Publications

study of predominant bacterial antigens triggering antibody response in salmonella reactive arthritis: apropos of a case.	reactive arthritis (rea) is a sterile arthritis triggered by distal mucosal infection, which suggests a contribution from bacterial products. the pathogenesis of rea is unclear. there are no international standards for the serological methods used to confirm rea. in the present work, we analyzed the predominant bacterial component that triggered an immune response in a 24-year-old woman with acute rea. the candidate bacterial trigger was investigated by measuring the antibacterial antibodies (al ...	2007	17642539
diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli and other causes of childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in children living in a wastewater-use area in hanoi, vietnam.	a case-control study was conducted to identify the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in pre-school children in a suburban area of hanoi where the use of untreated wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture is a common practice. stool specimens and clinical information were collected from 111 pairs of children with diarrhoea and healthy controls. a total of 73 cases (66 %) and 41 controls (36 %) had an enteric pathogen. the pathogens most often associated with diarrhoea were rotavirus (17 % of case ...	2007	17644717
genetic relatedness among isolates of shigella sonnei carrying class 2 integrons in tehran, iran, 2002-2003.	shigella spp. are major cause of diarrhoeal disease in both developing and developed countries. shigella sonnei is the serogroup of shigella most frequently responsible for sporadic and epidemic enteritis in developed countries. in recent years the emergence and spread of s. sonnei biotype g carrying class 2 integron have been frequently reported in many countries. recently, s. sonnei has been reported as the prevalent serogroup of shigella in iran. the present study was carried out to investiga ...	2007	17587439
site-specific modification of shigella flexneri virf mrna by trna-guanine transglycosylase in vitro.	shigella flexneri is an enteropathogen responsible for severe dysentery in humans. virf is a key transcriptional regulator that activates the expression of the downstream virulence factors required for cellular invasion and cell-to-cell spread of this pathogen. there are several environmental factors that induce the translation of virf including temperature, ph, osmolarity and post-transcriptional rna modification. durand and colleagues (vacc, a virulence-associated chromosomal locus of shigella ...	2007	17626052
core-linked lps expression of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 o-antigen in live salmonella typhi vaccine vector ty21a: preclinical evidence of immunogenicity and protection.	shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (s. dysenteriae 1) causes severe shigellosis that is typically associated with high mortality. antibodies against shigella serotype-specific o-polysaccharide (o-ps) have been shown to be host protective. in this study, the rfb locus and the rfp gene with their cognate promoter regions were pcr-amplified from s. dysenteriae 1, cloned, and sequenced. deletion analysis showed that eight rfb orfs plus rfp are necessary for biosynthesis of this o-ps. a tandemly-linked ...	2007	17629369
[prevention and treatment of acute diarrhea in infants].	the prognosis of acute diarrhoea in infants is most often satisfactory in industrialized countries. however, it has been estimated that 10 to 15 children die every year in france from acute dehydration due to acute diarrhoea. in spite of an increasing use over the least few years, oral rehydration solutions (ors) are used in only 70% of infants presenting with acute diarrhoea. the use of homemade ors, plain water or fizzy drink should be strictly avoided. in case of acute diarrhoea there is no i ...	2007	17629685
[identification and characterization of diarrheal microorganisms].	acute diarrhea belongs to group of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms - salmonella, shigella and pathogenic strains of e.coli. despite the prophylactic measurements morbidity rate of diarrheal diseases remains very high especially in children and in traveling persons. among the main causes of illness is emerging of new strains of microorganisms, new serological versions of already known pathogens or antibiotic resistant strains of these pathogens. struggle against the resistant forms o ...	2007	17595460
[study of antibiotic sensitivity of diarrheal microorganisms].	as it was shown previously, detailed bacteriological analyses of 159 strains, among them museum and newly isolated strains of diarrheal patients from various clinics and bacteriology laboratories of tbilisi was carried out. study of antibiotic susceptibility of 52 strains of salmonella groups a, b, c, d, e and 42 shigella strains, among them 30 shigella flexneri and 12 shigella sonnei strains to 20 antibiotics and 1 chemical preparation was performed. 63% of salmonella strains were susceptible t ...	2007	17595461
analysis of the aerobactin and ferric hydroxamate uptake systems of yersinia pestis.	yersinia pestis genomes contain genes homologous to the aerobactin receptor (iuta) and biosynthetic genes (iucabcd) as well as the ferric hydroxamate uptake system (fhucdb) of escherichia coli. however, iuca is disrupted by a frameshift mutation. an e. coli strain carrying the cloned y. pestis aerobactin region was unable to produce aerobactin, but could use the siderophore as an iron source. repair of the frameshift mutation in iuca did not allow aerobactin production in e. coli or y. pestis. i ...	2007	17600077
nada and nadb of shigella flexneri 5a are antivirulence loci responsible for the synthesis of quinolinate, a small molecule inhibitor of shigella pathogenicity.	the evolution of bacterial pathogens from commensal organisms involves virulence gene acquisition followed by pathoadaptation to the new host, including inactivation of antivirulence loci (avl). avl are core ancestral genes whose expression is incompatible with the pathogenic lifestyle. previous studies identified cada (encoding lysine decarboxylase) as an avl of shigella spp. in this study, avl of shigella were identified by examining a phenotypic difference from its non-pathogenic ancestor, es ...	2007	17600080
introduction to united states department of agriculture vetnet: status of salmonella and campylobacter databases from 2004 through 2005.	in 2003 the united states department of agriculture established usda vetnet. it was modeled after pulsenet usa, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. the objectives of usda vetnet are: to use pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) to subtype zoonotic pathogens submitted to the animal arm of the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms); examine vetnet and pulsenet pfge patterns; and use the data for surveillance and investigation of suspe ...	2007	17600492
in vitro activity of cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefatrizine and cefpirome in presence of essential and trace elements.	evidences supporting the introduction of metallic elements in several biological processes are rapidly accumulating. likewise, many drugs possess modified toxicological and pharmacological properties when in the form of metal complexes. in order to ascertain the role of various essential and trace element complexation on the antibacterial activity of various cephalosporins, the synergistic or antagonistic behavior of cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefatrizine and cefpirome in presence of essential and ...	2007	17604254
