Publications

high genetic stability of integrons in clinical isolates of shigella spp. of worldwide origin.	over a 12-year period, 68 shigella strains (31 s. sonnei, 30 s. flexneri, 4 s. dysenteriae, and 3 s. boydii strains) were collected in a french university hospital from the stools of patients who generally had a recent history of travel to various parts of the world (91%), particularly africa (67%). these strains were often resistant (streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfonamides, 66 to 84%; ampicillin and chloramphenicol, 34 to 38%; nalidixic acid, 4%) and even multi ...	2007	17242143
the catalase reaction of shigella species and its use in rapid screening for epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1.	as epidemic dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type 1 is associated with high mortality, early identification of outbreaks is important. since s. dysenteriae type 1 differs from most of the enterobacteriaceae in that it does not produce catalase, a test for catalase may provide a useful screening method. the ability of a catalase test to provide rapid identification of s. dysenteriae type 1 has now been assessed, using isolates of this pathogen from five continents, shigella of other speci ...	2007	17244412
acanthamoeba: could it be an environmental host of shigella?	shigellosis is a serious public health problem in korea, because large outbreaks of shigella sonnei infections were recorded in many parts of the country during the period 1998-2000. however, the epidemiological features of shigellosis are not well known. in this study, we devised conditions suitable for the growth and replication of shigella in an amoebic intracellular environment, and investigate whether medium conditions affect the survival and replication of shigella within acanthamoeba. we ...	2007	16978610
short report: analysis of clonal relationship among shigella sonnei isolates circulating in argentina.	thirty-five isolates of shigella sonnei from patients with diarrhoea in three geographic regions of argentina were examined for genetic diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and plasmid profile. pfge of xbai and blni dna digests confirmed the occurrence of outbreaks in two regions caused by two separate predominant clones of s. sonnei. the third region was characterized by three circulating clones, one of which was possibly associated with an outbreak. similar plasmids were found ...	2007	16999876
screening antimicrobial activity of various extracts of artemisia dracunculus l.	the antimicrobial activities of chloroform, acetone and two different concentrations of methanol extracts of artemisia dracunculus l. were studied. these extracts were tested against nine bacteria and four yeasts strains by the disc diffusion method. the results indicated that the methanol extract of a. dracunculus is more effective against tested microorganisms than chloroform or acetone extracts. the chloroform and acetone extracts were inhibitory only towards pseudomonas aeruginosa (atcc 2785 ...	2007	16986171
porin of shigella dysenteriae activates mouse peritoneal macrophage through toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce polarized type i response.	porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 coexpressed toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr6 on peritoneal cavity (perc) macrophages (mphi) of c57bl/6 mice implicating that both the tlrs are essential as a combinatorial repertoire to recognize the protein. besides tlrs, mrna for myd88 and traf6, and nuclear translocation of nf-kappab were enhanced that indicate their involvement in tandem in the activity of porin. the protein selectively up-regulated cd80 on the activated mphi together with mhc class ii ...	2007	16750567
self-chaperoning of the type iii secretion system needle tip proteins ipad and bipd.	bacteria expressing type iii secretion systems (t3ss) have been responsible for the deaths of millions worldwide, acting as key virulence elements in diseases ranging from plague to typhoid fever. the t3ss is composed of a basal body, which traverses both bacterial membranes, and an external needle through which effector proteins are secreted. we report multiple crystal structures of two proteins that sit at the tip of the needle and are essential for virulence: ipad from shigella flexneri and b ...	2007	17077085
octaplex pcr and fluorescence-based capillary electrophoresis for identification of human diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella spp.	a multiplex pcr assay, amplifying seven specific virulence genes and one internal control gene in a single reaction, was developed to identify the five main pathotypes of diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella spp. the virulence genes selected for each category were stx1, stx2, and eaea for enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), eaea for enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), stib and lti for enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), ipah for enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) and shigella spp., and aggr for enteroa ...	2007	17079041
ipad is localized at the tip of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus.	type iii secretion (t3s) systems are used by numerous gram-negative pathogenic bacteria to inject virulence proteins into animal and plant host cells. the core of the t3s apparatus, known as the needle complex, is composed of a basal body transversing both bacterial membranes and a needle protruding above the bacterial surface. in shigella flexneri, ipad is required to inhibit the activity of the t3s apparatus prior to contact of bacteria with host and has been proposed to assist translocation o ...	2007	17110044
enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, and listeria monocytogenes recruit a junctional protein, zonula occludens-1, to actin tails and pedestals.	enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, and listeria monocytogenes induce localized actin polymerization at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane or within the host cytoplasm, creating unique actin-rich structures termed pedestals or actin tails. the process is known to be mediated by the actin-related protein 2 and 3 (arp2/3) complex, which in these cases acts downstream of neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) or of a listerial functional homolog of wasp family p ...	2007	17118974
o-acetylation in the o-specific polysaccharide isolated from shigella flexneri serotype 2a.	shigella flexneri causes diarrheal diseases especially in infants and children in developing countries. modifications of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecule, like bacteriophage-mediated glucosylation and acetylation of the o-specific chain (o-sp), are important for the lps antigenicity and consequently for the immunogenicity of the polysaccharide-based vaccines against shigellosis. here, we report the degree of o-acetylation and the localisation of o-acetyl groups and side-chain glucose substi ...	2007	17087926
