Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| comparing invasive and non-invasive of isolated shigella flexneri by electron microscopy of cell culture, sds-page and congo red method. | the aim of this study was to compare invasive and non-invasive strains of shigella flexneri isolated from tehran by a 120 kda protein band by sds-page, electron microscopy of cell culture and congo red dye methods. | 2007 | 18051704 |
| two or more enteropathogens are associated with diarrhoea in mexican children. | diarrhoeal diseases constitute a major public health problem, particularly in the developing world, where the rate of mortality and morbidity is very high. the purpose of this study was to conduct a 2 years and 3 months study in order to determine the prevalence of five enteropathogen diarrheogenic agents in mexico city. | 2007 | 18162140 |
| outbreaks of shigellosis in denmark and australia associated with imported baby corn, august 2007--final summary. | the recently reported concurrent outbreaks of shigella sonnei infections in denmark and australia have been found to be linked to a common baby corn packing house in thailand via trace-back of the distribution chain. distribution records indicated that three additional countries received affected product from the implicated thai packing house during the period of potential contamination. these countries were notified through the world health organization's international food safety authorities n ... | 2007 | 17991373 |
| synthesis and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of novel quinazolinones. | a simple and efficient microwave-assisted methodology for regioselective alkylation of exocyclic nitrogen of cyclic amidines was developed and novel n-alkylated 3,4-dihydropyrazino [2,1-b] quinazolin-6-ones were prepared. although none of the molecules tested have any specific anti-quorum sensing (-qs) activity, our result validates the growth tests devised to control the bias of the anti-qs tests. among the molecules studied, compound 2b exhibits interesting activity against the gram-negative b ... | 2007 | 18035826 |
| cloning, expression, purification, characterization, crystallization and x-ray diffraction of bifunctional pyrimidine deaminase/reductase from shigella flexneri 2a. | bifunctional pyrimidine deaminase/reductase (ribd) plays an important role during riboflavin biosynthesis in many microorganisms. the 40.4 kda ribd from shigella flexneri 2a has been cloned, expressed, purified and characterized. three crystals of ribd have been obtained by the hanging-drop technique at 291 k using peg 20k or nacl as precipitant. the ribd crystal using peg 20k as precipitant diffracted to 2.5a. | 2007 | 18045236 |
| shiga toxin induces tubular membrane invaginations for its uptake into cells. | clathrin seems to be dispensable for some endocytic processes and, in several instances, no cytosolic coat protein complexes could be detected at sites of membrane invagination. hence, new principles must in these cases be invoked to account for the mechanical force driving membrane shape changes. here we show that the gb3 (glycolipid)-binding b-subunit of bacterial shiga toxin induces narrow tubular membrane invaginations in human and mouse cells and model membranes. in cells, tubule occurrence ... | 2007 | 18046403 |
| epidemiology and clinical presentation of shigellosis in children less than five years of age in rural mozambique. | rectal swabs were collected from 1354 children <5 years of age with diarrhea attending manhiça district hospital and from 227 healthy community controls. shigellosis incidence was high among children aged 12-47 months (488.4/10(5) child-years at risk). fever and dysentery were prominent clinical findings. shigella was more frequently isolated from cases than controls (6.7% versus 0.4%, p = 0.004), and from dysentery than nondysenteric diarrhea (24.1% versus 3.5%, p < 0.001). shigella flexneri 2a ... | 2007 | 17984817 |
| outbreak of acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology caused by contaminated drinking water in a rural village in austria, august 2006. | in august 2006 a physician from a rural village reported an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. an investigation was undertaken in order to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, the source of infection and to prevent further disease. this is the first published outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by contaminated drinking water in austria. | 2007 | 18157605 |
| the distribution of insertion sequences in the genome of shigella flexneri strain 2457t. | shigella flexneri, which causes shigellosis in humans, evolved from escherichia coli. the sequencing of shigella genomes has revealed that a large number of insertion sequence (is) elements (over 200 elements) reside in the genome. although the presence of these elements has been noted previously and summarized, more detailed analyses are required to understand their evolutionary significance. here, the genome of s. flexneri strain 2457t is used to investigate the spatial distribution of is copi ... | 2007 | 18031340 |
| antibacterial activity directed isolation of compounds from punica granatum. | chemical investigation of the methanolic extract of pomegranate fruit following antibacterial activity directed isolation led to the isolation of pelargonidin-3-galactose, cyanidin-3-glucose, gallic acid, quercetin, and myricetin. all these compounds exhibited substantial activity against species of corynebacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, bacillus subtilis, shigella, salmonella, vibrio cholera, and escherichia coli. however, all these compounds were more active against gram-positive species ... | 2007 | 18034726 |
| environmental stress regulates shigella virulence: interplay between anerobiosis and iron acquisition. | 2007 | 18041901 | |
| microbial pathogen-induced necrotic cell death mediated by the inflammasome components cias1/cryopyrin/nlrp3 and asc. | cryopyrin (cias1, nlrp3) and asc are components of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex required for caspase-1 activation and cytokine il-1beta production. cias1 mutations underlie autoinflammation characterized by excessive il-1beta secretion. disease-associated cryopyrin also causes a program of necrosis-like cell death in macrophages, the mechanistic details of which are unknown. we find that patient monocytes carrying disease-associated cias1 mutations exhibit excessive necrosis-like dea ... | 2007 | 18005730 |
| safety and immunogenicity of cvd 1208s, a live, oral deltaguaba deltasen deltaset shigella flexneri 2a vaccine grown on animal-free media. | a previous phase 1 trial demonstrated that shigella flexneri 2a deleted in guaba, sen and set (strain cvd 1208) is well-tolerated and immunogenic after a single oral dose of 10(8) or 10(9) cfu. to facilitate further clinical development, the strain was reconstructed using animal-free media to conform to regulatory guidelines, and designated cvd1208s. healthy inpatient volunteers were randomized (double-blind) to receive a single oral dose of either cvd 1208s (10(8) [n = 7] or 10(9) [n = 7] cfu) ... | 2007 | 17938573 |
