Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| a novel secreted protein, myr1, is central to toxoplasma's manipulation of host cells. | the intracellular protozoan toxoplasma gondii dramatically reprograms the transcriptome of host cells it infects, including substantially up-regulating the host oncogene c-myc. by applying a flow cytometry-based selection to infected mouse cells expressing green fluorescent protein fused to c-myc (c-myc-gfp), we isolated mutant tachyzoites defective in this host c-myc up-regulation. whole-genome sequencing of three such mutants led to the identification of myr1 (myc regulation 1; tggt1_254470) a ... | 2016 | 26838724 |
| toxoplasma gondii arginine methyltransferase 1 (prmt1) is necessary for centrosome dynamics during tachyzoite cell division. | the arginine methyltransferase family (prmt) has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including signal transduction, epigenetic regulation, and dna repair pathways. prmt1 is thought to be responsible for the majority of prmt activity in toxoplasma gondii, but its exact function is unknown. to further define the biological function of the prmt family, we generated t. gondii mutants lacking prmt1 (δprmt1) by deletion of the prmt1 gene. δprmt1 parasites exhibit morphological defects ... | 2016 | 26838719 |
| anti-toxoplasma activity of estragole and thymol in murine models of congenital and noncongenital toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasmosis is caused by toxoplasma gondii , an obligatory intracellular protozoan. normally benign, t. gondii infections can cause devastating disease in immunosuppressed patients and through congenital infection of newborn babies. few prophylactic and therapeutic drugs are available to treat these infections. the goal of the present study was to assess the anti-toxoplasma effects in a congenital and noncongenital model of toxoplasmosis (using me49 strain), besides assessing immunological cha ... | 2016 | 26836848 |
| dna vaccination with a gene encoding toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein 17 induces partial protective immunity against lethal challenge in mice. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that affects humans and various vertebrate livestock and causes serious economic losses. to develop an effective vaccine against t. gondii infection, we constructed a dna vaccine encoding the t. gondii rhoptry protein 17 (tgrop17) and evaluated its immune protective efficacy against acute t. gondii infection in mice. the dna vaccine (p3×flag-cmv-14-rop17) was intramuscularly injected to balb/c mice and the immune responses of t ... | 2016 | 26842927 |
| toxoplasmosis awareness, seroprevalence and risk behavior among pregnant women in the gampaha district, sri lanka. | primary gestational toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to the fetus with deleterious effects on the pregnancy. there is very little information regarding gestational toxoplasmosis in sri lanka. this survey was done to determine the prevalence and awareness of toxoplasmosis and to identify risk factors of infection among pregnant women in the gampaha district, sri lanka. | 2016 | 27092763 |
| functional analysis of the role of toxoplasma gondii nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases i and ii in acute mouse virulence and immune suppression. | bioluminescent reporter assays have been widely used to study the effect of toxoplasma gondii on host gene expression. in the present study, we extend these studies by engineering novel reporter cell lines containing a gamma-activated sequence (gas) element driving firefly luciferase (fluc). in raw264.7 macrophages, t. gondii type i strain (gt1) infection blocked interferon gamma (ifn-γ)-induced fluc activity to a significantly greater extent than infection by type ii (me49) and type iii (ctg) s ... | 2016 | 27091930 |
| vaccination with toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 6 and rhoptry protein 18 encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres induces long-term protective immunity in mice. | toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii. however, no effective vaccine is yet available. poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers can reduce protein degradation and sustain the release of antigens over a long period, which could generate a long-lasting immune response in vivo. using a mouse model of toxoplasmosis, we evaluated the protective efficacy of vaccination with two recombinant proteins, which are formulated in biodegradable polymers. | 2016 | 27090890 |
| real-time pcr using the 529 bp repeat element for the diagnosis of atypical ocular toxoplasmosis. | ocular toxoplasmosis may present in atypical fashion, particularly in immunosuppressed patients, and pcr is an important diagnostic tool especially when differentiating from other infectious causes. | 2016 | 26174811 |
| recurrent seizures during acute acquired toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent traveller returning from africa. | we report an unusual case of acute acquired toxoplasmosis (aat) presenting as lymphadenopathy and recurrent seizures in an immunocompetent 15-year-old boy. | 2016 | 26168861 |
| in vivo efficacy of drugs against toxoplasma gondii combined with immunomodulators. | the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of pyrimethamine (pyr) and sulfadiazine (sdz) combined with levamisole and echinacea on the survival of mice infected with toxoplasma gondii. for this, we used 99 specific pathogen-free balb/c mice. all the mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10(5) t. gondii tachyzoites and were divided into 11 groups, each including 9 mice. except for the control group, oral treatment was initiated in all groups 24 h post infection and was continued for 10 ... | 2016 | 26166498 |
| influence of drug therapy on the risk of recurrence of ocular toxoplasmosis. | retrospective, observational case series with follow-up examination to analyse the influence of drug therapy on ocular toxoplasmosis (ot) in terms of recurrence-risk. | 2016 | 26163541 |
| the toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein rop18 is an irga6-specific kinase and regulated by the dense granule protein gra7. | in mice, avirulent strains (e.g. types ii and iii) of the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii are restricted by the immunity-related gtpase (irg) resistance system. loading of irg proteins onto the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm) is required for vacuolar rupture resulting in parasite clearance. in virulent strain (e.g. type i) infections, polymorphic effector proteins rop5 and rop18 cooperate to phosphorylate and thereby inactivate mouse irg proteins to preserve pvm integrity. in this s ... | 2016 | 26247512 |
| the aspartyl protease tgasp5 mediates the export of the toxoplasma gra16 and gra24 effectors into host cells. | toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium species are obligatory intracellular parasites that export proteins into the infected cells in order to interfere with host-signalling pathways, acquire nutrients or evade host defense mechanisms. with regard to export mechanism, a wealth of information in plasmodium spp. is available, while the mechanisms operating in t. gondii remain uncertain. the recent discovery of exported proteins in t. gondii, mainly represented by dense granule resident proteins, might e ... | 2016 | 26270241 |
