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the reference strain aeromonas hydrophicla cip 57.50 should be reclassified as aeromonas salmonicida cip 57.50.the use of reference strains is a critical element for the quality control of different assays, from the development of molecular methods to the evaluation of antimicrobial activities. most of the strains used in these assays are not type strains and some of them are cited erroneously because of subsequent reclassifications and descriptions of novel species. in this study, we propose that the reference strain aeromonas hydrophila cip 57.50 be reclassified as aeromonas salmonicida cip 57.50 based ...201019965992
concurrent injection of a rhabdovirus-specific dna vaccine with a polyvalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccine delays the specific anti-viral immune response in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l.vaccines are commonly used in salmonid aquaculture as a method of disease prevention. although there is a substantial amount of published research regarding the immunological and physiological effects following the injection of different polyvalent vaccines and dna vaccines, there are no published reports examining the physiological and immunological effects of concurrent vaccine injection, which is the situation encountered in aquaculture. using key immunological parameters such as lysozyme act ...201020045062
in vivo transfer of plasmid pras1 between aeromonas salmonicida and aeromonas hydrophila in artificially infected cyprinus carpio l.this study investigated the possible in vivo transfer of plasmid pras1 between aeromonas salmonicida and a. hydrophila inhabiting two different organs of cyprinus carpio l. to distinguish transconjugants from naturally occurring antibiotic resistant bacteria, twelve luminescent transposon-tagged a. hydrophila strains using mini tn5luxcdabekm2 transposon were generated. in conjugal transfer experiments, fish were conditioned with the donor bacteria and subsequently immersed in water containing th ...201020059637
unmethylated cpg oligodeoxynucleotides activate head kidney leukocytes of atlantic cod, gadus morhua.bacterial dna and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) that contain unmethylated cpg motifs are strong inducers of immune response in most mammalian organisms. the use of these synthetic cpg motifs in fish, particularly in salmonids and carp, resulted in the modulation of their immune system. however, much less is known in other species of fish such as gadoids including atlantic cod, gadus morhua. using head kidney (hk) leukocytes of cod in an in vitro study, we determined the effects of some ...201020349339
defensin of the zebra mussel (dreissena polymorpha): molecular structure, in vitro expression, antimicrobial activity, and potential functions.a 409 bp full length defensin gene was cloned and sequenced based on an expressed sequence tag (est) obtained from a normalized zebra mussel (dreissena polymorpha) foot cdna library developed in our laboratory. the d. polymorpha defensin (dpd) gene encoded a peptide with 76 amino acid residues. the mature dpd contains 54 amino acids with a fully functional insect defensin a domain. homologue searching against genbank database suggested that this dpd was phylogenetically close to defensins from a ...201020537393
development and evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of flavobacterium psychrophilum, yersinia ruckeri and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in culture fisheries.bacterial cold water disease, enteric red mouth disease and frunculosis are the common bacterial diseases of fish worldwide. the etiologic agents of these diseases are flavobacterium (f.) psychrophilum, yersinia (y.) ruckeri and aeromonas (a.) salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, respectively. in this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) method with yer8/10-fer3/4-fp1/3 primer pairs which can identify these fish pathogens simultaneously was developed and optimized. in optimized condit ...201020706031
infection-induced changes in expression of antibacterial and cytokine genes in the gill epithelial cells of atlantic cod, gadus morhua during incubation with bacterial pathogens.the molecular processes of immune responses in mucosal tissues, such as the gills, during infection with bacterial pathogens are poorly understood. in the present study, we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of selected antibacterial genes and cytokines in the gills of a cold-water fish, atlantic cod, gadus morhua following in vitro infection with bacterial pathogens, vibrio anguillarum and atypical aeromonas salmonicida using semi-quantitative rt-pcr. there was significant upregulation in th ...201020430108
impact of reattaching various aeromonas salmonicida a-layer proteins on vaccine efficacy in atlantic cod (gadus morhua).atypical aeromonas salmonicida causes atypical furunculosis in a whole range of farmed fish species. the bacterium comprises a heterogeneous group differing in surface components such as the a-layer protein and o-chain polysaccharide structures. previously, the a-layer protein was shown to contribute to protective immunity as a vaccine with a. salmonicida cells with reattached a-layer protein protecting significantly better than the corresponding a-layer deficient bacteria used in the atlantic c ...201020472024
high gene expression of inflammatory markers and il-17a correlates with severity of injection site reactions of atlantic salmon vaccinated with oil-adjuvanted vaccines.two decades after the introduction of oil-based vaccines in the control of bacterial and viral diseases in farmed salmonids, the mechanisms of induced side effects manifested as intra-abdominal granulomas remain unresolved. side effects have been associated with generation of auto-antibodies and autoimmunity but the underlying profile of inflammatory and immune response has not been characterized. this study was undertaken with the aim to elucidate the inflammatory and immune mechanisms of granu ...201020507624
ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedaries): biochemical, bacterial and protozoal evaluation.the aim of this study was to evaluate female camels affected with ovarian hydrobursitis (n = 31) for hematological and biochemical findings and for bacterial and protozoal infections. blood samples were obtained and surgical ablation of the affected bursa was performed. bursal fluid, follicular fluid, and serum were subjected to hormonal and biochemical analyses. bursal fluids were cultured and colonies were identified using biomérieux vitek two compact system. passive haemagglutination test was ...201021144565
the rarely reported tet(31) tetracycline resistance determinant is common in gallibacterium anatis.the present investigation was undertaken to identify and characterize the tetracycline resistance determinant in 22 gallibacterium anatis strains for which no determinant was identified using primers specific for tet(a, b, c, d, e, g, h, k, l, m, o). a recent study found tet(b) to be the most prevalent tetracycline resistance determinant in a larger collection of g. anatis field strains from mexico and denmark. however, in 41% of the tetracycline resistant strains no determinant could be assigne ...201021145184
in vitro adherence of two candidate probiotics from atlantic cod and their interference with the adhesion of two pathogenic bacteria.the potential of two candidate probiotic bacteria (gp21 and gp12), isolated from the gut of atlantic cod, to adhere to primary cultures of the epithelial cells from the different regions of the intestine and to interfere with the adhesion of two pathogens, vibrio anguillarum and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were investigated. the intestinal isolates showed clear preference in adhering to the cells from the different intestine segments. gp12 adhered strongly to the fore- and mid intes ...201020884135
potential of the melanophore pigment response for detection of bacterial toxicity.chromatophore cells have been investigated as potential biodetectors for function-based detection of chemically and biologically toxic substances. oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) melanophores, a chromatophore cell type containing brown pigment, rapidly detect the salmonid pathogens aeromonas salmonicida, yersinia ruckeri, and flavobacterium psychrophilum and the human pathogen bacillus cereus.201020952639
characterization and expression studies of gaduscidin-1 and gaduscidin-2; paralogous antimicrobial peptide-like transcripts from atlantic cod (gadus morhua).piscidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides (amps) from fish that constitute an important component of their innate immune system. based on previously generated atlantic cod (gadus morhua) expressed sequence tags (ests), we identified sequences representing two paralogous amp-like transcripts. these atlantic cod paralogues were termed gaduscidins (gad-1 and gad-2), derived from the genus name gadus. we obtained full-length cdna sequences for these putative amp-encoding transcripts using bi- ...201021108964
discovery of serum l-amino acid oxidase in the rockfish sebastes schlegeli: isolation and biochemical characterization.fish have a complex innate defense mechanism against microbial invasion. in particular, epidermal mucus and serum in fish play important roles in innate immunity and contain a variety of bioactive substances such as complements, lectins and lysozymes, involved in host defense. recently, l-amino acid oxidases (laos) with antibacterial activity were isolated from the skin and/or gill mucous secretions of rockfish, great sculpin and flounder, and were identified to be a novel type of antibacterial ...201020728563
influence of alginic acid and fucoidan on the immune responses of head kidney leukocytes in cod.the present study investigated the immunomodulatory activities of alginic acid and fucoidan, both derived from brown seaweeds, on selected cellular immune responses and antibacterial activity of head kidney (hk) leukocytes of cod, gadus morhua. primary cultures of hk leukocytes were incubated with either 10 or 100 μg ml(-1) of the substances and the effects on respiratory burst, cellular proliferation, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and cellular myeloperoxidase were measured at 3- and 24 ...201021191809
mortality of centrarchid fishes in the potomac drainage: survey results and overview of potential contributing factors.skin lesions and spring mortality events of smallmouth bass micropterus dolomieu and selected other species were first noted in the south branch of the potomac river in 2002. since that year morbidity and mortality have also been observed in the shenandoah and monocacy rivers. despite much research, no single pathogen, parasite, or chemical cause for the lesions and mortality has been identified. numerous parasites, most commonly trematode metacercariae and myxozoans; the bacterial pathogens aer ...201021192549
identification of a novel allele of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparg) and its association with resistance to aeromonas salmonicida in atlantic salmon (salmo salar).bacterial and viral diseases are major problems in atlantic salmon aquaculture, but may be challenged through selection of brood stock with enhanced survival to diseases. today's selection strategy is based on controlled challenge tests using siblings of the breeding candidates, and is thus indirect. direct trait records on breeding candidates can potentially be provided through identification of genetic variation linked to the susceptibility to the disease. peroxisome proliferator-activated rec ...201020004720
genetic insertions and diversification of the polb-type dna polymerase (gp43) of t4-related phages.in escherichia coli phage t4 and many of its phylogenetic relatives, gene 43 consists of a single cistron that encodes a polb family (polb-type) dna polymerase. we describe the divergence of this phage gene and its protein product (gp43) (gene product 43) among 26 phylogenetic relatives of t4 and discuss our observations in the context of diversity among the widely distributed polb enzymes in nature. in two t4 relatives that grow in aeromonas salmonicida phages 44rr and 25, gene 43 is fragmented ...201019896487
