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bacterial n-glycosylation efficiency is dependent on the structural context of target sequons.site selectivity of protein n-linked glycosylation is dependent on many factors, including accessibility of the modification site, amino acid composition of the glycosylation consensus sequence, and cellular localization of target proteins. previous studies have shown that the bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase, pglb, of campylobacter jejuni favors acceptor proteins with consensus sequences ((d/e)x1nx2(s/t), where x1,2 ≠ proline) in flexible, solvent-exposed motifs; however, several native glyc ...201627573243
total biosynthesis of legionaminic acid, a bacterial sialic acid analogue.legionaminic acid, leg5,7ac2 , a nonulosonic acid like 5-acetamido neuraminic acid (neu5ac, sialic acid), is found in cell surface glycoconjugates of bacteria including the pathogens campylobacter jejuni, acinetobacter baumanii and legionella pneumophila. the presence of leg5,7ac2 has been correlated with virulence in humans by mechanisms that likely involve subversion of the host's immune system or interactions with host cell surfaces due to its similarity to neu5ac. investigation into its role ...201627538580
[invasive campylobacter jejuni/coli infections: 9 case reports at a single center between 2000 and 2015, and a review of literature describing japanese patients].there have been few coherent reports on extraintestinal infection or bacteremia caused by campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) or c. coli in japan. to clarify the clinical and microbiological characteristics of invasive infections caused by these two species, we retrospectively analyzed the records of patients from whom these pathogens had been isolated from sterile sites between 2000 and 2015. during this study period, we identified 9 patients. the clinical syndrome of all of these patients was bac ...201627529964
the impact of the luxs mutation on phenotypic expression of factors critical for campylobacter jejuni colonization.studies have collectively shown the wide impact that luxs mutation has on the expression and function of various aspects of campylobacter jejuni virulence. previous work from our group demonstrated that luxs mutagenesis negatively impacts colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of several host species. to determine what is responsible for the colonization defect, we used a mechanistic approach to understand how the luxs mutation affects the expression of key physiologic factors important to t ...201627527763
peptidoglycan acetylation of campylobacter jejuni is essential for maintaining cell wall integrity and colonization in chicken intestines.peptidoglycan (pg) acetylation of gram-positive bacteria confers lysozyme resistance and contributes to survival in the host. however, the importance of pg acetylation in gram-negative bacteria has not been fully elucidated. the genes encoding putative pg acetyltransferase a (pata) and b (patb) are highly conserved in campylobacter jejuni, the predominant cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide. to evaluate the importance of pata and patb of c. jejuni, we constructed pata and patb isogenic mutants ...201627520822
antimicrobial and virulence-modulating effects of clove essential oil on the foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni.our study investigated the antimicrobial action of clove (syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (eo) on the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter jejuni after confirming the clove essential oil's general antibacterial effect, we analyzed the reference strain campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168. phenotypic, proteomic, and transcriptomic methods were used to reveal changes in cell morphology and functions when exposed to sublethal concentrations of clove eo. the normally curved cells showed markedly straighten ...201627520816
oxidative and nitrosative stress defences of helicobacter and campylobacter species that counteract mammalian immunity.helicobacter and campylobacter species are gram-negative microaerophilic host-associated heterotrophic bacteria that invade the digestive tract of humans and animals. campylobacter jejuni is the major worldwide cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans, while helicobacter pylori is ubiquitous in over half of the world's population causing gastric and duodenal ulcers. the colonisation of the gastrointestinal system by helicobacter and campylobacter relies on numerous cellular defences to sense ...201627486030
higher frequencies of hla dqb1*05:01 and anti-glycosphingolipid antibodies in a cluster of severe guillain-barré syndrome.few regional and seasonal guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) clusters have been reported so far. it is unknown whether patients suffering from sporadic gbs differ from gbs clusters with respect to clinical and paraclinical parameters, hla association and antibody response to glycosphingolipids and campylobacter jejuni (cj). we examined 40 consecutive patients with gbs from the greater munich area in germany with 14 of those admitted within a period of 3 months in fall 2010 defining a cluster of gbs. ...201627485170
pediatric miller fisher syndrome complicating an epstein-barr virus infection.miller fisher syndrome, a variant of guillain-barré syndrome, is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy that may occur weeks after a bacterial or viral infection. campylobacter jejuni and haemophilus influenzae are frequently reported etiological agents.201627460528
the fecal microbial communities of dairy cattle shedding shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli or campylobacter jejuni.cattle are a natural reservoir of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) and have recently been recognized as a major source of campylobacter jejuni contamination. while several factors are known to be associated with bacterial colonization, the underlying microbial factors have not been clarified. in this study, we characterized the fecal microbiota of dairy cattle (n = 24) using next-generation sequencing to elucidate the intestinal bacterial communities and the microbial diversity in r ...201627385033
travelers lowering their guard: a bacterial, viral and protozoan co-infection after a five-day journey in india.we present a case of concurrent infections by campylobacter jejuni, giardia intestinalis and hepatitis e virus acquired during a 5-days travel to india by an italian traveller : professionals responsible for pre- and post-travel care should underline food and water precautions and prescribe an adequate diagnostic work-up in symptomatic patients.201627378368
[research progress in biofilm formation and regulatory mechanism of campylobacter jejuni].biofilm of campylobacter jejuni was formed by cross-linking its extracellular secretion, polysaccharides, various extracellular proteins, nucleic acids etc to enhance its survival in hostile environments, especially for detergents, antibiotics and disinfectants. this paper elaborated c. jejuni biofilm formation and regulation mechanisms in the surface properties of the media, temperatures, gas environment, the regulation of gene etc, also analysed and discussed a variety of biofilm removal pract ...201627373066