| quantitative assessment of the effects of sulfamethoxazole on toxoplasma gondii loads in susceptible wt c57bl/6 mice as an immunocompetent host model. | the abundance of toxoplasma gondii with or without sulfamethoxazole (smx) treatment was evaluated with quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction in various organs of wild-type c57bl/6 mice, a susceptible immunocompetent host, after peroral infection with a cyst-forming fukaya strain of t. gondii. smx affected different organs in three ways: t. gondii was reduced independently of smx (skin and kidney); t. gondii was not eradicated with continuous treatment (brain, heart, and lung); and t ... | 2016 | 26384856 |
| genotyping of toxoplasma gondii directly from human and animal biological samples: from partial genotypes to a new genotype. | genotyping of toxoplasma gondii is traditionally performed using dna obtained from tachyzoites after isolation by bioassay in mice. in this study, genotyping of t. gondii was performed by multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (mn-pcr-rflp) in dna obtained from the lungs of experimentally infected mice, the hearts of naturally infected free-range chickens, and human blood samples of newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis. the efficiency of mn-pcr vari ... | 2016 | 26418172 |
| development of dose-response models to predict the relationship for human toxoplasma gondii infection associated with meat consumption. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for approximately 24% of deaths attributed to foodborne pathogens in the united states. it is thought that a substantial portion of human t. gondii infections is acquired through the consumption of meats. the dose-response relationship for human exposures to t. gondii-infected meat is unknown because no human data are available. the goal of this study was to develop and validate dose-response models based on animal studies, and to com ... | 2016 | 26477997 |
| targeting heat shock proteins 60 and 70 of toxoplasma gondii as a potential drug target: in silico approach. | heat shock proteins (hsps) 60 and 70 are postulated as a potential drug target for toxoplasmosis due to its importance in the developmental and survival of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii). as of today, there have been no reports on three-dimensional (3d) structure of hsp60 and hsp70 deposited in the brookhaven protein data bank. hence, this study was conducted to predict 3d structures for hsp60 and hsp70 in t. gondii by homology modeling. selection of the best predicted model was done based on mul ... | 2016 | 26297309 |
| seroprevalence of anti-toxoplasma igg and igm among individuals who were referred to medical laboratories in mazandaran province, northern iran. | toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is a protozoan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in humans. however, there is no current data regarding toxoplasma infection among individuals who were referred to medical laboratories in mazandaran province (northern iran). therefore, we performed a population-based study of toxoplasma seroprevalence in this region. a total of 1832 sera samples (from 654 men and 1178 women) were collected from people who were referred to medical laboratories in different cities ... | 2016 | 26159578 |
| role of spiramycin in prevention of fetal toxoplasmosis. | the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of spiramycin in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasma gondii infection. | 2016 | 26365472 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in east hararghe zone, ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study was conducted from april 2013 to september 2013 to determine the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for human toxplasma gondii infection in east hararghe zone, ethiopia. serum samples were analysed using direct agglutination test, and immunosorbent agglutination assay for detecting igg (n = 354) and igm (n = 167) t. gondii antibodies. the t. gondii igg and igm seroprevalences were 65·8% [95% confidence interval (ci) 60·62-70·75] and 8·98% (95% ci 5·11-14·38), respec ... | 2016 | 26072985 |
| toxoplasmosis-associated abortion and stillbirth in tehran, iran. | this study was aimed to evaluate the role of toxoplasmosis in etiology of abortion and stillbirth based on molecular and serological techniques. | 2016 | 25564725 |
| garcinol inhibits gcn5-mediated lysine acetyltransferase activity and prevents replication of the parasite toxoplasma gondii. | lysine acetylation is a critical posttranslational modification that influences protein activity, stability, and binding properties. the acetylation of histone proteins in particular is a well-characterized feature of gene expression regulation. in the protozoan parasitetoxoplasma gondii, a number of lysine acetyltransferases (kats) contribute to gene expression and are essential for parasite viability. the natural product garcinol was recently reported to inhibit enzymatic activities of gcn5 an ... | 2016 | 26810649 |
| toxoplasmatinae parasites in bats from bahia state, brazil. | toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are widespread cyst-forming coccidian parasites of the subfamily toxoplasmatinae that infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals. whereas t. gondii is a zoonotic disease, n. caninum is restricted to nonhuman animals. some chiropteran species can be infected by t. gondii and present fatal toxoplasmosis. in most cases, t. gondii -infected bats are believed to remain asymptomatic and to act as an infection source to other animals. it is not known whether ... | 2017 | 27705102 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant tgsag2 and ncsag1 to detect toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum-specific antibodies in domestic animals in turkey. | considering the scarce information on occurrences of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in domestic animals from turkey, the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of these parasite infections in cattle, horses, sheep, goats and dogs in turkey. the specific antibodies against t. gondii and n. caninum were detected by ielisas based on the recombinant tgsag2 or ncsag1 in a total of 2,039 serum samples from eleven provinces. the seroprevalence of t. gondii infections was 46.3%, ... | 2017 | 27523504 |
| widespread 5-methylcytosine in the genomes of avian coccidia and other apicomplexan parasites detected by an elisa-based method. | to date, little is known about cytosine methylation in the genomic dna of apicomplexan parasites, although it has been confirmed that this important epigenetic modification exists in many lower eukaryotes, plants, and animals. in the present study, elisa-based detection demonstrated that low levels of 5-methylcytosine (5-mc) are present in eimeria spp., toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium spp., and neospora caninum. the proportions of 5-mc in genomic dna were 0.18 ± 0.02% in e tenella sporulated ... | 2017 | 28361273 |