| [dysentery in poland in 2005]. | the number of notified dysentery cases in the three last years (2003, 2004, 2005) is the lowest of all years since 1918 when notification started. only 80 cases were notified in the year 2005 (incidence rate 0.21 /100,000 population), while 74 cases in 2004 (incidence rate 0.19 /100,000 population. no one-death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. all together 6 outbreaks were registered, one suspected. out of three dysentery outbreaks, due to s. flexneri 3a--two ... | 2007 | 17956039 |
| shigella: a sexually transmitted infection in men who have sex with men. | 2007 | 17983823 | |
| characterization of probiotic escherichia coli isolates with a novel pan-genome microarray. | microarrays have recently emerged as a novel procedure to evaluate the genetic content of bacterial species. so far, microarrays have mostly covered single or few strains from the same species. however, with cheaper high-throughput sequencing techniques emerging, multiple strains of the same species are rapidly becoming available, allowing for the definition and characterization of a whole species as a population of genomes--the 'pan-genome'. | 2007 | 18088402 |
| cross-border investigation of a shigella sonnei outbreak in a group of norwegian tourists after a trip to russia. | in early september 2006, the norwegian institute of public health was alerted to an outbreak of shigella sonnei infections (shigellosis) among 23 norwegian passengers who had taken a bus tour from kirkenes, norway to murmansk, russia. the trip lasted from 27 to 31 august, and the group stayed in various hotels and visited several restaurants in both kirkenes and murmansk during this period. stool samples from three ill passengers yielded s. sonnei; an additional 10 passengers had gastrointestina ... | 2007 | 17991389 |
| acute gastrointestinal infection, respiratory illness, and noncombat injury among us military personnel during operation bright star 2005, in northern egypt. | in the fall 2005, approximately 7,500 us military personnel participated in an exercise in the egyptian desert. the epidemiology of disease and noncombat injury among deployed troops is important in the context of assessing current mitigation strategies and the development of future ones. | 2007 | 17995535 |
| inactivation of shigella boydii 18 idph and listeria monocytogenes scott a with power ultrasound at different acoustic energy densities and temperatures. | the effect of acoustic energy density (aed) on inactivation of shigella boydii 18 idph and listeria monocytogenes scott a in a cell suspension was studied at sublethal temperatures and at aeds of 0.49, 0.85, and 1.43 w/ml. the effect of temperature on ultrasonic inactivation of l. monocytogenes scott a at 35, 50, and 65 degrees c was examined at an aed of 1.43 w/ml. increasing aed increased the rate of inactivation for both s. boydii and l. monocytogenes. the destruction of s. boydii and l. mono ... | 2007 | 17995776 |
| uspa of shigella sonnei. | one of the strategies that bacteria utilize to combat environmental stress is to synthesize stress-responding proteins. in escherichia coli, adverse environmental factors, such as starvation, heat, and the presence of acid, oxidants, heavy metals, and antibiotics, trigger the expression of the universal stress protein (usp). the gene of the usp, uspa, in e. coli k-12 and e. coli o157:h7 has been identified and sequenced. in this study, the nucleotide sequence of uspa in a strain of shigella sonn ... | 2007 | 17969624 |
| increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of shigella isolates in bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. | antimicrobial resistance of shigella isolates in bangladesh, during 2001-2002, was studied and compared with that of 1991-1992 to identify the changes in resistance patterns and trends. a significant increase in resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (from 52% to 72%, p < 0.01) and nalidixic acid (from 19% to 51%, p < 0.01) was detected. high, but unchanged, resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol, low resistance to mecillinam (resistance 3%, intermediate 3%), and to em ... | 2007 | 17985817 |
| type iii secretion effectors of the ipah family are e3 ubiquitin ligases. | many bacteria pathogenic for plants or animals, including shigella spp., which is responsible for shigellosis in humans, use a type iii secretion apparatus to inject effector proteins into host cells. effectors alter cell signaling and host responses induced upon infection; however, their precise biochemical activities have been elucidated in very few cases. utilizing saccharomyces cerevisiae as a surrogate host, we show that the shigella effector ipah9.8 interrupts pheromone response signaling ... | 2007 | 18005683 |
| culture independent analysis of ileal mucosa reveals a selective increase in invasive escherichia coli of novel phylogeny relative to depletion of clostridiales in crohn's disease involving the ileum. | intestinal bacteria are implicated increasingly as a pivotal factor in the development of crohn's disease, but the specific components of the complex polymicrobial enteric environment driving the inflammatory response are unresolved. this study addresses the role of the ileal mucosa-associated microflora in crohn's disease. a combination of culture-independent analysis of bacterial diversity (16s rdna library analysis, quantitative pcr and fluorescence in situ hybridization) and molecular charac ... | 2007 | 18043660 |
| [acute and prolonged infectious diarrheas, of microbial and viral etiology: methods of clinical and microbiological diagnosis]. | the authors relate clinical-microbiological criteria for a rational diagnosis of acute and prolonged enteritis, distinguishing between home and imported diarrheas. during 2005, 381 subjects (192 children and 189 adults) with acute diarrhea and 110 subjects (16 children and 94 adults) with prolonged diarrhea were examined. in the first group salmonella prevailed in 11.1% of cases (10.9% among children and 11.1% among adults); campylobacter in 9.2% (respectively 8.9% and 9.5%); other bacteria were ... | 2007 | 18044404 |
| secretory iga mediates bacterial translocation to dendritic cells in mouse peyer's patches with restriction to mucosal compartment. | in addition to fulfilling its function of immune exclusion at mucosal surfaces, secretory iga (siga) ab exhibits the striking feature to adhere selectively to m cells in the mouse and human intestinal peyer's patches (pps). subsequent uptake drives the siga ab to dendritic cells (dcs), which become partially activated. using freshly isolated mouse dcs, we found that the interaction with siga was tissue and dc subtype dependent. only dcs isolated from pps and mesenteric lymph nodes interacted wit ... | 2007 | 18025221 |
| [medication in infectious acute diarrhea in children]. | acute infectious diarrhea in children remain still a frequent cause of morbidity. 50 % of them are due to rotavirus. oral rehydration therapy and early realimentation have drastically reduced their mortality and morbidity. beside oral or eventually iv rehydration therapy no medication has proven its efficacy based on the main hmo criteria (reduction of over 30 % of the stool output) except racecadotril and loperamide which is contre-indicated for the last one in children less than 2 years old. o ... | 2007 | 17961811 |