feedback control of campylobacter jejuni flagellin levels through reciprocal binding of fliw to flagellin and the global regulator csra.bacterial flagella assembly is tightly regulated to ensure a timely and sequential production of the various flagellum constituents. in the pathogen campylobacter jejuni the hierarchy in flagella biosynthesis is largely determined at the transcriptional level through the activity of the alternative sigma factors sigma(54) and sigma(28) . here, we report that c. jejuni flagellin levels are also controlled at the post-transcriptional level via the thus far poorly-characterized flagellar assembly f ...201627353476
adaptation of campylobacter jejuni to biocides used in the food industry affects biofilm structure, adhesion strength, and cross-resistance to clinical antimicrobial compounds.the emergence of biocide-adapted campylobacter jejuni strains that developed into biofilms and their potential to develop clinical resistance to antimicrobial compounds was studied. c. jejuni was grown in sub-lethal concentrations of five biocides used in the food industry. c. jejuni exhibited adaptation to these biocides with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations. the 3-d structures of the biofilms produced by the biocide-adapted cells were investigated by atomic force microscopy (afm). t ...201627353218
detection of hepatitis e virus and other livestock-related pathogens in iowa streams.manure application is a source of pathogens to the environment. through overland runoff and tile drainage, zoonotic pathogens can contaminate surface water and streambed sediment and could affect both wildlife and human health. this study examined the environmental occurrence of gene markers for livestock-related bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens and antibiotic resistance in surface waters within the south fork iowa river basin before and after periods of swine manure application on agri ...201627318519
pathogen presence in european starlings inhabiting commercial piggeries in south australia.the majority of bacterial diarrhea-causing illnesses in domestic pigs result from infection with escherichia coli, salmonella spp., or campylobacter spp. these bacterial enteropathogens also correspond with the most-common bacteria isolated from wild birds. additionally, viral pathogens such as avian influenza virus (aiv), west nile virus (wnv, including kunjin disease), and newcastle disease virus (ndv) may also be carried and transmitted by birds in australia. introduced european starlings (st ...201627309283
a large outbreak of campylobacter jejuni infection in a university college caused by chicken liver pâté, australia, 2013.in october 2013, public health authorities were notified of a suspected outbreak of gastroenteritis in students and guests following a catered function at a university residential college. a retrospective cohort study was undertaken to examine whether foods served at the function caused illness. a total of 56 cases of gastroenteritis, including seven laboratory-confirmed cases of campylobacter jejuni infection, were identified in 235 eligible respondents. univariate analysis showed a significant ...201627306097
[multilocus sequence typing analysis of 47 campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry in hubei province].to study the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of campylobacter jejuni in poultry in hubei province, we used multilocus sequence typing method to classify 47 local c. jejuni strains.201627305789
chicken cecal micrornas in the response to campylobacter jejuni inoculation by solexa sequencing.campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) is one of major foodborne pathogen that cause human diarrhea by consuming c. jejuni contaminated chicken products. micrornas play an integral role in many different biological processes including bacteria and virus inoculation in chickens. in this study, we identified chicken mirnas responding to c. jejuni inoculation through solexa sequencing in the cecum. as a result, four mirnas were significantly differentially expressed between inoculated and non-inoculated ...201627303046
resistance of campylobacter jejuni isolated from layer farms in northern jordan using microbroth dilution and disc diffusion techniques.campylobacter jejuni is an important pathogen of significant public health importance. this pathogen is associated with human infection and has been isolated from mammals and birds. ninety-two cloacal c. jejuni isolates were identified from 35 layer farms in northern jordan. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and disc diffusion techniques with variable suggested breakpoints. using mic and eucast cut-off values, the study revealed a significan ...201627300500
identification and functional analysis of two toxin-antitoxin systems in campylobacter jejuni.toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems are widely distributed in bacteria and play an important role in maintaining plasmid stability. the leading foodborne pathogen, campylobacter jejuni, can carry multiple plasmids associated with antibiotic resistance or virulence. previously a virulence plasmid named pvir was identified in c. jejuni 81-176 and ia3902, but determining the role of pvir in pathogenesis has been hampered because the plasmid cannot be cured. in this study, we report the identification of t ...201627291507
novel plasmid conferring kanamycin and tetracycline resistance in the turkey-derived campylobacter jejuni strain 11601md.in campylobacter spp., resistance to the antimicrobials kanamycin and tetracycline is frequently associated with plasmid-borne genes. however, relatively few plasmids of campylobacter jejuni have been fully characterized to date. a novel plasmid (p11601md; 44,095nt) harboring tet(o) was identified in c. jejuni strain 11601md, which was isolated from the jejunum of a turkey produced conventionally in north carolina. analysis of the p11601md sequence revealed the presence of a high-gc content cass ...201627268853
stimulation of biofilm formation by oxidative stress in campylobacter jejuni under aerobic conditions. 201627268722
a real options approach to biotechnology investment policy-the case of developing a campylobacter vaccine to poultry.the aim of the article is to identify and analyse public-private incentives for the development and marketing of new animal vaccines within a real options methodological framework, and to investigate how real options methodology can be utilized to support economic incentives for vaccine development in a cost-effective way. the development of a vaccine against campylobacter jejuni in poultry is applied as a case study. employing the real options methodology, the net present value of the vaccine r ...201627237391
high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter jejuni isolates circulating in humans and animals in incheon, republic of korea.campylobacter jejuni is one of the major causative pathogens of outbreaks or sporadic cases of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. in this study, we compared the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of c. jejuni isolates of human and food-producing animal origins in korea and examined the genetic relatedness between these two groups of isolates. regardless of isolation source, all c. jejuni isolates harboured four virulence genes, cadf, cdtb, ciab and racr, whereas the wlan and virb11 genes were mo ...201627234414
microfluidics meets metabolomics to reveal the impact of campylobacter jejuni infection on biochemical pathways.microfluidic devices that are currently being used in pharmaceutical research also have a significant potential for utilization in investigating exposure to infectious agents. we have established a microfluidic device cultured with caco-2 cells, and utilized metabolomics to investigate the biochemical responses to the bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni. in the microfluidic devices, caco-2 cells polarize at day 5, are uniform, have defined brush borders and tight junctions, and form a mucus ...201627231016