detection of genogroup i and ii human picobirnaviruses showing small genomic rna profile causing acute watery diarrhoea among children in kolkata, india.	picobirnaviruses (pbvs) with bisegmented small rna genome profile (1.75 and 1.55kbp for segment 1 and 2, respectively) were detected from 1999 to 2003 in faecal specimens of acute watery diarrhoea cases, largely children (n=20) and an adult in kolkata, india. varying degrees of dehydration necessitated their visit to hospital for further treatment and management of acute watery diarrhoea. pbv was associated with rotavirus (n=3) or astrovirus (n=3) and with both in one case. no co-infection with ...	2007	17049316
bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances produced by mexican strains of bacillus thuringiensis.	bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides synthesized and secreted by bacteria and could potentially be used as natural food preservatives. here, we report the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances (bt-blis) by five mexican strains of bacillus thuringiensis. bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (lbit 269), b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (lbit 287), b. thuringiensis subsp kenyae (lbit 404), b. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus (lbit 420) and b. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi (lbit ...	2007	17031616
cholesterol is required to trigger caspase-1 activation and macrophage apoptosis after phagosomal escape of shigella.	pro-inflammatory macrophage apoptosis is pivotal in the aetiology of bacillary dysentery, an acute inflammatory diarrhoea caused by shigella spp. s. flexneri triggers its uptake by macrophages, escapes the phagosome and kills the host cell by a cytotoxic pathway, which activates and requires caspase-1 [interleukin (il)-1beta-converting enzyme] and releases mature il-1beta. the bacterial type iii-secreted translocator/effector protein ipab triggers cell death and directly binds to caspase-1. here ...	2007	16925787
structural organization of the needle complex of the type iii secretion apparatus of shigella flexneri.	the secretion apparatus known as the needle complex (nc) from the bacterium shigella flexneri was studied by single particle electron microscopy. the isolated intact nc appears in projection to be composed of a basal body consisting of seven rings and a protruding needle appendage. a comparison of averaged projections of the intact nc and its fragments revealed the organization of the nc into several major subcomplexes. one of these lacks an inner membrane ring of the basal body but still presen ...	2007	16920362
phylogenetic analysis of enteric species of the family enterobacteriaceae using the oric-locus.	phylogenetic analysis of 38 enteric species belonging to the enterobacteraceae family was carried out using the non-coding locus oric, the chromosomal replication origin. the oric loci were amplified with conserved oligonucleotides and the pcr fragments were sequenced directly. the results establish a phylogenetic tree for the classification of different species of the genera escherichia, shigella, salmonella, enterobacter, citrobacter, klebsiella, raoultella, kluyvera, cedecea and buttiauxella. ...	2007	16904857
in vitro efficacy of bioactive extracts of 15 medicinal plants against esbetal-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria.	alcoholic crude extracts and some fractions from 15 traditionally used indian medicinal plants were investigated for their ability to inhibit the growth of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbetal)-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria. the test bacteria eschrichia coli and shigella were resistant to 16-23 antibiotics with intermediate or resistance to beta-lactams (minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) value range 16-1024 microg/ml). the crude plant extracts demonstrated zone of inh ...	2007	16875811
socioeconomic correlates of antibody levels to enteric pathogens among israeli adolescents.	we examined the association between socioeconomic status and the level of serum antibodies to selected faeco-orally transmitted pathogens among israeli adolescents. random samples of eighty volunteers aged 12-15 years from high (hsl), medium (msl) and low (lsl) standard of living towns were included in the study. serum samples were examined by radioimmunoassay for hav and by in-house-developed elisa systems for iga and igg antibody levels against shigella sonnei, s. flexneri, e. coli o157:h7 lip ...	2007	16740193
in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from plants bryophyllum pinnatum and kalanchoe crenata.	extracts from the leaves of bryophyllum pinnatum and kalanchoe crenata were screened for their antimicrobial activities. solvents used included water, methanol, and local solvents such as palmwine, local gin (seaman's schnapps 40% alcoholic drink,) and "omi ekan-ogi" (sour water from 3 days fermented milled maize). leaves were dried and powdered before being soaked in solvents for 3 days. another traditional method of extraction by squeezing raw juice from the leaves was also employed. all extra ...	2007	20161897
bacterial colitis.	bacterial colitis results in an inflammatory-type diarrhea that is characterized by bloody, purulent, and mucoid stool. these diseases have been designated as bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis. associated symptoms include fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. the pathologic changes range from superficial exudative enterocolitis to a transmural enterocolitis with ulceration. common pathologic bacteria causing bacterial colitis include campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, escherichia, and ...	2007	20011357
epidemiology of shigella-associated diarrhea in gorgan, north of iran.	shigella is an important etiological agent for diarrhea and especially dysentery. shigellosis is an intestinal infection that is a major public health problem in many developing countries. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of shigella and its various species in diarrheal samples in gorgan located in the north of iran.	2007	19858629
[multiplex real-time pcr detecting salmonella, shigella and diarrheagenic escherichia coli].	to develop a multiplex real-time pcr for the detection of salmonella invasion protein a gene (inva), enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) heat-labile i enterotoxin gene (elt), and shigella or enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) invasive plasmid antigen h gene (ipah).	2007	18399125
prevalence of acute diarrhoea in kathmandu valley.	this retrospective study was conducted during january to september in the year 1997. three hundred and forty nine stool samples were collected from diarrhoea patients from different places of kathmandu valley and examined at national public health laboratory (nphl), teku, kathmandu. acute diarrhoea becomes epidemic in rainy season and is a major public health problem of the city. in this study, people with poor hygiene practice and poor education were infected more than other people. among the 3 ...	2007	18340369