| differential ifn-γ and tnf-α driven cytokine response distinguishes acute infection of a metatherian host with toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. | toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum (both apicomplexa) are closely related cyst-forming coccidian parasites that differ significantly in their host range and ability to cause disease. unlike eutherian mammals, australian marsupials (metatherian mammals) have long been thought to be highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis and neosporosis because of their historical isolation from the parasites. in this study, the carnivorous fat-tailed dunnart (sminthopsis crassicaudata) was used as a disease mode ... | 2017 | 28348050 |
| identification and characterization of gra6/gra7 of neospora caninum in mdbk cells. | neospora caninum, an apicomplexan parasite, is recognized as a major bovine abortifacient. dense granule antigens (gras) play important roles in the formation and modification of parasitophorous vacuoles (pvs) in toxoplasma gondii. however, a few studies investigating gras have been reported in n. caninum. the aim of the present study was to characterize the dense gra6/gra7 of n. caninum in pvs using mdbk cells as a host cell model. neospora caninum was inoculated into mdbk cells, and changes we ... | 2017 | 28338718 |
| dectin-1 compromises innate responses and host resistance against neospora caninum infection. | neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that has drawn increasing interest due to its association with worldwide repetitive bovine abortions, which cause billionaire losses to the meat and dairy industries annually. innate immunity plays an important role in infection control, and n. caninum activates the production of inflammatory mediators through toll-like receptors, nod-like receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. advances in the knowledge of initi ... | 2017 | 28326085 |
| controlled release of artemisone for the treatment of experimental cerebral malaria. | cerebral malaria (cm) is a leading cause of malarial mortality resulting from infection by plasmodium falciparum. treatment commonly involves adjunctive care and injections or transfusion of artemisinins. all artemisinins that are in current use are metabolized to dihydroxyartemisinin (dha), to which there is already some parasite resistance. we used artemisone, a derivative that does not convert to dha, has improved pharmacokinetics and anti-plasmodial activity and is also anti-inflammatory (an ... | 2017 | 28249591 |
| in contrast to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum tachyzoites did not sustain multiplication in vitro at increased incubation temperatures. | neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are coccidian parasites that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species. while viable t. gondii has been in vitro isolated in natural infections from wild and domestic birds, attempts to isolate n. caninum from naturally-infected birds were unsuccessful. we speculate that body temperatures of birds, which are usually higher than those of mammals, may impair the multiplication of n. caninum. in contrast to n. caninum, t. gondii can grow in vitro at t ... | 2017 | 28115178 |
| constitutive expression and characterization of a surface srs (ncsrs67) protein of neospora caninum with no orthologue in toxoplasma gondii. | neospora caninum is a parasite of the apicomplexa phylum responsible for abortion and losses of fertility in cattle. as part of its intracellular cycle, the first interaction of the parasite with the target cell is performed with the surface proteins known as the srs superfamily (surface antigen glycoprotein - related sequences). sag related or srs proteins have been a target of intense research due to its immunodominant pattern, exhibiting potential as diagnostic and/or vaccine candidates. the ... | 2017 | 28108401 |
| advancing host-directed therapy for tuberculosis. | tuberculosis (tb) drug-development strategies, a wide range of candidate host-directed therapies (hdt)s-including new and repurposed drugs, biologics, and cellular therapies-have been proposed to accelerate eradication of infection and overcome the problems associated with current treatment regimens. by investigating the interaction between macrophages and the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), we uncovered that infection-induced signaling pathways suggest possibilities for th ... | 2017 | 28357397 |
| toxoplasma gondii gra7-targeted asc and pld1 promote antibacterial host defense via pkcα. | tuberculosis is a global health problem and at least one-third of the world's population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). mtb is a successful pathogen that enhances its own intracellular survival by inhibiting inflammation and arresting phago-lysosomal fusion. we previously demonstrated that toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) dense granule antigen (gra) 7 interacts with tnf receptor-associated factor 6 via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, enabling innate immune resp ... | 2017 | 28125719 |
| imaging flow cytometry analysis of intracellular pathogens. | imaging flow cytometry has been applied to address questions in infection biology, in particular, infections induced by intracellular pathogens. this methodology, which utilizes specialized analytic software makes it possible to analyze hundreds of quantified features for hundreds of thousands of individual cellular or subcellular events in a single experiment. imaging flow cytometry analysis of host cell-pathogen interaction can thus quantitatively addresses a variety of biological questions re ... | 2017 | 27642004 |
| serological detection of toxoplasma gondii, leishmania infantum and neospora caninum in cats from an area endemic for leishmaniasis in brazil. | an investigation was made into the occurrence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii, leishmania infantum and neospora caninum in 151 domestic cats, based on the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). serum samples were collected from 151 domestic cats (65 free-roaming and 86 domiciled cats; 55 males and 96 females) in campo grande, mato grosso do sul, brazil between january and april 2013. igg antibodies to t. gondii, l. infantum and n. caninum were found, respectively, in 49 (32.5%), 34 (22.5% ... | 2017 | 25517522 |
| toxoplasmic encephalitis relapse rates with pyrimethamine-based therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. | toxoplasmic encephalitis (te) is caused by toxoplasma gondii infection and can be a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. this study evaluated the rate of relapse associated with pyrimethamine-based maintenance therapy (i.e. secondary prophylaxis) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or aids treated prior to and after the common use (i.e. 1996) of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) (pre-haart and post-haart, respectively). pubmed, google scholar, and co ... | 2017 | 28090819 |
