Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| molecular characterization and function analysis of the vitellogenin receptor from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera, noctuidae). | developing oocytes accumulate plentiful yolk protein during oogenesis through receptor-mediated endocytosis. the vitellogenin receptor (vgr), belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr) family, regulates the absorption of yolk protein. in this work, the full-length vitellogenin receptor (havgr) in the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera was identified, encoding a 1817 residue protein. sequence alignment revealed that the sequence of havgr contained all of the conservative structura ... | 2016 | 27192057 |
| mammalian african trypanosome vsg coat enhances tsetse's vector competence. | tsetse flies are biological vectors of african trypanosomes, the protozoan parasites responsible for causing human and animal trypanosomiases across sub-saharan africa. currently, no vaccines are available for disease prevention due to antigenic variation of the variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) that coat parasites while they reside within mammalian hosts. as a result, interference with parasite development in the tsetse vector is being explored to reduce disease transmission. a major bottlene ... | 2016 | 27185908 |
| a critical role for the drosophila dopamine d1-like receptor dop1r2 at the onset of metamorphosis. | insect metamorphosis relies on temporal and spatial cues that are precisely controlled. previous studies in drosophila have shown that untimely activation of genes that are essential to metamorphosis results in growth defects, developmental delay and death. multiple factors exist that safeguard these genes against dysregulated expression. the list of identified negative regulators that play such a role in drosophila development continues to expand. | 2016 | 27184815 |
| an rna-dependent rna polymerase gene in bat genomes derived from an ancient negative-strand rna virus. | endogenous bornavirus-like l (ebll) elements are inheritable sequences derived from ancient bornavirus l genes that encode a viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) in many eukaryotic genomes. here, we demonstrate that bats of the genus eptesicus have preserved for more than 11.8 million years an ebll element named eebll-1, which has an intact open reading frame of 1,718 codons. the eebll-1 coding sequence revealed that functional motifs essential for mononegaviral rdrp activity are well conse ... | 2016 | 27174689 |
| de novo transcriptome analysis and detection of antimicrobial peptides of the american cockroach periplaneta americana (linnaeus). | cockroaches are surrogate hosts for microbes that cause many human diseases. in spite of their generally destructive nature, cockroaches have recently been found to harbor potentially beneficial and medically useful substances such as drugs and allergens. however, genomic information for the american cockroach (periplaneta americana) is currently unavailable; therefore, transcriptome and gene expression profiling is needed as an important resource to better understand the fundamental biological ... | 2016 | 27167617 |
| comprehensive evaluation of candidate reference genes for qrt-pcr studies of gene expression in mustard aphid, lipaphis erysimi (kalt). | mustard aphid, also known as turnip aphid (lipaphis erysimi) is a major insect pest of rapeseed-mustard group of crops. tremendous economic significance has led to substantial basic research involving gene-expression studies in this insect species. in qrt-pcr analysis of gene-expression, normalization of data against rna variation by using appropriate reference gene is fundamental. however, appropriate reference genes are not known in case of l. erysimi. we evaluated 11 candidate reference genes ... | 2016 | 27165720 |
| myosin myth4-ferm structures highlight important principles of convergent evolution. | myosins containing myth4-ferm (myosin tail homology 4-band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin, or mf) domains in their tails are found in a wide range of phylogenetically divergent organisms, such as humans and the social amoeba dictyostelium (dd). interestingly, evolutionarily distant mf myosins have similar roles in the extension of actin-filled membrane protrusions such as filopodia and bind to microtubules (mt), suggesting that the core functions of these mf myosins have been highly conserved over ... | 2016 | 27166421 |
| midgut transcriptome of the cockroach periplaneta americana and its microbiota: digestion, detoxification and oxidative stress response. | the cockroach, periplaneta americana, is an obnoxious and notorious pest of the world, with a strong ability to adapt to a variety of complex environments. however, the molecular mechanism of this adaptability is mostly unknown. in this study, the genes and microbiota composition associated with the adaptation mechanism were studied by analyzing the transcriptome and 16s rdna pyrosequencing of the p. americana midgut, respectively. midgut transcriptome analysis identified 82,905 unigenes, among ... | 2016 | 27153200 |
| hawkmoths evaluate scenting flowers with the tip of their proboscis. | pollination by insects is essential to many ecosystems. previously, we have shown that floral scent is important to mediate pollen transfer between plants (kessler et al., 2015). yet, the mechanisms by which pollinators evaluate volatiles of single flowers remained unclear. here, nicotiana attenuata plants, in which floral volatiles have been genetically silenced and its hawkmoth pollinator, manduca sexta, were used in semi-natural tent and wind-tunnel assays to explore the function of floral sc ... | 2016 | 27146894 |
| evolution, expression, and function of nonneuronal ligand-gated chloride channels in drosophila melanogaster. | ligand-gated chloride channels have established roles in inhibitory neurotransmission in the nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. paradoxically, expression databases in drosophila melanogaster have revealed that three uncharacterized ligand-gated chloride channel subunits, cg7589, cg6927, and cg11340, are highly expressed in nonneuronal tissues. furthermore, subunit copy number varies between insects, with some orders containing one ortholog, whereas other lineages exhibit copy numb ... | 2016 | 27172217 |
| ionotropic chemosensory receptors mediate the taste and smell of polyamines. | the ability to find and consume nutrient-rich diets for successful reproduction and survival is fundamental to animal life. among the nutrients important for all animals are polyamines, a class of pungent smelling compounds required in numerous cellular and organismic processes. polyamine deficiency or excess has detrimental effects on health, cognitive function, reproduction, and lifespan. here, we show that a diet high in polyamine is beneficial and increases reproductive success of flies, and ... | 2016 | 27145030 |
| imbalanced hemolymph lipid levels affect feeding motivation in the two-spotted cricket, gryllus bimaculatus. | insect feeding behavior is regulated by many intrinsic factors, including hemolymph nutrient levels. adipokinetic hormone (akh) is a peptide factor that modulates hemolymph nutrient levels and regulates the nutritional state of insects by triggering the transfer of lipids into the hemolymph. we recently demonstrated that rna interference (rnai)-mediated knockdown of the akh receptor (akhr) reduces hemolymph lipid levels, causing an increase in the feeding frequency of the two-spotted cricket, gr ... | 2016 | 27144650 |