| crystal structure of an apo form of shigella flexneri arsh protein with an nadph-dependent fmn reductase activity. | the arsh gene or its homologs are a frequent part of the arsenic resistance system in bacteria and eukaryotes. although a specific biological function of the gene product is unknown, the arsh protein was annotated as a member of the nadph-dependent fmn reductase family based on a conserved (t/s)xrxxsx(t/s) fingerprint motif common for fmn binding proteins. presented here are the first crystal structure of an arsh protein from shigella flexneri refined at 1.7 a resolution and results of enzymatic ... | 2007 | 17962405 |
| [characteristic of the etiologic structure of acute enteric infections in adults based on the data from infectious diseases hospital]. | study of the etiologic spectrum of sporadic cases of causative agents of acute enteric infections (aei) in 753 patients aged 15-85 years old using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed in the infectious diseases hospital during 12 months. it was shown that detection of the causative agents of aei by pcr was 2.2 times more effective than routine microbiologic diagnostics supplemented with test of feces on rotavirus by elisa method and allowed to detect etiologic agent in 54.3% of the pati ... | 2007 | 18038539 |
| changing patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella serotypes isolated from children with acute diarrhea in manipal, south india, a 5 year study. | this study was carried out to determine the current pattern of shigella serogroups and their antimicrobial resistance in children with acute gastroenteritis in manipal, south india. a total of 1,200 stool samples were collected from april 2001 to may 2006 in children suffering from acute gastroenteritis attending the out-patient department of pediatrics at kasturba hospital, manipal, south india. these samples were cultured for enteric pathogens. the isolates were confirmed to be shigella by bio ... | 2007 | 18041303 |
| antibacterial activity of some 3-(arylideneamino)-2-phenylquinazoline-4(3h)-ones: synthesis and preliminary qsar studies. | synthesis of ten 3-(arylideneamino)-2-phenylquinazoline-4(3h)-ones is reported. all the compounds contained a common phenyl group at the 2-position, while the substituents on the arylideneamino group were varied. the compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus 6571 and bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli k12 and shigella dysenteriae 6) using a turbidometric assay method. it was found that the incorpora ... | 2007 | 17978766 |
| [expression profile analysis of host hela cells invasived by shigella flexneri 2a]. | the changes of genes expression in hela cell during the invasion with shigella species for 1h and 3h were analyzed by cdna microarrays. the data showed that the expression levels of 752 genes were altered twice or greater as compared with the control 509 of them were up-regulated, and 306 were down-regulated. it was supposed that some signal pathways in hela cell were activated, then many genes were induced, and at last comprehensive cell responses were produced, so that hela cell could prevent ... | 2007 | 18062254 |
| [construction of prophylactic recombinant hpv58-attenuated shigella vector live vaccine and evaluation of its protective efficacy and immunogenicity in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model]. | to construct the prophylactic recombinant hpv58-attenuated shigella vector live vaccine and evaluate its protective efficacy and immunogenicity in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model. | 2007 | 18062891 |
| [identification of closely related bacteria via phylogenetic methods]. | to differentiate closely related pathogenic bacteria via phylogenetic method on the basis of gyrb gene sequences. | 2007 | 18067224 |
| comparative sequence analysis of acid sensitive/resistance proteins in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. | the molecular basis for the survival of bacteria under extreme conditions in which growth is inhibited is a question of great current interest. a preliminary study was carried out to determine residue pattern conservation among the antiporters of enteric bacteria, responsible for extreme acid sensitivity especially in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. here we found the molecular evidence that proved the relationship between e. coli and s. flexneri. multiple sequence alignment of the gadc c ... | 2007 | 21670792 |
| antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of amblyone isolated from amorphophallus campanulatus. | to assess the in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of amblyone, a triterpenoid isolated from amorphophallus campanulatus (roxb). | 2008 | 21264161 |
| activities of the frog skin peptide, ascaphin-8 and its lysine-substituted analogs against clinical isolates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing bacteria. | extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing gram-negative bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent and their antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic intervention. ascaphin-8 is a cationic alpha-helical peptide that shows broad-spectrum antibacterial activity but is also toxic to human erythrocytes (lc(50)= 55 microm). this study assesses the activity of ascaphin-8, and a series of l-lysine-substituted analogs, against a range of clinical isolates of esbl-producing bacteria ... | 2008 | 18068868 |
| shiga toxin 1 induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in human monocytic cells. | shiga toxins (stxs) expressed by the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae 1 and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli are potent protein synthesis inhibitors. shiga toxins have also been shown to induce apoptosis in epithelial, endothelial and monocytic cells. the precise relationship between protein synthesis inhibition and induction of apoptosis is not known. we show that stimulation of the myelogenous leukaemia cell line thp-1 with purified stx1 induced the endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress r ... | 2008 | 18005243 |
| synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cobalt(iii) complexes with pyridine-amide ligands. | the ligands 2-(n-(x-pyridyl)carbamoyl)pyridine (x=2, 3 or 4 for hl1-hl3, respectively) and 2,6-bis(n-(y-pyridyl)carbamoyl)pyridine (y=2, 3 or 4 for h2l4-h2l6, respectively) in their mono- and di-deprotonated forms have been used to synthesize kinetically stable cobalt(iii) compounds [co(l1-3)3] (1-3) and na[co(l4-6)2] (4-6), respectively. the co(iii) ion is in octahedral environment and is surrounded by three bidentate ligands in complexes 1-3 and two tridentate ligands in complexes 4-6. ligands ... | 2008 | 17959275 |
| isolation and purification of enterocin e-760 with broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | strain nrrl b-30745, isolated from chicken ceca and identified as enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecium, or enterococcus hirae, was initially identified as antagonistic to campylobacter jejuni. the isolate produced a 5,362-da bacteriocin (enterocin) that inhibits the growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, s. enterica serovar choleraesuis, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enterica serovar gallinarum, escherichia coli o157:h7, yersinia enterocolitica, citrobacter freundii, klebs ... | 2008 | 18086839 |