rapid and simultaneous quantitation of escherichia coli 0157:h7, salmonella, and shigella in ground beef by multiplex real-time pcr and immunomagnetic separation.	the objective of this study was to establish a multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous quantitation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and shigella. genomic dna for the real-time pcr was extracted by the boiling method. three sets of primers and corresponding taqman probes were designed to target these three pathogenic bacteria. multiplex real-time pcr was performed with taqman universal pcr master mix in an abi prism 7700 sequence detection system. final standard curves were calculat ...	2007	17612065
pathogenic bacteria associated with oysters (crassostrea brasiliana) and estuarine water along the south coast of brazil.	oysters and estuarine water samples were collected monthly, from june 1998 to march 1999, in the cananéia estuary, on the south coast of são paulo, brazil, and analyzed for bacterial hazards with and without depuration in filtered estuarine water. aeromonas spp., plesiomonas shigelloides, vibrio cholerae o1, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus were counted in oyster samples using the most probable number (mpn) and their presence verified in the surrounding estuarine water samples. the ...	2007	17613090
prevalence of enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus and shigella spp. in some raw street vended indian foods.	in india, the street food trade is a growing sector with its expansion linked with urbanisation and the need of urban populations for both employment and food. however, the microbiological status of popularly consumed raw street foods, general hygienic and vending practices are not known. we visited 75 vendors (50 having fixed stalls and 25 with mobile stalls) operating in three major locations: mandi (open market place), bus terminus and railway station in new delhi and patiala city. a total of ...	2007	17616871
differences in the electrostatic surfaces of the type iii secretion needle proteins prgi, bsal, and mxih.	gram-negative bacteria use a needle-like protein assembly, the type iii secretion apparatus, to inject virulence factors into target cells to initiate human disease. the needle is formed by the polymerization of approximately 120 copies of a small acidic protein that is conserved among diverse pathogens. we previously reported the structure of the bsal needle monomer from burkholderia pseudomallei by nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy and others have determined the crystal structure o ...	2007	17617421
distribution of serogroups and serotypes of multiple drug resistant shigella isolates.	summary	2007	17622331
[study on molecular epidemiology of shigella in hangzhou district during 1998 to 2005].		2007	17649701
the two-faced role of cad genes in the virulence of pathogenic escherichia coli.	in enterobacteria, acid stress induces expression of the cad system which is involved in maintaining intracellular ph at levels compatible with cell survival. despite its crucial role, the cad operon is silenced in shigella and in other pathogenic escherichia coli. in the present review, we will address the question of why and how the cad locus has been sacrificed for the sake of optimal expression of virulence traits.	2007	17656072
anaerobic regulation of shigella flexneri virulence: arca regulates fur and iron acquisition genes.	invasion and plaque formation in epithelial monolayers are routinely used to assess the virulence of shigella flexneri, a causative agent of dysentery. a modified plaque assay was developed to identify factors contributing to the virulence of s. flexneri under the anaerobic conditions present in the colon. this assay demonstrated the importance of the ferrous iron transport system feo, as well as the global transcription factors fur, arca, and fnr, for shigella plaque formation in anoxic environ ...	2007	17660284
identification of minor inner-membrane components of the shigella type iii secretion system 'needle complex'.	type iii secretion systems (t3sss or secretons) are central virulence factors of many gram-negative bacteria, used to inject protein effectors of virulence into eukaryotic host cells. their overall morphology, consisting of a cytoplasmic region, an inner- and outer-membrane section and an extracellular needle, is conserved in various species. a portion of the secreton, containing the transmembrane regions and needle, has been isolated biochemically and termed the 'needle complex' (nc). however, ...	2007	17660405
the acid-resistance pathways of shigella flexneri 2457t.	the stationary-phase acid-resistance pathways of shigella flexneri 2457t have not previously been studied. the two acid-resistance systems, the glutamate-dependent acid-resistance (gdar) and the oxidative pathways, reported elsewhere for escherichia coli and s. flexneri 3136, were both detected in s. flexneri 2457t. however, s. flexneri 2457t cells grown overnight under fermentative conditions and acid-shocked in minimal media in the absence of glutamate, an acid test often described as a negati ...	2007	17660423
shigella flexneri phagosomal escape is independent of invasion.	infections with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and shigella flexneri result in mucosal inflammation in response to epithelial cell invasion and macrophage cytotoxicity. these processes are mediated by type iii secretion systems encoded in homologous virulence loci in the two species, namely, salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1), carried in the genome, and the shigella entry region (ser), carried in a large virulence plasmid. here we show that spi-1 can functionally complement a del ...	2007	17664266
prevalence of bacterial pathogens in biofilms of drinking water distribution systems.	water for human consumption is required to be free from any bacteria that might pose a health risk. the presence of biofilms in the drinking water distribution system may play a role in the presence of potential pathogens in the drinking water supply. ninety-five biofilm samples from various parts of south africa were tested for the presence of escherichia coli, aeromonas, pseudomonas, salmonella, shigella and vibrio spp. members of these genera were quantified by the three-tube most probable nu ...	2007	17674571
genes under positive selection in escherichia coli.	we used a comparative genomics approach to identify genes that are under positive selection in six strains of escherichia coli and shigella flexneri, including five strains that are human pathogens. we find that positive selection targets a wide range of different functions in the e. coli genome, including cell surface proteins such as beta barrel porins, presumably because of the involvement of these genes in evolutionary arms races with other bacteria, phages, and/or the host immune system. st ...	2007	17675366
recent gene conversions between duplicated glutamate decarboxylase genes (gada and gadb) in pathogenic escherichia coli.	escherichia coli have evolved adaptive systems to resist strongly acidic habitats in part through the production of 2 biochemically identical isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (gad), encoded by the gada and gadb genes. these genes occur in e. coli and other members of the genospecies (e.g., shigella spp.) and originated as part of a genomic fitness island acquired early in escherichia evolution. the present duplicated gad loci are widely spaced on the e. coli chromosome, and the 2 genes are 97 ...	2007	17675652