| frequency of toxoplasma gondii in hiv positive patients from west of iran by elisa and pcr. | toxoplasma gondii, the obligate intracellular parasite is life threatening in aids patients. diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is based on serological methods especially increasing of igm and igg titers, but finding of parasite or its components (antigenemia) may be beneficial method in order to detection of acute toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. | 2017 | 25759728 |
| small rodents as paratenic or intermediate hosts of carnivore parasites in berlin, germany. | rodents are important intermediate and paratenic hosts for carnivore parasites, including the important zoonotic agents toxoplasma, echinococcus and toxocara. monitoring of such parasites in rodents can be used to detect increasing risks for human and veterinary public health. rodents were trapped at four sites in berlin, two near the city center, two at the periphery. pcrs were conducted to detect coccidia (target its-1) and specifically toxoplasma gondii (repetitive element) in brain and ascar ... | 2017 | 28278269 |
| human leukocyte antigen-e alleles are associated with hepatitis c virus, torque teno virus, and toxoplasma co-infections but are not associated with hepatitis b virus, hepatitis d virus, and gb virus c co-infections in human immunodeficiency virus patients. | data regarding the distribution of human leukocyte antigen (hla)-e alleles and their association with blood-borne pathogen infections/co-infections are limited for many populations, including indonesia. | 2017 | 27293362 |
| lectin-magnetic separation (lms) for isolation of toxoplasma gondii oocysts from concentrated water samples prior to detection by microscopy or qpcr. | although standard methods for analyzing water samples for the protozoan parasites cryptosporidium spp. and giardia duodenalis are available and widely used, equivalent methods for analyzing water samples for toxoplasma gondii oocysts are lacking. this is partly due to the lack of a readily available, reliable immunomagnetic separation technique (ims). here we investigated the use of lectin-magnetic separation (lms) for isolating t. gondii oocysts from water sample concentrates, with subsequent d ... | 2017 | 28249214 |
| morphological changes in the digestive system of 322 necropsies of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: comparison of findings pre- and post-haart (highly active antiretroviral therapy). | involvement of the digestive system in aids pathologies or injuries is frequent. aiming at comparing the frequency, the importance that these lesions have for death and the survival time in patients using or not using haart, we studied 322 necropsies classified as follows: group a - without antiretroviral drugs (185 cases); b - one or two antiretroviral drugs or haart for less than six months (83 cases); c - haart for six months or longer (54 cases). in the overall analysis of the digestive syst ... | 2017 | 28380114 |
| central nervous system infection following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | here, we described the clinical characteristics and outcomes of central nervous system (cns) infections occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct) in a single institution over the previous 6 years. | 2017 | 27664550 |
| pulmonary toxoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy. | toxoplasmosis is a severe opportunistic infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the lung is a major site of infection after the central nervous system. in this report we described two cases of pneumonia due to toxoplasma gondii infection in hiv patients with antiretroviral therapy. clinical and radiological abnormalities are not specific. pulmonary toxoplasmosis should be considered in hiv-infected patients with late stage of hiv, cd4 count less than 100 cells ... | 2017 | 26933317 |
| minimal immune determinants connect zika virus, human cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma gondii to microcephaly-related human proteins. | aiming at the molecular definition of the relationship(s) between prenatal infections and fetal microcephaly and using pentapeptides as minimal immune determinants, we analyzed the peptide matching between proteins from infectious agents involved in microcephalic syndromes (namely zika virus, human cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma gondii) and human proteins that, when altered, have been specifically associated with microcephaly. we report that an unexpected high number of epitopic pentapeptides ( ... | 2017 | 27878897 |
| first report of tunisian coastal water contamination by protozoan parasites using mollusk bivalves as biological indicators. | in order to establish seawater contamination by emerging protozoan parasites, we used qpcr to molecularly characterize and evaluate the parasitic burden of giardia duodenalis, cryptosporidium spp., toxoplasma gondii, and cyclospora cayetanensis in 1255 wild bivalve mollusks collected along the tunisian coasts. t. gondii, g. duodenalis and c. cayetanensis were detected in 6.9% (99% ci=1.6-12.2%) pools of ruditapes decussatus. none of the samples were found positive to cryptosporidium spp.; 6.6% p ... | 2017 | 28168979 |
| temporal cognitive decline associated with exposure to infectious agents in a population-based, aging cohort. | numerous cross-sectional studies have related exposure to neurotropic infectious agents with cognitive dysfunction in older adults, however, the temporal sequence is uncertain. | 2017 | 26710257 |
| transgenic eimeria magna pérard, 1925 displays similar parasitological properties to the wild-type strain and induces an exogenous protein-specific immune response in rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus l.). | rabbit coccidiosis causes great economic losses to world rabbitries. little work has been done considering genetic manipulation on the etiological agents, rabbit eimeria spp. in this study, we constructed a transgenic line of eimeria magna (emager) expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp) and red fluorescent protein (rfp) using regulatory sequences of eimeria tenella and toxoplasma gondii. we observed the life cycle of emager and confirmed that the transgenic parasites express exoge ... | 2017 | 28167939 |
| toxoplasma gondii immune mapped protein 1 is anchored to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and adopts a novel protein fold. | the immune mapped protein 1 (imp1) was first identified as a protective antigen in eimeria maxima and described as vaccine candidate and invasion factor in toxoplasma gondii. we show here that tgimp1 localizes to the inner leaflet of plasma membrane (pm) via dual acylation. mutations either in the n-terminal myristoylation or palmitoylation sites (g2 and c5) cause relocalization of tgimp1 to the cytosol. the first 11 amino acids are sufficient for pm targeting and the presence of lysine (k7) is ... | 2017 | 27888074 |