| systemic pharmacokinetics of rifaximin in volunteers with shigellosis. | rifaximin is an oral antibiotic indicated for treatment of traveler's diarrhea. rifaximin pharmacokinetics were evaluated in individuals challenged with shigella flexneri. peak plasma rifaximin concentrations were low after nine consecutive doses, and no accumulation was observed. rifaximin serum levels were minimal and similar to those previously reported in studies of healthy volunteers. | 2008 | 18086855 |
| [hemolytic and uremic syndrome in the child]. | hemolytic and uremic syndrome (hus) is characterized by the association of hemolytic anemia with sckizocytes, thrombopenia and renal involvement secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy. the typical form is the most frequent in children occurring after an episode of diarrhea caused by escherichia coli. other microorganisms may be responsible for hus such as shigella dysenteriae or streptococcus pneumoniae. acute renal failure is reversible in most cases, but long-term renal sequelae are seen in o ... | 2008 | 17964233 |
| the pattern-recognition molecule nod1 is localized at the plasma membrane at sites of bacterial interaction. | the pattern-recognition molecule nod1 is a critical sensor for bacterial derived diaminopimelic acid-containing peptidoglycan fragments which induces innate immune responses in epithelial cells. here we report the subcellular localization of this protein in human epithelial cells. nod1 is localized in the cytosol and at the plasma membrane in human cells. this membrane association is dependent on the integrity of the protein, on its signalling capacity and on an intact actin cytoskeleton. signal ... | 2008 | 17970764 |
| antimicrobial activity of an endophytic xylaria sp.yx-28 and identification of its antimicrobial compound 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. | an endophytic xylaria sp., having broad antimicrobial activity, was isolated and characterized from ginkgo biloba l. from the culture extracts of this fungus, a bioactive compound p3 was isolated by bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified as 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectrometry spectral data. the compound showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro against staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) ... | 2008 | 18092158 |
| phenotypic and molecular characterization of tem-116 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase produced by a shigella flexneri clinical isolate from chickens. | extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) produced by a clinical isolate of shigella flexneri from chickens were detected with confirmatory phenotypic tests of the clinical and laboratory standards institute, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of several antibacterial drugs against the isolate were determined by the twofold dilution method. the genotype and subtype of the esbl-producing s. flexneri isolate were identified by pcr amplifying of esbl genes and dna sequencing analysis. the result ... | 2008 | 18093137 |
| the nlee/ospz family of effector proteins is required for polymorphonuclear transepithelial migration, a characteristic shared by enteropathogenic escherichia coli and shigella flexneri infections. | enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and shigella flexneri are human host-specific pathogens that infect intestinal epithelial cells. however, each bacterial species employs a different infection strategy within this environmental niche. epec attaches to the apical surface of small intestine enterocytes, causing microvillus effacement and rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton beneath adherent bacteria. in contrast, s. flexneri invades the large intestine epithelium at the basolateral m ... | 2008 | 17984206 |
| muramylpeptide shedding modulates cell sensing of shigella flexneri. | bacterial infections trigger the activation of innate immunity through the interaction of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) with pattern recognition molecules (prms). the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod) proteins are intracellular prms that recognize muramylpeptides contained in peptidoglycan (pgn) of bacteria. it is still unclear how nod1 physically interacts with pgn, a structure internal to the gram-negative bacterial envelope. to contribute to the understanding of ... | 2008 | 18042252 |
| priming of cd4+ t cells with porin of shigella dysenteriae activates the cells toward type 1 polarization. | macrophages treated with porin of shigella dysenteriae were potent stimulators of naive t(h) cells since the porin-pulsed macrophages strongly proliferated the t cells and up-regulated the activation molecules cd69 and cd25 on cd4(+) t cells in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. immunization of c57bl/6 mice with porin selectively induced the intracellular expression and release of ifn-gamma and had no effect on il-4 expression. in parallel to the predominant release of the t(h)1 cytokine ifn-g ... | 2008 | 18003602 |
| saccharomyces boulardii interferes with shigella pathogenesis by postinvasion signaling events. | saccharomyces boulardii is gaining in popularity as a treatment for a variety of diarrheal diseases as well as inflammatory bowel disease. this study was designed to examine the effect of this yeast on infection by shigella flexneri, a highly infectious and human host-adapted enteric pathogen. we investigated key interactions between the bacteria and host cells in the presence of the yeast in addition to a number of host responses including proinflammatory events and markers. although the presen ... | 2008 | 18032477 |
| ph sensitivity of type iii secretion system tip proteins. | many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria employ type iii secretion systems to transport proteins into the host cell membrane and cytoplasm to subvert normal cellular functions. the type iii secretion apparatus consists of a basal body spanning the inner and outer bacterial membranes and a needle which extends away from the bacterium. recent work has found that a special class of proteins localizes to the tip of the needle to control secretion of effector proteins. five of these tip proteins are ip ... | 2008 | 18175320 |
| a comparative synteny map of burkholderia species links large-scale genome rearrangements to fine-scale nucleotide variation in prokaryotes. | genome rearrangement events, including inversions and translocations, are frequently observed across related microbial species, but the impact of such events on functional diversity is unclear. to clarify this relationship, we compared 4 members of the gram-negative burkholderia family (burkholderia pseudomallei, burkholderia mallei, burkholderia thailandensis, and burkholderia cenocepacia) and identified a core set of 2,590 orthologs present in all 4 species (metagenes). the metagenes were orga ... | 2008 | 18162473 |
| role of escherichia coli in acute diarrhoea in tribal preschool children of central india. | five hundred and eighty preschool children belonging to tribal areas of madhya pradesh were followed up daily for the presence of diarrhoea for a period of 1 year. in all, 1236 episodes of diarrhoea were recorded with an average of 2.13 episodes per child per year. stool samples were collected during 780 episodes. they were cultured to isolate escherichia coli as well as non-e. coli enteropathogens. ten different genes were detected to identify all diarrhoeagenic e. coli using multiplex polymera ... | 2008 | 18173783 |
