Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
tube feeding-related diarrhea in acutely ill patients.acutely ill patients received tube feeding for an average of 15.8 days and, on average, 35% of those days were spent in the intensive care unit (icu). patients were prospectively assigned either a fiber-free formula (fff-osmolite hn, ross; n = 50) or a fiber-supplemented (soy polysaccharide 14.4 g/l) formula (fsf = jevity, ross; n = 50). diarrhea was defined as three or more loose or watery stools per day and occurred in 30% of all patients. diarrhea developed in 29 (41%) of the 71 patients who ...19911650854
[isolation of enteropathogenic microorganism from patients with infection of the digestive tract during 1976 to 1988 in tenri hospital].enteropathogenic microorganisms isolated from feces of 9,393 patients with diarrhea or enteritis in our hospital between 1976 and 1988 were analyzed. as the result of the examination of 5,443 outpatients, 1,811 strains of pathogens were isolated from 1,686 cases (31.0%). several species including salmonella spp., escherichia coli serotype, vibrio parahaemolyticus, were isolated before 1978, and the incidence of pathogens was low (14.8%). for the 10-year period since 1979, the incidence markedly ...19911655921
clostridium difficile infection in adult hamsters.diarrhea was encountered in a group of adult female golden syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) used for titrating the scrapie agent. ninety percent of the cases occurred in animals over 210 days old even though animals of all age groups lived in the colony concurrently. the cause of diarrhea was investigated in both uninoculated animals and those receiving greater than a limiting dilution of scrapie infectivity, i.e., animals that were not expected to contract the experimental scrapie disease ...19911667195
clostridium difficile typhlitis associated with cecal mucosal hyperplasia in syrian hamsters.a sudden increase in mortality occurred in a closed breeding colony of syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). the colony consisted of approximately 40 hamsters, 8 of which were affected. four adult males died suddenly. one pregnant female and one weanling died after having been observed as depressed for 1 day and 2 weeks respectively. one weanling and one adult male were euthanized. all affected hamsters had signs of diarrhea. at necropsy, hemorrhagic fluid-filled ceca were noted in five of eig ...19911667196
[the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile enterocolitis].sixteen strains of clostridium difficile (c.d) were isolated from 29 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). 9 of 14 c.d positive and 1 of 6 c.d negative fecal specimens were detected as cytotoxin positive. 10 aac patients received colonoscopy and 6 had congestion, edema and erosion of mucosa. three had yellow-white pseudomembrane on the surface of colon. in 17 clostridium difficile enterocolitis (cdec) was diagnosed by c.d isolation, cytotoxin detection and (or) colonoscopic findin ...19911667496
toxin a of clostridium difficile binds to the human carbohydrate antigens i, x, and y.clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis in humans. the enterotoxin (i.e., toxin a) from this organism is believed to be responsible for the initial intestinal pathology associated with this disease. previous work shows that this toxin binds to carbohydrates that contain gal alpha 1-3gal beta 1-4glcnac. however, this carbohydrate is not present on normal human cells. therefore, this study was undertaken to identify potential receptors for toxin a that do exist on human intestinal ep ...19911670930
role of candida in pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in elderly inpatients.the part that candida plays in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea was investigated in 24 elderly inpatients (mean age 74 years) who tested negative for clostridium difficile toxin and other intestinal pathogens. 7 had intestinal overgrowth of candida species (greater than or equal to 10(5) cfu/ml). none of the 24 matched, antibiotic-treated controls without diarrhoea had candida overgrowth. all 5 patients with diarrhoea and candida overgrowth treated with oral nystatin responded with resolution of ...19911671890
an investigation into clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-associated diarrhoea.an investigation was carried out to establish the incidence of diarrhoea associated with the presence of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens. the results indicate a high risk group, namely elderly hospitalized patients, who should be investigated for this organism in a similar way to clostridium difficile if symptoms occur. the significance of antibiotic association is suggested and cross-infection was shown to be a possibility. detection of the enterotoxin was accompanied in all cases by th ...19911680904
candida spp. and clostridium difficile toxin-negative antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. 19911684608
clostridium difficile in children with malignant disease. 19911742187
tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole.the tetracyclines are effective in the treatment of chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rickettsial infections and also can be used for gonococcal infections in patients unable to tolerate penicillin. these drugs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, phototoxic dermatitis, and vestibular damage, and fatal reactions due to hepatotoxicity have occurred in pregnant women. chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of bacteriostatic activity, but its association with suppression of the bone m ...19911749296
relapse versus reinfection with clostridium difficile.relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea occurs in 15-20% of patients; however, whether relapse is due to an endogenous source of the organism or reinfection from the environment remains unclear. restriction enzyme analysis (rea) of chromosomal dna was used to type multiple isolates from ten patients who had experienced apparent relapses. more than half the relapses were due to infection with a new strain of c. difficile. the remaining patients were infected with the same strain, bu ...19911752311
gastrointestinal carriage of clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics.cats and dogs being treated at two veterinary clinics were investigated for gastrointestinal carriage of clostridium difficile using selective solid and enrichment media. thirty-two (39.5%) of 81 stool samples yielded c. difficile. there were significant differences in isolation rates between clinics, 61.0% of animals being positive at one clinic compared to 17.5% at the other (chi-square, p less than 0.005). of 29 animals receiving antibiotics, 15 (52.0%) harboured c. difficile while 11 (23.9%) ...19911752313
[antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal side effects]. 19911752371
clostridium difficile in faecal flora after perioperative prophylaxis with ampicillin or ceftriaxone. 19911753154
development of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for clostridium difficile toxin a and its use in the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated disease.a rapid (2.5 h) direct enzyme immunoassay (eia) for clostridium difficile toxin a was developed for clinical use. specimen centrifugation and filtration were not required. the eia detected toxin a levels in patient stool as low as 20 pg (2 ng/ml of stool). the test was 5,000 times more sensitive for toxin a than it was for toxin b and did not react with a panel of other bacterial species with the exception of one highly toxigenic strain of clostridium sordellii. the eia was compared with the cyt ...19911757540
clinical and microbiological observations on cdc group df-3, a gram-negative coccobacillus.sequential stool cultures submitted for routine culture were screened for the presence of cdc group df-3. of 690 specimens, 11 (1.6%) yielded moderate to heavy growth of df-3. information on the 11 patients from whom these specimens were obtained showed that 4 had a history of prolonged diarrheal disease that resolved after specific therapy to eradicate df-3, while for the other 7 patients no clear role could be established. microbiological characterization of the stool isolates and 10 cdc strai ...19911761678
pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in children beyond the first year of life: manifestations and management.beyond infancy, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (pci) is rare. data concerning pathogenesis and treatment are limited. our experience with 12 children was examined to define predisposing factors, presentation, treatment, and outcome. nine children were immunosuppressed, thus identifying an important etiologic subgroup. presentation was variable but included abdominal pain, distention, diarrhea and hematochezia. clostridium difficile was found in 3 patients and cytomegalovirus in 1. radiograph ...19911765911
evaluation of the proposed interaction of nucleic acid with clostridium difficile toxins a and b and the effects of nucleases on cytotoxicity.both dna and rna were found to co-purify with clostridium difficile toxin b but not toxin a. dnaase treatment greatly reduced the cytotoxicity of toxin b but not of toxin a. rnaase had no effect on either toxin. the effects on toxin b were shown to be due to a contaminating protease and could be inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride.19911769556
evaluation of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose broth for recovery of clostridium difficile from environmental sites.cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) and cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose broth (ccfb) containing either 500 or 250 micrograms of cycloserine per ml were compared for efficacy in the isolation of clostridium difficile from hospital ward environmental sites. a rodac imprint technique was used to inoculate prereduced ccfa. moistened swabs were used to inoculate prereduced ccfb from environmental sites immediately adjacent to the rodac sample sites. ccfa (6% positive) was significantly more sen ...19911774277
identification of the latex test-reactive protein of clostridium difficile as glutamate dehydrogenase.computer analysis showed that the gene encoding the latex test-reactive protein of clostridium difficile exhibited high levels of homology with glutamate dehydrogenases from various sources. further analysis demonstrated that the recombinant protein possessed glutamate dehydrogenase activity. our results show that the protein that reacts in commercial latex tests for c. difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase.19911774279
nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile lack the genes for both toxin a and toxin b.a total of 39 toxigenic and 20 nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile were tested for the presence of either toxin a or toxin b by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). all toxigenic strains produced cytotoxin as assayed by using highly sensitive fetal lung fibroblasts and were positive for toxin a as well as toxin b in the pcr assay. all nontoxigenic strains failed to produce toxin and were negative in the pcr assay. this study shows that nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile lack ...19911774285
use of the polymerase chain reaction for the specific and direct detection of clostridium difficile in human feces.the polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of clostridium difficile, the etiologic agent of antibiotic-associated colitis. an upstream primer identical to a coding region (segment i) of the c. difficile 16s rrna gene and a downstream primer complementary to a highly conserved region of eubacterial 16s rrna served to amplify a targeted 270-base-pair fragment of genomic dna. this technique allowed the detection of as few as 10 c. difficile organisms among 10(6) escherichia coli bacte ...19911775837
diarrheal disease due to clostridium difficile in general practice.a total of 288 stool samples from patients attending their general practitioners was examined for the presence of clostridium difficile. c. difficile or its cytotoxin was found in 16 patients (5.5%) and was the most common enteric pathogen detected. most patients had only mild to moderate diarrhea but in the majority of patients the diarrhea was protracted. eleven of the 16 patients had received antimicrobial agents in the 3 mths preceding onset of diarrhea and there was good circumstantial evid ...19911784528
[current status of clostridium difficile: recent advances in diagnostic materials and treatment of colitis and diarrheas associated with antibiotic therapy].clostridium difficile infection covers several clinical pictures which have been identified only recently. the majority are based upon imbalance in the intestinal ecosystem. major advances in recent years concerning this type of infection have involved: a) better knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms, in particular the demonstration of a 2nd toxin, essential to the understanding of c. difficile infections; b) better codification of the management of these disorders. this is aimed today at t ...19911793250
morphological changes in adherent cells induced by clostridium difficile toxins. 19911794484