| meningoencephalitis in cats in austria: a study of infectious causes, including encephalitozoon cuniculi. | objectives despite comprehensive diagnostics, the aetiology of meningoencephalitis (me) in cats often remains undetermined. as a result of recently published surveys, encephalitozoon cuniculi has gained growing importance in cats not only with ocular disorders, but also with central nervous system disease. therefore, it was hypothesised that e cuniculi may be an underestimated pathogen in the development of feline non-suppurative and/or granulomatous me. methods as a first step, histopathologica ... | 2017 | 26662038 |
| unique substrate specificity of ornithine aminotransferase from toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary relevance responsible for toxoplasmosis in humans. as an efficacious vaccine remains a challenge, chemotherapy is still the most effective way to combat the disease. in search of novel druggable targets, we performed a thorough characterization of the putative pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme ornithine aminotransferase from t. gondii me49 (tgoat). we overexpressed the protein in escherichia coli and analysed its mol ... | 2017 | 28126740 |
| tspka-r: a potential immunodiagnostic antigen for the detection of porcine cysticercosis. | cysticercosis, caused by metacestodes of taenia solium, has a significant soci-economic impact and is of considerable importance in public health. however, there are no specific diagnostic antigens to distinguish between t. solim and taenia hydatigena. in the present study, camp-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit (tspka-r), an excretory/secretary (es) antigen of t. solium, was used to establish a specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for detection of porcine cysticercosis. the full-len ... | 2017 | 28359828 |
| toxoplasma gondii elongation factor 1-alpha (tgef-1α) is a novel vaccine candidate antigen against toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite which can infect almost all warm-blood animals, leading to toxoplasmosis. screening and discovery of an effective vaccine candidate or new drug target is crucial for the control of this disease. in this study, the recombinant t. gondii elongation factor 1-alpha (rtgef-1α) was successfully expressed in in escherichia coli. passive immunization of mice with anti-rtgef-1α polyclonal antibody following challenge with a lethal dose o ... | 2017 | 28243226 |
| microbiological quality of pastrami and associated surfaces at the point of sale in kayseri, turkey. | the aim of this study is to trace the possible relations between the hygienic status of slicing utensils and the microbiological quality of pastrami. | 2017 | 28216007 |
| exposure of free-living jaguars to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and sarcocystis neurona in the brazilian pantanal. | toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and sarcocystis neurona are related apicomplexan parasites that cause reproductive and neurological disorders in a wide range of domestic and wild animals. in the present study, the immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) was used to investigate the presence of antibodies against t. gondii, n. caninum and s. neurona in the sera of 11 free-living jaguars (panthera onca) in two protected areas in the pantanal region of mato grosso state, brazil. ten jaguars (90. ... | 2017 | 25517539 |
| maternal immunoreactivity to herpes simplex virus 2 and risk of autism spectrum disorder in male offspring. | maternal infections during pregnancy are associated with risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (asds). proposed pathogenetic mechanisms include fetal infection, placental inflammation, and maternal cytokines or antibodies that cross the placenta. the autism birth cohort comprises mothers, fathers, and offspring recruited in norway in 1999 to 2008. through questionnaire screening, referrals, and linkages to a national patient registry, 442 mothers of children w ... | 2017 | 28251181 |
| suicide attempts and markers of immune response in individuals with serious mental illness. | previous studies have identified elevations in antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in individuals with a history of suicide attempts but studies have not measured the association between suicide attempts and a panel of antibody markers. we assessed 162 patients receiving treatment for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression on the columbia suicide severity rating scale for suicide attempt history and other clinical measures. all participants had a blood sample drawn from which were meas ... | 2017 | 27988332 |
| effects of cumulative herpesviridae and toxoplasma gondii infections on cognitive function in healthy, bipolar, and schizophrenia subjects. | schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with cognitive impairment leading to social disruption. while previous studies have focused on the effect of individual infectious exposure, namely, herpesviridae viruses or toxoplasma gondii (t gondii), on cognitive functioning, the objective of the present study was to examine the effect of multiple infections on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and in healthy controls. | 2017 | 27929612 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of sulfur-containing linear bisphosphonates against apicomplexan parasites. | we tested a series of sulfur-containing linear bisphosphonates against toxoplasma gondii, the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis. the most potent compound (compound 22; 1-[(n-decylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1,1-bisphosphonic acid) is a sulfone-containing compound, which had a 50% effective concentration (ec50) of 0.11 ± 0.02 μm against intracellular tachyzoites. the compound showed low toxicity when tested in tissue culture with a selectivity index of >2,000. compound 22 also showed high activity in vivo in ... | 2017 | 27895021 |
| ubiquitination of pathogen-containing vacuoles promotes host defense to chlamydia trachomatis and toxoplasma gondii. | many intracellular bacterial and protozoan pathogens reside within host cell vacuoles customized by the microbial invaders to fit their needs. within such pathogen-containing vacuoles (pvs) microbes procure nutrients and simultaneously hide from cytosolic host defense systems. among the many pv-resident human pathogens are the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis and the protozoan toxoplasma gondii. immune responses directed against their pvs are poorly characterized. we reported that activation of h ... | 2017 | 27066178 |
| dynamic protein s-palmitoylation mediates parasite life cycle progression and diverse mechanisms of virulence. | eukaryotic parasites possess complex life cycles and utilize an assortment of molecular mechanisms to overcome physical barriers, suppress and/or bypass the host immune response, including invading host cells where they can replicate in a protected intracellular niche. protein s-palmitoylation is a dynamic post-translational modification in which the fatty acid palmitate is covalently linked to cysteine residues on proteins by the enzyme palmitoyl acyltransferase (pat) and can be removed by lyso ... | 2017 | 28228066 |