| sequence conservation and sexually dimorphic expression of the ftz-f1 gene in the crustacean daphnia magna. | identifying the genes required for environmental sex determination is important for understanding the evolution of diverse sex determination mechanisms in animals. orthologs of drosophila orphan receptor fushi tarazu factor-1 (ftz-f1) are known to function in genetic sex determination. in contrast, their roles in environmental sex determination remain unknown. in this study, we have cloned and characterized the ftz-f1 ortholog in the branchiopod crustacean daphnia magna, which produces males in ... | 2016 | 27138373 |
| differential gene expression analysis of the epacromius coerulipes (orthoptera: acrididae) transcriptome. | epacromius coerulipes (ivanov) is one of the most widely distributed locusts. to date, the main methods to kill locusts still rely on chemical controls, which can result in the selection of locusts with resistance to chemical pesticides. butene-fipronil is a new pesticide that was discovered by the structural modification of fipronil. this pesticide has been used to control various agricultural pests and has become an important pesticide product to control pests that exhibit resistance to other ... | 2016 | 27142308 |
| reference genes for accessing differential expression among developmental stages and analysis of differential expression of obp genes in anastrepha obliqua. | the west indian fruit fly, anastrepha obliqua, is an important agricultural pest in the new world. the use of pesticide-free methods to control invasive species such as this reinforces the search for genes potentially useful in their genetic control. therefore, the study of chemosensory proteins involved with a range of responses to the chemical environment will help not only on the understanding of the species biology but may also help the development of environmentally friendly pest control st ... | 2016 | 26818909 |
| toxic effect of blood feeding in male mosquitoes. | blood- and sugar feeding of female mosquitoes has been frequently observed in the laboratory and in the field, but only sugar feeding of males has been reported. here, we describe for the first time that culex quinquefasciatus males feed on blood as well. blood feeding easily happened on a blood-soaked cotton roll and, to a lesser extent, through a thin artificial layer. mating history of a male specimen does not affect his blood feeding behavior. male mosquitoes feed on blood even when they hav ... | 2016 | 26858651 |
| the spread of dengue in an endemic urban milieu--the case of delhi, india. | dengue is a major international public health concern, one of the most important arthropod-borne diseases. more than 3.5 billion people are at risk of dengue infection and there are an estimated 390 million dengue infections annually. this prolific increase has been connected to societal changes such as population growth and increasing urbanization generating intense agglomeration leading to proliferation of synanthropic mosquito species. quantifying the spatio-temporal epidemiology of dengue in ... | 2016 | 26808518 |
| comprehensive immunolocalization studies of a putative serotonin receptor from the alimentary canal of aedes aegypti larvae suggest its diverse roles in digestion and homeostasis. | serotonin regulates key processes including digestion and homeostasis in insects. serotonin effects are mediated by serotonin receptors that transduce information through initiation of second messenger signaling pathways. lack of information on serotonin receptors associated with the alimentary canal impedes the understanding of the serotonergic role in insect physiology. to address this void, the present study has cloned and identified a putative serotonin receptor (hereafter aaser-1) from the ... | 2016 | 26808995 |
| towards plant species identification in complex samples: a bioinformatics pipeline for the identification of novel nuclear barcode candidates. | monitoring of the food chain to fight fraud and protect consumer health relies on the availability of methods to correctly identify the species present in samples, for which dna barcoding is a promising candidate. the nuclear genome is a rich potential source of barcode targets, but has been relatively unexploited until now. here, we show the development and use of a bioinformatics pipeline that processes available genome sequences to automatically screen large numbers of input candidates, ident ... | 2016 | 26807711 |
| something "hairy" in juvenile hormone signaling for mosquito reproduction. | 2016 | 26802123 | |
| accurate transposable element annotation is vital when analyzing new genome assemblies. | transposable elements (tes) are mobile genetic elements with the ability to replicate themselves throughout the host genome. in some taxa tes reach copy numbers in hundreds of thousands and can occupy more than half of the genome. the increasing number of reference genomes from nonmodel species has begun to outpace efforts to identify and annotate te content and methods that are used vary significantly between projects. here, we demonstrate variation that arises in te annotations when less than ... | 2016 | 26802115 |
| serotonergic innervation of the salivary glands and central nervous system of adult glossina pallidipes austen (diptera: glossinidae), and the impact of the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (gpsghv) on the host. | using a serotonin antibody and confocal microscopy, this study reports for the first time direct serotonergic innervation of the muscle sheath covering the secretory region of the salivary glands of adult tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes austen. reports to date, however, note that up until this finding, dipteran species previously studied lack a muscle sheath covering of the secretory region of the salivary glands. direct innervation of the salivary gland muscle sheath of tsetse would facilitate ... | 2016 | 26798144 |
| insecticidal activity and insect repellency of four species of sea lily (comatulida: comatulidae) from taiwan. | the methanol and ethyl acetate (ea) extracts of four species of sea lily (himerometra magnipinna, comaster multifidus, comanthina sp., and comatella maculata) were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against yellow-fever mosquito larvae (aedes aegypti) and their repellency against adult asian tiger mosquitoes (aedes albopictus). the 24-hr minimum inhibition concentration (mic) data revealed that the extracts from h. magnipinna and the c. maculata were the most active, killing mosquito larv ... | 2016 | 26798137 |
| recent advances in understanding dengue. | dengue is an emerging threat to billions of people worldwide. in the last 20 years, the incidence has increased four-fold and this trend appears to be continuing. caused by one of four viral serotypes, dengue can present as a wide range of clinical phenotypes with the severe end of the spectrum being defined by a syndrome of capillary leak, coagulopathy, and organ impairment. the pathogenesis of severe disease is thought to be in part immune mediated, but the exact mechanisms remain to be define ... | 2016 | 26918159 |
| the iflaviruses sacbrood virus and deformed wing virus evoke different transcriptional responses in the honeybee which may facilitate their horizontal or vertical transmission. | sacbrood virus (sbv) and deformed wing virus (dwv) are evolutionarily related positive-strand rna viruses, members of the iflavirus group. they both infect the honeybee apis mellifera but have strikingly different levels of virulence when transmitted orally. honeybee larvae orally infected with sbv usually accumulate high levels of the virus, which halts larval development and causes insect death. in contrast, oral dwv infection at the larval stage usually causes asymptomatic infection with low ... | 2016 | 26819848 |
