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[toxoplasmosis and cancer: current knowledge and research perspectives].toxoplasmosis, caused by toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases; it is estimated to affect a third of the world's human population. many studies showed that latent toxoplasmosis may cause in some patients significant adverse effects including schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. in addition, two recent studies highlighted a positive correlation between the prevalence of brain tumors and that of t. gondii at national and international scale. these studies are correlati ...201727586960
frequency of anti- toxoplasma gondii iga, igm, and igg antibodies in high-risk pregnancies, in brazil.toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can be severe; thus, it is essential to diagnose the disease via serological tests.201727598642
mood disorders and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.the association between gluten related disorders and psychiatric diseases has been firmly demonstrated. non-celiac gluten sensitivity (ncgs) is a syndrome diagnosed in patients responsive to gluten-free diet after ruling out celiac disease and wheat allergy. the pathogenesis of neuro-psychiatric disorders in ncgs is unclear. an association between gluten and schizophrenia was described for the first time in 1950 by bender et al. in the 1950's, dicke noted that gluten-free diet improved mood in c ...201727647538
an alternative method to recover toxoplasma gondii from greenery and fruits.toxoplasma gondii oocysts are an important form of contamination with a high dispersion in the environment, but their detection is still a challenge. this study evaluated the recovery of oocysts from strawberries and crisphead lettuce. samples (250 g of strawberries or one head of lettuce) were experimentally inoculated with 10, 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) t. gondii oocysts, by two separate processes, spot dripping and immersion. then, 50 g of each sample was washed, filtered through a cellulose este ...201727604245
portugal and angola: similarities and differences in toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and risk factors in pregnant women.in this study we determined the presence of igm/igg antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in sera of 155 and 300 pregnant women from lisbon (portugal) and luanda (angola), respectively, and evaluated the potential risk factors associated with this infection. dna detection was performed by pcr assays targeting t. gondii regions (re/b1). overall, 21·9% (10·9% igg, 10·9% igg/igm) of the lisbon women and 27·3% (23·7%, igg, 2% igm, 1·7% igg/igm) of the luanda women had antibodies to t. gondii. single varia ...201727608967
risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in england and wales.over 300 cases of acute toxoplasmosis are confirmed by reference testing in england and wales annually. we conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection to inform prevention strategies. twenty-eight cases and 27 seronegative controls participated. we compared their food history and environmental exposures using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (or) and 95% confidence intervals in a model controlling for age and sex. univariable analysis showe ...201727677229
p35 and p22 toxoplasma gondii antigens abbreviate regions to diagnose acquired toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: toward single-sample assays.p35 and p22 toxoplasma gondii proteins are recognized by specific igg at the early infection stage, making them ideal for acute toxoplasmosis pregnancy control. both proteins have been studied to discriminate between acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. however, results were hardly comparable because different protein obtainment procedures led to different antigens, the reference panels used were not optimally typified, and avidity tests were either not performed or narrowly examined.201727658149
prevalence and potential impact of toxoplasma gondii on the endangered amargosa vole (microtus californicus scirpensis), california, usa.we investigated the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in 2011-15 to assess its potential threat on the endangered amargosa vole ( microtus californicus scirpensis) in california, us. surveillance was simultaneously performed on populations of syntopic rodent species. we detected antibodies to t. gondii in sera from 10.5% of 135 wild-caught amargosa voles; 8% of 95 blood samples were pcr-positive for the t. gondii b1 gene, and 5.0% of 140 sympatric rodent brain samples were pcr-positive. exposure t ...201727690194
recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis.ocular toxoplasmosis, a chorioretinal infection with toxoplasma gondii, is the most common etiology of posterior uveitis in many countries. accurate diagnosis depends heavily on the characteristic clinical features of this disease, but atypical presentations, especially in immunocompromised patients, may create diagnostic challenges and lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. molecular biology techniques to diagnose ocular toxoplasmosis have been available for many years and are now ac ...201727723657
toxoplasmosis in hiv infection: an overview.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite presenting as a zoonotic infection distributed worldwide. in hiv-positive individuals, it causes severe opportunistic infections, which is of major public health concern as it results in physical and psychological disabilities. in healthy immunocompetent individuals, it causes asymptomatic chronic persistent infections, but in immunosuppressed patients, there is reactivation of the parasite if the cd4 counts fall below 200 cells/μ ...201727722101
congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical features, outcomes, treatment, and prevention.toxoplasmosis is caused by a coccidian parasite, toxoplasma gondii. the parasite is highly prevalent both in humans and in warm-blooded animals. cat family animals are definitive host, and these animals excrete the infective oocysts in their feces. humans, though not definitive host, get infection by consuming water or food contaminated with cat feces. rarely, infection can also take place through transfusing the infected blood, through transplantation of infected organs, or transplacentally fro ...201727722099
identification, production and assessment of two toxoplasma gondii recombinant proteins for use in a toxoplasma igg avidity assay.the igg avidity assay is an important tool in the management of suspected toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. this study aimed to produce new toxoplasma gondii recombinant proteins and to assess their usefulness in an igg avidity assay. toxoplasma positive and negative serum samples were used, the former were categorized into low (lga) and high (hga) igg avidity samples. immunoblots were performed on 30 t. gondii cdna clones to determine the reactivity and igg avidity to the expressed proteins. two ...201727697019
replication of toxoplasma gondii in chicken erythrocytes and thrombocytes compared to macrophages.toxoplasma (t.) gondii is able to infect various cell types in different hosts. the replication of this parasite within different peripheral mononuclear blood cell populations in chicken has not yet been fully understood. aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of chicken erythrocytes and thrombocytes as potential host cells for t. gondii. cultures of primary avian erythrocytes and thrombocytes were inoculated with tachyzoites of t. gondii type ii strain me49. parasite replication ...201727696227