attenuation of adhesion, biofilm formation and quorum sensing of campylobacter jejuni by euodia ruticarpa.thermophilic campylobacters are a major cause of bacterial food-borne diarrhoeal disease. adherence and biofilm formation are key elements of campylobacter jejuni persistence in unfavourable environmental conditions. the phytochemical analysis of euodia ruticarpa fruit ethanol solution extract (eree) indicated that the major compounds were evodiamine (1), rutaecarpine (2) and evocarpine (9). e. ruticarpa fruit ethanol solution extract, compounds 1 and 2 as well as a mixture of quinolinone alkalo ...201627230628
[the study of influence of stresses on virulence genes expression in foodborne pathogens campylobacter jejuni].the study of the responses to cold exposure in campylobacterjejuni (c. jejuni)--one of the most common foodborne pathogens is important for elucidating the mechanisms of acquisition of products contaminated with campylobacter, hazardous properties. these data are also necessary to create effective systems of microbiological controls at all stages of production and storage of food. 5 pairs of oligonucleotide primers were selected for detecting of genes cadf, cdtb, ciab, flaa, iama, encoding the m ...201627228703
demyelinating guillain-barré syndrome recurs more frequently than axonal subtypes.guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is considered a monophasic disorder yet recurrences occur in up to 6% of patients. we retrospectively studied an italian-japanese population of 236 gbs and 73 miller fisher syndrome (mfs) patients and searched for factors which may be associated with recurrence. a recurrent patient was defined as having at least two episodes that fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for gbs and mfs with an identifiable recovery after each episode and a minimum of 2months between episod ...201627206890
campylobacter jejuni adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase is an active hexamer that is allosterically controlled by the twisting of a regulatory tail.adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (atp-prt) catalyzes the first committed step of the histidine biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms. here, we present the functional and structural characterization of the atp-prt from the pathogenic ε-proteobacteria campylobacter jejuni (cjeatp-prt). this enzyme is a member of the long form (hisgl ) atp-prt and is allosterically inhibited by histidine, which binds to a remote regulatory domain, and competitively inhibited by amp. in the cryst ...201627191057
campylobacter jejuni colonization promotes the translocation of escherichia coli to extra-intestinal organs and disturbs the short-chain fatty acids profiles in the chicken gut.for a long time campylobacter was only considered as a commensal microorganism in avian hosts restricted to the ceca, without any pathogenic features. the precise reasons for the symptomless chicken carriers are still unknown, but investigations of the gastrointestinal ecology of broiler chickens may improve our understanding of the microbial interactions with the host. therefore, the current studies were conducted to investigate the effects of campylobacter jejuni colonization on escherichia co ...201627143773
campylobacter jejuni in musca domestica: an examination of survival and transmission potential in light of the innate immune responses of the house flies.the house fly, musca domestica, has been implicated as a vector of campylobacter spp., a major cause of human disease. little is known whether house flies serve as biological amplifying hosts or mechanical vectors for campylobacter jejuni. we investigated the period after c. jejuni had been ingested by house flies in which viable c. jejuni colonies could be isolated from whole bodies, the vomitus and the excreta of adult m. domestica and evaluated the activation of innate immune responses of hou ...201627134186
the influence of age on campylobacter jejuni infection in chicken.campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni)-host-interaction may be affected by the maturation stage of the chicken's immune system and the developing gut microbiota composition. we compared these parameters between birds c. jejuni-inoculated at day one, 10, 22 and 31 post hatch. the highest c. jejuni-colonization rate and numbers of colony forming units (cfu) were detected in caecal content of day-one-inoculated birds while the lowest was detected in 22-days-old birds. the low bacterial colonization of 22 ...201627131855
a screening algorithm for diagnosing bacterial gastroenteritis by real-time pcr in combination with guided culture.we have introduced a real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., shigella spp./enteroinvasive escherichia coli and yersinia enterocolitica in fecal samples in our routine laboratory. this new approach showed consistent results, with minimal inter-sample variation. when compared to conventional culture, the hands-on time decreased by 13 h/wk, and the median turnaround time drastically shortened from 73 to 29 h (p < .0001). moreover, the detection rate of ...201627107537
detection of pathogenic campylobacter, e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella spp. in wastewater by pcr assay.the aim of this study was the evaluation of the occurrence of pathogenic campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, e. coli virulence genes and salmonella spp. in different wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) using a method based on an enrichment step and pcr. this method was sensitive enough to detect low levels (∼2 cfu100 ml(-1) of raw sewage) of all the investigated pathogens. in the wwtp samples, e. coli o157:h7 dna and the eae gene were never found, but 33 % of influents and effluents exhibit ...201627106076
the influence of feeding crimped kernel maize silage on growth performance and intestinal colonization with campylobacter jejuni of broilers.an infection trial and a production trial over 35 days were conducted in parallel to study the influence of feeding crimped kernel maize silage (ckms) on the intestinal campylobacter jejuni colonization and broiler performance, respectively. the ckms was used at dietary inclusion levels of 15% and 30% in maize-based diets. broilers were orally inoculated with 2 × 10(5) log cfu/ml c. jejuni on day 14. four birds from each pen were randomly selected and killed by cervical dislocation on days 3, 6, ...201627100153
the biofilm matrix of campylobacter jejuni determined by fluorescence lectin-binding analysis.campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the most common bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis. despite its fastidious growth, it can survive harsh conditions through biofilm formation. in this work, fluorescence lectin-binding analysis was used to determine the glycoconjugates present in the biofilm matrix of two well-described strains. screening of 72 lectins revealed strain-specific patterns with six lectins interacting with the biofilm matrix of both strains. the most common sugar moiety contai ...201627097059
[shifting cellulitis in a patient with x-linked hypogammaglobulinemia].in cases of immunodeficiency, a systemic infection may be revealed by atypical symptoms, particularly those involving the skin.201627080822
