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autophagy is induced by the type iii secretion system of vibrio alginolyticus in several mammalian cell lines.vibrio alginolyticus is a gram-negative bacterium and has been recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in marine animals as well as humans. here, we further characterized a cell death mechanism caused by this bacterium in several mammalian cell lines. the t3ss of v. alginolyticus killed hela cells by a very similar cell cytolysis mechanism in fish cells, as evidenced by cell rounding and ldh release; however, dna fragmentation was not observed. further studies showed that caspase-1 and caspase-3 ...201021046072
galectin-1 (ofglec-1) from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus): identification, characterization, gene expression and functional properties.lectins may function as pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) and play important roles in immune responses. in this study, a novel galectin-1 (designated ofglec-1) gene was identified from rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus, cdna library. the complete cdna sequence of the ofglec-1 gene is 993 base pairs in length, and encodes 135 amino acids. ofglec-1 shares a highly conserved carbohydrate recognition domain with galectin-1 from other fishes. the mrna expressions of ofglec-1 in healthy and bacteri ...201021073891
a polyphasic approach for the differentiation of environmental vibrio isolates from temperate waters.climate change and marine traffic lead to changing species communities in the oceans. due to increasing seawater temperatures, pathogenic vibrio species could become significant even in temperate waters. we classified mesophilic vibrio isolates from the german bight (north sea) using a polyphasic approach with special emphasis on vibrio parahaemolyticus. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight ms was used as a primary screen to classify isolates, 16s rrna gene and rpob gene se ...201021118277
molluscan death effector domain (ded)-containing caspase-8 gene from disk abalone (haliotis discus discus): molecular characterization and expression analysis.the caspase family represents aspartate-specific cysteine proteases that play key roles in apoptosis and immune signaling. in this study, we cloned the first death effector domain (ded)-containing molluscan caspase-8 gene from disk abalone (haliotis discus discus), which is named as hdcaspase-8. the full-length hdcaspase was 2855 bp, with a 1908 bp open reading frame encoding 636 amino acids. the hdcaspase-8 had 72 kda predicted molecular mass with an estimated isoelectric point (pi) of 6.0. the ...201021130887
development of a single base extension-tag microarray for the detection of pathogenic vibrio species in seafood.in this study, a single base extension-tag array on glass slides (sbe-tags) microarray was established to detect the seven leading seafood-borne pathogens, including vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio mimicus, vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio anguillarum, and vibrio harveyi. three multiplex pcr assays were developed to specifically target the following species with individual gene markers, which are aads, tdh, and trh for v. parahaemolyticus; col, toxr, and vvh for v ...201021161212
molecular characterization and expression analysis of cathepsin l1 cysteine protease from pearl oyster pinctada fucata.cathepsin l is one of the crucial enzyme superfamilies and involved in the immune responses. in this study, a cdna encoding cathepsin l cysteine protease was identified and characterized from pearl oyster pinctada fucata (designated as pocl1). the pocl1 cdna was 1160 bp long and consisted of a 5'-untranslated region (utr) of 15 bp, a 3'-utr of 149 bp with a polyadenylation signal (aataaa) at 11 nucleotides upstream of the poly(a) tail, and an open reading frame (orf) of 996 bp encoding a polypep ...201020573562
membrane region m2c2 in subunit ktrb of the k+ uptake system ktrab from vibrio alginolyticus forms a flexible gate controlling k+ flux: an electron paramagnetic resonance study.transmembrane stretch m(2c) from the bacterial k(+)-translocating protein ktrb is unusually long. in its middle part, termed m(2c2), it contains several small and polar amino acids. this region is flanked by the two alpha-helices m(2c1) and m(2c3) and may form a flexible gate at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane controlling k(+) translocation. in this study, we provide experimental evidence for this notion by using continuous wave and pulse epr measurements of single and double spin-labeled c ...201020573964
phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus isolates based on toxr gene sequence.the vibrio genus contains a large number of closely related bacterial species differing, in some cases, less than 1% in 16s rrna gene sequence. the present study evaluated the usefulness of toxr gene for phylogenetic and evolution analysis on vibrio isolates of environmental or clinical origin belonging to the two closely related species v. parahaemolyticus and v. alginolyticus. the phylogenetic analysis based on toxr gene, contrary to 16s rrna gene, allowed a clear differentiation of the isolat ...201021213595
tumor suppressor qm-like gene from disk abalone (haliotis discus discus): molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis upon immune challenge.we describe molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the gene encoding tumor suppressor qm-like protein, abqm, in the disk abalone haliotis discus discus. the full-length cdna (765-bp) of abqm was found to consist of a 654-bp orf coding for a 218 amino acid protein of a 25 kda molecular mass with a 10.2 isoelectric point. analysis of abqm sequence revealed the presence of characteristic motifs, including the ribosomal protein l10 signature, sh3-binding motif and two antibiotic ...201020580829
expression of hsp60 and hsp70 in white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei in response to bacterial challenge.in the present study, cdna encoding a heat shock protein 60 (lvhsp60) gene in litopenaeus vannamei was cloned using a combination of homology and rapid amplification of cdna end (race) methods. the full length of the lvhsp60 cdna was found to be 2379bp, with a 1737bp open reading frame. the translated amino acid sequence consisted of 579 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 60.8kd and an isoelectronic point (pi) of 5.97. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that it has hi ...201020043915
immune response in lutjanus erythropterus induced by the major outer membrane protein (ompu) of vibrio alginolyticus.the outer membrane proteins (omps) of the marine aquatic animal pathogen vibrio alginolyticus play an important role in the virulence of the bacterium and are potential candidates for vaccine development. in this study, the major 35.6 kda omp of v. alginolyticus was isolated by gel excision from the crude omp fraction from v. alginolyticus. the sequence of the first 27 amino acid residues from the n-terminal end of the protein is atv ykd ggt ell vgg rve frg dfi gsd, which has high homology with ...201020597431