cytokine profiles in patients with toxoplasmic lymphadenitis in the setting of pregnancy.majority of toxoplasma gondii infections are benign and asymptomatic; however, some patients experience toxoplasmic lymphadenitis (tl). factors associated as to whether infection will be symptomatic or not are unknown.201727744174
bipolar disorder with psychotic features and ocular toxoplasmosis: a possible pathogenetic role of the parasite?recent evidence suggests the involvement of toxoplasma gondii infection in the emergence of psychotic and affective disorders. in this report, we describe the case of a young brazilian woman affected by recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis and presenting with a manic episode with psychotic features in the context of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (bd), type i. we observed a relationship between ocular manifestations and the clinical course of bipolar illness, confirmed by molecular analyses (nested-p ...201727741079
label-free proteomic analysis of placental proteins during toxoplasma gondii infection.toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, obligate intracellular parasite capable of crossing the placental barrier and causing spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, or significant disease in the surviving neonate. to better understand molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal pregnancy outcomes caused by t. gondii, placental proteins extracted from t. gondii-infected and -uninfected mice were comparatively analyzed using label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. significant difference w ...201727569050
isolation and rflp genotyping of toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens (gallus domesticus) in grenada, west indies, revealed widespread and dominance of clonal type iii parasites.the objectives of the present cross-sectional study were to isolate and genotype toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens from grenada, west indies. using the modified agglutination test, antibodies to t. gondii were found in 39 (26.9%) of 145 free-range chickens with titers of 25 in 7 chickens, 50 in 6 chickens, 100 in 2 chickens, and 200 or higher in 24 chickens. the hearts of the 39 seropositive chickens were bioassayed in mice; viable t. gondii was isolated from 20 and further propagated in ...201727775481
enhancement of the protective efficacy of a rop18 vaccine against chronic toxoplasmosis by nasal route.infection with the parasite toxoplasma gondii causes serious public health problems and is of great economic importance worldwide. no vaccine is currently available, so the design of efficient vaccine strategies is still a topical question. in this study, we evaluated the immunoprophylactic potential of a t. gondii virulence factor, the rhoptry kinase rop18, in a mouse model of chronic toxoplasmosis: first using a recombinant protein produced in schneider insect cells adjuvanted with poly i:c em ...201727757545
analysis of ca(2)(+) mediated signaling regulating toxoplasma infectivity reveals complex relationships between key molecules.host cell invasion, exit and parasite dissemination is critical to the pathogenesis of apicomplexan parasites such as toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium spp. these processes are regulated by intracellular ca(2)(+) signaling although the temporal dynamics of ca(2)(+) fluxes and down-stream second messenger pathways are poorly understood. here, we use a genetically encoded biosensor, gfp-calmodulin-m13-6 (gcamp6), to capture ca(2)(+) flux in live toxoplasma and investigate the role of ca(2)(+) signa ...201727781359
relationship between toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and acoustic startle response in an inner-city population.toxoplasma gondii (toxo) is a neuroinvasive protozoan parasite that induces the formation of persistent cysts in mammalian brains. it infects approximately 1.1million people in the united states annually. latent toxo infection is implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia (scz), and has been correlated with modestly impaired cognition. the acoustic startle response (asr) is a reflex seen in all mammals. it is mediated by a simple subcortical circuit, and provid ...201727884623
time before anti-toxoplasma igg seroconversion detection by 7 commercial assays in french pregnant women.we assessed the ability to early detect a toxoplasmic seroconversion between 1 immunoblot (ldbio ii®) and 6 automated assays (tgs ta®, architect®, vidas ii®, liaison ii®, platelia®, and elecsys®), comparing the time before anti-toxoplasma gondii igg detection during infection in pregnant women. from 2007 to 2015, 620 sera of 269 women were included. the median durations before positive igg detection with vidas ii®, liaison ii®, platelia®, and elecsys® were significantly longer than architect® wi ...201727884549
ginseng stem-and-leaf saponin (gsls)-enhanced protective immune responses induced by toxoplasma gondii heat shocked protein 70 (hsp70) against toxoplasmosis in mice.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and is able to infect birds and mammals including humans. in order to find effective antigen-adjuvant combinations that can boost the immunogenicity and protection of antigen vaccines against toxoplasmosis, we examined the protective efficacy in mice immunized with recombinant protein hsp70 when co-administered with ginseng stem-and-leaf saponins (gsls) isolated from panax ginseng . all immunized mice produced significantly high l ...201727828760
induction of specific humoral immune response in mice immunized with rop18 nanospheres from toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonotic protozoal diseases. recent advances in biotechnology have produced recombinant protein, which are immunogenic, and progress in nano-pharmaceutics has generated encapsulated protein in nanospheres, which are suitable for vaccine delivery. dna was extracted from toxoplasma gondii oocysts and was confirmed through nested pcr and sequencing. the 1665 bp of rop18 was cloned into the easy vector system: pgem-t by the t-a cloning method. dh5α bacteria we ...201727785602
toxoplasmic encephalitis with untreated hairy cell leukemia variant.toxoplasmic encephalitis is a rare infectious complication in patients with hematological malignancy except for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). we herein report a case of possible toxoplasmic encephalitis with untreated hairy cell leukemia variant. magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple nodules with surrounding edema in the entire cerebrum. a polymerase chain reaction analysis for toxoplasma gondii was negative. her signs and symptoms fully recovered by empirical t ...201727803415
prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in middle java, indonesia.toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by toxoplasma gondii. risk factors include consumption of undercooked meat, raw vegetables, and unfiltered water. this study aims to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in middle java, indonesia, using an ecohealth approach, combined with geographic information system (gis). a total of 630 participants were randomly selected from seven districts. each participant completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample. the serop ...201727830388
membrane skeletal association and post-translational allosteric regulation of toxoplasma gondii gapdh1.when toxoplasma gondii egresses from the host cell, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (gapdh1), which is primary a glycolysis enzyme but actually a quintessential multifunctional protein, translocates to the unique cortical membrane skeleton. here, we report the 2.25 å resolution crystal structure of the gapdh1 holoenzyme in a quaternary complex providing the basis for the molecular dissection of gapdh1 structure-function relationships knockdown of gapdh1 expression and catalytic site d ...201727859784