first description of atypical furunculosis in freshwater farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in chile.we report the first isolation, identification and characterization of a group of chilean strains of atypical aeromonas salmonicida isolated from freshwater farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar. affected fish showed superficial ulcers and pale liver with or without petechial haemorrhages. outbreaks of the disease occurred in two farms in the south of chile about 2200 km apart. five strains were isolated in pure culture and identified by serological assays and immunofluorescence tests as belonging ...201020298453
characterization of susceptibility and carrier status of burbot, lota lota (l.), to ihnv, ipnv, flavobacterium psychrophilum, aeromonas salmonicida and renibacterium salmoninarum.in this study, susceptibility and potential carrier status of burbot, lota lota, were assessed for five important fish pathogens. burbot demonstrated susceptibility and elevated mortality following challenge with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) by immersion and to aeromonas salmonicida by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. ihnv persisted in fish for at least 28 days, whereas a. salmonicida was not re-isolated beyond 17 days post-challenge. in contrast, burbot appeared refractory t ...201020367740
enterobacteriaceae associated with eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis (testudines:chelonia) in nonpolluted sites of national park of araguaia plains, brazil.fertile eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis were investigated for the presence of enterobacteria, as these two endangered species have the potential for conservation measures that include egg transfer. knowledge of normal microflora associated with turtles and turtle eggs would help effectively manage the transfer of these eggs among institutions. thirty eggs of each species were collected, aseptically transferred, cracked inside plastic bags containing tetrathionate broth, and sp ...201021370647
the effects of the alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon retene on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immune response.the objective of this study was to examine the immune toxicity of the alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) retene (7-isopropyl-1-methyl phenanthrene) in rainbow trout. retene is a common alkyl pah associated with combustion of terrestrial plants or industrial effluents. rainbow trout were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 0, 1, or 10mg/kg of retene and sampled at 21d. within each retene treatment, co-injection of formalin-killed aeromonas salmonicida or a phosphate buffered ...201020810174
mechanisms of quinolone resistance in aeromonas species isolated from humans, water and eels.mechanisms of resistance were determined in 33 quinolone-resistant isolates of the species aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas caviae, aeromonas media, aeromonas salmonicida, aeromonas popoffii and aeromonas veronii, recovered from humans, freshwater and eels. the quinolone resistance-determining regions (qrdrs) of gyra and parc genes were sequenced in these resistant strains, as well as in 8 quinolone-sensitive aeromonas used as controls. all quinolone-resistant aeromonas carried point mutations in ...201019900538
characterization and expression analyses of anti-apoptotic bcl-2-like genes nr-13, mcl-1, bcl-x1, and bcl-x2 in atlantic cod (gadus morhua).nr-13, mcl-1, and bcl-x(l), are conserved anti-apoptotic proteins that belong to the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 sub-family, which inhibits cell death by preventing mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (mmp). given the anti-apoptotic functions of these proteins in vertebrates (e.g. human, mouse, and zebrafish) and the involvement of apoptotic regulation in immune responses, we studied the sequences of these genes and their transcript expression in atlantic cod (gadus morhua) during innate immune res ...201019923001
aeromonas salmonicida type i pilus system contributes to host colonization but not invasion.the host-adherence strategies employed by aeromonas salmonicida subsp, salmonicida, the etiological agent of an infectious bacteremia of salmonids, are poorly understood. in addition to the outer protein coat or s-layer, a. salmonicida has both type i and type iv pili loci. the a. salmonicida type i or fim pilus is encoded by an operon with genes for a chaperone, an usher, and 3 pilus subunits and is predicted to be similar to the pap fimbriae of uropathogenic escherichia coli, which are conside ...201020377009
design and performance of a turbot (scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray based on ests from immune tissues.an expressed sequence tag database from immune tissues was used to design the first high-density turbot (scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray with the aim of identifying candidate genes for tolerance to pathogens. specific oligonucleotides (60 mers) were successfully designed for 2,716 out of 3,482 unique sequences of the database. an agilent custom oligo-microarray 8 x 15 k (five replicates/gene; eight microarrays/slide) was constructed. the performance of the microarray and the sources of va ...201019844759
responses of atlantic cod gadus morhua head kidney leukocytes to phytase produced by gastrointestinal-derived bacteria.this study identified phytase-producing bacteria that were previously isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of atlantic cod, gadus morhua and determined its effect on head kidney leukocytes. out of the 216 bacterial strains tested, the two phytase producers were identified as pseudomonas sp. and psychrobacter sp. based on their 16s rdna sequence. crude phytase from these two bacterial strains was produced employing the shake flask method. even though the total protein of the crude phytase was ...201019844802
Discovery of novel biopreservation agents with inhibitory effects on growth of food-borne pathogens and their application to seafood products.Selection of protective cultures is relevant in order to biopreserve and improve the functional safety of food products, mainly through inhibition of spoilage and/or pathogenic bacteria. Accordingly, the present study investigated potential applications of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the biopreservation of fish and shellfish products. For this purpose, a collection of 84 LAB strains isolated from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) was identified and characterized for ...201122041547