[season and age related structure of acute intestinal infections morbidity in the russian federation].	to study seasonal and age features of etiological structure of acute intestinal infections (aii) in the territory of the rf.	2007	18219965
aeromonas-related diarrhoea in nasarawa, nigeria.	two hundred and fifty volunteer patients attending 5 major hospitals in nasarawa town, nasarawa state, nigeria were involved in this study to determine the prevalence of aeromonas spp in persons with diarrhoea. the study population consisted of 133 males and 117 females between the ages of 0-70 years.	2007	18240708
[new perspectives of the phage therapy].	a solution to the problem of the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains can be the use of rational phage therapy. in the past, bacteriophages (phages) were often used for the treatment and prevention of infections and unlike antibiotic therapy, phage therapy caused almost no serious side effects. while previously several preparations containing whole phage particles were available for phage therapy, currently, the isolation of well characterised and purified phage components ...	2007	18320502
salmonellosis in lagos, nigeria: incidence of plasmodium falciparum-associated co-infection, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and emergence of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.	the present study was undertaken to examine the status of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella-associated diseases, by verifying possible emergence of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in salmonella isolates and determining the incidence of plasmodium falciparum-associated co-infection with salmonella serotypes. antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of salmonellae was examined for a 12-month period. four hundred and forty-one patients comprising two groups were recruited. grou ...	2007	18330069
identification of novel genomic islands associated with small rnas.	genome evolution in prokaryotes is assisted by integration of gene pools from phages and plasmids. regions downstream of trnas and tmrnas are considered as hot spots for the integration of these gene pools or genomic islands. till date, genomic islands have been identified only at trna/tmrna genes in the enterobacterial genomes. present work reports 10 distinct small rnas as potent integration sites for genomic islands. a known tool trnacc 1.0 has been used to identify genomic islands associated ...	2007	18467773
[the pathogens responsible for waterborne infections: the biological risk for agricultural laborer].	the presence of microbiological agents in waters intended for human consumption, irrigation and recreational activity, is a significant risk for the human health. recent epidemiological data demonstrate an increase of the diseases caused by waterborne pathogens, especially of the gastroenteritis infections, in the industrialized countries. numerous studies have evidenced the contamination of deep and surface waters; bacteria within contaminated water represent a highly diversified group, that ar ...	2007	18409935
shigella isolates of nepal: changes in the incidence of shigella subgroups and trends of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.	shigellosis is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea in all age groups, especially in children. a retrospective study was done to analyse the pattern of shigella isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility trend of these shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal from jan, 2003- dec, 2005.	2007	18603983
clinico-laboratory profile of haemolytic uremic syndrome.	to study the clinical profile, the spectrum of functional abnormalities, prognostic factors and outcome of children with haemolytic uremic syndrome (hus).	2007	18604077
antibacterial activity of the broad bean extracts on resistant bacteria.	the antimicrobial activities of four different extracts (ethanol, methanol, distilled water and 2-methylbutan-1-01) obtained from different parts of broad bean (vicia faba l.) such as flowers, leaves, seeds and seed hulls and were tested against bacillus subtilis, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella peneumoniua, shigella sp. and micrococcus pyogenes. better antimicrobial activity was observed with the leaves of broad bean sterile distilled water extract with ...	2007	19069508
the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of shigella sp. recovered from patients admitted to bouali hospital, tehran, iran during 1999-2001.	the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of serotypes and antibiotic resistance in shigella spp. isolated from patients admitted to bouali hospital, tehran, iran during 1999 to 2001. all cases of shigellosis that were diagnosed according to their clinical pictures and microbial cultures were included in current study. patients' age ranged from 12 to 89 years. overall, 52 patients (56%) and 41(44%) were males and female, respectively. from a total of 90 shigella isolates, 40 st ...	2007	19070104
comparative sequence analysis of acid sensitive/resistance proteins in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri.	the molecular basis for the survival of bacteria under extreme conditions in which growth is inhibited is a question of great current interest. a preliminary study was carried out to determine residue pattern conservation among the antiporters of enteric bacteria, responsible for extreme acid sensitivity especially in escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. here we found the molecular evidence that proved the relationship between e. coli and s. flexneri. multiple sequence alignment of the gadc c ...	2007	21670792
antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of amblyone isolated from amorphophallus campanulatus.	to assess the in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of amblyone, a triterpenoid isolated from amorphophallus campanulatus (roxb).	2008	21264161
synthesis, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles.	in the present study, 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (3a-o) have been synthesized by the condensation of 4-methoxybenzohydrazide (1) with different aromatic acids (2a-o) in presence of phosphoryl chloride. the structural assignment of this compound (3a-o) has been made on the basis of elemental analysis, uv, ir, (1)h nmr and mass spectral data. the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi viz., staphylo ...	2008	20390080