detection of clostridium difficile from an enhancement broth by gas-liquid chromatography.gas-liquid chromatography (glc) was used to detect the presence of isocaproic acid produced by clostridium difficile from 54 stool samples grown in cycloserine-cefoxitin broth. isocaproic acid was detected in 12 samples of which 5 were confirmed to be clostridium difficile by culture and biochemical tests. the detection of isocaproic acid by glc together with the presence of presumptive colonies on primary selective culture media provides a more rapid laboratory diagnosis for clostridium diffici ...19911795558
clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea.a total of 498 children, aged 0-14 years, admitted at the b.c. roy memorial hospital for children, calcutta, were investigated for the occurrence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin. of the children in the investigation, 369 suffered from acute diarrhea. only 8.4% of these children had c. difficile in fecal samples and in vitro cytotoxin was demonstrated in 7%. in 27 (7.3%) of the patients with acute diarrhea c. difficile was isolated as the only pathogen. in contrast, among 129 control c ...19911797664
comparison of oral cefpodoxime proxetil and penicillin v potassium in the treatment of group a streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. the cefpodoxime pharyngitis study group.ninety-three patients with a diagnosis of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis due to streptococcus pyogenes were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of cefpodoxime proxetil orally with food every 12 hours or 250 mg of penicillin v potassium orally on an empty stomach every six hours. treatment efficacy was evaluated in 30 cefpodoxime-treated and 33 penicillin-treated patients. after 10 days of treatment, s pyogenes was eradicated from the throat culture in 29 of the 30 cefpodoxime-treated patients and ...19911799915
usefulness of semi-quantitative cultures in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease.semi-quantitative stool cultures on ccfa were compared to cytotoxic assays for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease (cad). there was a significant correlation between the amount of clostridium difficile growth on ccfa, the presence of cytotoxin and a clinical diagnosis of cad in the 541 initial stool specimens tested.19911810735
clinical manifestation of clostridium difficile enteritis in calcutta.233 cases with acute diarrhoea investigated, clostridium difficile was isolated as a sole pathogen from 17 (7.3%) cases. the major clinical features of these cases were watery diarrhoea (82.4%), bloody stool (17.6%), vomiting (64.8%), fever (17.6%) and abdominal pain (2.5%). fourteen (82.4%) of 17 c difficile isolates were found to produce cytotoxin as detected by verocell assay.19911814901
isolation of a fibroblast mutant resistant to clostridium difficile toxins a and b.a mutant of chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (don cells), resistant against clostridium difficile toxins a and b, was isolated after mutagenization with ethylmethanesulphonate and a two-step selection with toxin b. the mutant, termed cdtr-q, was 10(4) times more resistant to toxin b than wild-type cells and cross-resistant to toxin a (10(3) times more resistant). the resistance was overcome by increasing the dose of toxin. the resistance has been stable after cultivation for 40 generations in th ...19911816487
colonization by clostridium difficile in hospitalized children: risk factors and typification of the isolated strains.the frequency of colonization by clostridium difficile in 273 hospitalized children under 15 years of age was studied. feces were collected from patients attending the infectious disease service at the pediatric hospital imss, during a period of 11 months. no colonization was detected in 16 neonates; whereas 10 of 103 children (9.7%) under one year of age, 7 of 84 children (8.3%) from one to five years and 3 of 70 children (4.2%) from five to 15 years of age were colonized. the use of antibiotic ...19911819972
toxigenicity and adherence in clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with and without diarrhoea.the mechanisms by which clostridium difficile causes diarrhoea are unknown. the expression of putative virulence factors by 44 clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with and without diarrhoea was studied. toxins a and b were tested in cho and mrc-5 cells, respectively; adherence was measured in two substrates: hep-2 cells and polystyrene plates. the in vitro expression of toxins a and b by strains isolated from patients with diarrhoea was not significantly different from that by s ...19911819993
in vitro activities of ramoplanin and four glycopeptide antibiotics against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile.seventy strains of clostridium difficile, all isolated from symptomatic patients, were found to be uniformly susceptible to ramoplanin, a new glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic, and to four glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin, and two semisynthetic teicoplanin derivatives). ramoplanin is recommended for further evaluation in the treatment of c. difficile-associated disease.19911826593
antibiotic resistance of clostridium difficile isolates.the activity of metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin and teicoplanin against clostridium difficile strains isolated from various origins in poland was investigated. mic was determined for metronidazole, clindamycin and teicoplanin. the disc-diffusion method was used for the vancomycin susceptibility test. three out of thirty-eight strains were resistant to vancomycin and twenty-eight were susceptible to teicoplanin. a widespread mic was observed for clindamycin and metronidazole. no correlatio ...19911828756
a family of clostridial and streptococcal ligand-binding proteins with conserved c-terminal repeat sequences.analysis of the derived amino acid sequences of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile has identified an extraordinarily large number of repeat amino acid units in the c-terminal regions of the proteins. nearly one third of each of the proteins consist of repeating units which appear, at least in the case of toxin a, to be responsible for carbohydrate binding. similar repeat units are also found in the c-terminal region of four glucosyltransferases from streptococcus mutans and streptococcus ...19911830357