evaluation of recombinant antigens in combination and single formula for diagnosis of feline toxoplasmosis.cats are the only definitive hosts of toxoplasma gondii and constitute an essential source of infection to all warm blooded animals and humans. diagnosis of t. gondii infection in cats is fundamental for proper management and control of infection in humans and animals. in the current study, we have evaluated the diagnostic performance of tachyzoite lysate antigen (tla) and different t. gondii recombinant antigens including surface antigen 2 (sag2), dense granule proteins 2, 6, 7, 15 (gra2, gra6, ...201727876472
regulatory t cells promote myositis and muscle damage in toxoplasma gondii infection.the coordination of macrophage polarization is essential for the robust regenerative potential of skeletal muscle. repair begins with a phase mediated by inflammatory monocytes (im) and proinflammatory macrophages (m1), followed by polarization to a proregenerative macrophage (m2) phenotype. recently, regulatory t cells (tregs) were described as necessary for this m1 to m2 transition. we report that chronic infection with the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii causes a nonresolving th1 myositi ...201727895180
seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasma gondii infection in cats, dogs, pigs and equines of the fernando de noronha island, brazil.little is known about toxoplasmosis in animals of the fernando de noronha island, brazil. therefore, we investigated the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in the total population of pet cats (n=348), dogs (n=320), pigs (n=27), equines (n=101), as well as a significant portion of the population of feral cats (n=247) of the island by indirect fluorescent antibody test. anti-t. gondii igg antibodies were found in 71.26%, 54.74%, 48.75%, 51.85% and 22.7%, of the pet and feral cats, dogs, pig ...201727894907
histopathological lesions in encephalon and heart of mice infected with toxoplasma gondii increase after lycopodium clavatum 200dh treatment.in many cases, symptoms of toxoplasmosis are mistaken for the ones of other infectious diseases. clinical signs are rare in immunocompetent people. however, when they arise, in the acute phase of infection, several organs are affected due to the rapid spread of tachyzoites through the bloodstream. in the present study, the reduction of tachyzoites in peripheral blood of mice of g72 (infected 72h after treatment) and g48 (infected 48h after treatment and treated three more times), when compared w ...201727894616
seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in china.toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite, can infect homoiothermal vertebrate animals, including raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides). regretfully, data on t. gondii infection in raccoon dogs were limited in china. therefore, to investigate the seroprevalence and to evaluate risk factors for t. gondii infection in raccoon dogs, a total of 1181 raccoon dog blood samples were collected from jilin and shandong provinces, china, from september to december 2014. the antib ...201727893338
is there any association between toxoplasma gondii infection and bipolar disorder? a systematic review and meta-analysis.the relationship between toxoplasma gondii infection and the development of bipolar disorder (bd) has long been investigated, yet to date it is still poorly understood and documented. the aim of this review is to derive a summary estimate of the strength of the association between infection with t. gondii and bd from the available published studies.201727889597
structural basis for the subversion of map kinase signaling by an intrinsically disordered parasite secreted agonist.the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii, delivers a protein, gra24, into the cells it infects that interacts with the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase p38α (mapk14), leading to activation and nuclear translocation of the host kinase and a subsequent inflammatory response that controls the progress of the parasite. the purification of a recombinant complex of gra24 and human p38α has allowed the molecular basis of this activation to be determined. ...201727889209
immunological evaluation of a dna cocktail vaccine with co-delivery of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (capns) against the toxoplasma gondii rh strain in balb/c mice.many recent studies have been conducted to evaluate protective immunity mediated by dna vaccines against toxoplasmosis. cocktail dna vaccines showed better immune responses compared to single vaccines. the objective of the current study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of rhomboid 4 (rom4) and cocktail dna vaccines (rom4 + gra14) of the toxoplasma gondii rh strain with or without coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles (capns) as the adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity against the t. go ...201727909791
validation of various parasite detection tests for use in the australian marsupials quenda ( isoodon obesulus) and brushtail possums ( trichosurus vulpecula).we aimed to validate the use of 1) the modified agglutination test and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol in detecting toxoplasma gondii infection in quenda ( isoodon obesulus) and brushtail possums ( trichosurus vulpecula); 2) immunofluorescence microscopy of feces and a pcr and sequencing protocol in detecting giardia spp. infection in quenda; and 3) a fecal flotation protocol in detecting gastrointestinal helminth infections of quenda. quenda and brushtail possum carcasses, and sample ...201727927910
genetic evidence for cytochrome b qi site inhibition by 4(1h)-quinolone-3-diarylethers and antimycin in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that causes fatal and debilitating brain and eye disease. endochinlike quinolones (elqs) are preclinical compounds that are efficacious against apicomplexan-caused diseases, including toxoplasmosis, malaria, and babesiosis. of the elqs, elq-316 has demonstrated the greatest efficacy against acute and chronic experimental toxoplasmosis. although genetic analyses in other organisms have highlighted the importance of the cytochrome bc1 complex qi site f ...201727919897
circadian transcription factor bmal1 regulates innate immunity against select rna viruses.bmal1 (brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1, also known as mop3 or arnt3) belongs to the family of the basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh)-pas domain-containing transcription factors, and is a key component of the molecular oscillator that generates circadian rhythms. here, we report that bmal1-deficient cells are significantly more susceptible to infection by two major respiratory viruses of the paramyxoviridae family, namely rsv and piv3. embryonic fibroblasts from bmal1(-/-) mice produced nearly 10 ...201727913791
loss of a doublecortin (dcx)-domain protein causes structural defects in a tubulin-based organelle of toxoplasma gondii and impairs host-cell invasion.the ∼6000 species in phylum apicomplexa are single-celled obligate intracellular parasites. their defining characteristic is the apical complex-membranous and cytoskeletal elements at the apical end of the cell that participate in host-cell invasion. the apical complex of toxoplasma gondii and some other apicomplexans includes a cone-shaped assembly, the conoid, which in t. gondii comprises 14 spirally arranged fibers that are nontubular polymers of tubulin. the tubulin dimers of the conoid fibe ...201727932494