zebrafish mast cells possess an fcɛri-like receptor and participate in innate and adaptive immune responses.we previously identified a zebrafish mast cell (mc) lineage and now aim to determine if these cells function analogously in innate and adaptive immunity like their mammalian counterparts. intraperitoneal (ip) injection of compound 48/80 or live aeromonas salmonicida resulted in significant mc degranulation evident histologically and by increased plasma tryptase compared with saline-injected controls (p=0.0006, 0.005, respectively). pre-treatment with ketotifen abrogated these responses (p=0.0004 ...201120849876
multiplex pcr for the detection of piscirickettsia salmonis, vibrio anguillarum, aeromonas salmonicida and streptococcus phocae in chilean marine farms.a multiplex (m-)pcr-based protocol was designed for the simultaneous detection of the main marine bacterial pathogens in chilean salmon farms: streptococcus phocae, aeromonas salmonicida, vibrio anguillarum and piscirickettsia salmonis. each of the 4 oligonucleotide primer pairs exclusively amplified the target gene of the specific bacterial pathogen. the detection limit of the m-pcr using purified total bacterial dna was 50 pg microl(-1) for v anguillarum, 500 fg microl(-1) for p. salmonis, and ...201122303630
protection against atypical aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp, cyprinus carpio l., by oral administration of a mixed microbial culture of lactobacillus paracasei, pichia membranifaciens and saccharomyces cereviciae.a microbial culture was prepared by co-cultivation of lactobacillus paracasei, pichia membranifaciens and saccharomyces cereviciae for 48 hr at 30 c in rice bran extract medium, supplemented with dextrose. oral administration of the resulting non-viable heat-inactivated microbial culture to common carp, cyprinus carpio l., delivered in feed for four weeks, induced effective protection against experimental atypical aeromonas salmonicida infection which causes "ulcer disease". after challenge of t ...201121685718
Bacteriophages with potential for inactivation of fish pathogenic bacteria: survival, host specificity and effect on bacterial community structure.Phage therapy may represent a viable alternative to antibiotics to inactivate fish pathogenic bacteria. Its use, however, requires the awareness of novel kinetics phenomena not applied to conventional drug treatments. The main objective of this work was to isolate bacteriophages with potential to inactivate fish pathogenic bacteria, without major effects on the structure of natural bacterial communities of aquaculture waters. The survival was determined in marine water, through quantification by ...201122163184
Screening microorganisms for insulin binding reveals binding by Burkholderia multivorans and Burkholderia cenocepacia and novel attachment of insulin to Aeromonas salmonicida via the A-layer.Exposure to microorganisms is considered an environmental factor which can contribute to Type 1 diabetes. Insulin binding proteins on microorganisms may induce production of antibodies which can react with the human insulin receptor (HIR) with possible consequences in developing a diabetic autoimmune response against HIR and insulin. The interaction of insulin with microorganisms was studied by screening forty-five microbial species for their ability to bind insulin. Binding assays were performe ...201122171975
Aeromonas salmonicida-secreted protein AopP is a potent inducer of apoptosis in a mammalian and a Drosophila model.Some pathogens are able to establish themselves within the host because they have evolved mechanisms to disrupt host innate immunity. For example, a number of pathogens secrete preformed effector proteins via type III secretion apparatuses that influence innate immune or apoptotic signalling pathways. One group of effector proteins that usurp innate immune signalling is the YopJ-like family of bacterial effector proteins, which includes AopP from Aeromonas salmonicida. Aeromonas species are know ...201122040305
cloning and expression analysis of the mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of nf-κb (mulan) in atlantic salmon (salmo salar).nuclear factor-κb (nf-κb) is a transcription factor involved in the regulation of a large number of genes including many involved in bacterial and viral infections. nf-κb is normally sequestered by inhibitory proteins (iκbs) in the cytoplasm of non-stimulated cells. the degradation of iκbs by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway leads to the rapid translocation of nf-κb to the nucleous where it regulates gene transcription. the mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of nf-κb, (mulan), is an e3 ubi ...201122056942
development of an antibody elisa for potency testing of furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida) vaccines in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l).the study was conducted in atlantic salmon to establish the initial and basic scientific documentation for an alternative batch potency test for salmon furuculosis vaccines. we assessed the antibody response development for aeromonas salmonicida vaccines at different immunisation temperatures (3, 12 and 18 °c), by an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (elisa) 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks post vaccination, and the correlation between antibody response and protection in cohabitation challenge experiments p ...201122000732
application of ultrasound in vaccination against goldfish ulcer disease: a pilot study.antigenicity and immunogenicity of aeromonas salmonicida soluble a-layer protein (ap) and formalin-killed bacterin were assessed in goldfish (carassius auratus l.) by applying ultrasound-immersion (usi) and injection (inj) routes. no adjuvant was used in usi while ifa was used in inj. the usi treated fish did not produce detectable acquired antibodies; however, this group stimulated by ap proved to be best protected against challenge infection with a homologous virulent strain of a. salmonicida. ...201121211585