molecular cloning and characterization of a serine proteinase homolog prophenoloxidase-activating factor in the swimming crab portunus trituberculatus.serine proteinase homologues (sphs), as one of prophenoloxiase-activating factors (ppafs), play critical roles in innate immunity of crabs. based on an est from the eyestalk full length cdna library, the complete cdna (designated as ptsph) and genomic dna of sph from the swimming crab portunus trituberculatus were cloned in this study. the estimated molecular weight of mature ptsph (354 amino acids) was 38.7 kda and its isoelectric point was 5.08. multiple sequence alignment revealed that ptsph ...201020633654
identification of vaccine candidates from differentially expressed outer membrane proteins of vibrio alginolyticus in response to nacl and iron limitation.vibrio alginolyticus is the etiological agent that causes great losses in aquacultures and clinical emanating cases in humans. identification of highly efficient vaccine candidates to control v. alginolyticus infection has been highly concerned since vaccines offer a powerful approach to provide efficient protection from bacterial infections. in the present study, we firstly investigated the altered outer membrane proteins (om proteins) of v. alginolyticus in response to nacl concentrations and ...201020659563
two flagellar stators and their roles in motility and virulence in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605.the motor proteins around the flagellar basal body consist of two cytoplasmic membrane proteins, mota and motb, and function as a complex that acts as the stator to generate the torque that drives rotation. genome analysis of several pseudomonas syringae pathovars revealed that there are two sets of genes encoding motor proteins: motab and motcd. deduced amino acid sequences for mota/b and motc/d showed homologies to the h(+)-driven stator from escherichia coli and na(+)-driven stator from vibri ...201021165649
molecular characterization and expression analysis of interferon-gamma-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt) gene from pearl oyster pinctada fucata.interferon-gamma-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt) is an important thiol reductase, involved in class, mhc-restricted antigen processing by catalyzing disulfide bond reduction in mammals. herein, we describe the identification and characterization of pearl oyster pinctada fucata gilt (designated as pogilt). the pogilt cdna was 1273bp long and consisted of a 5'-untranslated region (utr) of 24bp, a 3'-utr of 484bp with two cytokine rna instability motifs (attta), and an open reading frame ...201020444427
three isoforms of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor identified from eyestalk cdna library of swimming crab portunus trituberculatus.anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (alfs), as the potent antimicrobial peptides, can bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide (lps) and exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activities. in this study, three isoforms of the alf homologues (ptesalf1-3) were identified from eyestalk cdna library of swimming crab portunus trituberculatus. the full-length cdna sequences of ptesalf1, 2 and 3 were 1138, 1052 and 1057 bp encoding 92, 108 and 123 amino acids, respectively. ptesalf1-3 contained two conserved cy ...201021168510
functional characterization of vibrio alginolyticus twin-arginine translocation system: its roles in biofilm formation, extracellular protease activity, and virulence towards fish.the bacterial twin-arginine translocation (tat) system contributes to translocate folded proteins and plays pleiotropic roles in growth, motility, and the secretion of some virulent factors. in this study, the authors identified the tat gene cluster in fish pathogen vibrio alginolyticus and explored its roles in pathogenesis toward fish. vibrio alginolyticus tat mutants showed growth deficiency in tmao medium, while the complement strain restored the ability to grow in the medium, demonstrating ...201021170534
identification of non-coding rnas in environmental vibrios.the discovery of non-coding rna (ncrna) has been mainly limited to laboratory model systems and human pathogenic bacteria. in this study, we begin to explore the ncrna diversity in four recently sequenced environmental vibrio species (vibrio alginolyticus 40b, vibrio communis 1da3, vibrio mimicus vm573 and vibrio campbellii baa-1116) by performing in silico searches using infernal and rfam for the identification of putative ncrna-encoding genes. this search method resulted in the identification ...201020447992
differential expression of lvhsp60 in shrimp in response to environmental stress.previous studies showed that heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60) was known to function as a molecular chaperone and is an important factor in the innate immune system in mammals. however, little was known about the physiological relevance of hsp60 in marine invertebrates. this study focuses on long-term monitoring of the differential expression of lvhsp60 in shrimp litopenaeus vannamei in response to environmental stress. the thermal aggregation assay elucidated that lvhsp60 was an effective chaperone ...201021182965
cloning, expression, and genus-specificity analysis of 28-kda ompk from vibrio alginolyticus.some vibrio species are universal marine pathogens and vibrio infections are often encountered due to consumption of raw or uncooked seafood. the outer membrane proteins, playing a key role in interaction between bacteria and hosts, are potential candidates for development of vaccine and markers of the genus vibrio. in this study, the ompk (outer membrane protein k) genes of vibrio alginolyticus, v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, v. fluvialis, and v. mimicu were cloned with 798 to 822 nucleoti ...201020546410
f-type lectin involved in defense against bacterial infection in the pearl oyster (pinctada martensii).in invertebrates and vertebrates, carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) play an important role in innate immunity against microbial invasion. in the present study, we report the cloning of an f-type lectin (designated as pmf-lectin) from pearl oyster (pinctada martensii) using a combination of expression sequence tag (est) analysis and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) pcr. the full-length cdna of pmf-lectin contains an open reading frame (orf) of 579 bp coding for192 amino acids. the de ...201021195768