serum levels of neurotrophic factors in active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (tr) is the most common identifiable cause of posterior uveitis in brazil. response to treatment and clinical presentation may vary significantly. we assessed serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf), nerve growth factor (ngf), neurotrophin (nt)-3, and nt-4/5 in patients with active tr, before and after tr treatment.201727932287
lifelong persistence of toxoplasma cysts: a questionable dogma?it is believed that infection by toxoplasma gondii triggers a lifelong protective immunity due to the persistence of parasitic cysts which induce immunoprotection against reinfection. a review of the scientific literature since the 1950s did not yield any definitive data regarding the duration of cysts in the host or the presence of lifelong protective immunity, which led us to question this dogma. we put forward the hypothesis that sustained immunity to t. gondii requires repeated antigenic sti ...201727939103
characteristics of autoantibodies targeting 14-3-3 proteins and their association with clinical features in newly diagnosed giant cell arteritis.autoantibodies are useful biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring treatment in some autoimmune diseases. antibodies against isoforms of 14-3-3 protein have been proposed as biomarkers for the presence of aortic aneurysm in large-vessel vasculitis (lvv). here, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic role and potential immunopathological involvement of anti-14-3-3 antibodies in newly diagnosed lvv patients.201728064210
cutting edge: helminth coinfection blocks effector differentiation of cd8 t cells through alternate host th2- and il-10-mediated responses.concurrent helminth infection potently inhibits t cell immunity; however, whether helminthes prevent t cell priming or skew clonal recruitment and effector differentiation is not known. using coinfection with two natural mouse pathogens, heligsomosoides polygyrus and toxoplasma gondii, to investigate the negative impact of helminthes on the cd8 t cell response, we demonstrate helminth-induced suppression of il-12-dependent differentiation of killer-like receptor g1(+) effector cd8 t cells and if ...201727956529
late diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis based on serological follow-up: a case report.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite infecting up to one third of the world's population. t. gondii infection is usually benign in immunocompetent patients but can be life-threatening when congenitally transmitted. congenital toxoplasmosis presentation ranges from severe central nervous system and ocular features, to a well appearing newborn with onset of complications late in childhood. the diagnosis of subclinical form remains important since early treatment reduces later complications su ...201727956093
toxoplasma infection in individuals in central italy: does a gender-linked risk exist?an accurate estimate of the impact of toxoplasmosis on the population in italy is not available. we performed a cross-sectional study on individuals living in italy to assess: (1) differences in access to toxo testing and in the prevalence of recent and past toxoplasma gondii infection according to gender and age, and (2) the clinical impact of disease burden on the male patient subset. reason for testing, condition of in- or outpatient and clinical data were analysed. between-gender differences ...201727942885
targeting of tail-anchored membrane proteins to subcellular organelles in toxoplasma gondii.proper protein localization is essential for critical cellular processes, including vesicle-mediated transport and protein translocation. tail-anchored (ta) proteins are integrated into organellar membranes via the c-terminus, orienting the n-terminus towards the cytosol. localization of ta proteins occurs posttranslationally and is governed by the c-terminus, which contains the integral transmembrane domain (tmd) and targeting sequence. targeting of ta proteins is dependent on the hydrophobicit ...201727991712
early detection of toxoplasma gondii infection by using a interferon gamma release assay: a review.antibody-based serological tests are currently the most common diagnostic methods for detection of toxoplasma gondii; however, these tests bear several limitations. recently, interferon-gamma release assay (igra), a t-cell-based test, was introduced as an in vitro test for detection of t. gondii infection. few studies have investigated the potential role of cell immunity in diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. igra accurately distinguished infected from uninfected individuals, showing strong lymphocyte a ...201727988201
toxoplasma gondii: one organism, multiple models.toxoplasma gondii is an intensely studied protozoan parasite. it is also used as a model organism to research additional clinically relevant human and veterinary parasites due to ease of in vitro culture and genetic manipulation. recently, it has been developed as a model of inflammatory bowel disease, due to their similar pathologies. however, researchers vary widely in how they use t. gondii, which makes study comparisons and interpretation difficult. the aim of this review is to provide resea ...201727988095
development of crispr/cas9 for efficient genome editing in toxoplasma gondii.efficient and site-specific alteration of the genome is key to decoding and altering the genomic information of an organism. over the last couple of years, the rna-guided cas9 nucleases derived from the prokaryotic type 2 crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) systems have drastically improved our ability to engineer the genomes of a variety of organisms including toxoplasma gondii. in this chapter, we describe detailed protocols for using the crispr/cas9 system adapt ...201727709570
an icosahedral virus as a fluorescent calibration standard: a method for counting protein molecules in cells by fluorescence microscopy.the ability to replace genes coding for cellular proteins with dna that codes for fluorescent protein-tagged versions opens the way to counting the number of molecules of each protein component of macromolecular assemblies in vivo by measuring fluorescence microscopically. converting fluorescence to absolute numbers of molecules requires a fluorescent standard whose molecular composition is known precisely. in this report, the construction, properties and mode of using a set of fluorescence cali ...201728328099
genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of sarcocystis neurona protein kinases.the apicomplexan parasite sarcocystis neurona causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm), a degenerative neurological disease of horses. due to its host range expansion, s. neurona is an emerging threat that requires close monitoring. in apicomplexans, protein kinases (pks) have been implicated in a myriad of critical functions, such as host cell invasion, cell cycle progression and host immune response evasion. here, we used various bioinformatics methods to define the kinome of s. neurona ...201728335576
identification of host proteins interacting with toxoplasma gondii gra15 (tggra15) by yeast two-hybrid system.toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, possesses the remarkable ability to co-opt host cell machinery in order to maintain its intracellular survival. this parasite can modulate signaling pathways of its host through the secretion of polymorphic effector proteins localized in the rhoptry and dense granule organelles. one of such effectors is t. gondii type ii-specific dense granule protein 15, tggra15, which activates nf-κb pathway. the aim of the present study was to i ...201728049510
