysogen ...	2005	16169289
immunoglobulin g antibodies against environmental moulds in a norwegian healthy population shows a bimodal distribution for aspergillus versicolor.	immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies against moulds related to indoor dampness problems are used as biomarkers to indicate exposure. in the present study, we evaluated the frequency of mould exposure in an adult healthy population by examining levels of mould-specific igg antibodies in norwegian blood donors. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 106 blood donor sera were analyzed for igg antibodies to aspergillus versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, cladosporium herbarum, stachybotrys chartarum ...	2005	16179015
modeling the effect of ethanol vapor on the germination time of penicillium chrysogenum.	the influence of ethanol vapor on germination of penicillium chrysogenum was determined on yeast nitrogen base plus glucose agar medium at 25 degrees c. ethanol vapors were generated by 0 to 6% (wt/wt) ethanol solutions at the bottom of hermetically closed petri dishes. the logistic equation was used to describe the data as the percentage of germination versus time and to estimate the germination time. the effect of ethanol concentration on germination time was described by a new reparameterized ...	2005	15954708
effect of herbizid and touchdown herbicides on soil fungi and on production of some extracellular enzymes.	glucophilic and cellulose-decomposing fungi were significantly reduced in soil samples treated with 0.019-0.152 mg a.i./kg soil of the herbicides herbizid and touchdown. the decrease was regularly correlated with the doses of the two herbicides and persisted till the end of the experiment (12 weeks). the isolated fungi were found to be able to produce hydrolytic extracellular enzymes in solid media but with variable capabilities. the ability to produce enzymes was adversily affected by the incor ...	2005	15957238
the naga gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase.	we purified the beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase from the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum and its n-terminal sequence was determined, showing the presence of a mixture of two proteins (p1 and p2). a genomic dna fragment was cloned by using degenerated oligonucleotides from the nt sequences. the nucleotide sequence showed the presence of an orf (naga gene) lacking introns, with a length of 1791 bp, and coding for a protein of 66.5 kda showing similarity to acetylglucosaminidases. the naga ...	2005	15621446
microfungi in cultivated fields in eskişehir provience (turkey).	the soil microfungi flora was investigated in four locations of eskişehir (turkey). 56 soil samples were seasonaly collected from 14 stations in the areas of karacahöyük, bahçecik, ogu i, and ogu ii. a total of 110 species belonging to 32 genera were encountered including absidia, acremonium, alternaria, aspergillus, beauveria, botryoderma, chaetomium, chrysosporium, cladosporium, eupenicillium, eurotium, fusarium, geotrichum, gliocladium, gonytrichum, metarrhizium, mucor, myrothecium, paecilomy ...	2005	16028200
lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid in penicillium chrysogenum by an omega-aminotransferase and to saccharopine by a lysine 2-ketoglutarate reductase. characterization of the omega-aminotransferase.	the biosynthesis and catabolism of lysine in penicillium chrysogenum is of great interest because these pathways provide 2-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of the tripeptide delta-l-2-aminoadipyl-l-cysteinyl-d-valine that is an intermediate in penicillin biosynthesis. in vivo conversion of labelled l-lysine into two different intermediates was demonstrated by hplc analysis of the intracellular amino acid pool. l-lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid by an omega-aminotransferase and to sacchar ...	2005	16049680
antifungal protein paf severely affects the integrity of the plasma membrane of aspergillus nidulans and induces an apoptosis-like phenotype.	the small, basic, and cysteine-rich antifungal protein paf is abundantly secreted into the supernatant by the beta-lactam producer penicillium chrysogenum. paf inhibits the growth of various important plant and zoopathogenic filamentous fungi. previous studies revealed the active internalization of the antifungal protein and the induction of multifactorial detrimental effects, which finally resulted in morphological changes and growth inhibition in target fungi. in the present study, we offer de ...	2005	15917545
assessment of anthracene toxicity toward environmental eukaryotic microorganisms: tetrahymena pyriformis and selected micromycetes.	the toxicity of anthracene, a nonmutagenic, noncarcinogenic, low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the environment, was assessed using a ciliated protozoan, tetrahymena pyriformis, and a selection of 10 micromycetes from different taxonomic groups living in two environmental compartments, namely aquatic and soil ecosystems. with t. pyriformis, a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect was shown on the cell proliferation rate, ic(50) = 33.40+/-4.84 mg/l (kinetic method ...	2005	15482845
characterization of pei-modified biomass and biosorption of cu(ii), pb(ii) and ni(ii).	the objective of this work is to develop a surface-modified biosorbent with enhanced sorption capacity for heavy metal ions. the biomass of penicillium chrysogenum was modified with polyethylenimine (pei) and then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. the crosslinked pei was chemically bonded on the biomass surface through the amine and carboxylate groups on the pristine biomass. the presence of the amine group was confirmed by x-ray photon spectroscopy (xps) and fourier transform infrared (ftir) ana ...	2005	15927227
general characterization of noncommercial microbial lipases in hydrolytic and synthetic reactions.	fourteen noncommercial preparations of microbial lipases were investigated with respect to their catalytic activity for hydrolysis and synthesis of ester bonds. six of the lipases were derived from microorganisms that have not previously been described as lipase producers, and another four were characterized for the first time. the synthetic reactions were carried out in two solvents of different polarities (n-heptane and acetone) using a series of fatty acids and primary and secondary alcohols ...	2005	15767695
occurrence of mycotoxin in farro samples from southern italy.	the occurrence of nine mycotoxins and of contamination by pre- and postharvest fungal pathogens of cereals was investigated in samples of stored triticum monococcum l., triticum dicoccon schrank (emmer), and triticum spelta l. (spelt). in italy, all three species are collectively referred to as farro. the samples examined were harvested in summer 2000 from eight different sites in southern italy. conventional fluorimetric and diode array-based high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analys ...	2005	15726990