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel c-type lysozyme gene in swimming crab portunus trituberculatus.lysozymes are key proteins to invertebrates in the innate immune responses against bacterial infections. in this study, the full-length cdna of a novel c-type lysozyme was cloned from the haemocytes of swimming crab portunus trituberculatus using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) approaches. the full-length cdna of lysozyme was of 984 bp, containing a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 90 bp, a 3' utr of 222 bp with a poly (a) tail, and an open reading frame (orf) of 672 bp encoding an 18 ami ...201020420912
the protective immunity of white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei that had been immersed in the hot-water extract of gracilaria tenuistipitata and subjected to combined stresses of vibrio alginolyticus injection and temperature change.white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei which had been immersed in seawater (35 per thousand) containing the hot-water extract of gracilaria tenuistipitata at 0 (control), 400, and 600 mg l(-1) for 3 h, were subjected to temperature transfer (28 degrees c), or combined stresses of vibrio alginolyticus injection (2.4 x 10(6) colony-forming unit shrimp(-1)) and temperature transfer (28 degrees c) from 24 degrees c, and the immune parameters including hyaline cells (hcs), granular cells (gcs, including s ...201020420916
expression, characterization and immunogenicity of flagellin flac from vibrio alginolyticus strain hy9901.vibrio alginolyticus is one of ubiquitous pathogens infecting human and marine animals. flagellins of bacteria play an important role in infecting animals and inducing host immune response. in the present research, flagellin flac gene of v. alginolyticus strain hy9901 was cloned and expressed. the open reading frame of flac gene contains 1155 bp and the putative protein consists of 384 amino acid residues. polyclonal antibodies were raised in mouse against the purified recombinant flac protein a ...201020420917
vibrio alginolyticus mvin is a luxo-regulated protein and affects cytotoxicity toward epc cell.vibrio alginolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is one of the causative agents of fish vibriosis. its virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanism are barely known except for some extracellular products (ecps), which are implicated to be regulated by quorum sensing system. in the present study, microarray was used to analyze the transcription profiles of v. alginolyticus wild-type and a deletion mutant of luxo, the pivotal regulator in vibrio quorum sensing systems, and a putative virule ...201020208429
pathogenic vibrio species in dutch shellfish destined for direct human consumption.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common cause of shellfish-related gastroenteritis all over the world. v. parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus have previously been detected in water samples from the oosterschelde, a large inlet on the north sea, which is used for both recreational purposes and shellfish production. in 2006, oysters (crassostrea gigas) from a noncommercial oyster bed in the oosterschelde and oysters bought in dutch fish shops were tested for the presence of pathogenic vibrio spe ...201020377964
an acute gastroenteritis outbreak of vibrio parahaemolyticus o4:k55 in nursing college, thailand.a cluster of acute gastroenteritis among nursing students was noticed on 13th september 2005. between 13th and 17th september 2005, a retrospective cohort study was then conducted to identify the most likely cause of gastroenteritis at a nursing college in bangkok, thailand. self-administered questionnaires, interviews, environmental investigations, and rectal swabs from all participants were carried out. in the investigation, 98.9% female nursing students were investigated and had completed the ...201020962724
transcriptional regulation of extracellular copper zinc superoxide dismutase from white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei following vibrio alginolyticus and wssv infection.the cdna encoding an extracellular copper zinc superoxide dismutase (lvecsod) was cloned from the hepatopancreas of white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei. it consisted of 915 bp nucleotides with an open reading frame corresponding to a deduced protein of 178 amino acids. the lvecsod contains a putative signal peptide of 16 amino acids, two potential n-linked glycosylation sites (n(115)gta and n(135)itg) and a copper zinc superoxide dismutase family signature sequence (g(162)nagarvaccti(173)). it was ...201020974259
identification of outer membrane proteins of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus altered in response to γ-irradiation or long-term starvation.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus were subjected to γ-irradiation (0.5 kgy) or starvation by incubation for 8 months in seawater to study modifications in their outer membrane protein patterns. after treatment, outer membrane protein profiles of starved or γ-irradiated bacteria were found to be altered when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). altered proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (ms and ms/ms) and analyses revealed tha ...201021035543
identification of a luxo-regulated extracellular protein pep and its roles in motility in vibrio alginolyticus.the fish pathogen vibrio alginolyticus virulence factors and regulation mechanism are barely known except the quorum sensing regulated extracellular products. in the present study, the cleavable isotope-coded affinity tags (cicats) were used to analyze the differentially expressed extracellular proteins of v. alginolyticus wild-type and a δluxo mutant, and a putative peptidase pep was identified. quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr confirmed that the transcription of pep was down-re ...201021167274
[cloning and expression pattern analysis of a lipopolysaccharide -and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein in portunus trituberculatus].the lipopolysaccharide -and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein (lgbp) is a pattern recognition receptor, which is fundamental for the innate immune response of crustaceans. a lgbp gene was cloned from the haemocytes of portunus trituberculatus using smart race methods. the full-length lgbp cdna (1 378 bp) had a 1 095 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 365 amino acid residues including a 16 amino acid residues signal peptide, a 138 bp 5' untranslated region (utr) and a 144 bp untranslated r ...201021174347
uneven frequency of vibrio alginolyticus-group isolates among different populations of galápagos marine iguana (amblyrhynchus cristatus).the presence of vibrio isolates was investigated in cloacal swabs from the galápagos marine iguana (amblyrhyncus cristatus). such unique iguana is endemic to the galápagos archipelago, it is listed as vulnerable in the iucn red list (2009), and is strictly protected by cites and ecuador laws. our results revealed an uneven isolation frequency of vibrios from animals living in different settings: maximal among the santa fe population, scarce at bahía tortuga but practically absent in the samples ...201023766014