| understanding the molecular mechanism of substrate channeling and domain communication in protozoal bifunctional ts-dhfr. | most species, such as humans, have monofunctional forms of thymidylate synthase (ts) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) that are key folate metabolism enzymes making critical folate components required for dna synthesis. in contrast, several parasitic protozoa, including leishmania majorg(lm), plasmodium falciparum (pf), toxoplasma gondii (tg) and cryptosporidium hominis(ch), contain a unique bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase (ts-dhfr) having the two sequential catalytic ... | 2017 | 28338744 |
| seroprevalence of bartonella species, coxiella burnetii and toxoplasma gondii among patients with hematological malignancies: a pilot study in romania. | patients receiving immunosuppressive cancer treatments in settings where there is a high degree of human-animal interaction may be at increased risk for opportunistic zoonotic infections or reactivation of latent infections. we sought to determine the seroprevalence of selected zoonotic pathogens among patients diagnosed with haematologic malignancies and undergoing chemotherapeutic treatments in romania, where much of the general population lives and/or works in contact with livestock. a conven ... | 2017 | 28328183 |
| molecular evidence for toxoplasma gondii in feeding and questing ixodes ricinus ticks. | the aim of the present study was to detect toxoplasma gondii in ticks collected from ponies and field vegetation and to determine the role of shetland ponies as a potential reservoir host for t. gondii. a total of 1737 feeding ixodes ricinus collected from 49 horses and 371 questing ticks were tested by pcr and sequencing for the presence and genotyping of t. gondii. all ticks were examined in a previous study to detect and identify pathogenic bacterial species. the aim of this study was also to ... | 2017 | 27894863 |
| health survey of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) in central park, new york, new york, usa: implications for human and domestic animal health. | we conducted health assessments on 113 free-ranging raccoons ( procyon lotor ) in central park, new york city, us, in february 2010, september 2010, and november 2011 in conjunction with a trap-vaccinate-release program to control a raccoon rabies epizootic. five individuals were sampled at two time points for 118 raccoon examinations in total. we tested 13 of 13 and 8 of 13 euthanized raccoons for rabies and canine distemper virus (cdv), respectively, by antigen testing on brain tissue; all wer ... | 2017 | 28135131 |
| importance of serological cross-reactivity among toxoplasma gondii, hammondia spp., neospora spp., sarcocystis spp. and besnoitia besnoiti. | toxoplasma gondii, neospora spp., sarcocystis spp., hammondia spp. and besnoitia besnoiti are genetically related cyst-forming coccidia. serology is frequently used for the identification of t. gondii, neospora spp. and b. besnoiti-exposed individuals. serologic cross-reactions occur in different tests among animals infected with t. gondii and h. hammondi, as well as among animals infected by t. gondii and n. caninum. infections caused by n. caninum and n. hughesi are almost indistinguishable by ... | 2017 | 28241894 |
| the eurasian otter (lutra lutra) as a potential host for rickettsial pathogens in southern italy. | canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and rickettsiosis are zoonotic tick-borne diseases of canids caused by the intracellular obligate bacteria ehrlichia canis and rickettsia species respectively. in this study, we investigated using standard and real-time pcr and sequencing, the occurrence and molecular characterization of e. canis and rickettsia species in the eurasian otter (lutra lutra) from the southern italian population. samples were screened by using molecular assays also for neospora caninum, ... | 2017 | 28267780 |
| prevalence of infections and co-infections with 6 pathogens in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected in eastern poland. | occurrence of co-infections with various pathogens in ixodid ticks creates a risk of increased severity of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals exposed to bite of the ticks carrying multiple pathogens. accordingly, co-infections in ticks were subject of numerous analyses, but almost exclusively with regard to ixodes ricinus complex whereas potential tick vectors belonging to other genera were much less studied. taking into consideration the role of dermacentor reticulatus in the transmissio ... | 2017 | 28378977 |
| presence of pathogenic rickettsiae and protozoan in samples of raw milk from cows, goats, and sheep. | the aim of the present work was to determine the presence of various rickettsiae and protozoan in raw milk and the assessment the potential, milk-borne route in the spread of selected zoonotic pathogens. | 2017 | 28072914 |
| prevalence of helminth and coccidian parasites in swedish outdoor cats and the first report of aelurostrongylus abstrusus in sweden: a coprological investigation. | this study was performed in order to gather recent epidemiological data on feline endoparasites in swedish cats. faecal samples from 205 outdoor cats were collected by their owners and submitted to the national veterinary institute for analysis. the study population was comprised of cats with access to an outdoor environment and with no history of anthelmintic treatment within the last 3 months. intestinal parasites were detected with a centrifugal flotation technique and baermann larval sedimen ... | 2017 | 28330485 |
| artemisinin and its derivatives in treating protozoan infections beyond malaria. | parasitic protozoan diseases continue to rank among the world's greatest global health problems, which are also common among poor populations. currently available drugs for treatment present drawbacks, urging the need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. artemisinin (art) and its derivatives are some of the most important classes of antimalarial agents originally derived from artemisia annua l. however, besides the outstanding antimalarial and antischistosomal activities, art and its de ... | 2017 | 27867026 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infections in pregnant women in gorgan city, golestan province, northern iran-2012. | toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent parasites of human and warm- blooded animals. toxoplasmosis is important especially in two groups: pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. if women acquire the primary infection during the pregnancy, it would be life threatening or remains severe disorders for the fetus. this study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in pregnant women referred to health center in gorgan city, golestan province, northern iran. | 2017 | 25848383 |
| histological changes of the ovary in pregnant mice vaginally exposed to toxoplasma gondii. | congenital toxoplasmosis is one cause of abortion. infection can disrupt ovarian cycles and because toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease may have a similar effect on the ovaries. the purpose of this study was to investigate the pathological changes in the ovaries due to toxoplasmosis. | 2017 | 26246826 |