| viruses causing hemorrhagic fever. safety laboratory procedures. | viral hemorrhagic fevers are diseases caused by viruses which belong to different families, many of them causing severe diseases. these viruses may produce different symptomatology together with a severe multisystem syndrome, and the final result might be the production of hemorrhages in several sites of the body. the majority of them have no other treatment than supportive therapy, although some antiviral drugs can be used in some circumstances. transmission of vhf has been demonstrated through ... | 2016 | 27014378 |
| caste-specific and sex-specific expression of chemoreceptor genes in a termite. | the sophisticated colony organization of eusocial insects is primarily maintained through the utilization of pheromones. the regulation of these complex social interactions requires intricate chemoreception systems. the recent publication of the genome of zootermopsis nevadensis opened a new avenue to study molecular basis of termite caste systems. although there has been a growing interest in the termite chemoreception system that regulates their sophisticated caste system, the relationship bet ... | 2016 | 26760975 |
| effects of food variability on growth and reproduction of aedes aegypti. | despite a large body of knowledge about the evolution of life histories, we know little about how variable food availability during an individual's development affects its life history. we measured the effects of manipulating food levels during early and late larval development of the mosquito aedes aegypti on its growth rate, life history and reproductive success. switching from low to high food led to compensatory growth: individuals grew more rapidly during late larval development and emerged ... | 2016 | 26843938 |
| carbon dioxide receptor genes and their expression profile in diabrotica virgifera virgifera. | diabrotica virgifera virgifera, western corn rootworm, is one of the most devastating species in north america. d. v. virgifera neonates crawl through the soil to locate the roots on which they feed. carbon dioxide (co2) is one of the important volatile cues that attract d. v. virgifera larvae to roots. | 2016 | 26746870 |
| protection of dogs against canine heartworm infection 28 days after four monthly treatments with advantage multi® for dogs. | monthly heartworm preventives are designed to protect dogs by killing heartworms acquired the month prior to their administration, and after treatment with most products, the drug levels rapidly dissipate to very low levels. work with advantage multi® for dogs (imidacloprid + moxidectin) topical solution showed protection against hookworm infection throughout the month after administration of several monthly doses suggesting that similar protection might occur with heartworms. this study assesse ... | 2016 | 26746229 |
| effects of bmcpv infection on silkworm bombyx mori intestinal bacteria. | the gut microbiota has a crucial role in the growth, development and environmental adaptation in the host insect. the objective of our work was to investigate the microbiota of the healthy silkworm bombyx mori gut and changes after the infection of b. mori cypovirus (bmcpv). intestinal contents of the infected and healthy larvae of b. mori of fifth instar were collected at 24, 72 and 144 h post infection with bmcpv. the gut bacteria were analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16s rrna gene. 147(135) ... | 2016 | 26745627 |
| costs of three wolbachia infections on the survival of aedes aegypti larvae under starvation conditions. | the mosquito aedes aegypti, the principal vector of dengue virus, has recently been infected experimentally with wolbachia: intracellular bacteria that possess potential as dengue biological control agents. wolbachia depend on their hosts for nutrients they are unable to synthesize themselves. consequently, competition between wolbachia and their host for resources could reduce host fitness under the competitive conditions commonly experienced by larvae of ae. aegypti in the field, hampering the ... | 2016 | 26745630 |
| hairy and groucho mediate the action of juvenile hormone receptor methoprene-tolerant in gene repression. | the arthropod-specific juvenile hormone (jh) controls numerous essential functions. its involvement in gene activation is known to be mediated by the transcription factor methoprene-tolerant (met), which turns on jh-controlled genes by directly binding to e-box-like motifs in their regulatory regions. however, it remains unclear how jh represses genes. we used the aedes aegypti female mosquito, in which jh is necessary for reproductive maturation, to show that a repressor, hairy, is required for ... | 2016 | 26744312 |
| development of a larvicidal nanoemulsion with pterodon emarginatus vogel oil. | pterodon emarginatus vogel is a brazilian species that belongs to the family fabaceae, popularly known as sucupira. its oil has several biological activities, including potent larvicidal property against aedes aegypti. this insect is the vector of dengue, a tropical disease that has been considered a critical health problem in developing countries, such as brazil. most of dengue control methods involve larvicidal agents suspended or diluted in water and making active lipophilic natural products ... | 2016 | 26742099 |
| perceived risk of dengue in ones' living environment as a determinant of behavior change through social mobilization and communication: evidence from a high risk area in sri lanka. | the aim of this study was to assess community knowledge and behavioral impact of the social mobilization and communication strategy applied in a dengue high-risk area in sri lanka. | 2016 | 27308297 |
| direct lateral maneuvers in hawkmoths. | we used videography to investigate direct lateral maneuvers, i.e. 'sideslips', of the hawkmoth manduca sexta. m. sexta sideslip by rolling their entire body and wings to reorient their net force vector. during sideslip they increase net aerodynamic force by flapping with greater amplitude, (in both wing elevation and sweep), allowing them to continue to support body weight while rolled. to execute the roll maneuver we observed in sideslips, they use an asymmetric wing stroke; increasing the pitc ... | 2016 | 26740573 |
| serological and entomological study of dengue in dang and chitwan districts of nepal. | a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 264 suspected dengue patients in two districts (dang and chitwan) of nepal from june 2013 to november 2013. the anti-dengue igm positivity was found to be (51/264)19.31% by capture elisa, of which 21 (41.2%) were male and 30 (58.8%) were female. symptoms of seropositive cases were fever, anorexia, nausea, headache, retro-orbital pain, skin rashes, and myalgia. hematological features like thrombocytopenia and leucopenia were found to be si ... | 2016 | 26828951 |
| altered carbohydrates allocation by associated bacteria-fungi interactions in a bark beetle-microbe symbiosis. | insect-microbe interaction is a key area of research in multiplayer symbiosis, yet little is known about the role of microbe-microbe interactions in insect-microbe symbioses. the red turpentine beetle (rtb) has destroyed millions of healthy pines in china and forms context-dependent relationships with associated fungi. the adult-associated fungus leptographium procerum have played key roles in rtb colonization. however, common fungal associates (l. procerum and ophiostoma minus) with rtb larvae ... | 2016 | 26839264 |