modelling the effect of ethanol on growth rate of food spoilage moulds.	the effect of ethanol (e) on the radial growth rate (mu) of food spoilage moulds (aspergillus candidus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, cladosporium cladosporioides, eurotium herbariorum, mucor circinelloides, mucor racemosus, paecilomyces variotii, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium digitatum, rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma harzianum) was assessed in potato dextrose agar (pda) medium at a(w) 0.99, 25 degrees c. in order to model this effect, the monod type equation described previousl ...	2005	15698687
evolution of beta-lactam biosynthesis genes and recruitment of trans-acting factors.	penicillins and cephalosporins belong chemically to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics. the formation of hydrophobic penicillins has been reported in fungi only, notably penicillium chrysogenum and emericella nidulans, whereas the hydrophilic cephalosporins are produced by both fungi, e.g., acremonium chrysogenum (cephalosporin c), and bacteria. the producing bacteria include gram-negatives and gram-positives, e.g. lysobacter lactamdurans (cephabacins) and streptomyces clavuligerus (cephamycin ...	2005	15950251
dose-dependent allergic responses to an extract of penicillium chrysogenum in balb/c mice.	indoor mold has been associated with the development of allergic asthma. penicillium chrysogenum, a common indoor mold, is known to have several allergens and can induce allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic penicilliosis. our hypothesis is that soluble components of p. chrysogenum (pce) can dose-dependently induce responses typical of allergic asthma in balb/c mice. mice were exposed to 10, 20, 50, or 70 microg of pce by involuntary aspiration four times over a 4-week period. serum an ...	2005	15725516
steroids' transformations in penicillium notatum culture.	the application of penicillium notatum genus for biotransformations of steroids has been investigated. the reactions observed include insertion of an oxygen atom into d-ring of steroids, 15alpha-hydroxylation of 17alpha-methyl testosterone derivatives, ester bond hydrolysis, and degradation of a testosterone derivatives side chain. microbial production of testolactones, the biologically active compounds, was also achieved using this strain in up to 98% yield.	2005	15763598
an approach to prevent aggregation during the purification and crystallization of wild type acyl coenzyme a: isopenicillin n acyltransferase from penicillium chrysogenum.	acyl coenzyme a: isopenicillin n acyltransferase (at) from penicillium chrysogenum is an enzyme of interest for the biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. severe aggregation problems with wild type at have, however, prevented significant progress in the structure-function analysis of this enzyme for a decade. in this study, we show an approach to solve this aggregation problem by using dynamic light scattering (dls) analysis to probe the aggregation state of the protein in the presence of vari ...	2005	15802222
effect of chlorine dioxide gas on fungi and mycotoxins associated with sick building syndrome.	the growth of indoor molds and their resulting products (e.g., spores and mycotoxins) can present health hazards for human beings. the efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigation treatment for inactivating sick building syndrome-related fungi and their mycotoxins was evaluated. filter papers (15 per organism) featuring growth of stachybotrys chartarum, chaetomium globosum, penicillium chrysogenum, and cladosporium cladosporioides were placed in gas chambers containing chlorine dioxide gas a ...	2005	16151130
sensitivity of different zygomycetes to the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf).	the effects of the penicillium. chrysogenum low molecular mass antifungal protein (paf) on selected fungal species belonging in the zygomycetes were investigated. a total of 21 fungal isolates from 15 different genera (absidia, actinomucor, cokeromyces, gilbertella, micromucor, mortierella, mucor, mycotypha, rhizomucor, rhizopus, saksenaea, syncephalastrum, thamnostylum, umbelopsis and zygorhynchus) were tested. the inhibitory potentials of paf at 50 microg ml(-1) on the germination of the spora ...	2005	15812858
favolon b, a new triterpenoid isolated from the chilean mycena sp. strain 96180.	a new biologically active triterpenoid, favolon b (1), was isolated from fermentation broths of mycena sp. strain 96180. favolon b showed antifungal activities towards botrytis cinerea, mucor miehei, paecilomyces variotii and penicillium notatum. no activities were observed against bacteria and yeasts. the structure of favolon b was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques.	2005	15813182
genome physical mapping from large-insert clones by fingerprint analysis with capillary electrophoresis: a robust physical map of penicillium chrysogenum.	physical mapping with large-insert clones is becoming an active area of genomics research, and capillary electrophoresis (ce) promises to revolutionize the physical mapping technology. here, we demonstrate the utility of the ce technology for genome physical mapping with large-insert clones by constructing a robust, binary bacterial artificial chromosome (bibac)-based physical map of penicillium chrysogenum. we fingerprinted 23.1x coverage bibac clones with five restriction enzymes and the snaps ...	2005	15767275
nonpathogenic, environmental fungi induce activation and degranulation of human eosinophils.	eosinophils and their products are probably important in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma, and in host immunity to certain organisms. an association between environmental fungal exposure and asthma has been long recognized clinically. although products of microorganisms (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) directly activate certain inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages), the mechanism(s) that triggers eosinophil degranulation is unknown. in this study we investigated whe ...	2005	16210651
secretion systems for secondary metabolites: how producer cells send out messages of intercellular communication.	many secondary metabolites (e.g. antibiotics and mycotoxins) are toxic to the microorganisms that produce them. the clusters of genes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites frequently contain genes for resistance to these toxic metabolites, such as different types of multiple drug resistance systems, to avoid suicide of the producer strains. recently there has been research into the efflux systems of secondary metabolites in bacteria and in filamentous fungi, such as ...	2005	15939351