oral vancomycin-induced rash: case report and review of the literature.disseminated rash and pruritus are described in an 82-year-old woman with chronic renal failure following administration of oral vancomycin hydrochloride 125 mg q6h for the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. renal function was estimated to be 0.27 ml/s based on a serum creatinine of 177 mumol/l. after eight days of therapy, she developed a slightly raised maculopapular rash on her legs and torso, which spread to her abdomen and arms with continued treatment. vancomycin was discontinued ...19911840008
[generalized toxic symptoms caused by clostridium difficile infection in a patient with wilms' tumor].this case report describes a 15 months-old patient with wilms' tumor, who was treated with radical operation and chemotherapy. during hospitalization the patient suffered from recurrent lung infections, which were treated with appropriate antibiotics. subsequently, the patient developed severe abdominal affection with daily melena, liver and kidney involvement, and generalized edema and hypertension. cl. difficile and its cytotoxin was demonstrated in feces, and the patient was successfully trea ...19911848955
[response of the ird intestinal epithelial cell line to clostridium difficile toxins a and b in rats. effect of saccharomyces boulardii].in vivo, clostridium difficile acts by releasing 2 toxins: toxin a, an enterotoxin, and toxin b, a cytotoxin. this study was performed to determine: a) whether the rat epithelial intestinal cell line ird 98 responds to clostridium difficile toxin a and b; b) whether the yeast saccharomyces boulardii has an effect on this model. evaluation of 3h-thymidine incorporation into ird 98 cells exposed to toxin b revealed that dna synthesis was inhibited for low concentrations (10 ng/ml). for higher conc ...19911849105
clostridium difficile toxin a induces a specific antisecretory factor which protects against intestinal mucosal damage.peroral challenge with toxin a from clostridium difficile induced the formation of antisecretory factor in rats. the animals were given 100 micrograms of the toxin, which was followed by a pronounced diarrhoea and by the appearance of antisecretory factor in the pituitary gland. in electrofocusing, the induced antisecretory factor separated in two peaks (pi 5.4 and 5.0); both fractions showed a lectin-like binding to agarose. the pi 5.4 fraction inhibited cholera toxin as well as toxin a induced ...19911855687
acute abdomen as the first presentation of pseudomembranous colitis.acute abdomen was the presenting manifestation of pseudomembranous colitis in six men who had previously been treated with antibiotics and presented with abdominal distention, pain, fever, and leukocytosis with absent or mild diarrhea. plain abdominal radiographs revealed megacolon in two, combined small and large bowel dilation in three, with one of them showing volvuluslike pattern, and isolated small bowel ileus in one. emergency colonoscopy was performed successfully in all patients and reve ...19911860633
newly documented antimicrobial activity of quinolones.the improved antimicrobial activity of newer fluoroquinolones and novel applications recently found for the drugs already marketed are reviewed. several new compounds are more active against gram-positive bacteria than the presently marketed fluoroquinolones. win 57273, the most potent compound in vitro on a weight basis, is 16 to 128 times more active than ciprofloxacin against various staphylococci, streptococci, enterococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., listeria monocytogenes and bacillus spp. ...19911864284
prevalence of clostridium difficile in hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in calcutta.during a 12-month period, clostridium difficile was isolated from 38 (11.1%) of 341 hospitalised patients suffering from acute diarrhoea and from five (3%) of 172 patients as control who were admitted with illnesses other than diarrhoea. it was the sole bacterial pathogen in 31 cases. 87% of the isolates obtained from patients with diarrhoea produced neutralisable cytotoxin. none of these patients had any history of previous treatment using antibiotics. no age or gender-specific high incidence w ...19911869797
[pseudomembranous colitis: a clinical analysis and review of literatures].clostridium difficile has been well known to be a pathogen of pseudomembranous colitis. it is characterized by the formation of elevated plaques and pseudomembranes which result in varying degree of diarrhea. this series analysed 20 cases of pseudomembranous colitis diagnosed at chang gung memorial hospital between january 1985 and december 1989. the male to female ratio was 1:3. their ages ranged between 13 and 81 years, with a mean of 53.7 years. sixteen of our patients claimed to have taken a ...19911878812
[clostridium difficile: a typing method for epidemiological studies].one hundred and twenty two strains of clostridium difficile were studied: 33 strains were isolated from stools of neonates or children, 89 cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea. the strains were identified by biochemical tests and gaz liquid chromatography of the fermentation products. a typing scheme for clostridium difficile were proposed by using a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole cell proteins. we studied the correlation between this typing and the serogrouping scheme based on s ...19911881693
[secondary penetration of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt into the intestines. possible cause of a recurring sepsis?].we present a 28-year-old-patient with a severe head injury: skull fractures, epidural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, glasgow coma score 7, and aspiration following a motorbike accident. a systemic infection with symptoms of shock and staphylococcus aureus in blood culture specimens developed a few days after admission (later staphylococcus epidermidis was also cultured). a posttraumatic hydrocephalus was treated by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt inserted at mini-laparotomy. in multiple microb ...19911883061
development and application of a multiple typing system for clostridium difficile.a combination of bacteriocin, bacteriophage, and plasmid typing techniques was used to differentiate strains of clostridium difficile. a typing set of 20 bacteriocin-producing strains was established after 400 isolates of c. difficile were screened for the ability to produce bacteriocin. these strains were used to type a collection of 114 isolates of c. difficile. forty-six (40%) of the 114 isolates were typeable, and 31 typing patterns were distinguishable. plasmid typing of the same 114 isolat ...19911892377