diversity and pathogenic potential of vibrios isolated from abrolhos bank corals.we performed the first taxonomic characterization of vibrios and other culturable microbiota from apparently healthy and diseased brazilian-endemic corals at the abrolhos reef bank. the diseases affecting corals were tissue necrosis in phyllogorgia dillatata, white plague and bleaching in mussismilia braziliensis and bleaching in mussismilia hispida. bacterial isolates were obtained from mucus of 22 coral specimens originated from the abrolhos bank (i.e. itacolomis reef, recife de fora reef and ...201023766002
chlorophyll a might structure a community of potentially pathogenic culturable vibrionaceae. insights from a one-year study of water and mussels surveyed on the french atlantic coast.the present study focused on the isolation of culturable bacteria from mussels and sea water to identify vibrionaceae potentially pathogenic for humans. three sites located on the french atlantic coast were monitored monthly (twice each month during summer) for 1 year. environmental parameters were surveyed (water temperature, salinity, turbidity, chlorophyll a) and bacteria were detected by culture and identified by api 20e(®) systems (biomérieux) and pcr. a total of seven species were detected ...201023766015
toward 9 by '90: reducing infant mortality. 20102913170
somatostatinoma of vater's papilla and of the minor papilla.two cases of somatostatinomas of the major and minor papilla are reported. the tumors were characterized by solid trabecular and tubular arrangements of tumor cells and in one case by the presence of microvilli and psammoma bodies. the tumor cells contain many amine precursor uptake and dicarboxylation (apud)-granules with a diameter of 300 to 500 nm and low electron density. immunoperoxidase stain showed intense staining only for somatostatin and low density of neuron-specific enolase. those tu ...20102885079
use of pseudomonas stutzeri and candida utilis in the improvement of the conditions of artemia culture and protection against pathogens.to evaluate the effect of two bacterial strains isolated from artemia cysts and yeast (candida utilis) on the survival, growth and total biomass production of its larvae, challenge tests were performed with candida utilis, pseudomonas stutzeri and pasteurella haemolityca. in addition, a pathogenic strain of vibrio alginolyticus was tested for comparative purposes. pseudomonas stutzeri and candida utilis have no impact on survival, but enhance growth and total biomass production of the larvae. ho ...201024031470
substance use and mental health problems among sons of alcoholics and controls.data from a questionnaire sent to 864 university male students and nonacademic staff were used to compare self-reports of substance intake patterns and problems as well as family histories of depression and substance abuse across four groups: group 1, 682 men (79%) who had no alcoholic first or second-degree relative; group 2, 101 men (12%) who reported an alcoholic second-degree relative only; group 3, 59 men (7%) who reported an alcoholic first-degree relative only and group 4, 22 men (3%) wit ...20103682826
[restoration of the malar asymmetry with hydroxylapatite]. 20102856237
loss of complement receptor type 1 (cr1) on ageing of erythrocytes. studies of proteolytic release of the receptor.complement receptor type 1 (cr1) is a glycoprotein of mr about 250 000 present on erythrocytes and other cell types. cr1 acts as a cofactor in the factor i-mediated breakdown of complement fragment c3b to form ic3b. using an assay of cofactor activity, a wide variation in mean cr1 levels between erythrocytes from individual donors is observed. cr1 levels also decrease on ageing of erythrocytes in vivo, and again the rate of loss is widely variable between individuals. however, variable loss of c ...20102944510
dice: nonclinical causes of overtreatment. 20102916481
comparative study of the peripheral and central effects of terfenadine and cetirizine 2 hcl.the histamine cutaneous reactivity of healthy volunteers was measured after a single oral intake of placebo, terfenadine 60 mg and 180 mg, and cetirizine 2 hcl 10 mg. central side effects were evaluated by visual analog scales for drowsiness and movement coordination. the anti-h1 cutaneous effect of cetirizine 2 hcl proved to be significantly more rapid, more pronounced, and longer lasting than that of terfenadine 60 mg. cetirizine and terfenadine 180 mg were equipotent. the visual analog scales ...20102888424
interactions of monomeric igg bearing covalently bound c3b with polymorphonuclear leucocytes.the interactions of monomeric igg, monomeric c3b, dimeric c3b, and c3b covalently bound to igg (c3b-igg) with neutrophils were examined. c3b-igg heterodimers exhibited an increased affinity of binding to neutrophils, relative to c3b, both at half normal ionic strength (five-fold enhancement) and at normal ionic strength (six-fold enhancement). binding of monomeric igg to neutrophils was barely detectable and did not permit direct measurements of affinity in our assay conditions. the increased af ...20102953672
individual microglia move rapidly and directly to nerve lesions in the leech central nervous system.small cells called microglia, which collect at nerve lesions, were tracked as they moved within the leech nerve cord to crushes made minutes or hours before. the aim of this study was to determine whether microglia respond as a group and move en masse or instead move individually, at different rates, and whether they move along axons directly to the lesion or take another route, such as along the edges of the nerve cord. cell nuclei in living nerve cords were stained with hoechst 33258 dye and o ...20102915975
why not launch a new cadet nurse corps? 20103279779
biosynthesis of porphyrins and left ventricle function in patients with terminal renal insufficiency. 20113133291
[morphology of the kidneys in shock]. 20113078180
[effects of stimulus modality and task instruction upon the orienting response].the purpose of this study is to confirm that habituated orienting response (or) is evoked when the visual and auditory stimuli are bimodally presented. in exp. i, either visual or auditory stimulus was exposed to 20 subjects in both habituation- and test-periods. in exp. ii, the visual and auditory stimuli were exposed conversely over the habituation- (either stimulus) and the test-periods (both stimuli). a half of the 20 subjects was instructed to pedal only when the test-stimulus was presented ...20113210459
[enterostoma therapy--a pilot course in the essen education center of the german nursing association]. 20113127632