| involvement of rna-binding protein hfq in the post-transcriptional regulation of inve gene expression in shigella sonnei. | the temperature-dependent regulation of shigella virulence genes is believed to be accomplished at the transcriptional stage by the regulators virf and inve. several lines of evidence herein described indicate that post-transcriptional regulation of inve expression plays a key role in the temperature-dependent regulation of virulence gene expression: (i) a considerable amount of inve mrna continues to be transcribed under low temperature conditions, where the production of inve protein is tightl ... | 2008 | 18156173 |
| antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity of terpenoids isolated from spirostachys africana. | spirostachys africana sond. stem bark is used traditionally for the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery in limpopo province of south africa. bioassay-guided fractionation of ethanolic extract from bark of spirostachys africana led to the isolation of four known compounds, two triterpenoids, compound 1 [d-friedoolean-14-en-oic acid (3-acetyl aleuritolic acid)] and compound 2 (lupeol), and two diterpenes, compound 3 [ent-2,6alpha-dihydroxy-norbeyer-1,4,15-trien-3-one (diosphenol 2)] and compound ... | 2008 | 18191928 |
| the versatility of shigella effectors. | when shigella infect the intestinal epithelium, they deliver several effectors through the type iii secretion system (t3ss) into the surrounding space and directly into the host-cell cytoplasm, where they can mimic and usurp host cellular functions or subvert host-cell signalling pathways and the immune response. although bacterial strategies and mechanisms of infection vary greatly, recent studies of shigella effectors have revealed that shigella possess a highly evolved strategy for infection. | 2008 | 18059288 |
| evaluation of faecal occult blood test and lactoferrin latex agglutination test in screening hospitalized patients for diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhoea in dhaka, bangladesh. | inflammatory diarrhoea (id) resulting from shigella, salmonella, campylobacter and entamoeba histolytica requires specific diagnosis for therapy. differentiation between id and non-inflammatory diarrhoea (nid) is often not clinically possible. a faecal occult blood test (fobt) correlates with faecal leucocytes. lactoferrin indicates an inflammatory process as a marker for faecal leucocytes. we evaluated diagnostic values of lactoferrin latex agglutination test (lt) either alone or in combination ... | 2008 | 18196900 |
| new information about pediatric foodborne infections: the view from foodnet. | diarrheal illness is a significant burden to children and their parents. recent studies describing the etiologic agents that cause diarrheal illness and examining the risk factors for the most common bacterial enteric pathogens are presented. | 2008 | 18197044 |
| [shigellosis outbreak with 146 cases related to a fair]. | on september 3, 2005, the ciudad real public health service (spain) received a report of 20 cases of gastroenteritis in the municipality of daimiel. we conducted an investigation to determine the cause or causes of the outbreak and to implement control measures. most of the cases involved young people who visited the municipality's fair. | 2008 | 18261440 |
| reactive arthritis following culture-confirmed infections with bacterial enteric pathogens in minnesota and oregon: a population-based study. | to describe the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of reactive arthritis (rea) following culture-confirmed infection with bacterial enteric pathogens in a population-based study in the usa. | 2008 | 18272671 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of highly purified invasin complex vaccine from shigella flexneri 2a. | development of a subunit vaccine for shigellosis requires identification of protective antigens and delivering these antigens in a manner that stimulates immunity comparable to that induced by natural infection. the shigella invasin complex (invaplex) vaccine is an ion-exchange-purified extract from virulent shigella that consists of lps and several other proteins, including the invasins ipab and ipac. intranasal delivery of invaplex stimulates protective immunity in small animal models for shig ... | 2008 | 18276045 |
| distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella isolates in bangui, central african republic. | we conducted a prospective study in four urban health care centres between january 2004 and november 2005 to determine the distribution and susceptibility patterns of shigella strains causing invasive diarrhoea in bangui, central african republic. of the 155 shigella isolated, shigella flexneri (51%) and shigella dysenteriae (30%) were the most common and the most resistant to usual antibiotics, including amoxicillin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol. though multi-drug resistan ... | 2008 | 18282240 |
| reaching a consensus on management practices and vaccine development targets for mitigation of infectious diarrhoea among deployed us military forces. | this study is part of a research effort to identify and quantify factors related to the cost-effectiveness of a vaccine acquisition strategy to reduce the burden of infectious diarrhoea on us military personnel deployed overseas. where evidence is lacking in the scientific literature, or considerable uncertainty exists, it is often necessary to develop best estimates with ranges of certainty. to this end, a modified 'delphi' survey technique to obtain the best estimates for uncertain parameters ... | 2008 | 18284518 |
| the shf gene of a shigella flexneri homologue on the virulent plasmid paa2 of enteroaggregative escherichia coli 042 is required for firm biofilm formation. | enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) is an increasingly important cause of diarrhea in both developing and industrialized countries, and is characterized by strong biofilm formation on the intestinal mucosa. sequencing of the virulent plasmid paa2 of the prototype eaec 042 revealed a cluster of three open reading frames (orfs; shf, capu, and virk) ca. 93% identical to a similar cluster located in shigella flexneri. the function of the first orf shf protein is not known, but the closest well ... | 2008 | 18293034 |
| terpenoid compositions, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the rhizome essential oils of different hedychium species. | a phytochemical study of the rhizome essential oils of four different hedychium species was performed by means of gc and gc/ms analyses. h. ellipticum mainly contained 1,8-cineole, sabinene, and terpin-4-ol, while h. aurantiacum possessed terpin-4-ol, para-cymene, and bornyl acetate as the major entities. similarly, trans-meta-mentha-2,8-diene and linalool were noticed in h. coronarium. three different collections (i-iii) of h. spicatum showed amazing differences in the relative contents of thei ... | 2008 | 18293443 |
