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genetic diversity and phylogeny of aedes aegypti, the main arbovirus vector in the pacific.the pacific region is an area unique in the world, composed of thousands of islands with differing climates and environments. the spreading and establishment of the mosquito aedes aegypti in these islands might be linked to human migration. ae. aegypti is the major vector of arboviruses (dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses) in the region. the intense circulation of these viruses in the pacific during the last decade led to an increase of vector control measures by local health authorities. the ...201626799213
sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting túngara frogs.trypanosomes are a diverse group of protozoan parasites of vertebrates transmitted by a variety of hematophagous invertebrate vectors. anuran trypanosomes and their vectors have received relatively little attention even though these parasites have been reported from frog and toad species worldwide. blood samples collected from túngara frogs (engystomops pustulosus), a neotropical anuran species heavily preyed upon by eavesdropping frog-biting midges (corethrella spp.), were examined for trypanos ...201626977404
identification and genomic analysis of a novel group c orthobunyavirus isolated from a mosquito captured near iquitos, peru.group c orthobunyaviruses are single-stranded rna viruses found in both south and north america. until very recently, and despite their status as important vector-borne human pathogens, no group c whole genome sequences containing all three segments were available in public databases. here we report a group c orthobunyavirus, named el huayo virus, isolated from a pool of culex portesi mosquitoes captured near iquitos, peru. although initial metagenomic analysis yielded only a handful of reads be ...201627074162
culex quinquefasciatus larval microbiomes vary with instar and exposure to common wastewater contaminants.like many insects, mosquitoes, rely on endosymbionts to grow and develop. these can be acquired from the environment. we used next generation 454 pyrosequencing to discern the whole-body microbiome of the mosquito species culex quinquefasciatus in various larval stadia and following exposure to common pharmaceutical and personal care products (ppcps) found in wastewater. ppcp treatments included environmentally-relevant concentrations; 1) a combination of common antibiotics, 2) a combination of ...201626912375
mating-induced transcriptome changes in the reproductive tract of female aedes aegypti.the aedes aegypti mosquito is a significant public health threat, as it is the main vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses. disease control efforts could be enhanced through reproductive manipulation of these vectors. previous work has revealed a relationship between male seminal fluid proteins transferred to females during mating and female post-mating physiology and behavior. to better understand this interplay, we used short-read rna sequencing to identify gene expression changes in the low ...201626901677
mevalonate-farnesal biosynthesis in ticks: comparative synganglion transcriptomics and a new perspective.juvenile hormone (jh) controls the growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction of insects. for many years, the general assumption has been that jh regulates tick and other acarine development and reproduction the same as in insects. although researchers have not been able to find the common insect jhs in hard and soft tick species and jh applications appear to have no effect on tick development, it is difficult to prove the negative or to determine whether precursors to jh are made in t ...201626959814
effect of the saliva from different triatomine species on the biology and immunity of tlr-4 ligand and trypanosoma cruzi-stimulated dendritic cells.triatomines are blood-sucking vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease. during feeding, triatomines surpass the skin host response through biomolecules present in their saliva. dendritic cells (dcs) play a crucial role in the induction of the protection to aggressive agents, including blood-sucking arthropods. here, we evaluated if salivary components of triatomines from different genera evade the host immunity by modulating the biology and the function of lps- or t. c ...201627938380
the genome of the crustacean parhyale hawaiensis, a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion.the amphipod crustacean parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. we have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding rnas that will enhance ongoing functional studies. parhyale is a member of the malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. we analysed the immunity related genes of parhyale as an important comparative system for the ...201627849518
a crossover study to evaluate the diversion of malaria vectors in a community with incomplete coverage of spatial repellents in the kilombero valley, tanzania.malaria elimination is unlikely to occur if vector control efforts focus entirely on transmission occurring indoors without addressing vectors that bite outdoors and outside sleeping hours. additional control tools such as spatial repellents may provide the personal protection required to fill this gap. however, since repellents do not kill mosquitoes it is unclear if vectors will be diverted from households that use spatial repellents to those that do not.201627527601