tissue reaction to implant corrosion in 38 internal fixation devices.the corrosion characteristics, metallurgical properties, and clinical performance of 38 retrieved internal fixation devices were correlated with the tissue reaction to these devices. metallurgical parameters included thin and heavy inclusion content, rockwell hardness, and grain size. the excised fibrous tissue strip was directly overlying each plate at removal and sectioned between screw-hole sites. the material studied from the 38 plates consisted of 201 screw-hole junctions with associated ti ...20113368412
[present state and measures to improve medico-legal expertise in the light of decisions of the 24th meeting of the cpsu on strengthening socialist legality]. 20115036772
[use of a device for cutting bones in the examination of cadavers]. 20115036778
[radiography of the nasopharynx and pharynx]. 20113225927
[respiratory problems in patients with muscular dystrophy]. 20113285556
correcting for selection bias in estimation of within-individual variance.consider a variable whose expected value distributes among individuals in a population, and which also has an important component of within-individual variance. in a screening study that involves repeated observations only for those individuals whose initial observation exceeds an arbitrary cutoff point, the usual estimator of within-individual variance is biased. assuming normality and independence, this note gives the derivation of the expected value of the estimator and uses it to obtain an u ...20113358021
correcting for selection bias in estimation of within-individual variance.consider a variable whose expected value distributes among individuals in a population, and which also has an important component of within-individual variance. in a screening study that involves repeated observations only for those individuals whose initial observation exceeds an arbitrary cutoff point, the usual estimator of within-individual variance is biased. assuming normality and independence, this note gives the derivation of the expected value of the estimator and uses it to obtain an u ...20113358021
ca2+ regulation of the thin filaments: biochemical mechanism and physiological role. 20113208977
dot assay for neomycin phosphotransferase activity in crude cell extracts.a dot assay for determining neomycin phosphotransferase (npt ii) activity in crude cell extracts has been developed. the assay provides for the rapid screening of large numbers of cell cultures generated in gene transformation experiments using npt ii as a dominant selectable marker. currently, the commonly used procedure for npt ii assay employs a time-consuming electrophoretic protein separation step to eliminate a positive interference resulting from putative protein kinase activities present ...20113037946
surgical considerations in childhood end-stage renal disease.this article provides a conceptual framework that is useful to the pediatrician who provides children with renal failure with care. operative and perioperative consideration are emphasized.20113658506
[joint diseases other than rheumatic diseases]. 20113648965
esmolol for control of increases in heart rate and blood pressure during tracheal intubation after thiopentone and succinylcholine.esmolol, an ultra-short-acting cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker, was investigated in a double-blind prospective protocol for its ability to control haemodynamic responses associated with tracheal intubation after thiopentone and succinylcholine. thirty asa physical status i patients received a 12-minute infusion of esmolol (500 micrograms x kg-1 x min-1 for four minutes, then 300 micrograms x kg-1 x min-1 for 8 minutes) or saline. five minutes after the start of the drug/placebo infusion, ...20113768764
[the 35th anniversary of the independent existence of czechoslovak pharmacy schools]. 20113072093
characterization of the flagellar motor composed of functional gfp-fusion derivatives of flig in the na(+)-driven polar flagellum of vibrio alginolyticus.the polar flagellum of vibrio alginolyticus is driven by sodium ion flux via a stator complex, composed of poma and pomb, across the cell membrane. the interaction between poma and the rotor component flig is believed to generate torque required for flagellar rotation. previous research reported that a gfp-fused flig retained function in the vibrio flagellar motor. in this study, we found that n-terminal or c-terminal fusion of gfp has different effects on both torque generation and the switchin ...201127857593
distribution of vibrio alginolyticus-like species in shenzhen coastal waters, china.we investigated the distribution of vibrios in shenzhen coastal waters in order to obtain valuable information for the aquaculture industry and a health warning system. quantities of vibrios from surface waters ranged from 0 to 4.40×10(4) cfus ml(-1) in april (spring), while from 0 to 2.57×10(3) cfus ml(-1) in september (autumn); the abundance of v. alginolyticus-like species from surface water ranged from 0 to 6.72×10(3) cfus ml(-1) in april (spring) and from 0 to 1.28×10(3) cfus ml(-1) in sept ...201124031704
cloning and expression of a heat shock protein (hsp) 90 gene in the haemocytes of crassostrea hongkongensis under osmotic stress and bacterial challenge.heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) is a highly conserved and multi-functional molecular chaperone that plays an essential role in both cellular metabolism and stress response. here, we report the cloning of the hsp90 homologue in crassostrea hongkongensis (chhsp90) through ssh in combination with race from cdna of haemocytes. the full-length cdna of chhsp90 is 2459 bp in length, consisting of a 3', 5'-untranslated region (utr) and an open reading frame of 2169 bp encoding 722 amino acids. the identit ...201121565272
heterodisaccharide 4-o-(n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl)-d-glucosamine is an effective chemotactic attractant for vibrio bacteria that produce chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase.aims:  to investigate the attractant effect of 4-o-(n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl)-d-glucosamine (glcnac-glcn) in the chemotaxis of vibrio bacteria that produce carbohydrate esterase (ce) family 4 chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase (cod), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of glcnac-glcn from n,n'-diacetylchitobiose (glcnac)(2) . methods and results:  the chemotactic effect of disaccharides from chitin on several strains of vibrio bacteria was investigated using an agar gel lane-migration metho ...201121575022
mx expression in gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata l.) in response to poly i:c, bacterial lps and chromosomal dna: preliminary study. 201121575726