| microrna profiling of the whitefly bemisia tabaci middle east-aisa minor i following the acquisition of tomato yellow leaf curl china virus. | the begomoviruses are the largest and most economically important group of plant viruses exclusively vectored by whitefly (bemisia tabaci) in a circulative, persistent manner. during this process, begomoviruses and whitefly vectors have developed close relationships and complex interactions. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions remain largely unknown, and the microrna profiles for viruliferous and nonviruliferous whiteflies have not been studied. | 2016 | 26837429 |
| a comprehensive entomological, serological and molecular study of 2013 dengue outbreak of swat, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. | aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus play a fundamental role in transmission of dengue virus to humans. a single infected aedes mosquito is capable to act as a reservoir/amplifier host for dengue virus and may cause epidemics via horizontal and vertical modes of dengue virus (denv) transmission. the present and future dengue development can be clarified by understanding the elements which help the dissemination of dengue transmission. the current study deals with molecular surveillance of dengue i ... | 2016 | 26848847 |
| co-expression of dorsal and rel2 negatively regulates antimicrobial peptide expression in the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. | nuclear factor κb (nf-κb) plays an essential role in regulation of innate immunity. in mammals, nf-κb factors can form homodimers and heterodimers to activate gene expression. in insects, three nf-κb factors, dorsal, dif and relish, have been identified to activate antimicrobial peptide (amp) gene expression. however, it is not clear whether dorsal (or dif) and relish can form heterodimers. here we report the identification and functional analysis of a dorsal homologue (msdorsal) and two relish ... | 2016 | 26847920 |
| the spermatophore in glossina morsitans morsitans: insights into male contributions to reproduction. | male seminal fluid proteins (sfps) transferred during copulation modulate female reproductive physiology and behavior, impacting sperm storage/use, ovulation, oviposition, and remating receptivity. these capabilities make them ideal targets for developing novel methods of insect disease vector control. little is known about the nature of sfps in the viviparous tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae), vectors of human and animal african trypanosomiasis. in tsetse, male ejaculate is assembled into a c ... | 2016 | 26847001 |
| newly emerging parasitic threats for human health: national and international trends. | 2016 | 26966685 | |
| a new allele conferring resistance to lysinibacillus sphaericus is detected in low frequency in culex quinquefasciatus field populations. | the cqm1 α-glucosidase of culex quinquefasciatus larvae acts as the midgut receptor for the binary toxin of the biolarvicide lysinibacillus sphaericus. mutations within the cqm1 gene can code for aberrant polypeptides that can no longer be properly expressed or bind to the toxin, leading to insect resistance. the cqm1 rec and cqm1 rec-2 alleles were identified in a laboratory selected colony and both displayed mutations that lead to equivalent phenotypes of refractoriness to l. sphaericus. cqm1 ... | 2016 | 26846600 |
| spatial variation of insecticide resistance in the dengue vector aedes aegypti presents unique vector control challenges. | dengue is a major public health problem in mexico, where the use of chemical insecticides to control the principal dengue vector, aedes aegypti, is widespread. resistance to insecticides has been reported in multiple sites, and the frequency of kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance has increased rapidly in recent years. in the present study, we characterized patterns of insecticide resistance in ae. aegypti populations in five small towns surrounding the city of merida, mexico. | 2016 | 26846468 |
| development of a novel-type transgenic cotton plant for control of cotton bollworm. | the transgenic bt cotton plant has been widely planted throughout the world for the control of cotton budworm helicoverpa armigera (hubner). however, a shift towards insect tolerance of bt cotton is now apparent. in this study, the gene encoding neuropeptide f (npf) was cloned from cotton budworm h. armigera, an important agricultural pest. the npf gene produces two splicing mrna variants-npf1 and npf2 (with a 120-bp segment inserted into the npf1 sequence). these are predicted to form the matur ... | 2016 | 26841044 |
| aphicidal activity of illicium verum fruit extracts and their effects on the acetylcholinesterase and glutathione s-transferases activities in myzus persicae (hemiptera: aphididae). | this study aims to explore the aphicidal activity and underlying mechanism of illicium verum hook. f. that is used as both food and medicine. the contact toxicity of the extracts from i. verum fruit with methyl alcohol (ma), ethyl acetate (ea), and petroleum ether (pe) against myzus persicae (sulzer), and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (ache) and glutathione s-transferases (gsts) of m. persicae after contact treatment were tested. the results showed that ma, ea, and pe extracts of 1.000 ... | 2016 | 26826651 |
| identification of the temperature induced larvicidal efficacy of agave angustifolia against aedes, culex, and anopheles larvae. | synthetic insecticides are generally employed to control the mosquito population. however, their injudicious over usage and non-biodegradability are associated with many adverse effects on the environment and mosquitoes. the application of environment-friendly mosquitocidals might be an alternate to overcome these issues. in this study, we found that organic or aqueous extracts of agave angustifolia leaves exhibited a strong larvicidal activity (ld50 28.27 μg/ml) against aedes aegypti, culex qui ... | 2016 | 26793700 |
| mosquitocidal effect of glycosmis pentaphylla leaf extracts against three mosquito species (diptera: culicidae). | the resistance status of malaria vectors to different classes of insecticides used for public health has raised concern for vector control programmes. alternative compounds to supplement the existing tools are important to be searched to overcome the existing resistance and persistence of pesticides in vectors and the environment respectively. the mosquitocidal effects of glycosmis pentaphylla using different solvents of acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts against three medi ... | 2016 | 27391146 |
| leucokinin mimetic elicits aversive behavior in mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) and inhibits the sugar taste neuron. | insect kinins (leucokinins) are multifunctional peptides acting as neurohormones and neurotransmitters. in females of the mosquito vector aedes aegypti (l.), aedeskinins are known to stimulate fluid secretion from the renal organs (malpighian tubules) and hindgut contractions by activating a g protein-coupled kinin receptor designated "aedae-kr." we used protease-resistant kinin analogs 1728, 1729, and 1460 to evaluate their effects on sucrose perception and feeding behavior. in no-choice feedin ... | 2016 | 27274056 |
| evaluation of sublethal effects of ipomoea cairica linn. extract on life history traits of dengue vectors. | plant derived insecticides have considerable potential for mosquito control because these products are safer than conventional insecticides. this study aimed to investigate sublethal activities of ipomoea carica or railway creeper crude acethonilic extract against life history trait of dengue vectors, aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti. the late third instar larvae of ae. albopictus and ae. aegypti were exposed to a sublethal dose at lc50 and larvae that survived were further cultured. overall, ... | 2016 | 27253746 |