shigella from humans in thailand during 1993 to 2006: spatial-time trends in species and serotype distribution.	in thailand during 1993-2006, a total of 9063 shigella isolates from different medical centers were serotyped and trends over time and spatial clustering analyzed. of 3583 cases with age information, 1315 (37%) cases were from children between 0 and 4 years and 684 (19%) from children between 5 and 8 years. most infections were recorded during 1993-1994 (> 1500 per year), decreasing to < 200 in 2006. the relative species distribution also changed. during 1993-1994, shigella flexneri accounted fo ...	2008	19086804
[structures of o-polysaccharides from two shigella dysenteriae type 8 strains].	the structure of the o-polysaccharide (o-antigen) from shigella dysenteriae type 8 bacteria (strain 599) was corrected using modern nmr techniques (structure 1). the revisions concerned the position of the glc residue (in the main, but not the side, chain), the site of its substitution, and the configuration of the o-glycoside linkage of the glcnac residue. the s. dysenteriae type 8 bacterium (strain g1221), the second investigated representative, was found to produce another structural variant ...	2008	19088755
increased isolation and characterization of shigella sonnei obtained from hospitalized children in tehran, iran.	shigella flexneri has been the most frequent cause of shigellosis in children in iran. to evaluate the changes in frequency of serogroups, 302 shigella species were isolated in 2003 from hospitalized children, aged less than 12 years, with acute diarrhoea in tehran, iran. the number of collected s. sonnei, s. flexneri, s. boydii, and s. dysenteriae isolates was 178 (58.9%), 110 (37.4%), 10 (3.3%), and 4 (1.3%) respectively. most (94%) s. sonnei isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole. they wer ...	2008	19069621
prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food-handlers in gondar town, northwest ethiopia.	food-handlers with poor personal hygiene working in food-service establishments could be potential sources of infection due to pathogenic organisms. the study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among 127 food-handlers working in the cafeterias of the university of gondar and the gondar teachers training college, gondar, ethiopia. fingernail contents of both the hands and stool specimens were collected from all the 127 food-handlers. the samples were e ...	2008	19069624
prevalence of shigella serogroups and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in southern trinidad.	the serogroup distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella isolates obtained from stool specimens of persons with acute diarrhoea in community-based studies from southern trinidad during 1997-2006 were reviewed. of the 5,187 stool specimens, 392 (8%) were positive for shigella organisms. from these 392 isolates, 88.8% were recovered from children aged >0-10 year(s). shigella sonnei was the most frequently-isolated serogroup (75%), followed by s. flexneri (19%), s. boydii (4 ...	2008	19069625
genomic analysis of bacteriophage epsilon 34 of salmonella enterica serovar anatum (15+).	the presence of prophages has been an important variable in genetic exchange and divergence in most bacteria. this study reports the determination of the genomic sequence of salmonella phage epsilon 34, a temperate bacteriophage that was important in the early study of prophages that modify their hosts' cell surface and is of a type (p22-like) that is common in salmonella genomes.	2008	19091116
analysis of plasmid genes by phylogenetic profiling and visualization of homology relationships using blast2network.	phylogenetic methods are well-established bioinformatic tools for sequence analysis, allowing to describe the non-independencies of sequences because of their common ancestor. however, the evolutionary profiles of bacterial genes are often complicated by hidden paralogy and extensive and/or (multiple) horizontal gene transfer (hgt) events which make bifurcating trees often inappropriate. in this context, plasmid sequences are paradigms of network-like relationships characterizing the evolution o ...	2008	19099604
[detection and identification of seven clinical common pathogenic bacteria by oligonucleotide microarray].	using 16s rdna and 23s rdna genes as the target sequences to develop a system based on oligonucleotide microarray and to detect the seven clinical pathogenic bacteria, commonly seen.	2008	19103121
water-related diseases outbreaks reported in italy.	water related disease outbreak (wrdo) statistics in italy from 1998 to 2005 have been discussed in this paper. the true incidence of wrdo is not reflected in the national surveillance system (nss), although this study has provided information on pathogens associated to different water sources, incidence in regions and inadequacy of regulations. 192 outbreaks and 2546 cases of wrd were reported to the nss, an average of 318 cases per year. cases were associated to shellfish (58.79%), drinking wat ...	2008	19108563
is escherichia coli o157:h7 a common pathogen in children with bloody diarrhea in shiraz, iran?	escherichia coli (e. coli) o157:h7 is a common cause of bloody diarrhea in developed countries. the aim of this study was to determine whether e. coli o157:h7 is a possible pathogen of bloody diarrhea in southern iran. out of 719 children with diarrhea, 243 (34%) patients with positive occult blood took part in our study. the polyclonal antibody test and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were used to identify e. coli o157:h7. stool cultures showed enteropathogens in 107 patients (44%). shigella (3 ...	2008	19014048
[antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains in paediatric infections: there are resistance and resistance!].	isolation of a bacterial strain at the infectious site and determination of the susceptibility profile may help to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment. however technical difficulties justify interpretative reading to recognize interfering resistance mechanisms from resistance phenotypes. the aim of this article is to give some examples showing interpretative reading of routine sensitivity test data.	2008	19000854
spa32 interaction with the inner-membrane spa40 component of the type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri is required for the control of the needle length by a molecular tape measure mechanism.	the effectors of enterocyte invasion by shigella are dependent on a type iii secretion system that contains a needle whose length average does not exceed 50 nm. previously, we reported that spa32 is required for needle length control as well as to switch substrate specificity from mxih to ipa proteins secretion. to identify functional domains of spa32, 11 truncated variants were constructed and analysed for their capacity (i) to control the needle's length; (ii) to secrete the ipa proteins; and ...	2008	19019157
the acrab-tolc pump is involved in multidrug resistance in clinical shigella flexneri isolates.	the two multiple-antibiotic resistance (mar) phenotypes (n = 8, respectively) and susceptible isolates (n = 4) of shigella flexneri from china were characterized involving the efflux pump acrab-tolc. the accumulation of ciprofloxacin, acrab-tolc pcr, and levels of mrna with northern blots were performed in three groups. sequencing of acrab-tolc was performed in selected isolates. an efflux inhibition was performed with phe-arg-beta-naphthylamide. the accumulation of ciprofloxacin at steady state ...	2008	19035770