implications of three-step swimming patterns in bacterial chemotaxis.we recently found that marine bacteria vibrio alginolyticus execute a cyclic three-step (run-reverse-flick) motility pattern that is distinctively different from the two-step (run-tumble) pattern of escherichia coli. how this novel, to our knowledge, swimming pattern is regulated by cells of v. alginolyticus is not currently known, but its significance for bacterial chemotaxis is self-evident and will be delineated herein. using a statistical approach, we calculated the migration speed of a cell ...201121190654
conversion of mono-polar to peritrichous flagellation in vibrio alginolyticus.precise regulation of the number and positioning of flagella are critical in order for the mono-polar-flagellated bacterium vibrio alginolyticus to swim efficiently. it has been shown that, in v. alginolyticus cells, the putative gtpase flhf determines the polar location and production of flagella, while the putative atpase flhg interacts with flhf, preventing it from localizing at the pole, and thus negatively regulating the flagellar number. in fact, no δflhf cells have flagella, while a very ...201121204943
from the cover: bacterial flagellum as a propeller and as a rudder for efficient chemotaxis.we investigate swimming and chemotactic behaviors of the polarly flagellated marine bacteria vibrio alginolyticus in an aqueous medium. our observations show that v. alginolyticus execute a cyclic, three-step (forward, reverse, and flick) swimming pattern that is distinctively different from the run-tumble pattern adopted by escherichia coli. specifically, the bacterium backtracks its forward swimming path when the motor reverses. however, upon resuming forward swimming, the flagellum flicks and ...201121205908
the structure of the flagellar motor protein complex pomab: implications for the torque-generating conformation.the bacterial flagellar motor is driven by an ion flux through a channel called motab in escherichia coli or salmonella and pomab in vibrio alginolyticus. pomab is composed of two transmembrane (tm) components, poma and pomb, and converts a sodium ion flux to rotation of the flagellum. its homolog, motab, utilizes protons instead of sodium ions. pomb/motb has a peptidoglycan (pg)-binding motif in the periplasmic domain, allowing it to function as the stator by being anchored to the pg layer. to ...201121642461
white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei immersed in seawater containing sargassum hemiphyllum var. chinense powder and its extract showed increased immunity and resistance against vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus.this study was to examine the immune response of white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against vibrio alginolyticus and wssv when shrimp received the sargassum hemiphyllum var. chinense powder and its hot-water extract. both powder and extract showed activation of prophenoloxidase and generation of superoxide anion in the shrimp in vitro. the haemocyte count, phenoloxidase (po) activity, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activity were examined after the shrimp were immersed in seawa ...201121658452
microarray analysis of gene expression in disk abalone haliotis discus discus after bacterial challenge.in this study, we investigated the gene expression profiling of disk abalone, haliotis discus discus challenged by a mixture of three pathogenic bacteria vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahemolyticus, and listeria monocytogenes using a cdna microarray. upon bacteria challenge, 68 (1.6%) and 112 (2.7%) gene transcripts changed their expression levels ≥2 or ≤2 -fold in gills and digestive tract, respectively. there were 46 tissue-specific transcripts that up-regulated specifically in the digestive ...201121215803
identification, molecular characterization and expression analysis of a mucosal c-type lectin in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica.lectins are well known to actively participate in the defense functions of vertebrates and invertebrates where they play an important role in the recognition of foreign particles. they have also been reported to be involved in other processes requiring carbohydrate-lectin interactions such as symbiosis or fertilization. in this study, we report a novel putative c-type lectin (cvml) from the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica and we investigated its involvement in oyster physiology. the cdna of ...201121256965
an mpeg (macrophage expressed gene) from the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas: molecular characterization and gene expression.mpegs (macrophage expressed genes) encode members of the macpf (membrane-attack complex/perforin) protein superfamily that play essential roles in innate immunity. in the present study, a homolog of mpeg1 was identified in crassostrea gigas and designed cg-mpeg1. the complete cdna of cg-mpeg1 is 2781 bp in length, containing an orf of 2226 bp, which encodes a putative protein of 742 amino acids with a predicted 19-aa hydrophobic signal peptide, an macpf domain, and a transmembrane domain. phylog ...201121272653
gene expression analysis of clams ruditapes philippinarum and ruditapes decussatus following bacterial infection yields molecular insights into pathogen resistance and immunity.the carpet shell clam (ruditapes decussatus) and manila clam (ruditapes philippinarum), which are cultured bivalve species with important commercial value, are affected by diseases that result in large economic losses. because the molecular mechanism of the immune response of bivalves, especially clams, is scarce and fragmentary, we have examined all expressed sequence tags (est) resources available in public databases for these two species in order to increase our knowledge on genes related wit ...201121756933
reverse and flick: hybrid locomotion in bacteria. 201121289282
dietary administration of a gracilaria tenuistipitata extract enhances the immune response and resistance against vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus in the white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei.the haemogram, phenoloxidase (po) activity, respiratory bursts (rbs), superoxide dismutase (sod) activity, glutathione peroxidase (gpx) activity, lysozyme activity, and the mitotic index of haematopoietic tissue (hpt) were examined after the white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei had been fed diets containing the hot-water extract of gracilaria tenuistipitata at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0-ág-ákg(-1) for 7-35-ádays. results indicated that these parameters directly increased with the amount of extr ...201121820059
ktrb, a member of the superfamily of k+ transporters.ktrb is the k(+)-translocating subunit of the k(+)-uptake system ktrab from bacteria. it is a member of the superfamily of k(+)transporters (skt proteins) with other sub-families occurring in archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and trypanosomes. skt proteins may have originated from small k(+) channels by at least two gene duplication and two gene fusion events. they contain four covalently linked m(1)pm(2) domains, in which m(1) and m(2) stand for transmembrane stretches, and p for a p-loop, which ...201121680052
molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of two novel tolls (lvtoll2 and lvtoll3) and three putative sp+ñtzle-like toll ligands (lvspz1-3) from litopenaeus vannamei.toll-like receptor-mediated nf-+¦b pathways are essential for inducing immune related-gene expression in the defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections in insects and mammals. although a toll receptor (lvtoll1) was cloned in litopenaeus vannamei, relatively little is known about other types of toll-like receptors and their endogenous cytokine-like ligand, sp+ñtzle. here, we report two novel toll-like receptors (lvtoll2 and lvtoll3) and three sp+ñtzle-like proteins (lvspz1-3) from l. ...201121827783
Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily gene, TNF receptor superfamily gene and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-+¦ factor (LITAF) gene from Litopenaeus vannamei.In vertebrates, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor (TNFR) system participates in diverse physiological and pathological events, such as inflammation and protective immune responses to microbial infections. There are few reports about the role of the invertebrate TNF-TNFR system in immune responses. Here, we isolated and characterized the TNF superfamily (LvTNFSF) gene, TNFR superfamily (LvTNFRSF) gene and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-+¦ factor (LvLITAF) gene from Litopenaeus vannamei. Lv ...201121736897
establishment of a caenorhabditis elegans infection model for vibrio alginolyticus.vibrio alginolyticus, a common bacterium in the marine environment, is a threat to marine animals and humans by causing serious infections. the present study reveals the establishment of a caenorhabditis elegans infection model for vibrio alginolyticus. the infection and colonization was localized in the animal by tagging v. alginolyticus with gfp and using confocal laser scanning microscopy. chemotactic response of c. elegans to v. alginolyticus, pharyngeal distention and blockage of vulval reg ...201121298688
a putative g protein-coupled receptor involved in innate immune defense of procambarus clarkii against bacterial infection.the immune functions of g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) were widely investigated in mammals. however, limited researches on immune function of gpcrs were reported in invertebrates. in the present study, the immune functions of hp1r gene, a putative gpcr identified from red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii were reported. expression of hp1r gene was significant up-regulated in response to heat-killed aeromonas hydrophila challenge. hp1r gene silencing mediated by rna interference significantly ...201121964155
Detection and characterization of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish by a Ligation Detection Reaction-Universal Array approach.Vibrios are a group of major foodborne pathogens widely distributed in marine environment. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus are the pathogenic species of Vibrio that pose the greatest threat to human health. However, other vibrios, e.g. Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio mimicus and Grimontia hollisae, apparently less relevant in the group of foodborne pathogens, have been sporadically found in outbreaks. For seafood safety and economic purposes, a rapid and powerful met ...201122177227
a selective and differential medium for vibrio alginolyticus.in this paper, we present a selective and differential medium, termed vibrio alginolyticus (val) agar, developed for the isolation and identification of v. alginolyticus. the presence of bile salts, high salinity and high incubation temperature allows the selective growth of moderately halophilic vibrio species. differentiation of bacteria is achieved by identifying species capable of sucrose fermentation, made visible by the ph indicator bromocresol purple. in this study, all of the 26 strains ...201121306589
enumeration of vibrio parahaemolyticus in the viable but nonculturable state using direct plate counts and recognition of individual gene fluorescence in situ hybridization.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative, halophilic bacterium indigenous to marine and estuarine environments and it is capable of causing food and water-borne illness in humans. it can also cause disease in marine animals, including cultured species. currently, culture-based techniques are used for quantification of v. parahaemolyticus in environmental samples; however, these can be misleading as they fail to detect v. parahaemolyticus in a viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state which leads t ...201121329738
Characterization of anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and chemical compositions of Peperomia pellucida leaf extract.Peperomia pellucida leaf extract was characterized for its anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, and chemical compositions. Anticancer activity of P. pellucida leaf extract was determined through Colorimetric MTT (tetrazolium) assay against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell line and the antimicrobial property of the plant extract was revealed by using two-fold broth micro-dilution method against 10 bacterial isolates. Antioxidant activity of the plant extract was then charact ...201122071643
susceptibility to antibiotics of vibrio spp. and photobacterium damsela ssp. piscicida strains isolated from italian aquaculture farms.the antibiotic resistance patterns of aetiological agents responsible for vibriosis and pasteurellosis were studied to contribute to control the spread of these two bacterial diseases in mediterranean fish farming. strains of photobacterium damsela ssp. piscicida, vibrio fluvialis, vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio metschnikovii, isolated from italian aquaculture (fish, shellfish and crustaceans) sites, were assayed for their susceptibility to some antibacterial agents curren ...201121344147
molecular characterization and mrna expression of catalase from pearl oyster pinctada fucata.catalase (ec 1.11.1.6) is an important antioxidant enzyme that protects aerobic organisms against oxidative damage by degrading hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. in the present study, a catalase cdna of peal oyster pincatada fucata (designated as pocat) is cloned and characterized by expressed sequence tag (est) and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) methods. pocat is 2428 bp long and consists of a 5'-utr of 140 bp, an unusually long 3'-utr of 749 bp, and an open reading frame (orf) of ...201122118636