serum sperm antibodies after diarrhoeal diseases.	the origin of 'natural' anti-sperm antibodies found in fertile humans, virgin girls, and boys before puberty, is quite obscure. one hypothetical mechanism relates their existence to inflammatory gastrointestinal entities: as a result of the disease, cross-reactive antibodies produced against gastrointestinal flora bind spermatozoa. to test this assumption, we evaluated the level of serum sperm antibodies after diarrhoeal infections. serum samples from 17 patients with shigellosis and 12 patients ...	2007	17683470
escherichia coli, shigella and salmonella species in acute diarrhoea in hamedan, islamic republic of iran.	this study investigated the frequency of escherichia col, shigella and salmonella species in stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea presenting to health centres in hamedan province, islamic republic of iran. from 144 samples, shigella strains were isolated in 17 cases (11.8%): 10 sh. flexneri, 3 sh. sonnei, 2 sh. boydii and 2 untyped strains. no salmonella strains were isolated. using molecular diagnostic methods, diarrheogenic e. coli were detected in 37 cases (25.7%), the majority were e ...	2007	17684844
outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. part 1. description of the problem, methods, and agents involved.	food workers in many settings have been responsible for foodborne disease outbreaks for decades, and there is no indication that this is diminishing. the committee on control of foodborne illnesses of the international association for food protection was tasked with collecting and evaluating any data on worker-associated outbreaks. a total of 816 reports with 80,682 cases were collected from events that occurred from 1927 until the first quarter of 2006. most of the outbreaks reviewed were from ...	2007	17685355
postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: a long-term consequence of bacterial gastroenteritis.	irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is a commonly diagnosed disease characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms that may be associated with psychological illness and emotional problems. the prevalence rate worldwide for ibs ranges from 10 to 20% and is higher for women than for men. ibs imposes a substantial financial burden on both patients and employers because of increased medical costs and decreased work productivity. recent studies indicate that inflammatory processes involving the gastrointestin ...	2007	17685356
reduced selection leads to accelerated gene loss in shigella.	obligate pathogenic bacteria lose more genes relative to facultative pathogens, which, in turn, lose more genes than free-living bacteria. it was suggested that the increased gene loss in obligate pathogens may be due to a reduction in the effectiveness of purifying selection. less attention has been given to the causes of increased gene loss in facultative pathogens.	2007	17686180
porin of shigella dysenteriae activates mouse peritoneal macrophage through toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce polarized type i response.	porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 coexpressed toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr6 on peritoneal cavity (perc) macrophages (mphi) of c57bl/6 mice implicating that both the tlrs are essential as a combinatorial repertoire to recognize the protein. besides tlrs, mrna for myd88 and traf6, and nuclear translocation of nf-kappab were enhanced that indicate their involvement in tandem in the activity of porin. the protein selectively up-regulated cd80 on the activated mphi together with mhc class ii ...	2007	16750567
socioeconomic correlates of antibody levels to enteric pathogens among israeli adolescents.	we examined the association between socioeconomic status and the level of serum antibodies to selected faeco-orally transmitted pathogens among israeli adolescents. random samples of eighty volunteers aged 12-15 years from high (hsl), medium (msl) and low (lsl) standard of living towns were included in the study. serum samples were examined by radioimmunoassay for hav and by in-house-developed elisa systems for iga and igg antibody levels against shigella sonnei, s. flexneri, e. coli o157:h7 lip ...	2007	16740193
in vitro efficacy of bioactive extracts of 15 medicinal plants against esbetal-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria.	alcoholic crude extracts and some fractions from 15 traditionally used indian medicinal plants were investigated for their ability to inhibit the growth of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbetal)-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria. the test bacteria eschrichia coli and shigella were resistant to 16-23 antibiotics with intermediate or resistance to beta-lactams (minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) value range 16-1024 microg/ml). the crude plant extracts demonstrated zone of inh ...	2007	16875811
part ii. analysis of data gaps pertaining to shigella infections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984-2005.	the global incidence of shigella infection has been estimated at 80-165 million episodes annually, with 99% of episodes occurring in the developing world. to identify contemporary gaps in the understanding of the global epidemiology of shigellosis, we conducted a review of the english-language scientific literature from 1984 to 2005, restricting the search to low and medium human development countries. our review yielded 11 population-based studies of shigella burden from seven countries. no pop ...	2008	17686195
detection of the causative agent of furunculusis, aeromonas salmonicida in salmonids of the krka river.	in this paper we describe the bacterial community associated with salmonids from the krka river. diversity analysis demonstrated that majority of the recovered bacteria were related to aeromonadaceae group. bacterial analysis also revealed the presence of shigella spp. and pseudomonas fluorescens. isolation of aeromonas salmonicida from trout, presents first isolation of this bacteria croatian rivers.	2008	17624808
risk areas and neighborhood-level risk factors for shigella dysenteriae 1 and shigella flexneri.	annually, there are 165 million cases of shigellosis resulting in 1.1 million deaths in the developing world. two species of the causative agent, shigella dysenteriae 1 and shigella flexneri, are responsible for acute diarrheal illness. vaccines are being developed against both but many questions remain about the disease burden, distribution of species in space and time, and community-level risk factors. this study answers two questions. what are the differences in neighborhood-level risk factor ...	2008	17602851
drastic decrease of salmonella enteritidis isolated from humans in belgium in 2005, shift in phage types and influence on foodborne outbreaks.	in belgium, non-typhoidal salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the two most frequently reported foodborne illnesses. during 2005, a 71% decrease of salmonella enteritidis infections compared with the average annual number cases in the period 2000-2004 was recorded by the belgian national reference centre for salmonella and shigella. after the peak of 1999, the total number of salmonellosis cases decreased gradually, with the exception of 2003 when an increase was again recorded due to the ri ...	2008	17645812