[bacterial enterotoxins: structure, mode of action].the enterotoxins are macro-proteins, produced by enterotoxic bacterial strains acting in the human or animal intestine during digestive infections. in most cases, they induce diarrhoea (associated or not with tissue damage). these molecules differ in their structure and mechanism of action. some of them (cholera toxin, escherichia coli lt) activate a cyclase system (adenylate or guanylate cyclase), inducing water and electrolyte flux in the gut. conversely, others (toxins a and b, clostridium di ...19911897866
protection against experimental pseudomembranous colitis in gnotobiotic mice by use of monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile toxin a.the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile is due to the production of two toxins (toxins a and b). we prepared monoclonal antibodies against toxin a and determined whether axenic mice passively immunized with the monoclonal antibodies were protected against c. difficile disease. the mice were kept in an isolator and were given ascites fluid intravenously prior to challenge with a toxinogenic strain of c. difficile. control mice and mice receiving ascites fluid devoid of toxin antibody died with ...19911900059
travelers' diarrhea among united states military personnel during joint american-egyptian armed forces exercises in cairo, egypt.a study was conducted of travelers' diarrhea in a united states military population on deployment in cairo, egypt, during july and august 1987. acute diarrhea requiring medical attention developed in 183 (4%) of 4,500 troops. a possible etiologic agent was identified in 49% of all diarrhea cases. enteric pathogens associated with cases of diarrhea included: enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (17% st-producers, 13% lt-producers, and 3% lt/st-producers); shigella (9%); campylobacter spp. (2%); salmo ...19911900113
[antibiotic associated recurrent diarrhea cured with fecal streptococci]. 19911900554
binding kinetics of clostridium difficile toxins a and b to intestinal brush border membranes from infant and adult hamsters.this study was undertaken to determine if the relative resistance of neonates and infants to clostridium difficile-associated intestinal disease can be related to age-dependent differences in intestinal receptors for c. difficile toxins a and b. brush border membranes (bbms) from the small intestines of adult and infant hamsters were examined for their ability to bind radiolabeled toxins a and b. [125i]toxin a bound to both infant and adult hamster bbms at physiological temperature, whereas [125 ...19911900806
treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by clostridium difficile toxin.we tested the hypothesis that children with chronic relapsing colitis induced by clostridium difficile toxin have defective antibody responses to c. difficile toxins as a cause of their underlying illness. six such children were tested for serum igg and iga antibody to c. difficile toxin a. these six children had lower igg anti-toxin a levels than 24 healthy children (p = 0.026) and 18 healthy adults (p = 0.0008). five patients treated with 400 mg intravenously administered gamma-globulin per ki ...19911901084
purification and characterization of s layer proteins from clostridium difficile gai 0714.the s layer of clostridium difficile gai0714 was shown to be composed of two proteins, of 32 kda and 45 kda, as determined by sds-page. the two proteins were extracted with 8 m-urea (ph 8.3) from a cell wall preparation and purified by deae-sepharose cl-6b chromatography followed by hplc gel filtration. when solubilized in 0.1 m-urea, both proteins appeared to exhibit dimeric forms, with respective molecular masses of about 61 kda and 99 kda, upon hplc. although the amino acid compositions of th ...19911901902
molecular screening of clostridium difficile toxins a and b genetic determinants and identification of mutant strains.three separate sets of polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to specifically detect the presence of a toxin a gene fragment, a toxin b gene fragment, and the entire toxin b gene. in addition toxin gene fragments that were amplified from well characterized toxic strains were tagged fluorescently and used as hybridization probes to screen c. difficile strains. a survey of 37 toxic strains and 10 non-toxic strains demonstrated that toxic strains normally contain the genetic composition fo ...19911903351
characterization of rabbit ileal receptors for clostridium difficile toxin a. evidence for a receptor-coupled g protein.the purpose of this study was to characterize the surface receptor for toxin a, the enterotoxin from clostridium difficile, on rabbit intestinal brush borders (bb) and on rat basophilic leukemia (rbl) cells. purified toxin a was radiolabeled using a modified bolton-hunter method to sp act 2 microci/micrograms, with retention of full biologic activity. 3h-toxin a bound specifically to a single class of receptors on rabbit bb and on rbl cells with dissociation constants of 5.4 x 10(-8) and 3.5 x 1 ...19911905325
purification and characterisation of toxin b from a strain of clostridium difficile that does not produce toxin a.most toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile produce both toxin a and toxin b. the toxin produced by c. difficile strain 8864 was characterised and compared with those produced by c. difficile strain 10463. toxin a was not detected by immunoassay in cultures from strain 8864 and all the cytotoxic activity produced by this strain was neutralised by antiserum to toxin b. toxin b from strain 8864 was purified and compared with toxin b from strain 10463. the size of the purified subunits of toxin ...19911906544
enhancement of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by clostridium difficile toxin a: an in vitro study.cells from the immune system exhibiting cytotoxic activity are able to kill tumor or infected cells in a major histocompatibility complex-restricted (cytotoxic lymphocytes) or non-restricted (natural killer cells) manner. in order to exert such a cytotoxicity they have to bind the target cell and release cytotoxic factors able to induce target cell death. treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with toxin a from clostridium difficile induced an enhancement of the cytotoxic efficien ...19911907410
cytokine response by human monocytes to clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b.clostridium difficile toxins a and b isolated from strain vpi 10463 were tested for induction of cytokine release by human monocytes. toxin b at 10(-12) m activated human monocytes as measured by release of interleukin-1 (il-1), tumor necrosis factor (tnf), or il-6. these effects of toxin b were heat labile (51 degrees c, 30 min). toxin b was as effective as bacterial lipopolysaccharides in inducing il-1 beta but less effective in inducing tnf or il-6. toxin b and lipopolysaccharides were synerg ...19911910012