acute ileitis facilitates infection with multidrug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa in human microbiota-associated mice.the rising incidence of multidrug resistant (mdr) gram-negative bacteria including pseudomonas aeruginosa has become a serious issue in prevention of its spread particularly among hospitalized patients. it is, however, unclear whether distinct conditions such as acute intestinal inflammation facilitate p. aeruginosa infection of vertebrate hosts.201728115993
protective immune response in mice induced by a suicidal dna vaccine encoding ntpase-ii gene of toxoplasma gondii.dna-based alphaviral rna replicon vectors, also called suicidal dna vectors, have been employed to alleviate biosafety concerns attribution to its ability to induce apoptotic cell death of the transfected cells. toxoplasma gondii nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase-ii (tgntpase-ii), which facilitates the parasite to salvage purines from the host cell for survival and replication, have been demonstrated to be a potential vaccine candidate for toxoplasmosis. herein, we evaluated the immunogenic pote ...201727940233
late-onset cerebral toxoplasmosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.background toxoplasmosis is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hct). post-transplant toxoplasmosis is often a reactivation of prior infection and typically occurs within the first 6 months of transplant. herein, we report that cerebral toxoplasmosis may occur 22 months after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. case report we describe a case of cerebral toxoplasmosis that occurred 22 months after an allogene ...201728280256
the effect of co-trimoxazole on serum potassium concentration: safety evaluation of a randomized controlled trial.co-trimoxazole maintains a well-established role in the treatment of pneumocystis jirovecii and toxoplasma gondii, as well as urinary tract infections. observational studies report hyperkalaemia to be associated with co-trimoxazole, which may stem from an amiloride-like potassium-sparing effect. the current study investigated changes in serum potassium in patients without acute infections, and the influence of concomitant antikaliuretic drugs on this effect.201728192629
plant hormone cytokinins control cell cycle progression and plastid replication in apicomplexan parasites.cytokinins are plant hormones that are involved in regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell and plastid development. here, we show that the apicomplexan parasites toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium berghei, an opportunistic human pathogen and a rodent malaria agent, respectively, produce cytokinins via a biosynthetic pathway similar to that in plants. cytokinins regulate the growth and cell cycle progression of t. gondii by mediating expression of the cyclin gene tgcyc4. ...201728344153
cationic amino acid transporters play key roles in the survival and transmission of apicomplexan parasites.apicomplexans are obligate intracellular parasites that scavenge essential nutrients from their hosts via transporter proteins on their plasma membrane. the identities of the transporters that mediate amino acid uptake into apicomplexans are unknown. here we demonstrate that members of an apicomplexan-specific protein family-the novel putative transporters (npts)-play key roles in the uptake of cationic amino acids. we show that an npt from toxoplasma gondii (tgnpt1) is a selective arginine tran ...201728205520
modulation of host cell sumoylation facilitates efficient development of plasmodium berghei and toxoplasma gondii.sumoylation is a reversible post translational modification of proteins that regulates protein stabilization, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and protein-protein interactions. several viruses and bacteria modulate host sumoylation machinery for efficient infection. plasmodium sporozoites are infective forms of malaria parasite that invade mammalian hepatocytes and transforms into exoerythrocytic forms (eefs). here, we show that during eef development, the distribution of sumoylated proteins in host ...201728078755
towards a molecular architecture of the centrosome in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. the pathogenicity of this unicellular parasite is tightly linked to its ability to efficiently proliferate within its host. tachyzoites, the fast dividing form of the parasite, divide by endodyogeny. this process involves a single round of dna replication, closed nuclear mitosis, and assembly of two daughter cells within a mother. the successful completion of endodyogeny relies on the temporal and spatial coordination of a plethora of si ...201728026138
an evolutionary conserved zinc finger protein is involved in toxoplasma gondii mrna nuclear export.apicomplexan parasites are responsible for some of the most deadly parasitic diseases affecting humans and livestock. there is an urgent need for new medicines that will target apicomplexan-specific pathways. we characterized a toxoplasma gondii c2h2 zinc finger protein, named tgznf2, which is conserved among eukaryotes. we constructed an inducible ko strain (iko-tgznf2) for this gene where the tgznf2 gene expression is repressed in the presence of a tetracycline analog (atc). we showed that the ...201727385072
identification and discrimination of toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis spp., neospora spp., and cryptosporidium spp. by righ-resolution melting analysis.the objective of this study was to standardize the high-resolution melting method for identification and discrimination of toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis spp., neospora spp., and cryptosporidium spp. by amplification of 18s ribosomal dna (rdna) using a single primer pair. the analyses were performed on individual reactions (containing dna from a single species of a protozoan), on duplex reactions (containing dna from two species of protozoa in each reaction), and on a multiplex reaction (contain ...201728346485
toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from africa: systematic review and meta-analysis of sero-epidemiological studies.toxoplasma gondii is an ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite which causes toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. felids especially cats are definitive hosts and almost all warm-blooded mammals, including livestock and human can serve as intermediate hosts. food animals can be reservoirs for t. gondii and act as one of the sources for parasite transmission to humans. the objective of this study is to collect serological data on the prevalence of anti-t. gondii antibody, and risk factors for certain foo ...201728344403
characterization of toxoplasma gondii isolates from herds of sheep in southern brazil reveals the archetypal type ii genotype and new non-archetypal genotypes.recent studies have demonstrated that, in brazil and south america, strains of toxoplasma gondii are often genotypically and biologically different from those found in countries on other continents. the objective of this study was to genotypically characterize t. gondii isolates from naturally infected sheep in herds in the southern region of the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, by means of the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp). five t. gondii ...201728344154