tracing isolates from domestic human campylobacter jejuni infections to chicken slaughter batches and swimming water using whole-genome multilocus sequence typing.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and chicken is considered a major reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis. in this study, we investigated temporally related finnish human (n=95), chicken (n=83) and swimming water (n=20) c. jejuni isolates collected during the seasonal peak in 2012 using multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and whole-genome mlst (wgmlst). our objective was to trace domestic human c. jejuni infections to c. jejuni isolates from chicken ...201627041390
evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of combination heat-killed immunogens from three entero-invasive bacteria in rabbit model.diarrhea is a very common health problem in both developing and developed countries. among the major entero-invasive bacteria, shigella, salmonella and campylobacter cause serious problems in different geographic regions. recently we have shown immunogenicity and protective efficacy of heat killed multi-serotype shigella immunogen in different animal models. in our present study, we have advanced our research by preparing a combination heat-killed immunogen of three different entero-invasive bac ...201627039316
campylobacter-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with pulmonary-renal syndrome.common causes of pulmonary-renal syndrome include anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-gbm) disease anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (anca) positive vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. we describe a case of life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage associated with campylobacter hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus), which we believe is a new disease entity. we hypothesize that the cause of this pulmonary-renal syndrome was an immunological reaction to campylobacter; and that the initiatio ...201626001543
a cytolethal distending toxin gene-based multiplex pcr assay for campylobacter jejuni, c. fetus, c. coli, c. upsaliensis, c. hyointestinalis, and c. lari.in this study, we devised a multiplex pcr assay based on the gene of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) b subunit to simultaneously detect and discriminate campylobacter jejuni, c. fetus, c. coli, c. upsaliensis, c. hyointestinalis, and c. lari. species-specific pcr products were successfully obtained from all 38 c. jejuni, 12 c. fetus, 39 c. coli, 22 c. upsaliensis, 24 c. hyointestinalis, and 7 c. lari strains tested. on the other hand, no specific pcr products were obtained from other campyloba ...201626255737
the effect of microbial challenge on the intestinal proteome of broiler chickens.in poultry production intestinal health and function is paramount to achieving efficient feed utilisation and growth. uncovering the localised molecular mechanisms that occur during the early and important periods of growth that allow birds to grow optimally is important for this species. the exposure of young chicks to used litter from older flocks, containing mixed microbial populations, is a widely utilised model in poultry research. it rarely causes mortality but effects an immunogenic stimu ...201628572745
oxidative and nitrosative stress defences of helicobacter and campylobacter species that counteract mammalian immunity.helicobacter and campylobacter species are gram-negative microaerophilic host-associated heterotrophic bacteria that invade the digestive tract of humans and animals. campylobacter jejuni is the major worldwide cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans, while helicobacter pylori is ubiquitous in over half of the world's population causing gastric and duodenal ulcers. the colonisation of the gastrointestinal system by helicobacter and campylobacter relies on numerous cellular defences to sense ...201628201757
high rates of contamination of poultry meat products with drug resistant campylobacter in metro manila, philippines.a total of 265 chicken parts were collected from 15 wet markets and 15 supermarkets in metro manila, philippines. campylobacter spp. was isolated on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar plates and identified through biochemical tests and pcr amplification of genus and species specific genes. antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined following clinical and laboratory standards institute protocols. two hundred seven (78%) campylobacter spp. were isolated. c. jejuni and c. coli ...201627795478
causality assessment of serious neurologic adverse events following bopv national vaccination campaign in israel.during 2013-2014 israel experienced a continuous circulation of wild poliovirus type 1 (wpv1) but with no clinical cases. wpv1 circulation was gradually terminated following a national vaccination campaign of bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv) for 943,587 children < 10 years. four cases of children with neurological manifestations that appeared following bopv vaccinations were reported during the campaign: three of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and one of acute disseminated encephalomyeliti ...201628471617
first case report of myopericarditis linked to campylobacter coli enterocolitis.campylobacter spp. are a common cause of mostly self-limiting enterocolitis. although rare, pericarditis and myopericarditis have been increasingly documented as complications following campylobacteriosis. such cases have occurred predominantly in younger males, and involved a single causative species, namely campylobacter jejuni. we report the first case of myopericarditis following campylobacter coli enterocolitis, with illness occurring in an immunocompetent middle-aged female.201728056838
bacterial serine protease htra as a promising new target for antimicrobial therapy?recent studies have demonstrated that the bacterial chaperone and serine protease high temperature requirement a (htra) is closely associated with the establishment and progression of several infectious diseases. htra activity enhances bacterial survival under stress conditions, but also has direct effects on functions of the cell adhesion protein e-cadherin and extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin and proteoglycans. although htra cannot be considered as a pathogenic factor per s ...201728069057
generation of recombinant n-linked glycoproteins in e. coli.the production of n-linked recombinant glycoproteins is possible in a variety of biotechnology host cells, and more recently in the bacterial workhorse, escherichia coli. this methods chapter will outline the components and procedures needed to produce n-linked glycoproteins in e. coli, utilizing campylobacter jejuni glycosylation machinery, although other related genes can be used with minimal tweaks to this methodology. to ensure a successful outcome, various methods will be highlighted that c ...201728470609
isolation of campylobacter species from stool samples by use of a filtration method: assessment from a united states-based population.fecal samples submitted to our clinical microbiology laboratory from patients in the philadelphia region were prospectively analyzed for campylobacter species other than c. jejuni and c. coli using a filtration method and microaerobic conditions with increased h2 concentrations. of 225 samples tested, 13 (5.8%) yielded campylobacter species, with frequent isolation of c. concisus the majority of campylobacter species were not clinically significant. additional studies in u.s. populations are war ...201728468859