modulation of clostridium difficile induced mortality as a function of the dose and the viability of the saccharomyces boulardii used as a preventative agent in gnotobiotic mice.the ability of viable and nonviable saccharomyces boulardii to protect gnotobiotic mice from clostridium difficile induced mortality was tested. with the exception of irradiated s. boulardii, which retained some activity, only viable yeast protected the mice from lethality. the survival of c. difficile infected mice was dependent on the dose of the yeast provided in the drinking water.19911913342
new clostridium difficile serotypes in poland.polish isolates of clostridium difficile strains of different origin were studied. all strains were serotyped according to the delmee scheme. twenty-one strains remained untypeable. by typing them with antisera against 5 polish strains we observed 5 new serotypes.19911915796
production of monoclonal antibody to clostridium difficile toxin a which neutralizes enterotoxicity but not haemagglutination activity.nine monoclonal antibodies (mab) to clostridium difficile toxin a were produced. the isotype of one mab (37b5) was igg2b, kappa, and that of the other eight mabs was igm, kappa. immunoblot analysis after non-denatured page showed that with the exception of one mab (112g6) all mabs gave a positive reaction with the 540 kda band of toxin a. immunoblot analysis showed that four mabs (2e15, 3b4, 37b5 and 49c4) gave a positive reaction with the 240 kda major band of toxin a. in neutralisation tests w ...19911916231
clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease relapse.stools of 65 patients with exacerbation of symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease were examined for the presence of enteric pathogens and clostridium difficile. ten (16%) had c. difficile toxin. symptoms in all patients cleared after therapy, with improvement correlating with elimination of toxin from the stool.19911919950
[the norrköping study. cephalosporins are often the implicating factors in clostridium difficile infections].in a retrospective study carried out at norrköping central hospital, the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis was found to be correlated to in-patient consumption (in terms of defined daily doses) of the implicated anti-microbial agents. the third generation cephalosporin, cefotaxime, was implicated 38 times more often than small spectrum penicillins. in general, the cephalosporins were predominantly responsible, accounting for 46 per cent (67/147) of the episodes ...19911921624
life-threatening complications of empiric ceftriaxone therapy for 'seronegative lyme disease'.lyme disease, now the most common tick-borne illness in the united states, has recently received much media attention, due in part to its potentially serious sequelae in untreated patients. because a rare patient with late illness may lack antibodies to the etiologic agent, borrelia burgdorferi, physicians may be tempted to give empiric antibiotics for illnesses that may not be lyme disease. we have described a patient who, despite negative laboratory evidence for late lyme disease, was treated ...19911925730
[antibiotic-associated colitis--the dark side of antibiotic therapy].intestinal side effects after antibiotic therapy are frequent. mostly, harmless diarrhea disappears after cessation of therapy without inducing colitis; however, changing of the intestinal flora sometimes leads to colonization of the colon by toxin-producing strains of clostridium difficile, inducing sometimes severe pseudomembranous colitis. a rapid correct diagnosis by anamnesis, clinical signs, endoscopical aspect and demonstration of toxin in the stool allows an efficient treatment. the ther ...19911926012
clostridium difficile toxin a and its effects on cells.clostridium difficile toxin a in its native form is a high molecular weight (520-540 k) aggregate with five major biological activities. it is lethal, enterotoxic, cytotoxic and cytotonic, and induces hemagglutination of rabbit red blood cells. possibly these activities are contained in separate components. a major subunit of c. 230-310 k has been defined but lower molecular weight components cannot be excluded. the major component has been cloned, and sequence analysis indicated a complicated p ...19911926159
a comparative biochemical, pharmacological and immunological study of clostridium novyi alpha-toxin, c. difficile toxin b and c. sordellii lethal toxin.the three clostridial cytotoxins, i.e. alpha-toxin of c. novyi (tox alpha-nov), toxin b of c. difficile (toxb-dif) and lethal toxin of c. sordellii (lt-sor) consist of single peptide chains of about 200,000 (tox alpha-nov), 250,000 (lt-sor) and 275,000 (toxb-dif) mol. wts. toxb-dif and lt-sor but not tox alpha-nov cross-reacted with rabbit polyclonal antibodies. toxicity upon i.v. injection in mice was similar (ld50, 100 hr, 50-200 ng/kg) and was characterized by a slowly developing fluid loss i ...19911926186
the chemotactic response of human granulocytes to clostridium difficile toxin a is age dependent.elderly patients are at high risk for developing diarrhea and colitis as a complication of antimicrobial therapy. clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis produces an enterotoxin (toxin a) and a cytotoxin (toxin b). of these two exotoxins, toxin a appears to be largely responsible for the inflammatory phenomena of c. difficile colitis, because it produces secretion, pronounced granulocytic infiltration, and epithelial cell necrosis and ulceration i ...19911928037
control of nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile based on sporadic case surveillance.the recognition of a cluster of antibiotic-associated nosocomial clostridium difficile disease (ncdd) caused by serotype c in a surgical ward led to a hospital-wide ncdd surveillance and control program. the initial step included: (a) gas-liquid chromatography screening of inpatients' diarrheal stools; (b) enteric isolation precautions, cohorting and terminal room disinfection in wards with a cluster of two or more ncdd cases per month. during a 12-month period, the quarterly incidence of ncdd r ...19911928155
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of tiacumicins b and c against clostridium difficile.tiacumicins b and c are members of a novel group of 18-membered macrolide antibiotics with in vitro activity against clostridium difficile. the mics against 15 strains of c. difficile were 0.12 to 0.25 microgram/ml for tiacumicin b, 0.25 to 1 microgram/ml for tiacumicin c, and 0.5 to 1 microgram/ml for vancomycin. the resistance frequency for both compounds against c. difficile was less than 2.8 x 10(-8) at four and eight times the mic. the in vivo activities of the tiacumicins against two strai ...19911929250