comparison of commercial elisa tests for the detection of toxoplasma antibodies in the meat juice of naturally infected pigs.toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed protozoal zoonosis. pigs are considered an important reservoir of toxoplasma gondii and pork a major infection source of human toxoplasmosis. elisa methods are commonly used diagnostic tools for detecting toxoplasma infections. they are also used for slaughterhouse-based serological monitoring of toxoplasmosis in pigs to identify positive farms. the methods used are non-standardised with varying sensitivity and specificity. in our study, four commercial el ...201728343955
prevalence and genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens from grocery stores and farms in maryland, ohio and massachusetts, usa.chickens are considered important in the epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii. chicken hearts (n = 1185) obtained from grocery stores were tested for t. gondii infection. antibodies to t. gondii were assayed in fluid removed from the heart cavity using the modified agglutination test (mat) at 1:5, 1:25, and 1:100 dilutions. mat antibodies were detected in 222 hearts at 1:5 dilution and 8 hearts at 1:25 dilution, but none were positive at 1:100 dilution. seropositive (n = 230, 19.4%) chicken hearts ...201728337538
toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.toxoplasma gondii has been suggested as an important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. we conducted a global meta-analysis to assess the prevalence and odds ratios (ors) of t. gondii infection in immunocompromised individuals. electronic databases were reviewed for t. gondii infection in hiv/aids patients, cancer patients, and transplant recipients, and meta-analyses were conducted to calculate overall estimated prevalence and ors using random or fixed-effects models. totally ...201728337191
development and application of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant mag1 for serodiagnosis of toxoplasma gondii in dogs.serologic tests are widely accepted and applied as means to detect anti toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin g antibodies(igg). in this study, recombinant matrix antigen (mag1) was induced by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside(iptg) and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (ni-nta) purification system. we then developed and optimized an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) through checkerboard assays using serial dilutions of antigens and sera to assess the potential use of mag1 in sero ...201728335675
stability and function of a putative microtubule organizing center in the human parasite toxoplasma gondii.the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton is dictated by microtubule nucleators or organizing centers.  toxoplasma gondii, an important human parasite, has an array of 22 regularly spaced cortical microtubules stemming from a hypothesized organizing center, the apical polar ring. here, we examine the functions of the apical polar ring by characterizing two of its components, kinesina and apr1, and discovered that its putative role in templating can be separated from its mechanical stabili ...201728331073
the toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole: an evolving host-parasite frontier.the parasitophorous vacuole is a unique replicative niche for apicomplexan parasites, including toxoplasma gondii. derived from host plasma membrane, the vacuole is rendered nonfusogenic with the host endolysosomal system. toxoplasma secretes numerous proteins to modify the forming vacuole, enable nutrient uptake, and set up mechanisms of host subversion. here we describe the pathways of host-parasite interaction at the parasitophorous vacuole employed by toxoplasma and host, leading to the intr ...201728330745
ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants with trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma gondii induces different toll-like receptor expression and cytokine/chemokine profiles.trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma gondii present, respectively, low and high congenital transmission rates. the placenta as an immune regulatory organ expresses tlrs, leading to the secretion of cytokines. both parasites are recognized by tlr-2, tlr-4, and tlr-9. here, we studied if the parasites induce differences in tlr protein expression, cytokine profiles, and whether receptor inhibition is related to parasite infection.201728328108
antibodies against apicomplexa protozoa and absence sarcocysts in heart tissues from horses in southern brazil.sarcocystis spp., neospora spp., and toxoplasma gondii are apicomplexa protozoa that can infect horses. this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of antibodies against sarcocystis spp., neospora spp., and t. gondii in horses slaughtered in southern brazil. the presence of histological lesions, tissue cysts, and sarcocystis spp. dna in the hearts of these horses was also investigated. a total of 197 paired serum and heart samples were evaluated by serology and direct microscopic examination; ...201728327879
lactate dehydrogenase in toxoplasma gondii controls virulence, bradyzoite differentiation, and chronic infection.in the asexual stages, toxoplasma gondii stage converts between acute phase rapidly replicating tachyzoites and chronic phase slowly dividing bradyzoites. correspondingly, t. gondii differentially expresses two distinct genes and isoforms of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, expressing ldh1 exclusively in the tachyzoite stage and ldh2 preferentially in the bradyzoite stage. ldh catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate in anaerobic growth conditions and is utilized for energy supply, ...201728323833
itraq-based differential proteomic analysis in mongolian gerbil brains chronically infected with toxoplasma gondii.the aim of our study was to detect differentially regulated proteins and specific signaling pathways in mongolian gerbil brains during chronic toxoplasma gondii (t.gondii) pru strain infection. we use a itraq-based strategy to detecte 4935 proteins, out of which 110 proteins were differentially expressed (>/=2.0-fold, p value <0.05) when the brain of gerbils infected with t.gondii was compared to control brain tissues. we confirmed the authenticity and the accuracy of itraq results through quant ...201728323244
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats in central china.to investigate the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats in central china, 843 serum samples were collected in henan province between march 2015 and may 2016 and tested for igg antibodies against t. gondii using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the overall seroprevalence of t. gondii was 21% (178/843). no significant difference was observed based on the sex of cats (p > 0.05). significantly higher seroprevalence (p < 0.05) was observed in mixed-breed cats ( ...201728322721
toxoplasma gondii f-actin forms an extensive filamentous network required for material exchange and parasite maturation.apicomplexan actin is important during the parasite's life cycle. its polymerization kinetics are unusual, permitting only short, unstable f-actin filaments. it has not been possible to study actin in vivo and so its physiological roles have remained obscure, leading to models distinct from conventional actin behaviour. here a modified version of the commercially available actin-chromobody was tested as a novel tool for visualising f-actin dynamics in toxoplasma gondii. cb labels filamentous act ...201728322189