gef-h1 mediated control of nod1 dependent nf-kappab activation by shigella effectors.	shigella flexneri has evolved the ability to modify host cell function with intracellular active effectors to overcome the intestinal barrier. the detection of these microbial effectors and the initiation of innate immune responses are critical for rapid mucosal defense activation. the guanine nucleotide exchange factor h1 (gef-h1) mediates rhoa activation required for cell invasion by the enteroinvasive pathogen shigella flexneri. surprisingly, gef-h1 is requisite for nf-kappab activation in re ...	2008	19043560
outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. part 4. infective doses and pathogen carriage.	in this article, the fourth in a series reviewing the role of food workers in foodborne outbreaks, background information on the presence of enteric pathogens in the community, the numbers of organisms required to initiate an infection, and the length of carriage are presented. although workers have been implicated in outbreaks, they were not always aware of their infections, either because they were in the prodromic phase before symptoms began or because they were asymptomatic carriers. pathoge ...	2008	19044283
characterization of shigella spp. by antimicrobial resistance and pcr detection of ipa genes in an infantile population from porto velho (western amazon region), brazil.	the incidence of shigella spp. was assessed in 877 infants from the public hospital in rondônia (western amazon region, brazil) where shigella represents the fourth cause of diarrhea. twenty-five isolates were identified: 18 were shigella flexneri, three shigella sonnei, three shigella boydii and one shigella dysenteriae. with the exception of s. dysenteriae, all shigella spp. isolated from children with diarrhea acquired multiple antibiotic resistances. pcr detection of ipa virulence genes and ...	2008	19057826
[typing of shigella sonnei strains isolated in some provinces of turkey using antimicrobial resistance and pulsed field gel electrophoresis methods].	shigella species may lead to large epidemics owing to their low infective doses and frequent transmission from person to person with high secondary attack rates. shigella sonnei is one of the most prevalent causative agent of infectious gastroenteritis in developing and developed countries and it is the most frequently reported shigella serotype from turkey in recent years. the aim of this study was to determine the types of s. sonnei strains isolated in different provinces of turkey [in marmara ...	2008	19149077
[evaluation of laboratory diagnosis of the first norovirus outbreak in turkey in 2008].	norovirus (nov) is one of the most prominent agents of gastroenteritis and water/food-borne outbreaks affecting all of the age groups in the world. as the identification of the etiologic agent is important during gastroenteritis outbreaks, it is recommended to combine two different methods for rapid and reliable laboratory diagnosis of nov. although nov outbreaks have been observed in many different countries of the world, there was no report on "nov outbreak" in turkey till 2008 due to the abse ...	2008	19149082
shigella and salmonella serogroups and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in ethiopia.	in this study, the serogroup and susceptibility patterns of shigella and salmonella spp. isolated from stool cultures were determined using standard laboratory procedures. among the 76 shigella isolates serogroup b (sh. flexeneri) was the most prevalent species (54.0%) and among the 37 salmonella strains serogroup b was also the most prevalent (81.1%). antibiograms of shigella and salmonella spp. showed 100% resistance to erythromycin and high resistance rates (> or = 75%) to ampicillin, cephalo ...	2008	19166157
antimicrobial activity of some macrophytes from lake manzalah (egypt).	the antimicrobial activities of aqueous and organic solvents (chloroform, ethanol and methanol) extracts of four plants ceratophyllum demersum l., eichhornia crassipes, potamogeton crispus and potamogeton pectinatus were tested in vitro against seventeen different microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. nine of these identified organisms were obtained from different sources, bacillus subtilis 1020, bacillus cereus 1080, staphylococcus aureus, erwinia carotovo ...	2008	19205264
interactions of the intestinal epithelium with the pathogen and the indigenous microbiota: a three-way crosstalk.	the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract harbor a vast number of commensal microbiota that have coevolved with the host, and in addition display one of the most complex relationships with the host. this relationship affects several important aspects of the biology of the host including the synthesis of nutrients, protection against infection, and the development of the immune system. on the other hand, despite the existence of several lines of mucosal defense mechanisms, pathogenic org ...	2008	19259328
gateways to clinical trials.	11d10, 9vpnc-mncc; adalimumab, adefovir dipivoxil, alefacept, aln-rsv01, ame-133, amg-317, aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, amlodipine besylate/atorvastatin calcium, anisodamine, anti-il-5 receptor antibody, apremilast, aripiprazole, atacicept, atazanavir sulfate, atrasentan; banoxantrone, bevacizumab, bibw-2992, binodenoson, bms-387032; cac10, caldaret hydrate, cd-np, ceftobiprole medocaril, celivarone fumarate, certolizumab pegol, cholesteryl hydrophobized polysaccharide-her2 protein complex, ...	2008	18773127
novel cassette arrays of integrons in clinical strains of enterobacteriaceae in china.	one hundred and forty-two enterobacteriaceae isolates randomly selected from four general hospitals in nanjing region of china were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility, the presence of integrons and the characterisation of gene cassettes. eighty-five (59.9%) enterobacteriaceae strains contained class 1 integrons, and 17 (65.4%) of 26 shigella contained class 2 integrons. class 3 integrons were not detected in this study. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and dna sequencing a ...	2008	18778917
novel fold of vira, a type iii secretion system effector protein from shigella flexneri.	vira, a secreted effector protein from shigella sp., has been shown to be necessary for its virulence. it was also reported that vira might be related to papain-like cysteine proteases and cleave alpha-tubulin, thus facilitating intracellular spreading. we have now determined the crystal structure of vira at 3.0 a resolution. the shape of the molecule resembles the letter "v," with the residues in the n-terminal third of the 45-kda molecule (some of which are disordered) forming one clearly iden ...	2008	18787201