enhanced chloroplast transgene expression in a nuclear mutant of chlamydomonas.chloroplast transformation in microalgae offers great promise for the production of proteins of pharmaceutical interest or for the development of novel biofuels. for many applications, high level expression of transgenes is desirable. we have transformed the chloroplast of chlamydomonas reinhardtii with two genes, acrv and vapa, which encode antigens from the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida. the promoters and 5' untranslated regions of four chloroplast genes were compared for their ability t ...201120809927
molecular cloning and characterization of foxp3 in atlantic salmon (salmo salar).foxp3 is a t cell-specific transcription factor and plays a key role in the development of treg cells and in the immune regulatory process during inflammation. here we report cloning and characterization of the full-length cdna of atlantic salmon foxp3, which possesses a forkhead domain, a zinc finger domain and a leucine-zipper domain as its counterpart in mammals. foxp3 is highly expressed in thymus. furthermore, regulated expression was observed in head kidney cells in response to ß-glucan an ...201121276855
quorum sensing in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and the effect of the autoinducer synthase asai on bacterial virulence.the gram-negative fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida possesses the luxir-type quorum sensing (qs) system, termed asair. in this study the role of qs in a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes virulence and pigment production was investigated. five wild-type asa strains induced the n-acyl-homoserinelactone (ahl) monitor bacteria. hplc-hr-ms analysis identified only one type of ahl, n-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (c4-hsl). a knock out mutant of asai, constructed by allelic exchange, did n ...201120708354
comparison of aeromonas salmonicida resistant and susceptible salmon families: a high immune response is beneficial for the survival against aeromonas salmonicida challenge.selective breeding has been employed to improve resistance to infectious diseases in aquaculture and it is of importance to investigate the expression profiles of immune genes together with complement activity of atlantic salmon with different genetic background in response to pathogens, in particular against aeromonas salmonicida. this study examined acute phase products, and several central t cell cytokines and a transcription factor in different tissues, namely head kidney, spleen and liver, ...201121232605
involvement of the gspab complex in assembly of the type ii secretion system secretin of aeromonas and vibrio species.the type ii secretion system (t2ss) functions as a transport mechanism to translocate proteins from the periplasm to the extracellular environment. the exea homologue in aeromonas hydrophila, gspa(ah), is an atpase that interacts with peptidoglycan and forms an inner membrane complex with the exeb homologue (gspb(ah)). the complex may be required to generate space in the peptidoglycan mesh that is necessary for the transport and assembly of the megadalton-sized exed homologue (gspd(ah)) secretin ...201121378198
darkroom diseases and how to combat them. 20113112384
topical mitomycin c therapy for carcinoma of the bladder.we studied 19 consecutive patients with biopsy proved carcinoma in situ of the bladder who had received 8 weekly doses of 30 mg. intravesical mitomycin c. followup with cystoendoscopy, biopsy and cytology studies every 3 months ranged from 6 to 48 months, with an average of 21 months. a complete initial response was achieved in 15 patients, 11 of whom have remained free of tumor with no further therapy. the 4 patients who failed to respond to initial therapy subsequently were free of tumor after ...20113118056
molecular basis of sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance in fish-pathogenic aeromonas isolates.sulfonamide-trimethoprim-resistant aeromonas salmonicida and motile aeromonas spp. from diseased fish of the germ-vet study carried the sul1 gene together with mostly cassette-borne trimethoprim resistance genes, including the novel gene dfra28. the seven dfra and dfrb genes identified were mostly located in class 1 integrons which commonly harboured other gene cassettes.201121764945
a unique epidermal mucus lectin identified from catfish (silurus asotus): first evidence of intelectin in fish skin slime.the present study reports a new type of skin mucus lectin found in catfish silurus asotus. the lectin exhibited calcium-dependent mannose-binding activity. when mannose eluate from chromatography with mannose-conjugated agarose was analyzed by sds-page, the lectin appeared as a single 35-kda band. gel filtration showed that the lectin forms monomers and dimers. a 1216-bp cdna sequence obtained by race-pcr from the skin encoded a 308 amino acid secretory protein with homology to mammalian and fis ...201121757471
Identification of differentially expressed protective genes in liver of two rainbow trout strains.Since 1975, the rainbow trout strain BORN (Germany) has been bred in brackish water from a coastal form imported from Denmark. Accompanying phenotypic monitoring of the adapted BORN trout until now revealed that this selection strain manifested a generally elevated resistance towards high stress and pathogenic challenge including lower susceptibility towards Aeromonas salmonicida infections in comparison to other trout strains in local aqua farms. We focus on the elucidation of both, genetic bac ...201122196148
alteration of virulence factors and rearrangement of pasa5 plasmid caused by the growth of aeromonas salmonicida in stressful conditions.aeromonas salmonicida, a fish pathogen, is the causative agent of furunculosis. it was already shown that growing this bacterium in stressful conditions such as temperature above 22°c might lead to virulence attenuation. unfortunately, many veterinary microbiology services and reference centers still routinely cultivate a. salmonicida at 25°c. here we tested the presence of virulence factors by growth on specific medium as well as the integrity of the pasa5 plasmid, which bears an important viru ...201121621930