anti-toxoplasma antibodies in egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients.to assess seroprevalence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies; both igg and igm in egyptian rheumatoid arthritis (ra) patients versus a non-ra group and to compare anti-toxoplasma antibodies seroprevalence among ra patients receiving traditional treatment and ra patients treated with biologic drug.201728321492
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in american black bears ( ursus americanus ) of the central appalachians, usa.we assessed toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in 53 free-ranging american black bears ( ursus americanus ) in the central appalachian mountains, us. seroprevalence was 62% with no difference between males and females or between juvenile and adult bears. wildlife agencies should consider warnings in hunter education programs to reduce the chances for human infection from this source.201728318381
toxoplasma gondii ap2ix-4 regulates gene expression during bradyzoite development.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of great importance to human and animal health. in the host, this obligate intracellular parasite persists as a tissue cyst that is imperceptible to the immune response and unaffected by current therapies. the tissue cysts facilitate transmission through predation and give rise to chronic cycles of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. transcriptional changes accompany conversion of the rapidly replicating tachyzoites into the encysted bradyzoites ...201728317026
evaluation of toxoplasma gondii soluble, whole and excretory/secretary antigens for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by elisa test.the present study was performed to compare the soluble, whole and excretory/secretary antigens of toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) in diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by elisa method. tachyzoites of t. gondii, rh strain were injected in intra-peritoneal cavity of balb/c mice, after 4 days tachyzoites were harvested by peritoneal washing of the mice. for soluble antigen, exudates were centrifuged and sediment sonicated and then centrifuged at 4 °c, 1 h, supernatant collected and density of protein determi ...201728316427
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in west iran: determined by elisa and pcr analysis.congenital toxoplasmosis can lead to severe damage for the fetus and newborn. considering that the seroepidemiology of toxoplasma infection in the pregnant women is poorly studied in west of iran, the main objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors for congenital toxoplasmosis in delfan, iran. in this cross-sectional study, the serum samples obtained from pregnant women who were referred to health centers for routine monitoring of the pregnancy. totally ...201728316418
detection and genotyping of toxoplasma gondii isolated from soil in ahvaz, southwest of iran.to detection and genotype of toxoplasma gondii isolated from soil in ahvaz, southwest of iran. between august 2011 and may 2012 at different sites located in the area of the ahvaz city south west iran. a total of 200 soil samples were taken from different points of the region. oocysts were recovered using the flotation method. then, pcr reactions targeting the gra6 gene were performed for specific t. gondii detection. the positive samples were studied by rflp (random amplified fragment length po ...201728316413
spatial distribution of soil contaminated with toxoplasma gondii oocysts in relation to the distribution and use of domestic cat defecation sites on dairy farms.little information is available on the relationship between the spatial distribution of zoonotic parasites in soil and the pattern of hosts' faeces deposition at a local scale. in this study, the spatial distribution of soil contaminated by the parasite toxoplasma gondii was investigated in relation to the distribution and use of the defecation sites of its definitive host, the domestic cat (felis catus). the study was conducted on six dairy farms with a high number of cats (seven to 30 cats). d ...201728315671
two phylogenetically and compartmentally distinct cdp-diacylglycerol synthases cooperate for lipid biogenesis in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is among the most prevalent protozoan parasites, which infects a wide range of organisms including one-third of the human population. its rapid intracellular replication within a vacuole requires efficient synthesis of glycerophospholipids. cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (cdp-dag) serves as a major precursor for phospholipid synthesis. given the peculiarities of lipid biogenesis, understanding the mechanism and physiological importance of cdp-dag synthesis is particularly ...201728314772
chinese 1 strain of toxoplasma gondii excreted-secreted antigens negatively modulate foxp3 via inhibition of the tgfßrii/smad2/smad3/smad4 pathway.toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic intracellular parasite and is considered an important aetiological factor in the process of abortion, especially as occurs in early gestation. chinese 1 strain of t. gondii is a dominant genotype prevalent in china. although it is known that early foetal resorption triggered by rh strain of t. gondii is attributable to immune mechanisms rather than its direct effect in uterus, the underlying mechanism of the abortion caused by chinese 1 strain remains unclea ...201728300338
diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. evaluation of latex-protein complexes by immnunoagglutination.the aim of this work was to obtain a reagent based on latex particles for ruling out acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women by immunoagglutination (ia). latex-protein complexes (lpc) were previously synthesized coupling the recombinant protein of toxoplasma gondii p22ag and the homogenate of the parasite to latex particles with different size, chemical functionality and charge density. lpc were tested in ia assays against a panel of 72 pregnant women serum samples. results were analysed through r ...201728290263
experimental toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: humoral immune response, estimation of specific igg avidity and the challenges of reproducing vertical transmission in sows.ten pregnant sows were experimentally inoculated per os with t. gondii in order to investigate vertical and galactogenic transmission of the parasite and the evolution and maturation of the specific igg humoral response in the sows and piglets. five seronegative sows received 10(4)t. gondii (cz isolate clone h3) sporulated oocysts during late-pregnancy (exp. 1), three sows received 10(4) oocysts during mid-pregnancy (exp. 2) and three sows from exp. 1 (and two seronegative sows) were re-inoculat ...201728288770
toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in dairy and beef cattle: large-scale epidemiological study in estonia.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that thrives in estonia. in this nationwide cross-sectional study, we tested sera from 3991 cattle, collected from 228 farms in 2012-2013, for anti-t. gondii immunoglobulin g antibodies using a commercial direct agglutination test. titer of 100 was set as cut-off: samples that tested positive at the dilution 1:100 were defined as positive. the apparent animal-level seroprevalence was 18.62%. at least one seropositive animal was found on 68.86% o ...201728288757
the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase genes aah1 and aah2 in toxoplasma gondii contribute to transmission in the cat.the toxoplasma gondii genome contains two aromatic amino acid hydroxylase genes, aah1 and aah2 encode proteins that produce l-dopa, which can serve as a precursor of catecholamine neurotransmitters. it has been suggested that this pathway elevates host dopamine levels thus making infected rodents less fearful of their definitive felidae hosts. however, l-dopa is also a structural precursor of melanins, secondary quinones, and dityrosine protein crosslinks, which are produced by many species. for ...201728288194