[molecular typing of isolates from two dysentery outbreaks in chengdu, through pulsed field gel electrophoresis technology].	using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) typing to analyze strains isolated from two outbreaks caused by shigella sonnei and to trace the source of infection.	2008	18788530
the roles of two-component systems in virulence of pathogenic escherichia coli and shigella spp.	two-component systems (tcss) are well conserved among e. coli strains, including pathogenic e. coli and also closely related shigella spp. although 25% of the genome of pathogenic e. coli is strain-specific, only small number of strain-specific tcss is found. regulation of virulence genes in response to environmental stimuli is partly dependent on tcss commonly present in nonpathogenic e. coli strains. some virulence genes are directly regulated by response regulator oftcs but some are affected ...	2008	18792690
bacteriophage 2851 is a prototype phage for dissemination of the shiga toxin variant gene 2c in escherichia coli o157:h7.	the production of shiga toxin (stx) (verocytotoxin) is a major virulence factor of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains (shiga toxin-producing e. coli [stec] o157). two types of shiga toxins, designated stx1 and stx2, are produced in stec o157. variants of the stx2 type (stx2, stx2c) are associated with high virulences of these strains for humans. a bacteriophage designated 2851 from a human stec o157 encoding the stx2c variant was described previously. nucleotide sequence analysis of the phage 2851 ...	2008	18824528
evaluation of methods for isolation of dna for polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based identification of pathogenic bacteria from pure cultures and water samples.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) provides a reliable detection of pathogenic bacteria in water samples. however, this method can be adversely influenced by the purity of the dna template. this is a particularly important obstacle when the bacterial dna is directly extracted from water samples. in this study we compared the suitability of 8 different methods for isolation of bacterial dna from pure cultures and 10 different methods for isolation of dna from water samples. the quality of extracted ...	2008	18824796
[htpg protein of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t evokes inflammatory response in mice].	to analyze the function of htpg of s. flexneri 2a 2457t, we constructed an htpg deletion mutant and a recovery mutant.	2008	18837368
[detection of staphylococcus aureus, shigella spp., salmonella spp. in food by multiplex pcr].	to establish a multiplex pcr method for simultaneous detection of staphylococcus aureus, shigella spp., salmonella spp. in food.	2008	18839528
'form variation' of the o12 antigen is critical for persistence of salmonella typhimurium in the murine intestine.	salmonella enterica subspecies i serotypes are responsible for the vast majority of salmonellosis in mammals and birds, yet only a few factors specific to this group that allow them to persist in this niche have been identified. we show that stm0557, a s. enterica subspecies i-specific gene encoding an inner membrane protein, is critical for faecal shedding and intestinal persistence of s. enterica serotype typhimurium atcc14028 in salmonella-resistant mice, but mutations in this gene do not dim ...	2008	18826410
evaluation by real-time pcr of the expression of s. flexneri virulence-associated genes ospb and phon2 under different genetical backgrounds.	under conditions of activated type iii secretion shigella flexneri up-regulates the expression of numerous genes, including the virulence plasmid (pinv)-encoded ospb and phon2 genes. ospb and phon2 are virulence-associated genes which are part of a bicistronic transcriptional unit encoding ospb, a protein (effector) of unknown function secreted by the type iii secretion (tts) apparatus, and phon2 (apyrase or atp-diphosphohydrolase), a periplasmic protein involved in polar icsa localization on th ...	2008	18831939
structure of the shigella t3ss effector ipah defines a new class of e3 ubiquitin ligases.	ipah proteins are e3 ubiquitin ligases delivered by the type iii secretion apparatus into host cells upon infection of humans by the gram-negative pathogen shigella flexneri. these proteins comprise a variable leucine-rich repeat-containing n-terminal domain and a conserved c-terminal domain harboring an invariant cysteine residue that is crucial for activity. ipah homologs are encoded by diverse animal and plant pathogens. here we demonstrate that the ipah c-terminal domain carries the catalyti ...	2008	18997778
structure of a shigella effector reveals a new class of ubiquitin ligases.	bacterial pathogens have evolved effector proteins with ubiquitin e3 ligase activities through structural mimicking. here we report the crystal structure of the shigella flexneri type iii effector ipah3, a member of the leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing bacterial e3 family. the lrr domain is structurally similar to yersinia pestis yopm and potentially binds to substrates. the structure of the c-terminal e3 domain differs from the typical ring- and hect-type e3s. ipah3 synthesizes a lys48-link ...	2008	18997779
biometric fingerprinting for visa application: device and procedure are risk factors for infection transmission.	biometric fingerprint identity verification is currently introduced in visa application and entry screening at border control. the system implies physical contact between the skin and the surface of the fingerprint-capturing and reading devices.	2008	19006507
functional nanoparticle-based proteomic strategies for characterization of pathogenic bacteria.	although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (maldi ms) can be employed to rapidly characterize pathogenic bacteria, bacterial cultures are generally required to obtain sufficient quantities of the bacterial cells prior to maldi ms analysis. if this time-consuming step could be eliminated, the length of time required for identification of bacterial strains would be greatly reduced. in this paper, we propose an effective means of rapidly identifying bacteria--one that do ...	2008	19007241
a pilot sheds light on secretin assembly.		2008	18940600
structural characterization of the type-iii pilot-secretin complex from shigella flexneri.	assembly of the type-iii secretion apparatus, which translocates proteins through both membranes of gram-negative bacterial pathogens into host cells, requires the formation of an integral outer-membrane secretin ring. typically, a small lipidated pilot protein is necessary for the stabilization and localization of this ring. using nmr spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the c-terminal residues 553-570 of the shigella flexneri secretin mxid encompass the minimal binding domain for its cognate pilo ...	2008	18940609