| diverse antimicrobial killing by enterococcus faecium e 50-52 bacteriocin. | an effective bacteriocin was identified and characterized. lactic acid bacteria were screened against campylobacter jejuni. one bacteriocin producer, enterococcus faecium (nrrl b-30746), was studied. the isolate was grown, and the bacteriocin was purified to single-band homogeneity. biochemical traits indicated that the peptide was a class iia bacteriocin, and it was named e 50-52. the bacteriocin had a molecular weight of 3339.7 and an isoelectric point of 8.0. the minimal inhibitory concentrat ... | 2008 | 18293921 |
| association of a factor h mutation with hemolytic uremic syndrome following a diarrheal illness. | hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) takes 2 forms: diarrheal hus and nondiarrheal hus. as its name suggests, diarrheal hus classically follows an enteric infection. the classic infective organism is the escherichia coli o157 serotype, although other bacteria, including shigella species, can produce the verocytotoxin required to cause hus. the usual clinical course is an episode of bloody diarrhea followed by thrombotic microangiopathy and acute renal failure. supportive treatment sees recovery of re ... | 2008 | 18295065 |
| differential activation of human tlr4 by escherichia coli and shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide: combined effects of lipid a acylation state and tlr4 polymorphisms on signaling. | the lipid a of lps activates tlr4 through an interaction with myeloid differentiation protein-2 (md-2) and the degree of lipid a acylation affects tlr4 responsiveness. two tlr4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (asp299gly and thr399ile) have been associated with lps hyporesponsiveness. we hypothesized that the combination of hypoacylation and these single nucleotide polymorphisms would exhibit a compounded effect on tlr4 signaling. hek293t transfectants expressing wild-type or polymorphic tlr4 wer ... | 2008 | 18178854 |
| role and regulation of iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis genes in shigella flexneri virulence. | shigella flexneri, a causative agent of bacterial dysentery, possesses two predicted iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis systems called suf and isc. s. flexneri strains containing deletion mutations in the entire suf operon (ur011) or the iscsua genes (ur022) were constructed. both mutants were defective in surviving exposure to oxidative stress. the suf mutant showed growth that was comparable to that of the parental strain in both iron-replete and iron-limiting media; however, the isc mutant show ... | 2008 | 18195027 |
| socioeconomic risk factors for bacterial gastrointestinal infections. | bacterial gastrointestinal infections cause considerable morbidity in industrialized countries, but little is known about socioeconomic factors affecting the risk of infection. | 2008 | 18300694 |
| geographic analysis of shigellosis in vietnam. | geographic and ecological analysis may provide investigators useful ecological information for the control of shigellosis. this paper provides distribution of individual shigella species in space, and ecological covariates for shigellosis in nha trang, vietnam. data on shigellosis in neighborhoods were used to identify ecological covariates. a bayesian hierarchical model was used to obtain joint posterior distribution of model parameters and to construct smoothed risk maps for shigellosis. neigh ... | 2008 | 18296100 |
| selection and validation of a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis panel for typing shigella spp. | the shigella genus has historically been separated into four species, based on biochemical assays. the classification within each species relies on serotyping. recently, genome sequencing and dna assays, in particular the multilocus sequence typing (mlst) approach, greatly improved the current knowledge of the origin and phylogenetic evolution of shigella spp. the shigella and escherichia genera are now considered to belong to a unique genomospecies. multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (vnt ... | 2008 | 18216214 |
| a comparison of self-reported joint symptoms following infection with different enteric pathogens: effect of hla-b27. | we conducted a case-case comparison study to estimate the attack-rate of reactive joint pain (jprea) following intestinal infections, and evaluated whether the susceptibility and severity of joint symptoms was associated with the tissue-type hla-b27. | 2008 | 18203313 |
| quinolone resistance among shigella spp. isolated from travellers returning from india. | among 200 isolates of shigella from patients with travellers' diarrhoea, 12 isolates (four isolated in 1995-2000 and eight in 2001-2004) exhibited quinolone resistance. nine of these isolates originated from india. these resistant isolates had at least one amino-acid substitution in gyra. quinolone resistance is increasing in shigella spp. causing travellers' diarrhoea, and particularly among isolates causing diarrhoea in travellers returning from india. | 2008 | 18076667 |
| a functional genomic yeast screen to identify pathogenic bacterial proteins. | many bacterial pathogens promote infection and cause disease by directly injecting into host cells proteins that manipulate eukaryotic cellular processes. identification of these translocated proteins is essential to understanding pathogenesis. yet, their identification remains limited. this, in part, is due to their general sequence uniqueness, which confounds homology-based identification by comparative genomic methods. in addition, their absence often does not result in phenotypes in virulenc ... | 2008 | 18208325 |
| the origin of a novel gene through overprinting in escherichia coli. | overlapped genes originate by a) loss of a stop codon among contiguous genes coded in different frames; b) shift to an upstream initiation codon of one of the contiguous genes; or c) by overprinting, whereby a novel open reading frame originates through point mutation inside an existing gene. although overlapped genes are common in viruses, it is not clear whether overprinting has led to new genes in prokaryotes. | 2008 | 18226237 |
| diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella strains isolated from children in a hospital case-control study in hanoi, vietnam. | this case-control study detected and characterized shigella and diarrheagenic escherichia coli (dec) types among vietnamese children less than 5 years old. in 249 children with diarrhea and 124 controls, shigella spp. was an important cause of diarrhea (p < 0.05). we used multiplex pcr and dna probes to detect enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaggec), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), attaching and effacing e. coli (a/eec), verocytotoxin-producing e. coli (vtec), and ente ... | 2008 | 18174300 |
| full structural characterization of shigella flexneri m90t serotype 5 wild-type r-lps and its delta galu mutant: glycine residue location in the inner core of the lipopolysaccharide. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium responsible for serious enteric infections that occur mainly in the terminal ileum and colon. high interest in shigella, as a human pathogen, is driven by its antibiotic resistance and the necessity to develop a vaccine against its infections. vaccines of the last generation use carbohydrate moieties of the lipopolysaccharide as probable candidates. for this reason, the primary structure of the core oligosaccharide from the r-lps produced by s. flex ... | 2008 | 18174310 |