phase-variable changes in the position of o-methyl phosphoramidate modifications on the polysaccharide capsule of campylobacter jejuni modulate serum resistance.campylobacter jejuni polysaccharide capsules (cps) are characterized by the presence of nonstoichiometric o-methyl phosphoramidate (meopn) modifications. the lack of stoichiometry is due to phase variation at homopolymeric tracts within the meopn transferase genes. c. jejuni strain 81-176 contains two meopn transferase genes and has been shown previously to contain meopn modifications at the 2 and 6 positions of the galactose (gal) moiety in the cps. we demonstrate here that one of the two meopn ...201728461446
genome-wide fitness analyses of the foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni in in vitro and in vivo models.campylobacter is the most common cause of foodborne bacterial illness worldwide. faecal contamination of meat, especially chicken, during processing represents a key route of transmission to humans. there is a lack of insight into the mechanisms driving c. jejuni growth and survival within hosts and the environment. here, we report a detailed analysis of c. jejuni fitness across models reflecting stages in its life cycle. transposon (tn) gene-inactivation libraries were generated in three c. jej ...201728455506
core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for stable, comparative analyses of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli human disease isolates.human campylobacteriosis, caused by campylobacter jejuni and c. coli, remains a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in many countries, but the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis outbreaks remains poorly defined, largely due to limitations in the resolution and comparability of isolate characterization methods. whole-genome sequencing (wgs) data enable the improvement of sequence-based typing approaches, such as multilocus sequence typing (mlst), by substantially increasing the number of l ...201728446571
nonspecific effects of oral polio vaccine on diarrheal burden and etiology among bangladeshi infants.as the global polio eradication initiative prepares to cease use of oral polio vaccine (opv) in 2020, there is increasing interest in understanding if oral vaccination provides non-specific immunity to other infections so that the consequences of this transition can be effectively planned for and mitigated.201728444240
correlation between gyra and cmer box polymorphism and fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter jejuni isolates in china.sequence analysis of 79 ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter jejuni isolates collected in china showed resistance-related sequence variations in gyra and cmer-box. all the isolates contain an identical thr-86-ile substitution in gyra. several novel cmer-box variations, including point substitutions, deletion, and insertion, were identified. the point insertion or deletion led to dramatically reduced binding of cmer to the cmeabc promoter, which significantly increases the expression of cmeabc a ...201728438942
multiple pathogen biomarker detection using an encoded bead array in droplet pcr.we present a droplet pcr workflow for detection of multiple pathogen dna biomarkers using fluorescent color-coded luminex® beads. this strategy enables encoding of multiple singleplex droplet pcrs using a commercially available bead set of several hundred distinguishable fluorescence codes. this workflow provides scalability beyond the limited number offered by fluorescent detection probes such as taqman probes, commonly used in current multiplex droplet pcrs. the workflow was validated for thre ...201728434824
[campylobacter jejuni o:19 serotype in argentine poultry meat supply chain].thermotolerant species of campylobacter have been focus of attention in the last years because they are the major agent causing zoonotic foodborne diseases. in addition, campylobacter jejuni o:19 serotype was associated with guillain barré syndrome. the aim of this study was to determine the proportion of c. jejuni o:19 serotype isolated at different stages of three poultry meat supply chain in santa fe, argentina. the analysis showed that 18% of isolated c. jejuni belong to serotype o:19. it wa ...201728431787
application of β-resorcylic acid as potential antimicrobial feed additive to reduce campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens.campylobacter is one of the major foodborne pathogens that result in severe gastroenteritis in humans, primarily through consumption of contaminated poultry products. chickens are the reservoir host of campylobacter, where the pathogen colonizes the ceca, thereby leading to contamination of carcass during slaughter. a reduction in cecal colonization by campylobacter would directly translate into reduced product contamination and risk of human infections. with increasing consumer demand for antib ...201728428779
newer insights into the antidiarrheal effects of acacia catechu willd. extract in guinea pig.acacia catechu willd. is a plant diffused in india and other asian countries, where it is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments including diarrhea, one of the most common pathologies worldwide. in this study, we determined the chemical composition of acacia catechu willd. extract (ac) and evaluated its effect on spontaneous and induced contractility in isolated guinea pig ileum and proximal colon. preliminary data about its antimicrobial effect against some pathoge ...201728422543
draft genome sequence of multidrug-resistant abortive campylobacter jejuni from northern california.campylobacter jejuni is an enteric bacterium that can cause abortion in livestock. this is the release of a multidrug-resistant campylobacter jejuni genome from an isolate that caused an abortion in a cow in northern california. this isolate is part of the 100k pathogen genome project.201728408683
accessory genetic content in campylobacter jejuni st21cc isolates from feces and blood.campylobacter jejuni is an important foodborne pathogen and the most commonly reported bacterial cause of gastroenteritis. c. jejuni is occasionally found in blood, although mechanisms important for invasiveness have remained unclear. c. jejuni is divided into many different lineages, of which the st21 clonal complex (cc) is widely distributed. here, we performed comparative genomic and in vitro analyses on 17c. jejuni st21cc strains derived from human blood and feces in order to identify featur ...201728408091
rv3634c from mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv encodes an enzyme with udp-gal/glc and udp-galnac 4-epimerase activities.a bioinformatics study revealed that mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv (mtb) contains sequence homologs of campylobacter jejuni protein glycosylation enzymes. the orf rv3634c from mtb was identified as a sequence homolog of c. jejuni udp-gal/galnac 4-epimerase. this study reports the cloning of rv3634c and its expression as an n-terminal his-tagged protein. the recombinant protein was shown to have udp-gal/glc 4-epimerase activity by god-pod assay and by reverse phase hplc. this enzyme was shown ...201728403215
the periplasmic chaperone network of campylobacter jejuni: evidence that salc (cj1289) and ppid (cj0694) are involved in maintaining outer membrane integrity.the outer membrane (om) of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria is a key structure in host-pathogen interactions that contains a plethora of proteins, performing a range of functions including adhesion, nutrient uptake, export of effectors and interaction with innate and adaptive components of the immune system. in addition, the om can exclude drugs and thus contribute to antimicrobial resistance. the om of the food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni contains porins, adhesins and other virulence f ...201728400767