characterization of granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.).granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (gcsfr) is a member of the class i cytokine receptor superfamily and signaling through this receptor is important for the proliferation, differentiation and activation of neutrophils and their precursors. in this study we report on the cloning and molecular characterization of goldfish gcsfr. the identified goldfish gcsfr sequence possesses the conserved ig-like domain, the cytokine receptor homology domain (crh), three fibronectin domains as well a ...201121801744
identification and epidemiological relationships of aeromonas isolates from patients with diarrhea, drinking water and foods.a collection of aeromonas isolates obtained over a three-year period in the same geographic area (león, nw of spain) was characterized by (gtg)(5)-pcr fingerprinting, amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis and gyrb gene sequence analysis. the isolates originated from human diarrheal stools (29 isolates), potable water (13 isolates), rabbit meat (13 isolates) and marine fish (5 isolates). the distribution of aeromonas species varied with the strain source. aeromonas caviae hg4 and ...201121550680
gene expression profiles of the spleen, liver, and head kidney in turbot (scophthalmus maximus) along the infection process with aeromonas salmonicida using an immune-enriched oligo-microarray.we evaluated the expression profiles of turbot in the spleen, liver, and head kidney across five temporal points of the aeromonas salmonicida infection process using an 8 × 15 k agilent oligo-microarray. the microarray included 2,176 different fivefold replicated gene probes designed from a turbot 3' sequenced est database. we were able to identify 471 differentially expressed (de) genes (17.3% of the whole microarray), 223 in the spleen, 246 in the liver, and 125 in the head kidney, in at least ...201121503602
biphasic radiation-sensitivity of the transplantation immunity for rejection of an allogeneic ascites tumor.transplantation immunity for second-set rejection of an allogeneic ascites tumor was induced by sensitizing mice with h-2-identical allogeneic spleen cells, and radiation-sensitivity of this immunity was studied. the immunity was not severely affected by 400 rads whole-body x-ray irradiation given at one day before the initial antigenic stimulation. in contrast, it was totally inactivated by 300-400 rads irradiation that was given one day before tumor challenge. an adoptive cell transfer experim ...20113042613
occurrence, abundance and elimination of class 1 integrons in one municipal sewage treatment plant.integrons are elements that encode a site-specific recombination system that recognizes and captures mobile gene cassettes and are closely related to multiple resistances of environmental microorganisms. this study was undertaken to determine the efficiency of an activated sludge process to remove integrons. the prevalence and characteristics of class 1 integrons were investigated for bacterial species isolated from the activated sludge of nanjing jiangxinzhou sewage treatment plant (stp, china) ...201121431316
distribution and expression analysis of transcription factors in tissues and progenitor cell populations of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) in response to growth factors and pathogens.we report on the mrna levels of a panel of transcription factors in the kidney and spleen tissues, and in the cell populations from the blood, the spleen, and in the sorted kidney progenitor cells. the mrna levels of cebpα, cjun, cmyb, egr1, gata1, gata2, gata3, lmo2, mafb, pax5, pu.1 and runx1 were assessed in healthy goldfish as well as in fish challenged with two different pathogens, aeromonas salmonicida a449 or trypanosoma carassii. spleen tissue from healthy goldfish showed higher expressi ...201121474183
atypical aeromonas salmonicida infection in the black rockfish, sebastes schlegeli hilgendorf, in korea.cultured black rockfish, sebastes schlegeli, suffered mass mortalities during winter 2008 and spring 2009 in korea, showing clinical signs of ulcer lesions and haemorrhages over their body surface. the aetiological agent was identified as aeromonas salmonicida (strains rfas-1, -2 and -3), which is a non-pigmented, slow-growing bacterium. phenotypes of rfas strains showed variation, while 16s rrna, gyrb, rpod, dnaj and reca gene sequences of all the strains were affiliated to a. salmonicida. in p ...201121166824
[x-ray computed tomography in venous pathology].after presenting the tomodensitometric semiology of venous thromboses in various territories, the authors define its indications. it is essentially in deep territories, head, chest and abdomen that the ct-scan is used to study and diagnose unrecognized thromboses as well as determine the venous repercussion of various neighboring ailments. the respective place of the ct-scan, ultrasonography and various phlebographies is analyzed.20113043474
perforations of the tympanic membrane following the use of goode-type 'long term' tympanostomy tubes.a retrospective review of 64 goode 't' tube insertions is presented. these were inserted into 61 ears of 48 patients over a period of four years. at the time of review of these 61 ears, 34 tubes were found to be in situ, 27 had extruded spontaneously and three had been removed surgically. ten ears in which the tube had been extruded or removed had central perforations of the tympanic membrane of which eight had been present for more than six months. the number of previous myringotomies or gromme ...20113209952
biomarker responses and disease susceptibility in juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fed a high molecular weight pah mixture.juvenile rainbow trout were fed a diet containing an environmentally relevant mixture of 10 high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) at a dose of 0.66 or 7.82 µg pah · g fish(-1) · d(-1). at 3, 7, 14, and 28 d, biomarkers of aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation (ahr), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (erod) activity, and cytochrome p4501a (cyp1a)-associated staining increased 14- to 26-fold and 6- to 14-fold, respectively, in fish fed 7.82 µg pah · g fish (-1) ...201121298713