| a novel xenomonitoring technique using mosquito excreta/feces for the detection of filarial parasites and malaria. | given the continued successes of the world's lymphatic filariasis (lf) elimination programs and the growing successes of many malaria elimination efforts, the necessity of low cost tools and methodologies applicable to long-term disease surveillance is greater than ever before. as many countries reach the end of their lf mass drug administration programs and a growing number of countries realize unprecedented successes in their malaria intervention efforts, the need for practical molecular xenom ... | 2016 | 27096156 |
| insect transformation with piggybac: getting the number of injections just right. | the insertion of exogenous genetic cargo into insects using transposable elements is a powerful research tool with potential applications in meeting food security and public health challenges facing humanity. piggybac is the transposable element most commonly utilized for insect germline transformation. the described efficiency of this process is variable in the published literature, and a comprehensive review of transformation efficiency in insects is lacking. this study compared and contrasted ... | 2016 | 27027400 |
| fabrication of metal nanoparticles from fungi and metal salts: scope and application. | fungi secrete enzymes and proteins as reducing agents which can be used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles from metal salts. large-scale production of nanoparticles from diverse fungal strains has great potential since they can be grown even in vitro. in recent years, various approaches have been made to maximize the yield of nanoparticles of varying shape, size, and stability. they have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffractometry, sem/tem, zeta potential measure ... | 2016 | 26909778 |
| development of non-defective recombinant densovirus vectors for microrna delivery in the invasive vector mosquito, aedes albopictus. | we previously reported that mosquito densoviruses (mdvs) are potential vectors for delivering foreign nucleic acids into mosquito cells. however, considering existing expression strategies, recombinant viruses would inevitably become replication-defective viruses and lose their ability for secondary transmission. the packaging limitations of the virion represent a barrier for the development of mdvs for viral paratransgenesis or as high-efficiency bioinsecticides. herein, we report the developme ... | 2016 | 26879823 |
| an evidence-based review on medicinal plants used as insecticide and insect repellent in traditional iranian medicine. | insects can be the cause of major ecological problems; they can transmit microbes and parasites that affect humans, and damage food crops, trees, and homes. the total economic cost of insect-related damage and disease is immeasurable. in traditional iranian medicine (tim), several medicinal plants have been identified as insecticides or insect repellents, but many of them are still unknown. therefore, the aim of this study was to review the insecticidal or insect repellent activity of certain me ... | 2016 | 27186389 |
| large-scale anopheles arabiensis egg quantification methods for mass-rearing operations. | the success of the sterile insect technique relies, among other things, on the continuous release of over flooding numbers of sexually competitive sterile males into the target area. to produce sufficiently large quantities of sterile males, rearing protocols need to be optimized including the development and validation of a standardized egg quantification method. | 2016 | 26852018 |
| identification of male- and female-specific olfaction genes in antennae of the oriental fruit fly (bactrocera dorsalis). | the oriental fruit fly (bactrocera dorsalis) is a species of tephritid fruit fly, endemic to southeast asia but also introduced to many regions of the us, and it is one of the major pest species with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits. although males of b. dorsalis respond strongly to methyl eugenol and this is used for monitoring and estimating populations, the molecular mechanism of the oriental fruit fly olfaction has not been elucidated yet. therefore, in this project, using ne ... | 2016 | 26845547 |
| methanolic extract of agerantum conyzoides exhibited toxicity and growth disruption activities against anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis larvae. | vector control remains the mainstay to effective malaria management. the negative implications following persistent application of synthetic insecticides geared towards regulation of mosquito populations have necessitated prospection for ecofriendly effective chemistries. plant-derived compounds have the potential to control malaria-transmitting mosquito populations. previously, agerantum conyzoides extracts have demonstrated toxicity effects on disease-transmitting mosquitoes. however, their ef ... | 2016 | 27876055 |
| identification of genes for engineering the male germline of aedes aegypti and ceratitis capitata. | synthetic biology approaches are promising new strategies for control of pest insects that transmit disease and cause agricultural damage. these strategies require characterised modular components that can direct appropriate expression of effector sequences, with components conserved across species being particularly useful. the goal of this study was to identify genes from which new potential components could be derived for manipulation of the male germline in two major pest species, the mosqui ... | 2016 | 27871244 |
| does fluoride influence oviposition of anopheles stephensi in stored water habitats in an urban setting? | the physico-chemical characteristics of lentic aquatic habitats greatly influence mosquito species in selecting suitable oviposition sites; immature development, pupation and adult emergence, therefore are considerations for their preferred ecological niche. correlating water quality parameters with mosquito breeding, as well as immature vector density, are useful for vector control operations in identifying and targeting potential breeding habitats. | 2016 | 27829419 |
| identification and characterization of micrornas expressed in the african malaria vector anopheles funestus life stages using high throughput sequencing. | over the past several years, thousands of micrornas (mirnas) have been identified in the genomes of various insects through cloning and sequencing or even by computational prediction. however, the number of mirnas identified in anopheline species is low and little is known about their role. the mosquito anopheles funestus is one of the dominant malaria vectors in africa, which infects and kills millions of people every year. therefore, small rna molecules isolated from the four life stages (eggs ... | 2016 | 27825380 |
| vorticella sp: prospective mosquito biocontrol agent. | considering the disadvantages of chemical insecticides, we aimed to evaluate vorticella parasites for control of mosquito larvae of anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti at different larval stages. | 2016 | 28032113 |