campylobacter jejuni survival in a poultry processing plant environment.campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. consumption of poultry, especially chicken's meat is considered the most common route for human infection. the aim of this study was to determine if campylobacter spp. might persist in the poultry plant environment before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures and the distribution and their genetic relatedness. during one month from a poultry plant were analyzed a total of 494 samples -defeathering machin ...201728400001
development of an isothermal amplification-based assay for the rapid visual detection of salmonella bacteria.the efficient and timely detection of pathogens is a major concern worldwide. the aim of this study was to establish a rapid detection method for salmonella bacteria in food samples to facilitate timely treatment. widely used detection methods currently include culture-based methods and pcr-based methods. the former are time consuming, requiring 2 to 3 d, whereas the latter have higher accuracy but are typically complicated, requiring expertise and expensive instruments. in this study, a sensiti ...201728711269
a rapid salmonella detection method involving thermophilic helicase-dependent amplification and a lateral flow assay.salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen that is widespread in the environment and can cause serious human and animal disease. since conventional culture methods to detect salmonella are time-consuming and laborious, rapid and accurate techniques to detect this pathogen are critically important for food safety and diagnosing foodborne illness. in this study, we developed a rapid, simple and portable salmonella detection strategy that combines thermophilic helicase-dependent amplification (thda) ...201728526589
development of a gold nanoparticle-based universal oligonucleotide microarray for multiplex and low-cost detection of foodborne pathogens.bacterial foodborne diseases remain major threats to food safety and public health, especially in developing countries. in this study a novel assay, combining gold nanoparticle (gnp)-based multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr and universal oligonucleotide microarray technology, was developed for inexpensive, specific, sensitive, and multiplex detection of eight common foodborne pathogens, including shigella spp., campylobacter jejuni, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocyt ...201728505584
next generation sequencing-based multigene panel for high throughput detection of food-borne pathogens.contamination of food by chemicals or pathogenic bacteria may cause particular illnesses that are linked to food consumption, commonly referred to as foodborne diseases. bacteria are present in/on various foods products, such as fruits, vegetables and ready-to-eat products. bacteria that cause foodborne diseases are known as foodborne pathogens (fbps). accurate detection methods that are able to reveal the presence of fbps in food matrices are in constant demand, in order to ensure safe foods wi ...201728578266
sourcer: classification and source attribution of infectious agents among heterogeneous populations.zoonotic diseases are a major cause of morbidity, and productivity losses in both human and animal populations. identifying the source of food-borne zoonoses (e.g. an animal reservoir or food product) is crucial for the identification and prioritisation of food safety interventions. for many zoonotic diseases it is difficult to attribute human cases to sources of infection because there is little epidemiological information on the cases. however, microbial strain typing allows zoonotic pathogens ...201728558033
whole-genome sequence of the bacteriophage-sensitive strain campylobacter jejuni nctc12662.campylobacter jejuni nctc12662 has been the choice bacteriophage isolation strain due to its susceptibility to c. jejuni bacteriophages. this trait makes it a good candidate for studying bacteriophage-host interactions. we report here the whole-genome sequence of nctc12662, allowing future elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of phage-host interactions in c. jejuni.201728546493
metabolic and fitness determinants for in vitro growth and intestinal colonization of the bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading infectious causes of food-borne illness around the world. its ability to persistently colonize the intestinal tract of a broad range of hosts, including food-producing animals, is central to its epidemiology since most infections are due to the consumption of contaminated food products. using a highly saturated transposon insertion library combined with next-generation sequencing and a mouse model of infection, we have carried out a comprehensive genome ...201728542173
comparing the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance profiles of campylobacter jejuni recovered from cattle and humans.campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans, is a foodborne pathogen that can reside in chickens, pigs, and cattle. because resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, which are commonly used to treat human infections, has emerged in c. jejuni, it is imperative to continously monitor resistance patterns and examine the genetic variation in strains from human infections and animal reservoirs. our previous study of c. jejuni from human campylobacteriosis cases showed a si ...201728536568
association of anti-gangliosides antibodies and anti-cmv antibodies in guillain-barré syndrome.numerous types of infection were closely related to gbs, mainly including campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, which may lead to the production of anti-gangliosides antibodies (aga). currently, although there are increased studies on the aga and a few studies of anti-cmv antibodies in gbs, the association between them remains poorly documented. therefore, our research aims to analyze the correlation of anti-cmv antibodies and aga in gbs.201728523231
lactobacillus johnsonii ameliorates intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic pro-inflammatory immune responses following murine campylobacter jejuni infection.campylobacter jejuni infections are progressively increasing worldwide. probiotic treatment might open novel therapeutic or even prophylactic approaches to combat campylobacteriosis. in the present study secondary abiotic mice were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and perorally reassociated with a commensal murine lactobacillus johnsonii strain either 14 days before (i.e. prophylactic regimen) or 7 days after (i.e. therapeutic regimen) peroral c. jejuni strain 81-176 infection. f ...201728522817
immunoprevalence to six waterborne pathogens in beachgoers at boquerón beach, puerto rico: application of a microsphere-based salivary antibody multiplex immunoassay.waterborne infectious diseases are a major public health concern worldwide. few methods have been established that are capable of measuring human exposure to multiple waterborne pathogens simultaneously using non-invasive samples such as saliva. most current methods measure exposure to only one pathogen at a time, require large volumes of individual samples collected using invasive procedures, and are very labor intensive. in this article, we applied a multiplex bead-based immunoassay capable of ...201728507984