emerging resistance to newer antimicrobial agents among shigella isolated from finnish foreign travellers.	in finland, most cases of shigellosis are related to travel abroad. antimicrobial drug resistance of 1814 shigella strains isolated from finnish patients during 1990-2005 was studied using discs of 12 antimicrobial agents. since 2000, the e-test has been performed to determine ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations of nalidixic acid-resistant isolates. the proportion of multi-resistant strains (resistant to >or =4 antimicrobials) was highest among isolates from china and india, but is i ...	2008	17578602
bacterial reduction of selenate to elemental selenium utilizing molasses as a carbon source.	selecting an inexpensive and effective organic carbon source is the key to reducing the cost in selenium (se) remediation. five bacteria were screened based on their ability in using molasses as an organic carbon source to reduce selenate [se(vi)] in drainage water. efficiency of se removal differed in the molasses-added drainage water containing different bacteria, with an order of enterobacter taylorae>pantoea sp. sss2>klebsiella sp. wrs2>citerobacter freundii>shigella sp. dw2. by using e. tay ...	2008	17512724
the use of clinical profiles in the investigation of foodborne outbreaks in restaurants: united states, 1982-1997.	improving the efficiency of outbreak investigation in restaurants is critical to reducing outbreak-associated illness and improving prevention strategies. because clinical characteristics of outbreaks are usually available before results of laboratory testing, we examined their use for determining contributing factors in outbreaks caused by restaurants. all confirmed foodborne outbreaks reported to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) from 1982 to 1997 were reviewed. clinical pro ...	2008	17335632
evaluating burkholderia pseudomallei bip proteins as vaccines and bip antibodies as detection agents.	burkholderia pseudomallei is a biothreat agent and an important natural pathogen, causing melioidosis in humans and animals. a type iii secretion system (ttss-3) has been shown to be critical for virulence. because ttss components from other pathogens have been used successfully as diagnostic agents and as experimental vaccines, it was investigated whether this was the case for bipb, bipc and bipd, components of b. pseudomallei's ttss-3. the sequences of bipb, bipc and bipd were found to be high ...	2008	17995960
bacterial and fungal infections among diagnostic laboratory workers: evaluating the risks.	accidental infections acquired in the laboratory environment are not reportable in a formal forum outside the institution, and therefore, there is little opportunity to evaluate such occurrences and learn from them. we evaluated voluntary responses from 88 facilities, 53 large hospitals (>200 beds) or academic institutions, 32 smaller facilities (<200 beds), and 3 national reference diagnostic laboratories. thirty-eight of the laboratories (43%), 15 large and 23 small facilities, reported no kno ...	2008	17997259
enteropathogen resource integration center (eric): bioinformatics support for research on biodefense-relevant enterobacteria.	eric, the enteropathogen resource integration center (www.ericbrc.org), is a new web portal serving as a rich source of information about enterobacteria on the niaid established list of select agents related to biodefense-diarrheagenic escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pestis. more than 30 genomes have been completely sequenced, many more exist in draft form and additional projects are underway. these organisms are increasingly the focus of st ...	2008	17999997
priming of cd4+ t cells with porin of shigella dysenteriae activates the cells toward type 1 polarization.	macrophages treated with porin of shigella dysenteriae were potent stimulators of naive t(h) cells since the porin-pulsed macrophages strongly proliferated the t cells and up-regulated the activation molecules cd69 and cd25 on cd4(+) t cells in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. immunization of c57bl/6 mice with porin selectively induced the intracellular expression and release of ifn-gamma and had no effect on il-4 expression. in parallel to the predominant release of the t(h)1 cytokine ifn-g ...	2008	18003602
shiga toxin 1 induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in human monocytic cells.	shiga toxins (stxs) expressed by the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae 1 and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli are potent protein synthesis inhibitors. shiga toxins have also been shown to induce apoptosis in epithelial, endothelial and monocytic cells. the precise relationship between protein synthesis inhibition and induction of apoptosis is not known. we show that stimulation of the myelogenous leukaemia cell line thp-1 with purified stx1 induced the endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress r ...	2008	18005243
contribution of the sitabcd, mnth, and feob metal transporters to the virulence of avian pathogenic escherichia coli o78 strain chi7122.	the roles of sitabcd, mnth, and feob metal transporters in the virulence of avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) o78 strain chi7122 were assessed using isogenic mutants in chicken infection models. in a single-strain infection model, compared to chi7122, the deltasit strain demonstrated reduced colonization of the lungs, liver, and spleen. complementation of the deltasit strain restored virulence. in a coinfection model, compared to the virulent apec strain, the deltasit strain demonstrated ...	2008	18025097
saccharomyces boulardii interferes with shigella pathogenesis by postinvasion signaling events.	saccharomyces boulardii is gaining in popularity as a treatment for a variety of diarrheal diseases as well as inflammatory bowel disease. this study was designed to examine the effect of this yeast on infection by shigella flexneri, a highly infectious and human host-adapted enteric pathogen. we investigated key interactions between the bacteria and host cells in the presence of the yeast in addition to a number of host responses including proinflammatory events and markers. although the presen ...	2008	18032477
the versatility of shigella effectors.	when shigella infect the intestinal epithelium, they deliver several effectors through the type iii secretion system (t3ss) into the surrounding space and directly into the host-cell cytoplasm, where they can mimic and usurp host cellular functions or subvert host-cell signalling pathways and the immune response. although bacterial strategies and mechanisms of infection vary greatly, recent studies of shigella effectors have revealed that shigella possess a highly evolved strategy for infection.	2008	18059288
muramylpeptide shedding modulates cell sensing of shigella flexneri.	bacterial infections trigger the activation of innate immunity through the interaction of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) with pattern recognition molecules (prms). the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod) proteins are intracellular prms that recognize muramylpeptides contained in peptidoglycan (pgn) of bacteria. it is still unclear how nod1 physically interacts with pgn, a structure internal to the gram-negative bacterial envelope. to contribute to the understanding of ...	2008	18042252