| laboratory evaluation of temephos against anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens larvae in iran. | malaria is still a health problem in iran. there are several vector control activities, including indoor residual spraying, using insecticide treated nets and larviciding including temephos. in addition nuisance mosquitos are prevalent in the urban areas. so that evaluation of this species to larvicide will provide a clue for management of vector control activities. | 2016 | 28032103 |
| guy1 confers complete female lethality and is a strong candidate for a male-determining factor in anopheles stephensi. | despite their importance in sexual differentiation and reproduction, y chromosome genes are rarely described because they reside in repeat-rich regions that are difficult to study. here, we show that guy1, a unique y chromosome gene of a major urban malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi, confers 100% female lethality when placed on the autosomes. we show that the small guy1 protein (56 amino acids in length) causes female lethality and that males carrying the transgene are reproductively more com ... | 2016 | 27644420 |
| effects of environment, dietary regime and ageing on the dengue vector microbiota: evidence of a core microbiota throughout aedes aegypti lifespan. | mosquito midgut microbiota is a key component of vector competence, as gut bacteria can disturb pathogen development. in this study, we addressed the microbiota composition of aedes aegypti during its lifespan, under field conditions. we also investigated the possible effects of environment, dietary regime and ageing on the gut community composition. we employed culture independent and dependent approaches to characterise vector microbiota. there was evidence of a lifelong stable core microbiota ... | 2016 | 27580348 |
| seminal fluid protein genes of the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens. | seminal fluid proteins (sfps) are produced mainly in the accessory gland of male insects and transferred to females during mating, in which they induce numerous physiological and post-mating behavioral changes. the brown plant hopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens, is an economically important hemipterous pest of rice. the behavior and physiology of the female of this species is significantly altered by mating. sfps in hemipteran species are still unclear. | 2016 | 27538518 |
| an improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human-feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch. | reliable quantification of mosquito host-seeking behaviours is required to determine the efficacy of vector control methods. for malaria, the gold standard approach remains the risky human landing catch (hlc). here compare the performance of an improved prototype of the mosquito electrocuting grid trap (met) as a safer alternative with hlc for measuring malaria vector behaviour in dar es salaam, tanzania. | 2016 | 27618941 |
| comparative performance of transcriptome assembly methods for non-model organisms. | the technological revolution in next-generation sequencing has brought unprecedented opportunities to study any organism of interest at the genomic or transcriptomic level. transcriptome assembly is a crucial first step for studying the molecular basis of phenotypes of interest using rna-sequencing (rna-seq). however, the optimal strategy for assembling vast amounts of short rna-seq reads remains unresolved, especially for organisms without a sequenced genome. this study compared four transcript ... | 2016 | 27464550 |
| characterization of a midgut mucin-like glycoconjugate of lutzomyia longipalpis with a potential role in leishmania attachment. | leishmania parasites are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and a crucial step in their life-cycle is the binding to the sand fly midgut. laboratory studies on sand fly competence to leishmania parasites suggest that the sand flies fall into two groups: several species are termed "specific/restricted" vectors that support the development of one leishmania species only, while the others belong to so-called "permissive" vectors susceptible to a wide range of leishmania species. in a previous s ... | 2016 | 27457627 |
| purification and characterization of a novel kazal-type trypsin inhibitor from the leech of hirudinaria manillensis. | kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors are found in a large number of living organisms and play crucial roles in various biological and physiological processes. although some kazal-type serine protease inhibitors have been identified in leeches, none has been reported from hirudinaria manillensis, which is a medically important leech. in this study, a novel kazal-type trypsin inhibitor was isolated from leech h. manillensis, purified and named as bdellin-hm based on the sequence similarity with ... | 2016 | 27455325 |
| the queenslandensis and the type form of the dengue fever mosquito (aedes aegypti l.) are genomically indistinguishable. | the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) is a major vector of viral diseases like dengue fever, zika and chikungunya. aedes aegypti exhibits high morphological and behavioral variation, some of which is thought to be of epidemiological significance. globally distributed domestic ae. aegypti have often been grouped into (i) the very pale variety queenslandensis and (ii) the type form. because the two color forms co-occur across most of their range, there is interest in understanding how freely they interb ... | 2016 | 27806047 |
| discovery of point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel from african aedes aegypti populations: potential phylogenetic reasons for gene introgression. | yellow fever is endemic in some countries in africa, and aedes aegpyti is one of the most important vectors implicated in the outbreak. the mapping of the nation-wide distribution and the detection of insecticide resistance of vector mosquitoes will provide the beneficial information for forecasting of dengue and yellow fever outbreaks and effective control measures. | 2016 | 27304430 |
| detection and perception of generic host volatiles by mosquitoes modulate host preference: context dependence of (r)-1-octen-3-ol. | natural selection favours a restricted host breadth in disease vector mosquitoes, indicating that there is an adaptive value associated with maintaining plasticity in host preference. one mechanism to maintain such plasticity is via the detection of generic cues by conserved peripheral olfactory pathways, which when perceived in different host odour contexts enable the identification of and discrimination among potential host species. here, we show that the context of an odour cue shapes host pe ... | 2016 | 28018630 |
| larval nutritional stress affects vector life history traits and human malaria transmission. | exposure to stress during an insect's larval development can have carry-over effects on adult life history traits and susceptibility to pathogens. we investigated the effects of larval nutritional stress for the first time using field mosquito vectors and malaria parasites. in contrast to previous studies, we show that larval nutritional stress may affect human to mosquito transmission antagonistically: nutritionally deprived larvae showed lower parasite prevalence for only one gametocyte carrie ... | 2016 | 27827429 |
| multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles funestus from northern cameroon is mediated by metabolic resistance alongside potential target site insensitivity mutations. | despite the recent progress in establishing the patterns of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles funestus, central african populations of this species remain largely uncharacterised. to bridge this important gap and facilitate the implementation of suitable control strategies against this vector, we characterised the resistance patterns of an. funestus population from northern cameroon. | 2016 | 27723825 |