prevalence and characterization of campylobacter jejuni isolated from retail chicken in tianjin, china.campylobacter jejuni is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide; however, there is a lack of information on the prevalence and antibiotic-resistant profile of c. jejuni in the people's republic of china. we determined the prevalence and characteristics of c. jejuni on the retail level in tianjin, one of the five national central cities in china. a total of 227 samples of chicken wings, legs, and breasts were collected from supermarkets and wet markets; 42 of these samples were confirmed to be ...201728504616
identification of potential campylobacter jejuni genes involved in biofilm formation by ez-tn5 transposome mutagenesis.biofilm formation has been suggested to play a role in the survival of campylobacter jejuni in the environment and contribute to the high incidence of human campylobacteriosis. molecular studies of biofilm formation by campylobacter are sparse.201728499399
comparative proteomics reveals differences in host-pathogen interaction between infectious and commensal relationship with campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is the leading food-borne poisoning in industrialized countries. while the bacteria causes disease in humans, it merely colonizes the gut in poultry or pigs, where seems to establish a commensal relationship. until now, few studies have been conducted to elucidate the relationship between c. jejuni and its different hosts. in this work, a comparative proteomics approach was used to identify the underlying mechanisms involved in the divergent outcome following c. jejuni infec ...201728491823
cj0440c affects flagella formation and in vivo colonization of erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common foodborne pathogen worldwide. a putative transcriptional regulator, cj0440c, was up-regulated in the erythromycin-resistant c. jejuni, however, the precise role of cj0440c is yet to be determined. the aim of this study was to determine the biological functions of cj0440c. the cj0440c isogenic mutants were constructed from erythromycin-susceptible c. jejuni nctc 11168 (s) and -resistant c. jejuni 68-er (r), designating as sm and rm, respectively. the ...201728487689
trans-cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and eugenol reduce campylobacter jejuni colonization factors and expression of virulence genes in vitro.campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in humans characterized by fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. in the human gut, campylobacter adheres and invades the intestinal epithelium followed by cytolethal distending toxin mediated cell death, and enteritis. reducing the attachment and invasion of campylobacter to intestinal epithelium and expression of its virulence factors such as motility and cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) production could pot ...201728487683
microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate expression of campylobacter jejuni determinants required for commensalism and virulence.campylobacter jejuni promotes commensalism in the intestinal tracts of avian hosts and diarrheal disease in humans, yet components of intestinal environments recognized as spatial cues specific for different intestinal regions by the bacterium to initiate interactions in either host are mostly unknown. by analyzing a c. jejuni acetogenesis mutant defective in converting acetyl coenzyme a (ac-coa) to acetate and commensal colonization of young chicks, we discovered evidence for in vivo microbiota ...201728487428
epidemiology of antimicrobial resistant campylobacter spp. isolated from retail meats in canada.campylobacter is an important zoonotic pathogen found in livestock and can cause illness in humans following consumption of raw and undercooked meat products. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in retail meat (poultry, turkey, pork and beef) purchased in alberta, canada and to assess antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness of recovered campylobacter strains with previously isolated strains from clinical and environmental sources. a compar ...201728477522
high prevalence and predominance of the aph(2″)-if gene conferring aminoglycoside resistance in campylobacter.campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and previous studies revealed that campylobacter isolates from food-producing animals are increasingly resistant to gentamicin in china. the molecular epidemiology and genetic mechanisms responsible for gentamicin resistance in china have not been well understood. in this study, 607 campylobacter isolates of chicken and swine origins collected in the year of 2014 were analyzed, revealing that 15.6% (25/160) of the c. jejuni isolates and 79.9% (357/447) ...201728264854
a case of myopericarditis associated to campylobacter jejuni infection in the southern hemisphere.myopericarditis is an infrequent complication of acute diarrheal illness due to campylobacter jejuni, and it has been mainly reported in developed nations. the first case detected in chile--an upper-middle income country--that is coincidental with the increasing importance of acute gastroenteritis associated to this pathogen, is described. recognition of this agent in stools requires special laboratory techniques not widely available, and it was suspected when a young patient presented with acut ...201722729200
application of maldi-tof ms fingerprinting as a quick tool for identification and clustering of foodborne pathogens isolated from food products.foodborne pathogens can be associated with a wide variety of food products and it is very important to identify them to supply safe food and prevent foodborne infections. since traditional techniques are time-consuming and laborious, this study was designed for rapid identification and clustering of foodborne pathogens isolated from various restaurants in al-qassim region, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ...201728825446
application of long amplicon propidium monoazide-pcr to assess the effects of temperature and background microbiota on pathogens in river water.the decay rates of enteric waterborne pathogens were evaluated following the introduction of yersinia enterocolitica, salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni and arcobacter butzleri into river water at different temperatures (5, 15 and 25°c) for a period of 28 days. to improve the accuracy of the results a molecular viability assay, long amplicon propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (pma-pcr), was used to quantify the viable cell concentration and results from pcr with and without pma ...201728598346
probiotic characteristics of lactobacillus curvatus dn317, a strain isolated from chicken ceca.the probiotic characteristics of lactobacillus curvatus dn317, a strain isolated from chicken ceca, were evaluated. this strain was selected for study from the isolated lactobacillus strains because it has specific anti-microbial activity against campylobacter jejuni atcc 33560, camp. jejuni nctc 11168, listeria monocytogenes atcc 7644, and bacillus subtilis atcc 8633. lact. curvatus dn317 showed an auto-aggregation percentage of 72% and presented the highest co-aggregation with lact. monocytoge ...201728741151
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of chiral quaternary n-spiro ammonium bromides with 3',4'-dihydro-1'h-spiro[isoindoline-2,2'-isoquinoline] skeleton.a new class of highly functionalized tetrahydroisoquinolines with a quaternary carbon stereocenter was synthesized starting from an easily accessible l-tartaric acid. nine strains of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus salivarius, bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, moraxella catarrhalis, escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni) were used for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimal bactericidal concentr ...201728740363