antimicrobial activity of an endophytic xylaria sp.yx-28 and identification of its antimicrobial compound 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin.	an endophytic xylaria sp., having broad antimicrobial activity, was isolated and characterized from ginkgo biloba l. from the culture extracts of this fungus, a bioactive compound p3 was isolated by bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified as 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectrometry spectral data. the compound showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro against staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) ...	2008	18092158
phenotypic and molecular characterization of tem-116 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase produced by a shigella flexneri clinical isolate from chickens.	extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) produced by a clinical isolate of shigella flexneri from chickens were detected with confirmatory phenotypic tests of the clinical and laboratory standards institute, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of several antibacterial drugs against the isolate were determined by the twofold dilution method. the genotype and subtype of the esbl-producing s. flexneri isolate were identified by pcr amplifying of esbl genes and dna sequencing analysis. the result ...	2008	18093137
activities of the frog skin peptide, ascaphin-8 and its lysine-substituted analogs against clinical isolates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing bacteria.	extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing gram-negative bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent and their antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic intervention. ascaphin-8 is a cationic alpha-helical peptide that shows broad-spectrum antibacterial activity but is also toxic to human erythrocytes (lc(50)= 55 microm). this study assesses the activity of ascaphin-8, and a series of l-lysine-substituted analogs, against a range of clinical isolates of esbl-producing bacteria ...	2008	18068868
quinolone resistance among shigella spp. isolated from travellers returning from india.	among 200 isolates of shigella from patients with travellers' diarrhoea, 12 isolates (four isolated in 1995-2000 and eight in 2001-2004) exhibited quinolone resistance. nine of these isolates originated from india. these resistant isolates had at least one amino-acid substitution in gyra. quinolone resistance is increasing in shigella spp. causing travellers' diarrhoea, and particularly among isolates causing diarrhoea in travellers returning from india.	2008	18076667
isolation and purification of enterocin e-760 with broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	strain nrrl b-30745, isolated from chicken ceca and identified as enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecium, or enterococcus hirae, was initially identified as antagonistic to campylobacter jejuni. the isolate produced a 5,362-da bacteriocin (enterocin) that inhibits the growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, s. enterica serovar choleraesuis, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enterica serovar gallinarum, escherichia coli o157:h7, yersinia enterocolitica, citrobacter freundii, klebs ...	2008	18086839
systemic pharmacokinetics of rifaximin in volunteers with shigellosis.	rifaximin is an oral antibiotic indicated for treatment of traveler's diarrhea. rifaximin pharmacokinetics were evaluated in individuals challenged with shigella flexneri. peak plasma rifaximin concentrations were low after nine consecutive doses, and no accumulation was observed. rifaximin serum levels were minimal and similar to those previously reported in studies of healthy volunteers.	2008	18086855
a comparative synteny map of burkholderia species links large-scale genome rearrangements to fine-scale nucleotide variation in prokaryotes.	genome rearrangement events, including inversions and translocations, are frequently observed across related microbial species, but the impact of such events on functional diversity is unclear. to clarify this relationship, we compared 4 members of the gram-negative burkholderia family (burkholderia pseudomallei, burkholderia mallei, burkholderia thailandensis, and burkholderia cenocepacia) and identified a core set of 2,590 orthologs present in all 4 species (metagenes). the metagenes were orga ...	2008	18162473
role of escherichia coli in acute diarrhoea in tribal preschool children of central india.	five hundred and eighty preschool children belonging to tribal areas of madhya pradesh were followed up daily for the presence of diarrhoea for a period of 1 year. in all, 1236 episodes of diarrhoea were recorded with an average of 2.13 episodes per child per year. stool samples were collected during 780 episodes. they were cultured to isolate escherichia coli as well as non-e. coli enteropathogens. ten different genes were detected to identify all diarrhoeagenic e. coli using multiplex polymera ...	2008	18173783
diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella strains isolated from children in a hospital case-control study in hanoi, vietnam.	this case-control study detected and characterized shigella and diarrheagenic escherichia coli (dec) types among vietnamese children less than 5 years old. in 249 children with diarrhea and 124 controls, shigella spp. was an important cause of diarrhea (p < 0.05). we used multiplex pcr and dna probes to detect enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaggec), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), attaching and effacing e. coli (a/eec), verocytotoxin-producing e. coli (vtec), and ente ...	2008	18174300
full structural characterization of shigella flexneri m90t serotype 5 wild-type r-lps and its delta galu mutant: glycine residue location in the inner core of the lipopolysaccharide.	shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium responsible for serious enteric infections that occur mainly in the terminal ileum and colon. high interest in shigella, as a human pathogen, is driven by its antibiotic resistance and the necessity to develop a vaccine against its infections. vaccines of the last generation use carbohydrate moieties of the lipopolysaccharide as probable candidates. for this reason, the primary structure of the core oligosaccharide from the r-lps produced by s. flex ...	2008	18174310
ph sensitivity of type iii secretion system tip proteins.	many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria employ type iii secretion systems to transport proteins into the host cell membrane and cytoplasm to subvert normal cellular functions. the type iii secretion apparatus consists of a basal body spanning the inner and outer bacterial membranes and a needle which extends away from the bacterium. recent work has found that a special class of proteins localizes to the tip of the needle to control secretion of effector proteins. five of these tip proteins are ip ...	2008	18175320
involvement of rna-binding protein hfq in the post-transcriptional regulation of inve gene expression in shigella sonnei.	the temperature-dependent regulation of shigella virulence genes is believed to be accomplished at the transcriptional stage by the regulators virf and inve. several lines of evidence herein described indicate that post-transcriptional regulation of inve expression plays a key role in the temperature-dependent regulation of virulence gene expression: (i) a considerable amount of inve mrna continues to be transcribed under low temperature conditions, where the production of inve protein is tightl ...	2008	18156173
clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis?	reactive arthritis usually presents as a sterile, inflammatory, asymmetric oligoarthritis, affecting large lower extremity joints. extra-articular features (conjunctivitis, uveitis, enthesopathy, urethritis, balanitis, keratoderma blenorrhagicum) may occur. common causes of enteric reactive arthritis are preceding infections attributable to salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia. in contrast, clostridium difficile is an uncommon cause of reactive arthritis, with only approximately 40 ...	2008	17902012
role of shigella infection in endometriosis: a novel hypothesis.	endometriosis is the presence of endometrial cells and stroma at ectopic sites outside the uterine cavity. the natural history of endometriosis is uncertain, its etiology unknown, the clinical presentation inconsistent, diagnosis difficult and the treatment poorly standardized. it causes significant morbidity due to pelvic pain and infertility among 15-25% of women during their reproductive age. the benign disease causes peritoneal inflammation, fibrosis, adhesions and ovarian cysts but displays ...	2008	17888583
isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of salmonella and shigella strains isolated from children in gaza, palestine from 1999 to 2006.	diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis are among the leading causes of illnesses and death in infants and children throughout the world, especially in developing countries, globally, salmonella and shigella remain the major contributors to acute enteric infections and diarrhea.	2008	17854424
[hemolytic and uremic syndrome in the child].	hemolytic and uremic syndrome (hus) is characterized by the association of hemolytic anemia with sckizocytes, thrombopenia and renal involvement secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy. the typical form is the most frequent in children occurring after an episode of diarrhea caused by escherichia coli. other microorganisms may be responsible for hus such as shigella dysenteriae or streptococcus pneumoniae. acute renal failure is reversible in most cases, but long-term renal sequelae are seen in o ...	2008	17964233
development of a tripartite vector system for live oral immunization using a gram-negative probiotic carrier.	the mucosa represents the primary target site and thus the first barrier for most microbial pathogens. nevertheless, nearly all present-day vaccines are applied by an invasive route, target the systemic immune system, and do not confer efficient mucosal protection. currently, mucosal immunity can only be achieved by the delivery of antigens via the mucosal route. therefore, multiple efforts are under way to develop mucosal vaccines and particularly live oral vaccines as these would confer consid ...	2008	17936683
the nlee/ospz family of effector proteins is required for polymorphonuclear transepithelial migration, a characteristic shared by enteropathogenic escherichia coli and shigella flexneri infections.	enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and shigella flexneri are human host-specific pathogens that infect intestinal epithelial cells. however, each bacterial species employs a different infection strategy within this environmental niche. epec attaches to the apical surface of small intestine enterocytes, causing microvillus effacement and rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton beneath adherent bacteria. in contrast, s. flexneri invades the large intestine epithelium at the basolateral m ...	2008	17984206
the pattern-recognition molecule nod1 is localized at the plasma membrane at sites of bacterial interaction.	the pattern-recognition molecule nod1 is a critical sensor for bacterial derived diaminopimelic acid-containing peptidoglycan fragments which induces innate immune responses in epithelial cells. here we report the subcellular localization of this protein in human epithelial cells. nod1 is localized in the cytosol and at the plasma membrane in human cells. this membrane association is dependent on the integrity of the protein, on its signalling capacity and on an intact actin cytoskeleton. signal ...	2008	17970764
synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cobalt(iii) complexes with pyridine-amide ligands.	the ligands 2-(n-(x-pyridyl)carbamoyl)pyridine (x=2, 3 or 4 for hl1-hl3, respectively) and 2,6-bis(n-(y-pyridyl)carbamoyl)pyridine (y=2, 3 or 4 for h2l4-h2l6, respectively) in their mono- and di-deprotonated forms have been used to synthesize kinetically stable cobalt(iii) compounds [co(l1-3)3] (1-3) and na[co(l4-6)2] (4-6), respectively. the co(iii) ion is in octahedral environment and is surrounded by three bidentate ligands in complexes 1-3 and two tridentate ligands in complexes 4-6. ligands ...	2008	17959275
identification of newly recognized serotype 1c as the most prevalent shigella flexneri serotype in northern rural vietnam.	we investigated the identity of 37 shigella flexneri strains that had previously been isolated from northern rural vietnam (son tay province) and described as untypable. twenty-four isolates reacted with masf 1c, a monoclonal antibody specific for s. flexneri serotype 1c. a further ten untypable isolates were found to be rough mutants (no longer expressing o-antigen) that were derived from serotype 1c strains. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that these strains consisted of many dif ...	2008	17922932
a role for nod-like receptors in autophagy induced by shigella infection.	shigella infection, the cause of bacillary dysentery, induces caspase-1 activation and cell death in macrophages, but the precise mechanisms remain poorly understood. in our recent study, we presented evidence that caspase-1 activation and il-1beta processing induced by shigella are mediated through ipaf, a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor (nlr) family and the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein contai ...	2008	17932464
enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006.	in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ...	2008	18604503
intracellular bacteriolysis triggers a massive apoptotic cell death in shigella-infected epithelial cells.	infected epithelial cells, which act as a first barrier against pathogens, seldom undergo apoptosis. rather, infected epithelial cells undergo a slow cell death that displays hallmarks of necrosis. here, we demonstrate that rapid intracellular lysis of shigella flexneri, provoked by either the use of a diaminopimelic acid auxotroph mutant or treatment of infected cells with antibiotics of the beta-lactam family, resulted in a massive and rapid induction of apoptotic cell death. this intracellula ...	2008	18606244
selective activation of human intestinal mast cells by escherichia coli hemolysin.	mast cells (mcs) are recognized to play an important role in bacterial host defense in the murine system. in this study, we studied the interaction of human mcs, isolated from the intestine and purified to homogeneity, with different escherichia coli and shigella flexneri strains. we show that alpha-hemolysin (hly)-producing e. coli strains induce the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal mcs. in contrast, mcs were virtually unresponsive to s. flexneri a ...	2008	18606698