antimicrobial activity of endemic crataegus tanacetifolia (lam.) pers and observation of the inhibition effect on bacterial cells.	up to now an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been reported and thus new natural therapeutic agents are needed in order to eradicate these pathogens. through the discovery of plants such as crataegus tanacetifolia (lam.) pers that have antimicrobial activity, it will be possible to discover new natural drugs serving as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of nosocomial pathogens and take these antibiotic-resistant bacteria under control. the objective of the present s ...	2008	18946875
detection of protozoan and bacterial pathogens of public health importance in faeces of corvus spp. (large-billed crow).	parasites and bacteria are reported in the faeces of birds in the current study. fresh faecal samples of the large-billed crow (corvus spp.) were collected from the study site at bangsar, an urban setting in kuala lumpur, malaysia. these samples were transported to laboratory and analysed for parasites and bacteria. pre-prepared xld agar plates were used for culturing the bacteria in the laboratory. using the api 20etm test strips, 9 different species of bacteria were identified belonging to the ...	2008	18948884
analysis of immune responses and serological cross reactivities among vibrio cholerae o1, shigella flexneri 2a and haemophilus influenzae b.	antigenic determinants expressed on the bacterial cell surface are of importance in the serological characterization and microbiological diagnosis. the bacterial strains carrying these identical or similar antigenic epitopes might react with antibodies produced against other strains. in this study, strong immunogenicity and antigenic cross reactivity were demonstrated among v. cholerae o1, s. flexnerii 2a and h. influenzae b surface components. the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) resul ...	2008	18954564
the elucidation of the structure of the core part of the lps from plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o17 expressing o-polysaccharide chain identical to the shigella sonnei o-chain.	plesiomonas shigelloides o17 lps contains the same o-antigenic polysaccharide chain as a causative agent of dysentery, shigella sonnei. this polysaccharide can be used as a component of a vaccine against dysentery. core part of the p. shigelloides o17 lps was studied using nmr and mass spectrometry and the following structure was proposed: [structure : see text]. significant similarity of the p. shigelloides o17 lps core with the structure of the p. shigelloides o54 core was observed.	2008	18954864
[the distribution and antimicrobial resistance tendency of pathogens associated with diarrhea in beijing].	to monitor the constituents and resistant tendency of bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients in our hospital form 1994 to 2005 to offer the basis for guiding epidemiologic study, vaccination research and clinical treatment.	2008	18843955
[analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis molecular subtyping of shigella strains in shenzhen].	to analyze the genetic relations of shigella isolated from shenzhen in 2001-2006 and develop primary molecular subtyping surveillance network of shigella.	2008	18844079
[analysis on incidence of bacillary dysentery in jinan municipality from 1951 to 2005].	to explore the epidemic characteristics of bacterial dysentery in jinan municipality, and to provide scientific basis for effective strategy for bacterial dysentery control.	2008	18844085
prevention of the cytopathic effect induced by clostridium difficile toxin b by active rac1.	clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) glucosylates low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho subfamily and thereby causes actin re-organization (cell rounding). this "cytopathic effect" has been generally attributed to rhoa inactivation. here we show that cells expressing non-glucosylatable rac1-q61l are protected from the cytopathic effect of tcdb. in contrast, cells expressing rhoa-q63l or mock-transfected cells are fully susceptible for the cytopathic effect of tcdb. these findings ...	2008	18848548
differential activation of human tlr4 by escherichia coli and shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide: combined effects of lipid a acylation state and tlr4 polymorphisms on signaling.	the lipid a of lps activates tlr4 through an interaction with myeloid differentiation protein-2 (md-2) and the degree of lipid a acylation affects tlr4 responsiveness. two tlr4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (asp299gly and thr399ile) have been associated with lps hyporesponsiveness. we hypothesized that the combination of hypoacylation and these single nucleotide polymorphisms would exhibit a compounded effect on tlr4 signaling. hek293t transfectants expressing wild-type or polymorphic tlr4 wer ...	2008	18178854
[new selective indicator medium for detection of aeromonas and plesiomonas: unisc agar].	we evaluated a new selective indicator medium (unisc agar) for isolation of classical enteropathogens, aeromonas spp and plesiomonas shigelloides. the xylose fermentation capacity is indicated by a yellow color (fermenting agents) or blue (no fermenting agent). this, together with the oxidase test, establishes it as an indicator for detecting aeromonas and plesiomonas shigelloides. its productivity and selectivity, as assessed using the absolute count index and relative count index, indicate it ...	2008	18853024
in this issue: proteomics 20/2008.	in this issue of proteomics you will find the following highlighted articles:comprehensively confirmed annotation of short orfsduring the california gold rush, prospectors did not look only for large nuggets to pave their road to riches - they also collected gold dust. the proteomic equivalent of dust is the small orf. it does not pay to put a lower limit on dust or orf size because almost any size may be turned into "cash" or an important peptide. wei et al. demonstrate how a combination of con ...	2008	18924177
closing the diarrhoea diagnostic gap in indian children by the application of molecular techniques.	a large proportion of diarrhoeal illnesses in children in developing countries are ascribed to an unknown aetiology because the only available methods, such as microscopy and culture, have low sensitivity. this study was aimed at decreasing the diagnostic gap in diarrhoeal disease by the application of molecular techniques. faecal samples from 158 children with and 99 children without diarrhoea in a hospital in south india were tested for enteric pathogens using conventional diagnostic methods ( ...	2008	18927413
porin-incorporated liposome induces toll-like receptors 2- and 6-dependent maturation and type 1 response of dendritic cell.	porin of shigella dysenteriae was incorporated in liposome (pil) and presented to mouse splenic dendritic cells (dc). pil up-regulated toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr6 on dc, showing that co-expression of the two tlrs is involved in recognition of porin. detection of myeloid differentiating factor 88 (myd88)-tlr2 complex confirmed interaction between the two for triggering the downstream signaling, which ultimately led to tlr2-dependent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa b. pil-ind ...	2008	18931363
enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006.	in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ...	2008	18604503
intracellular bacteriolysis triggers a massive apoptotic cell death in shigella-infected epithelial cells.	infected epithelial cells, which act as a first barrier against pathogens, seldom undergo apoptosis. rather, infected epithelial cells undergo a slow cell death that displays hallmarks of necrosis. here, we demonstrate that rapid intracellular lysis of shigella flexneri, provoked by either the use of a diaminopimelic acid auxotroph mutant or treatment of infected cells with antibiotics of the beta-lactam family, resulted in a massive and rapid induction of apoptotic cell death. this intracellula ...	2008	18606244
selective activation of human intestinal mast cells by escherichia coli hemolysin.	mast cells (mcs) are recognized to play an important role in bacterial host defense in the murine system. in this study, we studied the interaction of human mcs, isolated from the intestine and purified to homogeneity, with different escherichia coli and shigella flexneri strains. we show that alpha-hemolysin (hly)-producing e. coli strains induce the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal mcs. in contrast, mcs were virtually unresponsive to s. flexneri a ...	2008	18606698
analysis of bacterial dna in synovial tissue of tunisian patients with reactive and undifferentiated arthritis by broad-range pcr, cloning and sequencing.	bacteria and/or their antigens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis (rea). several studies have reported the presence of bacterial antigens and nucleic acids of bacteria other than those specified by diagnostic criteria for rea in joint specimens from patients with rea and various arthritides. the present study was conducted to detect any bacterial dna and identify bacterial species that are present in the synovial tissue of tunisian patients with reactive arthritis and ...	2008	18412942
containment of tumor-colonizing bacteria by host neutrophils.	administration of facultative anaerobic bacteria like salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, and escherichia coli to tumor-bearing mice leads to a preferential accumulation and proliferation of the microorganisms within the solid tumor. until now, all known tumor-targeting bacteria have shown poor dissemination inside the tumors. they accumulate almost exclusively in large necrotic areas and spare a rim of viable tumor cells. interestingly, the bacteria-containing necrotic region is separate ...	2008	18413765
development of a travelers' diarrhea vaccine for the military: how much is an ounce of prevention really worth?	infectious diarrhea is one of the many threats to the deployed military, and given limited resources, a decision to pursue a vaccine acquisition strategy should be based on best evidence that weighs costs and benefits compared to alternatives. an economic model was developed to estimate the marginal cost to avert a duty day lost due to diarrhea for a vaccine acquisition strategy compared to current clinical management, for both multiplex and pathogen-specific vaccines. vaccines against campyloba ...	2008	18417259
antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella isolates in eight asian countries, 2001-2004.	shigellosis is a major health problem in developing countries, causing 91 million episodes and 414,000 deaths in asia annually. because of increasing trends towards drug resistance, this study was undertaken to monitor local resistance patterns of shigella isolates from 8 asian countries.	2008	18473096
crystal structure of spa40, the specificity switch for the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system.	the pathogenic bacterium shigella flexneri uses a type iii secretion system to inject virulence factors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells. the machinery that identifies secretion substrates and controls the export of extracellular components and effector proteins consists of several inner-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. one of the inner membrane components, spa40, belongs to a family of proteins proposed to regulate the switching of substrate specificity of the export appara ...	2008	18485071
specific detection of escherichia coli isolated from water samples using polymerase chain reaction targeting four genes: cytochrome bd complex, lactose permease, beta-d-glucuronidase, and beta-d-galactosidase.	to develop a pcr-based method for reliable detection of escherichia coli that enables its differentiation from biochemically and phylogenetically related bacteria.	2008	18489560
the response of type three secretion system needle proteins mxihdelta5, bsaldelta5, and prgidelta5 to temperature and ph.	the type iii secretion system (ttss) is a specialized supramolecular injectisome composed of 25 or more proteins which form basal and extracellular domains and share gross architectural similarities with bacterial flagella. the extracellular component of the "needle complex" is primarily composed of a single monomeric subunit organized in a helical array surrounding a hollow pore and protrudes from the bacterial membrane. it is through this surface appendage that virulence factors are translocat ...	2008	18491382
post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.	to investigate the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgids) after an episode of acute bacterial gastroenteritis (age) in children.	2008	18492522
enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome.	haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) can be classified according to the aetiology of the different disorders from which it is composed. the most prevalent form is that induced by shigatoxin producing escherichia coli (stec) and, in some tropical regions, by shigella dysenteriae type 1. stec cause a zoonosis, are widely distributed in nature, enter the food chain in different ways, and show regional differences. not all stec are human pathogens. enterohaemorrhagic e. coli usually cause attachment an ...	2008	18493800
fast detection of salmonella infantis with carbon nanotube field effect transistors.	in this paper we report a fast, sensitive and label-free biosensor for the selective determination of salmonella infantis. it is based on a field effect transistor (fet) in which a network of single-walled carbon nantotubes (swcnts) acts as the conductor channel. anti-salmonella antibodies were adsorbed onto the swcnts and subsequently the swcnts were protected with tween 20 to prevent the non-specific binding of other bacteria or proteins. our fet devices were exposed to increasing concentratio ...	2008	18495470