nucleotide sequence and phylogeny of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase encoded by the plasmid pscs7 from staphylococcus aureus.the nucleotide sequence of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat) and its regulatory region, encoded by the plasmid pscs7 from staphylococcus aureus, was determined. the structural cat gene encoded a protein of 209 amino acids, which represented one monomer of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). comparisons between the amino acid sequences of the pscs7-encoded cat from s. aureus and the previously sequenced cat variants from s. aureus, staphylococcus intermedius, staphy ...19911929326
the clinical significance of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis in the 1990s.antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis is an uncommon but potentially serious adverse reaction, resulting in acute diarrhoea and characterised by colonic pseudomembranes. a direct relationship between the disease, recent antibiotic therapy and proliferation of clostridium difficile in the colonic lumen was established in the late 1970s. it is thought that antibiotic therapy may alter the enteric flora, enabling c. difficile to proliferate and produce toxins with cytopathic (toxin b or cy ...19911930740
[relation between isolation of bacteriophages from clostridium difficile and cytotoxicity of the strains].we studied the possible relationship between the presence of bacteriophages and cytotoxicity of clostridium difficile strains from multiple origin. a total of 143 strains were studied, 38.46% showed lysogenic activity to at least one of control strains and 85.3% produces cytopathic effects on mccoy cells, that were neutralized by c. sordellii antitoxin. all bacteriophages seen on electron microscopy showed similar shape and size (hexagonal head shape and flexible tail ended in a basal plate). ac ...19911954265
capsule-like structures in clostridium difficile strains.fourteen strains of clostridium difficile, previously characterized by sds-page, were examined for the presence of surface structures. none of the strains were fimbriated but, when grown in the presence of glucose, all exhibited a thin ruthenium red-positive layer. two strains, belonging to different electrophoretic groups, were also observed after treatment with homologous and heterologous antisera. the strain belonging to the electrophoretic group 2, usually associated with the disease, showed ...19911723135
phosphorylation of cellular proteins in response to treatment with clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l.toxin b from clostridium difficile induces typical morphological changes of cultured cells consisting of rounding up and arborization, which are associated with a dramatic disruption of microfilaments. in this study, we show that toxin l, a cytotoxin produced by bacterial strain clostridium sordellii, has similar effects on cultured cells including the redistribution of f-actin and of the adhesion plaque protein vinculin. it has been assumed that the mechanisms involved in cytopathic effects of ...19911724754
comparative studies of serotype-specific clostridium difficile strains.the following properties of serotype-specific clostridium difficile strains were studied: toxigenicity, encapsulation, susceptibility to certain antibiotics, biochemical properties, enzymatic activity. no correlation between toxin titer and frequency of capsule production as well as serogroup affiliation and sensitivity to antibiotics was observed. the strain representative of serogroup c attracts attention because of its distinct properties.19911725096
preparation of antibacterial and antitoxic clostridium difficile sera.preparation of clostridium difficile antibacterial and antitoxic sera is presented. fifty one strains (72%) were typeable within delmee scheme. twenty strains (28%) belonged to new polish serogroups designated 18, 27, 70, 71, 72, 88, 89 and nich. supernatants of all toxigenic clostridium difficile strains were neutralized by gamma-globulin fraction of goat clostridium difficile antitoxin in neutralization assay when it was performed on mccoy cell line. only 8 toxigenic strains (21%) were positiv ...19911726616
non-radioactive restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing of clostridium difficile.a typing method for clostridium difficile based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) is described. the technique utilizes commercially available escherichia coli ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rrna) as probe material. probe labelling, hybridization and detection was performed using the enhanced chemiluminescence (ecl) gene detection system. the probe labelling procedure was easy to perform, taking only 20 min. the complete typing method was comparatively simple, reproducible and read ...19911711990
cytotoxic effects of children's faeces: relation to diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile and other enteric pathogens.cytotoxicity of faecal extracts was demonstrated in 47 of 88 children (54%) referred for microbiological investigation of stools. cytotoxic clostridium difficile and vertotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) were the pathogens identified most commonly but cytotoxicity was also found in association with campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp, shigella sonnei, giardia lamblia, rotavirus, adenovirus and poliovirus type 1 which had been acquired by oral immunization. in two patients, one of whom had cyst ...19911715139
antigenic cross-reactivity and functional inhibition by antibodies to clostridium difficile toxin a, streptococcus mutans glucan-binding protein, and a synthetic peptide.a 10-amino-acid repeating sequence of the hemagglutinating portion of clostridium difficile toxin a has been synthesized and used to produce antisera in rabbits. antipeptide antibody inhibited toxin a-mediated hemagglutination and neutralized cytotoxic activity. immunoblot analysis with the antipeptide antibody revealed cross-reactivity with native toxin, a recombinant protein containing the toxin a repeats, and a glucan-binding protein from streptococcus mutans whose primary structure has repea ...19911715320
a rapid eia test for clostridium difficile toxin a. 199110148228