safety and immunogenicity of wrsd1, a live attenuated shigella dysenteriae type 1 vaccine candidate.	among shigella serotypes shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces the most severe disease, including cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome and pandemic outbreaks. wrsd1 is a live s. dysenteriae 1 strain attenuated by deletion of the virg(icsa) gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intercellular spread, and stxa and stxb, which encode the shiga toxin. in this phase i trial five groups of eight subjects ingested escalating doses of wrsd1 ranging from 10(3) to 10(7)cfu. no subject experienced fever ...	2008	18468742
estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of the inva-gene-based pcr technique and a bacteriological culture for the detection of salmonella spp. in caecal content from slaughtered pigs using bayesian analysis.	the goal of this study was to estimate the accuracy of the inva-gene-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a culture technique based on pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water, three selective enrichment media (selenite, tetrathionate and rappaport-vassiliadis broths) and four selective, solid media (xylose-lysine-tergitol-4, salmonella/shigella, hekton-enteric and macconkey), for the detection of salmonella organisms from caecal samples from slaughter pigs. for this purpose a latent-clas ...	2008	18234030
antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella isolates in eight asian countries, 2001-2004.	shigellosis is a major health problem in developing countries, causing 91 million episodes and 414,000 deaths in asia annually. because of increasing trends towards drug resistance, this study was undertaken to monitor local resistance patterns of shigella isolates from 8 asian countries.	2008	18473096
crystal structure of spa40, the specificity switch for the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system.	the pathogenic bacterium shigella flexneri uses a type iii secretion system to inject virulence factors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells. the machinery that identifies secretion substrates and controls the export of extracellular components and effector proteins consists of several inner-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. one of the inner membrane components, spa40, belongs to a family of proteins proposed to regulate the switching of substrate specificity of the export appara ...	2008	18485071
specific detection of escherichia coli isolated from water samples using polymerase chain reaction targeting four genes: cytochrome bd complex, lactose permease, beta-d-glucuronidase, and beta-d-galactosidase.	to develop a pcr-based method for reliable detection of escherichia coli that enables its differentiation from biochemically and phylogenetically related bacteria.	2008	18489560
the response of type three secretion system needle proteins mxihdelta5, bsaldelta5, and prgidelta5 to temperature and ph.	the type iii secretion system (ttss) is a specialized supramolecular injectisome composed of 25 or more proteins which form basal and extracellular domains and share gross architectural similarities with bacterial flagella. the extracellular component of the "needle complex" is primarily composed of a single monomeric subunit organized in a helical array surrounding a hollow pore and protrudes from the bacterial membrane. it is through this surface appendage that virulence factors are translocat ...	2008	18491382
post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.	to investigate the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgids) after an episode of acute bacterial gastroenteritis (age) in children.	2008	18492522
enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome.	haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) can be classified according to the aetiology of the different disorders from which it is composed. the most prevalent form is that induced by shigatoxin producing escherichia coli (stec) and, in some tropical regions, by shigella dysenteriae type 1. stec cause a zoonosis, are widely distributed in nature, enter the food chain in different ways, and show regional differences. not all stec are human pathogens. enterohaemorrhagic e. coli usually cause attachment an ...	2008	18493800
fast detection of salmonella infantis with carbon nanotube field effect transistors.	in this paper we report a fast, sensitive and label-free biosensor for the selective determination of salmonella infantis. it is based on a field effect transistor (fet) in which a network of single-walled carbon nantotubes (swcnts) acts as the conductor channel. anti-salmonella antibodies were adsorbed onto the swcnts and subsequently the swcnts were protected with tween 20 to prevent the non-specific binding of other bacteria or proteins. our fet devices were exposed to increasing concentratio ...	2008	18495470
real-time pcrs and fingerprinting assays for the detection and characterization of salmonella genomic island-1 encoding multidrug resistance: application to 445 european isolates of salmonella, escherichia coli, shigella, and proteus.	salmonella genomic island-1 (sgi-1) harbors a cluster of genes encoding multidrug resistance (mdr). sgi-1 is horizontally transmissible and is therefore of significant public health concern. this study presents two novel realtime pcrs detecting three sgi-1 protein-coding genes and a sgi-1 fingerprinting assay. these assays were applied to 445 european enterobacterial isolates. results from real-time pcrs were comparable to those obtained from gelbased pcrs used for the detection of sgi-1, but we ...	2008	18500919
distinct isoforms of phospholipase a2 mediate the ability of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and shigella flexneri to induce the transepithelial migration of neutrophils.	salmonella spp. and shigella spp. are responsible for millions of cases of enteric disease each year worldwide. while these pathogens have evolved distinct strategies for interacting with the human intestinal epithelium, they both induce significant proinflammatory responses that result in massive transepithelial migration of neutrophils across the intestinal mucosa. it has previously been shown with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium that the process of neutrophil transmigration is mediat ...	2008	18505810
microcalorimetric studies of the action on four organic acids in radix isatidis on the growth of microorganisms.	the actions of four organic acids in radix isatidis, a traditional chinese medicinal (tcm) herb, on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and shigella dysenteriae growth were investigated by microcalorimetry. the four organic acids were syringic acid, 2-amino-benzoic acid, salicylic acid and benzoic acid. the power-time curves of escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and shigella dysenteriae growth with and without organic acids were acquired, meanwhile the extent and duration of inhibitory ...	2008	18616177
functional characterization of the shigella dysenteriae heme abc transporter.	the heme atp binding cassette (abc) transporter, shuuv, of shigella dysenteriae has been incorporated into proteoliposomes. functional characterization of shuuv revealed that atp hydrolysis and transport of heme from the periplasmic binding protein, shut, to the cytoplasmic binding protein, shus, are coupled. site-directed mutagenesis of shut residues proposed to be required for stabilization of the complex abolished heme transport. furthermore, residues his-252 and his-262, located in the trans ...	2008	18616281