| conjugated linoleic acid stimulates apoptosis in rh and tehran strains of toxoplasma gondii, in vitro. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (cla) on apoptosis of tachyzoites of t. gondii, rh strain (type i) and the cyst-forming tehran strain (type ii) in vitro. | 2017 | 26246821 |
| molecular characterization and sequence phylogenetic analysis of surface antigen 3 (sag3) gene of local indian isolates (chennai and izatnagar) of toxoplasma gondii. | the molecular characterization of local isolates of toxoplasma gondii is considered significant so as to assess the homologous variations between the different loci of various strains of parasites. | 2017 | 26200959 |
| extended epigenotype in a rattus novergicus - toxoplasma gondii association. | several studies demonstrate that rats (rattus novergicus) infected with protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii exhibit lesser fear to cat odors. this is thought to increase transmission of the parasite to its definitive hosts, i.e. cats. this is an example of extended phenotype where a gene of an organism allegedly creates a phenotype in another organism. we examined a possible proximate mechanism for this phenotype, describing an epigenetic change in arginine vasopressin gene in medial amygdala o ... | 2017 | 26844540 |
| vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites. | the phylum apicomplexa comprises more than 5000 species including pathogens of clinical and economical importance. these obligate intracellular parasites possess a highly complex endomembrane system to build amongst others three morphologically distinct secretory organelles: rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules. proteins released by these organelles are essential for invasion and hijacking of the host cell. due to the complexity of the internal organization of these parasites, a wide panoply ... | 2017 | 26844642 |
| evaluating the presence of toxoplasma gondii in peripheral blood of patients with diverse forms of uveitis. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of toxoplasmosis gondii in samples of peripheral blood from patients with varying etiologies of uveitis. whole blood from patients with different forms of uveitis was tested for the presence of t. gondii using real-time pcr targeting the well-characterized 529 bp fragment. extracted dna was both frozen. thirty-one patients were included in the current study and grouped as follows: acute toxoplasmosis (n = 10); toxoplasmic retinal scars (n = ... | 2017 | 26975400 |
| genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii from zoo wildlife and pet birds in fujian, china. | toxoplasmosis, a worldwide zoonotic disease, is caused by toxoplasma gondii. the distribution of genetic diversity of t. gondii in wild animals is of great importance to understand the transmission of the parasite in the environment. however, little is known about t. gondii prevalence in wild animals and birds in china. | 2017 | 26811736 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in buffaloes, sheep and goats in yunnan province, southwestern china. | the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in buffaloes, sheep and goats in yunnan province, southwestern china was conducted between may 2012 and december 2013. | 2017 | 26811733 |
| efficacy of the bunium persicum (boiss) essential oil against acute toxoplasmosis in mice model. | we evaluated the in vivo activity of bunium persicum (boiss) essential oil on infected mice with acute toxoplasmosis. | 2017 | 26811730 |
| evaluation of immunogenicity of cocktail dna vaccine containing plasmids encoding complete gra5, sag1, and rop2 antigens of toxoplasma gondii in balb/c mice. | severe and fatal complications of toxoplasmosis urge development of effective vaccines against the disease. the current study was performed to evaluate cocktail dna vaccine containing plasmids encoding gra5, sag1, and rop2 genes of toxoplasma gondii in balb/c mice in tarbiat modares university in 2012. | 2017 | 26811726 |
| high seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibody in hiv/aids individuals from north of iran. | toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent people is generally asymptomatic but in immunocompromised patients including hiv/aids, cancer patients, and organ transplant recipients, etc. it can lead to serious pathological problems. the objective of current study was to determine the seroprevalence of t. gondii igg and igm antibodies in hiv/aids patients using elisa technique in mazandaran province, northern iran. | 2017 | 26811725 |
| cd8(+) t cells remove cysts of toxoplasma gondii from the brain mostly by recognizing epitopes commonly expressed by or cross-reactive between type ii and type iii strains of the parasite. | our previous study demonstrated that cd8(+) t cells remove cysts of toxoplasma gondii from the brain through perforin-mediated mechanisms. we here show that a transfer of cd8(+) immune t cells primed with a type ii or a type iii strain of t. gondii both efficiently removed cysts of a type ii strain from infected scid mice, although the former tended to be slightly more efficient than the latter. similarly, a transfer of type ii-primed cd8(+) t cells removed cysts of a type iii strain. therefore, ... | 2017 | 27083473 |
| comparison of eight cell-free media for maintenance of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. | toxoplasmosis is considered as one of the most common infectious diseases caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. tachyzoite is the main form of toxoplasma and continuously is maintained in cell culture or injected into the mice peritoneal cavity. this study was designed to evaluate the survival rate of rh strain of t. gondii tachyzoites in different cell free, nutrient and biological media at different temperatures. | 2017 | 27095976 |
| cyst formation from virulent rh strain of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite: in vitro cultivation. | this study was performed to induce conversion of rh strain tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii to bradyzoites by ph changing of the culture medium. | 2017 | 27095972 |
| prognosis of fetal parenchymal cerebral lesions without ventriculomegaly in congenital toxoplasmosis infection. | to evaluate the neurodevelopmental and ocular outcome of a continuous retrospective series of fetal toxoplasmosis infections for which prenatal ultrasound (us) follow-up revealed abnormal cerebral findings without associated ventriculomegaly. | 2017 | 27093552 |
| fatal systemic toxoplasma gondii infection in a red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris), a swinhoe's striped squirrel (tamiops swinhoei) and a new world porcupine (erethizontidae sp.). | toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that affects man and animals worldwide. the primary hosts and major reservoir for toxoplasma gondii are felids and the intermediate hosts are most warm-blooded animals including man. this report describes fatal toxoplasmosis in three different rodent species in germany: a female red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) and a male swinhoe's striped squirrel (tamiops swinhoei), both kept as pets, and a female new world porcupine (erethizontidae sp.) from a zoo. all thre ... | 2017 | 26987509 |