| timeliness of enteric disease surveillance in 6 us states. | we reviewed timeline information for a sample of salmonella spp., shigella spp., campylobacter spp., and escherichia coli o157:h7 cases and all confirmed foodborne outbreaks reported in 6 states during 2002. increasing the timeliness of case follow-up, molecular subtyping, and linkage of results are critical to reducing delays in the investigation of foodborne outbreaks. | 2008 | 18258128 |
| traveler's myopericarditis. | colitis caused by shigella is an uncommon etiology of infectious diarrhea in developed countries, usually presenting as traveler's diarrhea. aside from clinical intestinal manifestations, shigellosis can present with a wide variety of extra-intestinal symptoms. we present the case of a 38-year-old man with diarrhea, fever, and chest pain that started after a holiday in cape verde (africa). blood samples revealed an increase in cardiac enzymes. an electrocardiogram revealed a widespread elevation ... | 2008 | 18249314 |
| development of a travelers' diarrhea vaccine for the military: how much is an ounce of prevention really worth? | infectious diarrhea is one of the many threats to the deployed military, and given limited resources, a decision to pursue a vaccine acquisition strategy should be based on best evidence that weighs costs and benefits compared to alternatives. an economic model was developed to estimate the marginal cost to avert a duty day lost due to diarrhea for a vaccine acquisition strategy compared to current clinical management, for both multiplex and pathogen-specific vaccines. vaccines against campyloba ... | 2008 | 18417259 |
| [shigella spp infections in children living in the metropolitan region, chile, during summer of 2004-2005]. | shigella spp is a frequent cause of diarrhea in children. antimicrobials decrease the duration of diarrhea and pathogen excretion. however, the increasing resistance limits their therapeutic value. | 2008 | 18259649 |
| extracellular-loop peptide antibodies reveal a predominant hemichannel organization of connexins in polarized intestinal cells. | shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades colonic epithelial cells to elicit an intense inflammatory reaction leading to destruction of the mucosa. atp-dependent paracrine signalling induced by connexin (cx) hemichannel opening was previously shown to favor shigella flexneri invasion and dissemination in transfectants of hela cells [g. tran van nhieu, c. clair, r. bruzzone, m. mesnil, p. sansonetti and l. combettes. (2003). connexin-dependent intercellular communication incre ... | 2008 | 18267319 |
| role of rna polymerase sigma-factor (rpos) in induction of glutamate-dependent acid-resistance of escherichia albertii under anaerobic conditions. | escherichia albertii is a potential enteric food-borne pathogen with poorly defined genetic and biochemical properties. acid resistance is perceived to be an important property of enteric pathogens, enabling them to survive passage through stomach acidity so that they may colonize the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. we analyzed glutamate-dependent acid-resistance pathway (gdar) in five e. albertii strains that have been identified so far. we observed that the strains were unable to induce gdar ... | 2008 | 18422618 |
| comparing the antimicrobial effectiveness of nacl and kcl with a view to salt/sodium replacement. | a study using a small range of pathogenic bacterial species (aeromonas hydrophila, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and 3 strains of staphylococcus aureus) has shown that potassium chloride has an equivalent antimicrobial effect on these organisms when calculated on a molar basis. combined nacl and kcl experiments were carried out and data was analysed using a modification to the lambert and lambert [lambert, r.j.w., and lambert, r., 2003. a model for the effica ... | 2008 | 18423764 |
| retrograde traffic in the biosynthetic-secretory route. | in the biosynthetic-secretory route from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, across the pre-golgi intermediate compartments, the golgi apparatus stacks, trans golgi network, and post-golgi organelles, anterograde transport is accompanied and counterbalanced by retrograde traffic of both membranes and contents. in the physiologic dynamics of cells, retrograde flow is necessary for retrieval of molecules that escaped from their compartments of function, for keeping the compartments' balances, and mai ... | 2008 | 18270728 |
| single residue determines the specificity of neutrophil elastase for shigella virulence factors. | human neutrophil elastase (ne) is a key host defense protease that cleaves virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria. ne and cathepsin g (cg) are chymotrypsin-like serine proteases with sequence and structural similarities, and both are abundant in neutrophil granules. unlike ne, cg does not cleave virulence factors of enteric bacteria. through structure-function analysis, we identified regions in ne that are essential for cleaving shigella virulence proteins. ne residues at eight different po ... | 2008 | 18295791 |
| structures of the shigella flexneri type 3 secretion system protein mxic reveal conformational variability amongst homologues. | many gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a complex macromolecular machine, known as the type 3 secretion system (t3ss), to transfer virulence proteins into host cells. the t3ss is composed of a cytoplasmic bulb, a basal body spanning the inner and outer bacterial membranes, and an extracellular needle. secretion is regulated by both cytoplasmic and inner membrane proteins that must respond to specific signals in order to ensure that virulence proteins are not secreted before contact with a euk ... | 2008 | 18304577 |
| [antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria: 40. the structures of o-specific polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae types 3 and 9 and s. boydii type 4 revised by nmr spectroscopy]. | the reported structures of o-specific polysaccharides from three standard strains of shigella bacteria were corrected by modern nmr techniques. the revisions concerned the configuration of the o-glycoside linkage (s. dysenteriae type 3, structure 1), the positions of monosaccharide residue glycosylation and acetylation by pyruvic acid (s. dysenteriae type 9, structure 2), and the attachment position of the side monosaccharide chain (s. boydii type 4, structure 3) [struxture in text]. | 2008 | 18365747 |
| shigellosis: the current status of vaccine development. | shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery, is caused by infection with shigella organisms. in poor countries, shigella-caused dysentery is endemic and causes an estimated 163 million illness episodes annually and more than one million deaths. although several strategies have been used to develop vaccines targeting shigellosis, none has been licensed for use outside china. owing to the wide range of shigella serotypes and subtypes, there is a need for a multivalent vaccine representing pre ... | 2008 | 18448978 |