structures of synthetic o-antigen fragments from serotype 2a shigella flexneri in complex with a protective monoclonal antibody.	the anti-lps igg mab f22-4, raised against shigella flexneri serotype 2a bacteria, protects against homologous, but not heterologous, challenge in an experimental animal model. we report the crystal structures of complexes formed between fab f22-4 and two synthetic oligosaccharides, a decasaccharide and a pentadecasaccharide that were previously shown to be both immunogenic and antigenic mimics of the s. flexneri serotype 2a o-antigen. f22-4 binds to an epitope contained within two consecutive 2 ...	2008	18621718
first italian case of cyclosporiasis in an immunocompetent woman: local acquired infection.	cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian agent of chronic diarrhea in humans with a worldwide distribution. we report the first documented case of acquired cyclosporiasis in italy. the patient was an immunocompetent woman with no recent history of travel outside the country. microscopy detected cyclospora oocysts in a feces sample. pcr detected the pathogen in a second sample, which had tested negative by microscopy. the patient was investigated to detect other microorganisms in feces, such as sal ...	2008	18623995
[detection of enteric pathogenic bacteria from surface waters by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr)].	a rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) analysis method with universal primers was developed to detect cell densities of the enteric pathogenic bacteria from 5 surface water of xi'an city for 4 months continuously. and the detection results by qpcr method were compared with counts of coliforms colony-forming units (cfu) determined by membrane filter (mf) analysis. the results showed that qpcr method had an estimated 94% confidence, and detection limit was 2.7 escherichia coli cells ...	2008	18624175
overview of the inactivation by 254 nm ultraviolet radiation of bacteria with particular relevance to biodefense.	our goal was to ultimately predict the sensitivity of untested bacteria (including those of biodefense interest) to ultraviolet (uv) radiation. in this study, we present an overview and analysis of the relevant 254 nm data previously reported and available in the literature. the amount of variability in this data prevented us from determining an "average" response for any bacterium. therefore, we developed particular selection criteria to include the data in our analysis and suggested future gui ...	2008	18627518
is irritable bowel syndrome an inflammatory disorder?	histopathologic data demonstrate low-grade mucosal inflammation in a subset of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). this inflammatory infiltrate is mainly represented by increased numbers of t lymphocytes and mast cells lying in the lamina propria. the close apposition of immunocytes to gut nerves supplying the mucosa provides a basis for neuroimmune cross-talk, which may explain gut sensorimotor dysfunction and related symptoms in patients with ibs. a previous gastroenteritis (due to c ...	2008	18627650
a single-tube screen for salmonella and shigella.	salmonella and shigella species are routinely sought in stool specimens submitted for culture. it is a common practice to screen lactose-negative colonies by using triple sugar iron agar, lysine iron agar, and christensen urea agar to determine if further identification is necessary. we designed and evaluated a novel combination of media, which are layered in a single tube, for screening isolates suspected to possibly represent salmonella or shigella. we tested this media combination with 106 sa ...	2008	18628099
haemolytic uraemic syndrome in children admitted to a rural district hospital in kenya.	we studied children admitted to kilifi district hospital, kenya, between 1997 and 2005 with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) and reviewed their records in order to determine the clinical features and outcomes of the disease. thirty-one children fulfilled the criteria: 21 (68%) had diarrhoea-associated hus (d + hus), the remainder did not (d-hus); five had involvement of the central nervous system. those with d-hus had lower haemoglobin and platelet counts when compared with those with d + hus. ...	2008	18628547
[investigation on species composition of cockroaches and bacteria-carrying on their bodies in five cities of hainan].	"za-type" cages were used to capture cockroaches in 267 sites of 5 cities in hainan. species were identified and bacteria were isolated by routine method. 441 cockroaches were collected and identified as five species belonging to two genera, 75.3% being periplaneta americana. more cockroaches were found in sewerage. bacteria were detected from 82.4% of cockroaches, including escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella sp, staphylococcus aureus, shigella sp, bacillus proteus and sort of ...	2008	18637594
crystal structure of a glutamate/aspartate binding protein complexed with a glutamate molecule: structural basis of ligand specificity at atomic resolution.	the crystal structure of a periplasmic l-aspartate/l-glutamate binding protein (debp) from shigella flexneri complexed with an l-glutamate molecule has been determined and refined to an atomic resolution of 1.0 a. there are two debp molecules in the asymmetric unit. the refined model contains 4462 non-hydrogen protein atoms, 730 water molecules, 2 bound glutamate molecules, and 2 tris molecules from the buffer used in crystallization. the final r(cryst) and r(free) factors are 13.61% and 16.89%, ...	2008	18640128
the interplay between entamoeba and enteropathogenic bacteria modulates epithelial cell damage.	mixed intestinal infections with entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba dispar and bacteria with exacerbated manifestations of disease are common in regions where amoebiasis is endemic. however, amoeba-bacteria interactions remain largely unexamined.	2008	18648517
acute diarrhea due to enteropathogenic bacteria in patients at hospitals in tehran.	during a study examining causes of diarrhea from may 2004 to may 2005, 808 stool specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea in tehran. fecal samples were cultured and identified according to the standard biochemical methods. molecular identification of enteropathogens was carried out by amplification of their virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction. a total of 369 (45.6%) bacterial pathogens were recovered from 808 patients as follows: shigella spp., 155 (45.6%); diarrheagen ...	2008	18653967
antimicrobial resistance in shigella species isolated in dakar, senegal (2004-2006).	from may 2004 to october 2006, a prospective study was carried out in dakar, senegal, to update information about the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella spp. isolated from stool specimens. among the 165 non-duplicate strains collected, 81 (49%) were identified as shigella flexneri, 75 (45%) as shigella sonnei, 5 (3%) as shigella boydii, and 4 (2%) as shigella dysenteriae. disk diffusion testing revealed that the majority of isolates were resistant to sulphonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethox ...	2008	18653976