| tyrosine hydroxylase is crucial for maintaining pupal tanning and immunity in anopheles sinensis. | tyrosine hydroxylase (th), the initial enzyme in the melanin pathway, catalyzes tyrosine conversion into dopa. although expression and regulation of th have been shown to affect cuticle pigmentation in insects, no direct functional studies to date have focused on the specific physiological processes involving the enzyme during mosquito development. in the current study, silencing of asth during the time period of continuous high expression in anopheles sinensis pupae led to significant impairmen ... | 2016 | 27416870 |
| seeing is believing: the nocturnal malarial mosquito anopheles coluzzii responds to visual host-cues when odour indicates a host is nearby. | the immediate aim of our study was to analyse the behaviour of the malarial mosquito anopheles coluzzii (an. gambiae species complex) near a human host with the ultimate aim of contributing to our fundamental understanding of mosquito host-seeking behaviour and the overall aim of identifying behaviours that could be exploited to enhance sampling and control strategies. | 2016 | 27260254 |
| attractiveness of volatiles from different body parts to the malaria mosquito anopheles coluzzii is affected by deodorant compounds. | mosquitoes display biting preferences among different sites of the human body. in addition to height or convection currents, body odour may play a role in the selection of these biting sites. previous studies have shown that skin emanations are important host-finding cues for mosquitoes. in this study, skin emanations were collected from armpits, hands and feet; the volatile profiles were analysed and tested for their attractiveness to the malaria mosquito anopheles coluzzii. skin emanations col ... | 2016 | 27251017 |
| wolbachia infections in natural anopheles populations affect egg laying and negatively correlate with plasmodium development. | the maternally inherited alpha-proteobacterium wolbachia has been proposed as a tool to block transmission of devastating mosquito-borne infectious diseases like dengue and malaria. here we study the reproductive manipulations induced by a recently identified wolbachia strain that stably infects natural mosquito populations of a major malaria vector, anopheles coluzzii, in burkina faso. we determine that these infections significantly accelerate egg laying but do not induce cytoplasmic incompati ... | 2016 | 27243367 |
| the larvicidal effects of black pepper (piper nigrum l.) and piperine against insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes. | insecticide resistance carries the potential to undermine the efficacy of insecticide based malaria vector control strategies. therefore, there is an urgent need for new insecticidal compounds. black pepper (dried fruit from the vine, piper nigrum), used as a food additive and spice, and its principal alkaloid piperine, have previously been shown to have larvicidal properties. the aim of this study was to investigate the larvicidal effects of ground black pepper and piperine against third and fo ... | 2016 | 27117913 |
| comparison of irradiation and wolbachia based approaches for sterile-male strategies targeting aedes albopictus. | the global expansion of aedes albopictus together with the absence of vaccines for most of the arboviruses transmitted by this mosquito has stimulated the development of sterile-male strategies aiming at controlling disease transmission through the suppression of natural vector populations. in this context, two environmentally friendly control strategies, namely the sterile insect technique (sit) and the wolbachia-based incompatible insect technique (iit) are currently being developed in several ... | 2016 | 26765951 |
| pyrosequencing the midgut transcriptome of the banana weevil cosmopolites sordidus (germar) (coleoptera: curculionidae) reveals multiple protease-like transcripts. | the banana weevil cosmopolites sordidus is an important and serious insect pest in most banana and plantain-growing areas of the world. in spite of the economic importance of this insect pest very little genomic and transcriptomic information exists for this species. in the present study, we characterized the midgut transcriptome of c. sordidus using massive 454-pyrosequencing. we generated over 590,000 sequencing reads that assembled into 30,840 contigs with more than 400 bp, representing a sig ... | 2016 | 26949943 |
| proteomic profile of the bradysia odoriphaga in response to the microbial secondary metabolite benzothiazole. | benzothiazole, a microbial secondary metabolite, has been demonstrated to possess fumigant activity against sclerotinia sclerotiorum, ditylenchus destructor and bradysia odoriphaga. however, to facilitate the development of novel microbial pesticides, the mode of action of benzothiazole needs to be elucidated. here, we employed itraq-based quantitative proteomics analysis to investigate the effects of benzothiazole on the proteomic expression of b. odoriphaga. in response to benzothiazole, 92 of ... | 2016 | 27883048 |
| declining prevalence of disease vectors under climate change. | more than half of the world population is at risk of vector-borne diseases including dengue fever, chikungunya, zika, yellow fever, leishmaniasis, chagas disease, and malaria, with highest incidences in tropical regions. in ecuador, vector-borne diseases are present from coastal and amazonian regions to the andes mountains; however, a detailed characterization of the distribution of their vectors has never been carried out. we estimate the distribution of 14 vectors of the above vector-borne dis ... | 2016 | 27982119 |
| bacterial diversity of the american sand fly lutzomyia intermedia using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. | parasites of the genus leishmania cause a broad spectrum of diseases, collectively known as leishmaniasis, in humans worldwide. american cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected disease transmitted by sand fly vectors including lutzomyia intermedia, a proven vector. the female sand fly can acquire or deliver leishmania spp. parasites while feeding on a blood meal, which is required for nutrition, egg development and survival. the microbiota composition and abundance varies by food source, life sta ... | 2016 | 27581188 |
| "the environment is everything that isn't me": molecular mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of insect clocks in variable surroundings. | circadian rhythms are oscillations in behavior, metabolism and physiology that have a period close to 24 h. these rhythms are controlled by an internal pacemaker that evolved under strong selective pressures imposed by environmental cyclical changes, mainly of light and temperature. the molecular nature of the circadian pacemaker was extensively studied in a number of organisms under controlled laboratory conditions. but although these studies were fundamental to our understanding of the circadi ... | 2016 | 26793115 |
| reproductive incompatibility involving senegalese aedes aegypti (l) is associated with chromosome rearrangements. | aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue, yellow fever and zika flaviviruses, consists of at least two subspecies. aedes aegypti (aaa) is light in color, has pale scales on the first abdominal tergite, oviposits in artificial containers, and preferentially feeds on humans. aedes aegypti formosus (aaf), has a dark cuticle, is restricted to sub-saharan africa, has no pale scales on the first abdominal tergite and frequently oviposits in natural containers. scale patterns correlate with cuticle ... | 2016 | 27105225 |