amelioration of intestinal and systemic sequelae of murine campylobacter jejuni infection by probiotic vsl#3 treatment.the incidence of human campylobacter jejuni infections is progressively increasing worldwide. probiotic compounds might open up valuable tools to decrease pathogen burden and subsequent pro-inflammatory immune responses, but in vivo data are scarce.201728413453
biochemical characterization of wbkc, an n-formyltransferase from brucella melitensis.it has become increasingly apparent within the last several years that unusual n-formylated sugars are often found on the o-antigens of such gram negative pathogenic organisms as francisella tularensis, campylobacter jejuni, and providencia alcalifaciens, among others. indeed, in some species of brucella, for example, the o-antigen contains 1,2-linked 4-formamido-4,6-dideoxy-α-d-mannosyl groups. these sugars, often referred to as n-formylperosamine, are synthesized in pathways initiating with gd ...201728636341
prevalence and risk factors for thermotolerant species of campylobacter in poultry meat at retail in europe.the thermotolerant species campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, campylobacter lari and campylobacter upsaliensis are the causative agents of the human illness called campylobacteriosis. this infection represents a threat for the health of consumers in europe. it is well known that poultry meat is an important food vehicle of campylobacter infection. as emerged from the reported scientific literature published between 2006 and 2016, poultry meat sold at retail level in europe represents an i ...201728854745
isolation and identification of campylobacter spp. from poultry and poultry by-products in tunisia by conventional culture method and multiplex real-time pcr.thermophilic campylobacter spp. are one of the primary causes of bacterial human diarrhea. the consumption of poultry meats, by-products, or both is suspected to be a major cause of human campylobacteriosis. the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in fresh poultry meat and poultry by-products by conventional culture methods and to confirm campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates by using the multiplex pcr assay. two hundred fifty fre ...201728853632
genome reduction for niche association in campylobacter hepaticus, a cause of spotty liver disease in poultry.the term "spotty liver disease" (sld) has been used since the late 1990s for a condition seen in the uk and australia that primarily affects free range laying hens around peak lay, causing acute mortality and a fall in egg production. a novel thermophilic sld-associated campylobacter was reported in the united kingdom (uk) in 2015. subsequently, similar isolates occurring in australia were formally described as a new species, campylobacter hepaticus. we describe the comparative genomics of 10 c. ...201728848714
fecal shedding of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli among feral pigs in texas.the population and range of feral pigs in the united states are rapidly expanding, yet key knowledge gaps exist regarding their role in the ecology and transmission of foodborne pathogens. our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli shedding among feral pigs throughout texas and to identify risk factors for positive status. faecal samples were collected from feral pigs in texas from february 2014 through may 2015, and target organisms were detect ...201728834190
cardamom, cumin, and dill weed essential oils: chemical compositions, antimicrobial activities, and mechanisms of action against campylobacter spp.natural antimicrobials as well as essential oils (eos) have gained interest to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and to control food borne diseases. campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causative agents of gastroenteritis. in this study, cardamom, cumin, and dill weed eos were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli by using agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods, along with the mechanisms of antimicrobial action. che ...201728714890
genetic diversity of thermotolerant campylobacter spp. isolates from different stages of the poultry meat supply chain in argentina.the objective of this study was to investigate a clonal relationship among thermotolerant campylobacter spp. isolates from different stages of the poultry meat supply chain in argentina. a total of 128 thermotolerant campylobacter spp. (89 c. jejuni and 39 c. coli) isolates from six poultry meat chains were examined. these isolates were from: a) hens from breeder flocks, b) chickens on the farm (at ages 1 wk and 5 wk), c) chicken carcasses in the slaughterhouse, and d) chicken carcasses in the r ...201728712509
a study on campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli through commercial broiler production chains in thailand: antimicrobial resistance, the characterization of dna gyrase subunit a mutation, and genetic diversity by flagellin a gene restriction fragment length polymorphism.contaminated poultry meat is regarded as the main source of human campylobacteriosis. during september 2014 and february 2015, breeder flocks, hatcheries, and broiler farms from two chicken production chains were investigated chronologically. five commercial breeder flocks (breeder flocks 1-5), two hatcheries (hatcheries a and b), and five broiler flocks (broiler flocks 1-5) were sampled in this study. campylobacter colonization of both breeder and broiler flocks was determined from cloacal swab ...201728665716
campylobacter species isolated from pigs in grenada exhibited novel clones: genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of sequence types.infections caused by campylobacter species pose a severe threat to public health worldwide. however, in grenada, the occurrence and characteristics of campylobacter in food animals, including pigs, remain mostly unknown. in this study, we identified the sequence types (sts) of campylobacter from young healthy pigs in grenada and compared the results with previous studies in grenada and other countries. antimicrobial resistance patterns and diversity of the campylobacter clones were evaluated. ni ...201728650672
impact of built-up-litter and commercial antimicrobials on salmonella and campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses processed at a pilot mobile poultry-processing unit.the small-scale mobile poultry-processing unit (mppu) produced raw poultry products are of particular food safety concern due to exemption of usda poultry products inspection act. limited studies reported the microbial quality and safety of mppu-processed poultry carcasses. this study evaluated the salmonella and campylobacter prevalence in broiler ceca and on mppu-processed carcasses and efficacy of commercial antimicrobials against campylobacter jejuni on broilers. in study i, straight-run hub ...201728649571
detection and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in <i>campylobacter</i> spp. isolated from chickens and humans.campylobacter spp. are common pathogenic bacteria in both veterinary and human medicine. infections caused by campylobacter spp. are usually treated using antibiotics. however, the injudicious use of antibiotics has been proven to spearhead the emergence of antibiotic resistance. the purpose of this study was to detect the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in campylobacter spp. isolated from chickens and human clinical cases in south africa. one hundred and sixty one isolates of campylob ...201728582978
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