| genotyping characterization of toxoplasma gondii in cattle, sheep, goats and swine from the north of portugal. | epidemiological investigations on toxoplasma gondii infection have found a significant association between human toxoplasmosis and consumption of raw or undercooked meat. the present study aimed to characterize genotypes of t. gondii in 20 cattle, 40 sheep, 15 goats and 16 pigs from the north of portugal. | 2017 | 26622302 |
| influence of toxoplasma gondii infection on male fertility: a pilot study on immunocompetent human volunteers. | this study was conducted to investigate the influence of toxoplasma gondii infection on spermatic and hormonal parameters in a pilot sample of immunocompetent human male subjects. | 2017 | 26622295 |
| apoptotic activity and anti-toxoplasma effects of artemether on the tachyzoites and experimental infected vero and j774 cell lines by toxoplasma gondii. | drugs used for toxoplasmosis have limited efficacy and also severe side effects. a new drug with good efficacy and limited side effects is need of the hour. we studied the effects of artemether on toxoplasma gondii in vitro conditions. | 2017 | 27127321 |
| drug repurposing screening identifies novel compounds that effectively inhibit toxoplasma gondii growth. | the urgent need to develop new antimicrobial therapies has spawned the development of repurposing screens in which well-studied drugs and other types of compounds are tested for potential off-label uses. as a proof-of-principle screen to identify compounds effective against toxoplasma gondii, we screened a collection of 1,120 compounds for the ability to significantly reduce toxoplasma replication. a total of 94 compounds blocked parasite replication with 50% inhibitory concentrations of <5 µm. ... | 2017 | 27303726 |
| the rhoptry pseudokinase rop54 modulates toxoplasma gondii virulence and host gbp2 loading. | toxoplasma gondii uses unique secretory organelles called rhoptries to inject an array of effector proteins into the host cytoplasm that hijack host cell functions. we have discovered a novel rhoptry pseudokinase effector, rop54, which is injected into the host cell upon invasion and traffics to the cytoplasmic face of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (pvm). disruption of rop54 in a type ii strain of t. gondii does not affect growth in vitro but results in a 100-fold decrease in virulence in ... | 2017 | 27303719 |
| tgatat-mediated α-tubulin acetylation is required for division of the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite that causes potentially life-threatening opportunistic disease. new inhibitors of parasite replication are urgently needed, as the current antifolate treatment is also toxic to patients. microtubules are essential cytoskeletal components that have been selectively targeted in microbial pathogens; further study of tubulin in toxoplasma may reveal novel therapeutic opportunities. it has been noted that α-tubulin acetylation at lysine 40 (k40) is ... | 2017 | 27303695 |
| a toxoplasma gondii ortholog of plasmodium gama contributes to parasite attachment and cell invasion. | toxoplasma gondii and its plasmodium kin share a well-conserved invasion process, including sequential secretion of adhesive molecules for host cell attachment and invasion. however, only a few orthologs have been shown to be important for efficient invasion by both genera. bioinformatic screening to uncover potential new players in invasion identified a previously unrecognized t. gondii ortholog of plasmodium glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored micronemal antigen (tggama). we show that tggama ... | 2017 | 27303694 |
| evaluation of the western blotting method for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. | to evaluate the western blotting method for the detection of igg anti-toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) (igg-wb) in the serum of children with suspected congenital toxoplasmosis. | 2017 | 27504975 |
| innate recognition of toxoplasma gondii in humans involves a mechanism distinct from that utilized by rodents. | toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects rodents as part of its natural transmission cycle and induces disease in humans, an end-stage host. as one of the natural hosts of t. gondii, the mouse has been used extensively for elucidating the cellular and molecular basis of immunity to this pathogen while relatively few studies have focused on the response of humans. in our recent work, we identified cd16(+) monocytes and dc1 dendritic cells as the major myeloid cell pop ... | 2017 | 27157497 |
| a cell cycle-regulated toxoplasma deubiquitinase, tgotud3a, targets polyubiquitins with specific lysine linkages. | the contribution of ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms in the regulation of the toxoplasma gondii cell cycle has remained largely unexplored. here, we describe the functional characterization of a t. gondii deubiquitinase (tggt1_258780) of the ovarian-tumor domain-containing (otu) family, which, based on its structural homology to the human otud3 clade, has been designated tgotud3a. the tgotud3a protein is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner mimicking its mrna expression, indicating that it is ... | 2017 | 27340699 |
| secreted protein kinases regulate cyst burden during chronic toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that secretes a large number of protein kinases and pseudokinases from its rhoptry organelles. although some rhoptry kinases (ropks) act as virulence factors, many remain uncharacterized. in this study, predicted ropks were assessed for bradyzoite expression then prioritized for a reverse genetic analysis in the type ii strain pru that is amenable to targeted disruption. using crispr/cas9, we engineered c-terminally epitope tagged rop21 and rop27 and ... | 2017 | 27450947 |
| p2x7 receptor-dependent tuning of gut epithelial responses to infection. | infection and injury of the gut are associated with cell damage and release of molecules such as extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (atp), which is recognised by the purinergic p2x7 receptor (p2x7r). p2x7r is widely expressed in the gut by antigen-presenting cells (apcs) and epithelial cells, but the role of the p2x7r on epithelial cells is poorly understood. we investigated p2x7r in intestinal epithelium in vitro and in vivo using two model infections, toxoplasma gondii and trichinella spi ... | 2017 | 27559003 |
| repurposing of conserved autophagy-related protein atg8 in a divergent eukaryote. | toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites contain a peculiar non-photosynthetic plastid called the apicoplast, which is essential for their survival. the localization of autophagy-related protein atg8 to the apicoplast in several apicomplexan species and life stages has recently been described, and we have shown this protein is essential for proper inheritance of this complex plastid into daughter cells during cell division. although the mechanism behind atg8 association to the apicopla ... | 2017 | 27574540 |