clostridium difficile infection in a geriatric ward.in a prospective, longitudinal study we searched for the presence of clostridium difficile in the stools of 100 consecutively hospitalized elderly patients (mean age: 82; sd: 9.5 years). c. difficile was found on admission in 6 patients, 3 of whom were asymptomatic carriers. ten patients acquired c. difficile during hospitalization. four different types of c. difficile were isolated. the various types were clustered in time, indicating that the infection was acquired from the environment.199115374418
value of clostridium difficile antigen test in immunocompromised hosts in the tropics.39 fecal and body fluid specimens of immunocompromised patients who developed diarrhoea were tested for clostridium difficile antigen test. the test was identified in only 11 and in one ascitic fluid. endoscopy was performed in 5 patients and it showed pseudomembranous colitis in one. numerous antibiotics were associated with c. difficile related diarrhea: ampicillin, 43%; cephalosporins, 43% and clindamycin, 14%. three salmonella sp., and one entamoeba histolytica were detected among patients w ...199112041792
managing hospital infections.major infections in hospitals may cause, or contribute to, patient deaths and, at best, disrupt hospital routines. elaine leaver describes the management response to a major infection in the hospital environment.199210121488
effect of yogurt on clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters.yogurt exhibits in vitro bactericidal activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including clostridium difficile. in the present studies, we tested whether yogurt ingestion could prevent or ameliorate antibiotic associated colitis in the clindamycin-treated hamster model. male golden syrian hamsters were given 5 mg/kg clindamycin subcutaneously 24 hr before and 6 hr following inoculation with 0.5 ml of less than 10, 10(3), 10(5), or 10(6) cfu/ml of c. difficile. hamsters in the con ...19921728517
structural properties and evolutionary relationships of pspa, a surface protein of streptococcus pneumoniae, as revealed by sequence analysis.analysis of the sequence for the gene encoding pspa (pneumococcal surface protein a) of streptococcus pneumoniae revealed the presence of four distinct domains in the mature protein. the structure of the n-terminal half of pspa was highly consistent with that of an alpha-helical coiled-coil protein. the alpha-helical domain was followed by a proline-rich domain (with two regions in which 18 of 43 and 5 of 11 of the residues are prolines) and a repeat domain consisting of 10 highly conserved 20-a ...19921729249
[a lethal course in pseudomembranous enterocolitis during the parenteral administration of vancomycin and imipenem].a 48-year-old woman required mechanical ventilation after aortic valve replacement for decompensated aortic valve stenosis when bleeding complications developed and rethoracotomy had to be performed. acute renal failure necessitated haemodialysis. septic fever of unknown aetiology failed to respond to oxacillin, cefotaxim and tobramycin. the endotracheal cannula and central venous catheter were changed on the 24th postoperative day and the antibiotic treatment altered to 250 mg imipenem and 125 ...19921730214
clostridium difficile toxin b disrupts the barrier function of t84 monolayers.the contribution of toxin b to clostridium difficile-associated infection is undefined. toxin b induces dramatic phenotypic alterations (cytotoxic effects) in cultured mesenchymal and nonintestinal epithelial cells, yet its effects on intestinal epithelial cells are not clearly understood. the alterations induced by toxin b in nonintestinal cells appear to be secondary to toxin-induced redistribution of filamentous actin. it has not been determined whether toxin b exerts similar effects on cultu ...19921732112
[cephalosporins--a common cause of nosocomial clostridium difficile diarrhea]. 19921734138
[debatable questions on clostridium difficile diarrhea]. 19921734150
surveillance of clostridium difficile infection. 19921285121
clostridium difficile infection in manchester. 19921285174
clostridium difficile in london and staffordshire. 19921285182
transmission of clostridium difficile. 19921289395
clindamycin versus phenoxymethylpenicillin in the treatment of acute orofacial infections.the efficacy of clindamycin and phenoxymethylpenicillin in the treatment of orofacial infections was compared in a randomised study in 60 patients: 30 patients received clindamycin 150 mg every 6 h for seven days, and 30 received phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g every 12 h for seven days. where indicated incision and drainage were carried out. all patients but one in each group responded satisfactorily to treatment. although the clindamycin group had a shorter duration of pain, swelling and fever and ...19921291309
[typing system for clostridium difficile by western blotting using antisera against ten different serogroup strains].western blotting using antisera against each of reference ten serogroups was evaluated as a typing system for clostridium difficile. a total of 164 isolates of c. difficile (114 epidemiologically unrelated and 50 isolates from a hospital outbreak in new york) were tested. blotting patterns for the ten reference strains showed serogroup-specific bands located in the 30-60 kda when each homologous antiserum was used. at greater than 60 kda, variations in each serogroups were observed; these variat ...19921294652
in vitro self-assembly of the s layer subunits from clostridium difficile gai 0714 into tetragonal arrays.regularly arrayed surface component (s layer) of clostridium difficile strain gai 0714 was isolated with 4 m guanidine hydrochloride from the cell wall of the organism, and examined for self-assembly in vitro. the s layer was composed of two different protein subunits with molecular weights of 32 kda and 45 kda. optical diffraction analysis revealed that the morphological units of both native and self-assembled s layer were essentially identical and composed of a rhombus possessing each side of ...19921295134
epidemiological aspects of infections caused by bacteroides fragilis and clostridium difficile.bacteroides fragilis and clostridium difficile are two of the most common anaerobes associated with human disease. studies on the epidemiology of bacteroides fragilis are limited and are based predominantly on serogrouping, which suggests intraspecies differences. further studies using newer techniques for typing are required to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of this important pathogen. by contrast, numerous phenotypic, immunological and molecular methods have been developed for t ...19921295758
Refresh
firstprev
...11121314151617181920...
nextlast
Displaying items 1201 - 1300 of 12134