[being a fan of delegated matters (aleksandr vasil'evich borisovskiĭ)]. 20113064403
molecular characterization of tetracycline- and quinolone-resistant aeromonas salmonicida isolated in korea.the antibiotic resistance of 16 aeromonas (a.) salmonicida strains isolated from diseased fish and environmental samples in korea from 2006 to 2009 were investigated in this study. tetracycline or quinolone resistance was observed in eight and 16 of the isolates, respectively, based on the measured minimal inhibitory concentrations. among the tetracycline-resistant strains, seven of the isolates harbored teta gene and one isolate harbored tete gene. additionally, quinolone-resistance determining ...201121368562
nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished patients with cystic fibrosis.we examined the effect of nutritional rehabilitation in cystic fibrosis patients with severe disease. thirteen malnourished patients (seven males, six females, age 7-27 yr) were studied over 7-16 mo. oral supplementation was attempted initially in 12 patients (mean duration 6.7 mo); only 2 patients gained weight, 2 withdrew, and 1 died. the remaining 7 patients failed to achieve adequate weight gain and were commenced on nasogastric supplementation with a semisynthetic formula. an additional pat ...20113085467
[outer membrane nanovesicles of gram-negative bacteria aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas salmonicida ]. 201122073553
synthesis and antineoplastic effects of furo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives.furo[3,4-d]pyrimidine was obtained in the reaction of 2-phenyl-4-phenylamino-6-methyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid with socl2. this compound, heated with aliphatic amines, yielded mono- and diamino-derivatives. some of the obtained compounds exhibited a potent antineoplastic activity.20113237569
[preoperative plasmapheresis].plasmapheresis is performed during the preoperative patient preparation phase of the ulm autologous transfusion concept (atu). on an outpatient basis, weeks or months before the operation, 900 ml autologous plasma is donated per visit using the one needle technique, shock frozen, and stored at -30 degrees c or lower. during a period of approximately 1 1/4 years, 813 patients were studied in order to obtain information (in addition to the observation of the usual vital statistics) concerning the ...20113184786
annual summary 1984. reported morbidity and mortality in the united states. 20113092006
[primary transport of acute patients. optimal use of rescue resources exemplified by the canton of graubünden]. 20113927607
[results of combined surgical-radiologic therapy of bladder cancer from the point of view of optimizing dose fractionation]. 20113186949
emphasis on preventive perinatology: a suitable alternative for developing countries.the potential efficacy of preventive interventions in latin america to reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality is reviewed. the most important perinatal risk factors associated with pregnancy and delivery are young age of the mother, low socioeconomic status, low education, malnutrition, lack of prenatal care, pregnancy-induced-hypertension, perinatal infections, alcohol, smoking, and iatrogenic causes. adequate data are lacking to determine the magnitude of these factors in latin america. iatr ...20113065947
the impact of selected risk variables on the outcome of renal transplantation. 20113274460
high progesterone/estradiol ratio in follicular fluid at oocyte aspiration for in vitro fertilization as a predictor of possible pregnancy.eighteen women undergoing in vitro fertilization (ivf) procedures were studied. all had optimal (900 to 1600 pg/ml) peak serum estradiol (e2) response to the same stimulation regimen with clomiphene citrate and menotropins; fertilization rate was above 64%; and two to four embryos in two to eight cell stages were replaced in each patient. all were considered to have optimal chances for conception. the authors compared progesterone (p), e2, and p/e2 ratio in serum and follicular fluid (ff) at the ...20113131157
circulating digitalis-like factors.the ability of extracts of mammalian plasma and tissue to mimic the biologic activities of the digitalis glycosides has suggested the existence of endogenous regulators for na, k atpase. purification of plasma extracts has identified several classes of circulating lipids with digitalis-like activity including free fatty acids, lysophospholipids, and arachidonic acid metabolites of the lipoxygenase pathway. circulating steroids with digitalis-like activity include dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate a ...20113153021
the 'holy plane' of rectal surgery. 20113184105
[development of rotary cuff ruptures in non-surgically treated shoulders]. 20113187115
records involving riders of powered two-wheeled vehicles. 20113131520
[ocular manifestations in systemic immune disorders]. 20113769828
radiation therapy with and without chemotherapy in the treatment of localized unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. a retrospective analysis. 20113611960
economic rights of the institutionalized mentally disabled. 20113319919
[drug analysis using thin layer chromatography. 2. densitometer for transmission measurements]. 20114700925
reliability of road accident statistics. 20113112385
shoulder pain. 20113246894
[post-clavicular approach of brachial plexus block: anatomy study and clinical application]. 20113229233
[a combination of an accessory large intestine and teratoid cysts of the intrapelvic tissue]. 20113210612
Colonization of turbot tissues by virulent and avirulent Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains during infection.Preventing disease outbreaks in cultured turbot Psetta maxima L. caused by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (ASS) requires a better understanding of how this pathogen colonizes its host. Distribution of 1 virulent and 2 avirulent ASS strains in turbot tissues was investigated during early and late stages of infection following an immersion challenge. To track bacteria within the turbot, the ASS strains were tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Both virulent and avirulent strains ...201121848125