| piwis go viral: arbovirus-derived pirnas in vector mosquitoes. | vector mosquitoes are responsible for transmission of the majority of arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses. virus replication in these vectors needs to be sufficiently high to permit efficient virus transfer to vertebrate hosts. the mosquito immune response therefore is a key determinant for arbovirus transmission. mosquito antiviral immunity is primarily mediated by the small interfering rna pathway. besides this well-established antiviral machinery, the piwi-interacting rna (pirna) pathway processe ... | 2016 | 28033427 |
| viral rna silencing suppression: the enigma of bunyavirus nss proteins. | the bunyaviridae is a family of arboviruses including both plant- and vertebrate-infecting representatives. the tospovirus genus accommodates plant-infecting bunyaviruses, which not only replicate in their plant host, but also in their insect thrips vector during persistent propagative transmission. for this reason, they are generally assumed to encounter antiviral rna silencing in plants and insects. here we present an overview on how tospovirus nonstructural nss protein counteracts antiviral r ... | 2016 | 27455310 |
| biotype characterization, developmental profiling, insecticide response and binding property of bemisia tabaci chemosensory proteins: role of csp in insect defense. | chemosensory proteins (csps) are believed to play a key role in the chemosensory process in insects. sequencing genomic dna and rna encoding csp1, csp2 and csp3 in the sweet potato whitefly bemisia tabaci showed strong variation between b and q biotypes. analyzing csp-rna levels showed not only biotype, but also age and developmental stage-specific expression. interestingly, applying neonicotinoid thiamethoxam insecticide using twenty-five different dose/time treatments in b and q young adults s ... | 2016 | 27167733 |
| molecular diversity between salivary proteins from new world and old world sand flies with emphasis on bichromomyia olmeca, the sand fly vector of leishmania mexicana in mesoamerica. | sand fly saliva has been shown to have proteins with potent biological activities, salivary proteins that can be used as biomarkers of vector exposure, and salivary proteins that are candidate vaccines against different forms of leishmaniasis. sand fly salivary gland transcriptomic approach has contributed significantly to the identification and characterization of many of these salivary proteins from important leishmania vectors; however, sand fly vectors in some regions of the world are still ... | 2016 | 27409591 |
| genetic diversity and phylogeny of aedes aegypti, the main arbovirus vector in the pacific. | the pacific region is an area unique in the world, composed of thousands of islands with differing climates and environments. the spreading and establishment of the mosquito aedes aegypti in these islands might be linked to human migration. ae. aegypti is the major vector of arboviruses (dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses) in the region. the intense circulation of these viruses in the pacific during the last decade led to an increase of vector control measures by local health authorities. the ... | 2016 | 26799213 |
| sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting túngara frogs. | trypanosomes are a diverse group of protozoan parasites of vertebrates transmitted by a variety of hematophagous invertebrate vectors. anuran trypanosomes and their vectors have received relatively little attention even though these parasites have been reported from frog and toad species worldwide. blood samples collected from túngara frogs (engystomops pustulosus), a neotropical anuran species heavily preyed upon by eavesdropping frog-biting midges (corethrella spp.), were examined for trypanos ... | 2016 | 26977404 |
| identification and genomic analysis of a novel group c orthobunyavirus isolated from a mosquito captured near iquitos, peru. | group c orthobunyaviruses are single-stranded rna viruses found in both south and north america. until very recently, and despite their status as important vector-borne human pathogens, no group c whole genome sequences containing all three segments were available in public databases. here we report a group c orthobunyavirus, named el huayo virus, isolated from a pool of culex portesi mosquitoes captured near iquitos, peru. although initial metagenomic analysis yielded only a handful of reads be ... | 2016 | 27074162 |
| culex quinquefasciatus larval microbiomes vary with instar and exposure to common wastewater contaminants. | like many insects, mosquitoes, rely on endosymbionts to grow and develop. these can be acquired from the environment. we used next generation 454 pyrosequencing to discern the whole-body microbiome of the mosquito species culex quinquefasciatus in various larval stadia and following exposure to common pharmaceutical and personal care products (ppcps) found in wastewater. ppcp treatments included environmentally-relevant concentrations; 1) a combination of common antibiotics, 2) a combination of ... | 2016 | 26912375 |
| mating-induced transcriptome changes in the reproductive tract of female aedes aegypti. | the aedes aegypti mosquito is a significant public health threat, as it is the main vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses. disease control efforts could be enhanced through reproductive manipulation of these vectors. previous work has revealed a relationship between male seminal fluid proteins transferred to females during mating and female post-mating physiology and behavior. to better understand this interplay, we used short-read rna sequencing to identify gene expression changes in the low ... | 2016 | 26901677 |
| mevalonate-farnesal biosynthesis in ticks: comparative synganglion transcriptomics and a new perspective. | juvenile hormone (jh) controls the growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction of insects. for many years, the general assumption has been that jh regulates tick and other acarine development and reproduction the same as in insects. although researchers have not been able to find the common insect jhs in hard and soft tick species and jh applications appear to have no effect on tick development, it is difficult to prove the negative or to determine whether precursors to jh are made in t ... | 2016 | 26959814 |
| effect of the saliva from different triatomine species on the biology and immunity of tlr-4 ligand and trypanosoma cruzi-stimulated dendritic cells. | triatomines are blood-sucking vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease. during feeding, triatomines surpass the skin host response through biomolecules present in their saliva. dendritic cells (dcs) play a crucial role in the induction of the protection to aggressive agents, including blood-sucking arthropods. here, we evaluated if salivary components of triatomines from different genera evade the host immunity by modulating the biology and the function of lps- or t. c ... | 2016 | 27938380 |
| the genome of the crustacean parhyale hawaiensis, a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion. | the amphipod crustacean parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. we have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding rnas that will enhance ongoing functional studies. parhyale is a member of the malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. we analysed the immunity related genes of parhyale as an important comparative system for the ... | 2016 | 27849518 |