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic pets from metropolitan regions of panama.toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease but information regarding domestic animals in central america is scarce and fragmented. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats and dogs in different metropolitan regions of panama. a total of 576 samples were collected; sera from 120 cats and 456 dogs were tested using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the overall seroprevalence of igg antibodies was 30.73%. there ...201728287391
research advances in interactions related to toxoplasma gondii microneme proteins.toxoplasma gondii microneme proteins (tgmics), secreted by micronemes upon contact with host cells, are reported to play important roles in multiple stages of the t. gondii life cycle, including parasite motility, invasion, intracellular survival, and egress from host cells. meanwhile, during these processes, tgmics participate in many protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate interactions, such as undergoing proteolytic maturation, binding to aldolase, engaging the host cell receptors and formin ...201728286325
enhancing immune responses to a dna vaccine encoding toxoplasma gondii gra14 by calcium phosphate nanoparticles as an adjuvant.several approaches have been used to improve the immunogenicity of dna vaccines. in the current study, we constructed the plasmid encoding t. gondii dense granule 14 (gra14) and investigated the immunological properties of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (capns) as nano-adjuvant to enhance the protective efficacy of pcgra14. balb/c mice intramuscularly injected three times at two-week intervals and the immune responses were evaluated using lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytokine and antibody me ...201728286231
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii among hiv patients in jahrom, southern iran.toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic agent especially in immunocompromised hosts and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. hence, detection and monitoring of anti-toxoplasma antibodies are of a great interest in hiv-infected patients. a study on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors was carried out among hiv-infected patients in jahrom, southern iran. the prevalence of anti-toxoplasma igg antibodies was 21.1% in hiv-infected patients by elisa. pcr was pe ...201728285515
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in wild boars, wild rabbits, and wild chickens in hubei province, china.toxoplasma gondii causes serious infection worldwide in humans and animals. in this study, the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis was investigated in wild boars (sus scrofa) (n=377), wild rabbits (cape hare, lapus capensis) (n=331), and wild chickens (red junglefwol, gallus gallus) (n=571) in 4 forested and country sided area of hubei province of china. for this, blood samples were collected and tested by indirect hemagglutination test (iha). the seroprevalence was found to be 7.2%, 5.1%, and 12. ...201728285512
high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis detected by rdt among the residents of seokmo-do (island) in ganghwa-gun, incheon city, korea.seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of seokmo-do (island) in ganghwa-gun, incheon, korea was surveyed for 4 years by a rapid diagnostic test (rdt) using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (sag1), gst-linker-sag1a. sera from 312, 343, 390, and 362 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. total positive seroprevalence regardless of gender was 29.2, 35.3, 38.7, and 45.3% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. positive serop ...201728285501
enhanced susceptibility of triple transgenic alzheimer's disease (3xtg-ad) mice to acute infection.infection is a recognised risk factor for alzheimer's disease (ad) and can worsen symptoms in established disease. ad patients have higher rates of infection and are more likely to require hospital admissions due to infections than individuals without dementia. infections have also been found to increase the risk of those over 84 years of age being diagnosed with dementia. however, few studies have investigated immune responses to infection in ad.201728284226
[effects of azithromycin and chlorella vulgaris treatment on certain cytokine values and nk cell activity in an acute murine toxoplasmosis model].toxoplasmosis is a common infection with a complicated treatment process. azithromycin (azt) is a macrolide antibiotic that can be effectively used in patients with cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis and has fewer side effects. chlorella vulgaris (cv), a single-cell green algae that contains nutrients and has various biological effects. cv extract (cve) has been shown to have protective effects against infections via immune enhancement by increasing the cytotoxicity of nk cells, il-12 and ifn-γ l ...201728283010
inorganic nanoparticles kill toxoplasma gondii via changes in redox status and mitochondrial membrane potential.this study evaluated the anti-toxoplasma gondii potential of gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles (nps). inorganic nps (0.01-1,000 µg/ml) were screened for antiparasitic activity. the nps caused >90% inhibition of t. gondii growth with ec50 values of ≤7, ≤1, and ≤100 µg/ml for gold, silver, and platinum nps, respectively. the nps showed no host cell cytotoxicity at the effective anti-t. gondii concentrations; the estimated selectivity index revealed a ≥20-fold activity toward the parasite ve ...201728280332
galectins expressed differently in genetically susceptible c57bl/6 and resistant balb/c mice during acute ocular toxoplasma gondii infection.ocular toxoplasmosis (ot) caused by toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of infectious uveitis, however little is known about its immunopathological mechanism. susceptible c57bl/6 (b6) and resistant balb/c mice were intravitreally infected with 500 tachyzoites of the rh strain of t. gondii. b6 mice showed more severe ocular pathology and higher parasite loads in the eyes. the levels of galectin (gal)-9 and its receptors (tim-3 and cd137), interferon (ifn)-γ, il-6 and il-10 were significantly highe ...201728274286
contribution of dopamine neurotransmission in proconvulsant effect of toxoplasma gondii infection in male mice.epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders worldwide with no distinguishable cause in 60% of patients. one-third of world's population is infected with toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii). this intracellular parasite has high tendency to excitable cells including neurons. we assessed seizure susceptibility and involvement of dopaminergic system in male mice with acute and chronic t. gondii infection. mice were infected by intraperitoneal injection of t. gondii cysts. acute and chronic sta ...201728266723
lack of association between toxoplasma gondii exposure and depression in pregnant women: a case-control study.very little is known about the link of t. gondii infection and depression. through an age-, gender-, and month of pregnancy-matched case-control study, we determined the association of t. gondii infection and depression in pregnant women.201728264662
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