antibody-coated gold nanoparticles immunoassay for direct detection of aeromonas salmonicida in fish tissues.aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a disease that affects both salmonid and non-salmonid fish. detection of a. salmonicida can be labour intensive and time consuming because of the difficulties in distinguishing the bacterium from other species given the wide variety of existing biochemical profiles and the slow growth characteristics which allow other organisms to overgrow the a. salmonicida. herein, we report the development of a specific immunoassay using gold-conju ...201121988356
complete genomic sequence of a t4-like bacteriophage, phias4, infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.a newly identified virulent phage (named phias4) infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was isolated from river water in korea. morphological analysis of phias4 by transmission electron microscopy revealed that it belonged to the family myoviridae. the genome of phias4 comprised a linear double-stranded dna of 163,875 bp with a g + c content of 41.3%, and genomic analysis revealed 271 putative orfs, 67 putative promoters, 25 putative terminator regions, and 16 trna-encoding genes. mo ...201122116495
QTL detection for Aeromonas salmonicida resistance related traits in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).Interactions between fish and pathogens, that may be harmless under natural conditions, often result in serious diseases in aquaculture systems. This is especially important due to the fact that the strains used in aquaculture are derived from wild strains that may not have had enough time to adapt to new disease pressures. The turbot is one of the most promising European aquaculture species. Furunculosis, caused by the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, produces important losses to turbot industr ...201122047500
complete genome sequence and characterization of a broad-host range t4-like bacteriophage phias5 infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.in this study, we report one lytic myoviridae bacteriophage (phage) infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. the phage (named as phias5) was isolated from environmental river waters in korea, and showed broad infectivity to other bacterial species in the family aeromonadaceae as well as antibiotic-resistant a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains. the biological properties and complete genome of phias5 were simultaneously investigated. the complete genome of phias5 composed of linea ...201122226819
[acromio-coraco-humeral joint. direction and extent of stress-bearing ability]. 20113187117
low-dose diuretic therapy for hypertension.the efficacy of low dosages of diuretics was evaluated in two studies. in one, 62 (48%) of 130 patients became normotensive with 2.5 mg/day of metolazone. in the other, 28 (49%) of 57 patients became normotensive with 25 mg of chlorthalidone, compared with 12 (22%) of 55 patients given placebo. there was a marked variation in blood pressure response and the occurrence of hypokalemia (less than 3.5 meq/l of potassium) from center to center and within patient groups in both studies. the mean decre ...20113768929
pain!! 20113271864
age and the selectivity of visual information processing.two experiments were conducted to assess age differences in the selectivity of visual information processing. selectivity was measured by the amount of interference caused by nontarget letters when subjects detected a target letter in a visual display. in both experiments, young and elderly groups participated in search and nonsearch conditions; in the search condition targets appeared anywhere in the display, whereas in the nonsearch condition targets were confined to the center position of the ...20113267377
age and the selectivity of visual information processing.two experiments were conducted to assess age differences in the selectivity of visual information processing. selectivity was measured by the amount of interference caused by nontarget letters when subjects detected a target letter in a visual display. in both experiments, young and elderly groups participated in search and nonsearch conditions; in the search condition targets appeared anywhere in the display, whereas in the nonsearch condition targets were confined to the center position of the ...20113267377
risk of upper respiratory tract infection and malaria prophylaxis. 20113133070
[experience with the co2 laser in oral surgery]. 20113126482
ventricular arrhythmias in normal individuals and athletes. 20113042408
the impaired nurse: recovery & re-entry to practice. 20113194859
impact of pharmacist intervention on oral theophylline therapy in adult inpatients.the impact of clinical pharmacy services on the utilization of oral theophylline therapy was evaluated in a ten-week study involving 138 adult inpatients. the study initially involved an independent prospective five-week audit of theophylline use, in which clinical pharmacists monitored theophylline therapy and any interventions were designed so as not to influence future actions taken by medical officers with regard to oral theophylline therapy. the second part of the study involved active inte ...20113428141
[enquête survey on sudden deafness and comparison between the criteria for prognosis and subjective improvement]. 20113199252
the joint task group on clinical utility of labelled antibodies of the society of nuclear medicine europa (snme) and the european nuclear medicine society (enms).in september 1985 a task group on the clinical utility of labelled antibodies was founded by the society of nuclear medicine - europe. this document was elaborated to report the aims and the programs of the group. in september 1986 the european nuclear medicine society decided to participate in this initiative and a joint task group was created. initial document: a. the aims to the task group are to monitor, co-ordinate and promote research and clinical application of techniques using radiolabel ...20113429948
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