occurance and survival of vibrio alginolyticus in tamouda bay (morocco).the objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial and seasonal fluctuations of vibrio alginolyticus in marine environment of the tamouda bay on the mediterranean coast of morocco and to determine the dominant factors of the environment that govern these fluctuations. the samples (sea water, plankton, shellfish and sediment) were collected fortnightly for two years from three study sites on the coast tamouda bay in northern morocco. the charge of vibrio alginolyticus is determined by m ...201122000489
screening and characterization of a cellulase gene from the gut microflora of abalone using metagenomic library.a metagenomic fosmid library was constructed using genomic dna isolated from abalone intestine. screening of a library of 3,840 clones revealed a 36 kb insert of a cellulase positive clone (pamhelo). a shotgun clone library was constructed using the positive clone (pamhelo) and further screening of 3,840 shotgun clones with an approximately 5 kb insert size using a congo red overlay revealed only one cellulase positive clone (pamhl9). the pamhl9 consisted of a 5,293-bp dna sequence and three ope ...201121369991
salt gland adenitis as only cause of stranding of loggerhead sea turtles caretta caretta.the present study describes pathological and microbiological findings in 9 stranded loggerhead sea turtles caretta caretta, whose only observed lesion was bilateral purulent salt gland adenitis. histological lesions ranged from the presence of abundant eosinophilic material associated with bacterial colonies in the lumen of the central ducts of the glandular lobules to the destruction of the glandular tissue and presence of abundant eosinophilic material composed of heterophils and cell debris, ...201121848124
antimicrobial resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated from farmed fish in korea from 2005 through 2007.the antimicrobial resistance patterns to 15 antimicrobial agents of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus isolated from farmed fishes, including olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus), black rockfish (sebastes schlegeli), red sea bream (pagrus major), and sea bass (lateolabrax japonicus), were investigated from 2005 through 2007. a total of 218 v. parahaemolyticus isolates and 153 v. alginolyticus isolates were obtained from the 180 fish samples collected from fish farms located alon ...201121375873
enhanced immune defences in pacific white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) post-exposure to a vibrio vaccine.this study was conducted to determine if exposure of shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei, to a commercial anti-vibrio vaccine caused changes in antibacterial and cellular (phagocytosis) defences. shrimp post-larvae were administered either vibromax™ vaccine or a blank preparation. whole body homogenates were prepared before (day 0), during (day 10) and after (day 20) vaccination and incubated with a selection of pathogenic vibrios. homogenate from day 0 animals showed natural antibacterial activity tow ...201121377471
the cq ratio of surface energy components influences adhesion and removal of fouling bacteria.the interaction energy between bacteria and substrata with different surface energies was modelled by the extended dlvo-á(derjaguin, landau, verwey and overbeek) theory. the modeling results revealed that the interaction energy has a strong correlation with the cq (chen and qi) ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the lifshitz-van der waals (lw) apolar to the electron donor surface energy components of substrata. both modeling and experimental results with different bacteria including p. fluo ...201121390912
genotype analysis of collagenase gene by pcr-sscp in vibrio alginolyticus and its association with virulence to marine fish.in this article, the genotypes for vibrio alginolyticus were analyzed based on collagenase gene by pcr-single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) method and their relationship to the virulence for marine fish were studied by a bacteria challenging experiment. results showed total 13 genotypes designated as a1, a2, a3, a4, b, c, d, e, f, g1, g2, h, and i were identified. among them, isolates from type a1 were dominant in abundance (48.1%) and the isolates from nanyou had the highest polymorph ...201121394507
antimicrobial effects of essential oils of cinnamosma fragrans on the bacterial communities in the rearing water of penaeus monodon larvae.farmed shrimps are vectors of various vibrio species that are considered a potential health hazard. previous study has shown that vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio alginolyticus dominated in the water and larval samples of shrimp hatchery (randrianarivelo et al. 2010 ). the effects of two essential oils (eos) of cinnamosma fragrans, an endemic plant to madagascar (b8: linalool-type and b143: 1,8-cineole-type), were determined on the total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and t ...201121395412
sybr green i-based real-time pcr targeting the rpox gene for sensitive and rapid detection of vibrio alginolyticus.rpox, a vibrio alginolyticus specific stress regulating gene, was used to detect this fish pathogen by sybr green i-based real-time pcr. the specificity of the detection was confirmed in different samples. the minimum level of detection was 10(3) cells from pure culture and 10(2) cells from seawater.201121402144
a smaller particle size improved the oral bioavailability of monkey head mushroom, hericium erinaceum, powder resulting in enhancement of the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei.the effects of different particle sizes (100-150, 74-100, and <74 µm) of powder of the dried and ground stipe from the monkey head mushroom, hericium erinaceum, on the immune response and disease resistance of white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei, against the pathogen, vibrio alginolyticus, were examined. mushroom powder with a particle size of <74 µm had a significantly higher effect on the disease resistance of shrimp compared to particle sizes of >74 µm. mortality of shrimp after being injected ...201121421058
cloning and expression of toll-like receptors 1 and 2 from a teleost fish, the orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides.the two toll-like receptors, tlr1 and tlr2 were cloned from orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides, an important teleost fish in mariculture of asia. the cdna sequences of tlr1 and tlr2 are 3195 and 3439 bp long, with an open reading frame (orf) of 2406 and 2466 bp, encoding 801 and 821 amino acids, respectively. the tlr family motifs, i.e. leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains and toll/interleukin (il)-1 receptor (tir) domains are conserved in the tlr1 and tlr2, with nine and ten leucine-rich ...201121440311
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