| nonbloody, red stools from coadministration of cefdinir and iron-supplemented infant formulas. | cefdinir is an extended-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin that may be used for treatment of acute otitis media in patients allergic to penicillin. when administered with iron-containing products, including infant formulas, cefdinir or one of its metabolites may bind to ferric ions, forming a nonabsorbable complex that imparts a reddish color to the stool. we describe a 9-month-old infant with failure to thrive and acute otitis media who developed an erythematous maculopapular rash during ... | 2008 | 18447664 |
| the o-polysaccharide of escherichia coli o112ac has the same structure as that of shigella dysenteriae type 2 but is devoid of o-acetylation: a revision of the s. dysenteriae type 2 o-polysaccharide structure. | the o-antigen structure of shigella dysenteriae type 2 was reinvestigated using chemical modifications along with high-resolution 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the o-antigen was found to contain a pyruvic acid acetal, which was overlooked in an early study, and the following revised structure of the pentasaccharide repeating unit was established: where approximately 70% glcnac residues bear an o-acetyl group at position 3. the o-antigen of escherichia coli o112ac was found to have the same ... | 2008 | 18308298 |
| delivery of biologically active anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and il-1ra in vivo by the shigella type iii secretion apparatus. | pathogenicity of many gram-negative bacteria relies on a type iii secretion (t3s) apparatus, which is used for delivery of bacterial effectors into the host cell cytoplasm allowing the bacteria to manipulate host cell cytoskeleton network as well as to interfere with intracellular signaling pathways. in this study, we investigated the potential of the shigella flexneri t3sa as an in vivo delivery system for biologically active molecules such as cytokines. the anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 an ... | 2008 | 18322242 |
| pyrosequencing analysis of the gyrb gene to differentiate bacteria responsible for diarrheal diseases. | pathogens causing acute diarrhea include a large variety of species from enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae. a method based on pyrosequencing was used here to differentiate bacteria commonly associated with diarrhea in china; the method is targeted to a partial amplicon of the gyrb gene, which encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase. twenty-eight specific polymorphic positions were identified from sequence alignment of a large sequence dataset and targeted using 17 sequencing primers. of 95 isolate ... | 2008 | 18324428 |
| analysis of rho-gtpase mimicry by a family of bacterial type iii effector proteins. | microbial pathogens may hijack the actin cytoskeleton machinery to facilitate actin-based motility, cellular invasion, and intracellular trafficking through the endocytic pathway. of particular interest has been a large class of virulence factors collectively termed the type iii "effector" proteins. following contact with a eukaryotic cell, gram-negative bacterial pathogens employ a dedicated protein secretion apparatus termed type iii to translocate effector proteins into the cellular cytoplasm ... | 2008 | 18374161 |
| comparative analysis of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and orally infected ducklings with salmonella enteritidis by eric-pcr. | to analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and (s. enteritidis) orally infected ducklings. | 2008 | 18286697 |
| regulation of expression and secretion of nleh, a new non-locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded effector in citrobacter rodentium. | together with enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and enteropathogenic escherichia coli, citrobacter rodentium is a member of the attaching-and-effacing (a/e) family of bacterial pathogens. a/e pathogens use a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to translocate an assortment of effector proteins, encoded both within and outside the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee), into the colonized host cell, leading to the formation of a/e lesions and disease. here we report the identification and characteriza ... | 2008 | 18223087 |
| a pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after oral and intramuscular dosing of enrofloxacin in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | enrofloxacin is used for treating shigellosis in non-human primates; however, there are no reports describing its pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys. pharmacokinetic data in intended target species (rhesus) help to determine the proper dose regimen. blood levels of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (enrofloxacin's active metabolite), were determined after either intramuscular or oral dosing of enrofloxacin for 7 days in a cross-over study. levels of both antibiotics were determined by solid phase e ... | 2008 | 18384536 |
| antimicrobial activity of 2,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from embelia schimperi. | chromatographic separation of an ethyl acetate extract from embelia schimperi led to the isolation of a new compound identified as 2,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (1) on the basis of spectroscopic and physical data. the plant's crude extract and pure compound 1 were assayed for in vitro antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of salmonella spp., proteus spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, cryptococcus neoformans, shigella dysentriae and staphylo ... | 2008 | 18386487 |
| a cost function analysis of shigellosis in thailand. | the purpose of this study was to develop a cost function model to estimate the public treatment cost of shigellosis patients in thailand. | 2008 | 18387071 |
| estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of the inva-gene-based pcr technique and a bacteriological culture for the detection of salmonella spp. in caecal content from slaughtered pigs using bayesian analysis. | the goal of this study was to estimate the accuracy of the inva-gene-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a culture technique based on pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water, three selective enrichment media (selenite, tetrathionate and rappaport-vassiliadis broths) and four selective, solid media (xylose-lysine-tergitol-4, salmonella/shigella, hekton-enteric and macconkey), for the detection of salmonella organisms from caecal samples from slaughter pigs. for this purpose a latent-clas ... | 2008 | 18234030 |
| bacterial actin assembly requires toca-1 to relieve n-wasp autoinhibition. | actin polymerization in the mammalian cytosol can be locally activated by mechanisms that relieve the autoinhibited state of n-wasp, an initiator of actin assembly, a process that also requires the protein toca-1. several pathogenic bacteria, including shigella, exploit this host feature to infect and disseminate efficiently. the shigella outer membrane protein icsa recruits n-wasp, which upon activation at the bacterial surface mediates localized actin polymerization. the molecular role of toca ... | 2008 | 18191793 |