rapid and high throughput molecular identification of diverse mosquito species by high resolution melting analysis.mosquitoes are a diverse group of invertebrates, with members that are among the most important vectors of diseases. the correct identification of mosquitoes is paramount to the control of the diseases that they transmit. however, morphological techniques depend on the quality of the specimen and often unavailable taxonomic expertise, which may still not be able to distinguish mosquitoes among species complexes (sibling and cryptic species). high resolution melting (hrm) analyses, a closed-tube, ...201627703667
genetic variations in bionomics of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) mosquito population in minna, north central nigeria.the need to have an improved knowledge on the bioecology of culex quinquefasciatus, a prerequisite in the development of cost-effective control strategies, has informed the present preliminary investigation to put in better perspective variations that exist in the egg rafts of the species. freshly laid egg rafts were collected and incubated at ambient temperature in well-labeled plastic trays. the results showed overall inconsistency in all indices monitored for the egg rafts. generally, survivo ...201627013900
preliminary results on the control of aedes spp. in a remote guatemalan community vulnerable to dengue, chikungunya and zika virus: community participation and use of low-cost ecological ovillantas for mosquito control.objective: to study the effectiveness of an integrated intervention of health worker training, a low-cost ecological mosquito ovitrap, and community engagement on aedes spp. mosquito control over 10 months in 2015 in an urban remote community in guatemala at risk of dengue, chikungunya and zika virus transmission. methods: we implemented a three-component integrated intervention consisting of: web-based training of local health personnel in vector control, cluster-randomized assignment of an eco ...201628105304
functional analysis of orco and odorant receptors in odor recognition in aedes albopictus.aedes albopictus is a globally invasive mosquito and a major vector of arboviruses, including dengue, zika and chikungunya. olfactory-related behaviors, particularly host-seeking, offer opportunities to disrupt the disease-transmission process. a better understanding of odorant receptors (ors) may assist in explaining host selection and location, and contribute to novel strategy of vector control.201627350348
global risk model for vector-borne transmission of zika virus reveals the role of el niño 2015.zika, a mosquito-borne viral disease that emerged in south america in 2015, was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the who in february of 2016. we developed a climate-driven r0 mathematical model for the transmission risk of zika virus (zikv) that explicitly includes two key mosquito vector species: aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus the model was parameterized and calibrated using the most up to date information from the available literature. it was then driven by ob ...201627994145
deep sequencing-based transcriptome analysis reveals the regulatory mechanism of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) nymph parasitized by encarsia sophia (hymenoptera: aphelinidae).the whitefly bemisia tabaci is a genetically diverse complex with multiple cryptic species, and some are the most destructive invasive pests of many ornamentals and crops worldwide. encarsia sophia is an autoparasitoid wasp that demonstrated high efficiency as bio-control agent of whiteflies. however, the immune mechanism of b. tabaci parasitization by e. sophia is unknown. in order to investigate immune response of b. tabaci to e. sophia parasitization, the transcriptome of e. sophia parasitize ...201627332546
population genetic structure and potential incursion pathways of the bluetongue virus vector culicoides brevitarsis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in australia.culicoides brevitarsis is a vector of the bluetongue virus (btv), which infects sheep and cattle. it is an invasive species in australia with an assumed asian/south east asian origin. using one mitochondrial marker (i.e., part of the cytochrome oxidase subunit i gene) and six nuclear markers, we inferred population genetic structure and possible incursion pathways for australian c. brevitarsis. nine mitochondrial haplotypes, with low nucleotide sequence diversity (0.0-0.7%) among these, were ide ...201626771743
application of copper-based ovitraps in local houses in west sumatra, indonesia: a field test of a simple and affordable larvicide for mosquito control.the application of oviposition traps (ovitraps) is one of the currently available rational methods used in mosquito control campaigns because it eliminates the larval stage. however, the use of current larvicides is hampered by their cost and applicability. therefore, a more economical and practical alternative is urgently needed. we previously reported that copper in liquid form is a promising candidate due to its potent larvicide properties in a laboratory setting, affordability, and availabil ...201627433130
artisanal extraction and traditional knowledge associated with medicinal use of crabwood oil (carapa guianensis aublet.) in a peri-urban várzea environment in the amazon estuary.várzea forests of the amazon estuary contain species of importance to riverine communities. for example, the oil extracted from the seeds of crabwood trees is traditionally used to combat various illnesses and as such artisanal extraction processes have been maintained. the objectives of this study were to (1) describe the process involved in artisanal extraction of crabwood oil in the fazendinha protected area, in the state of amapá; (2) characterise the processes of knowledge transfer associat ...201627478479
sarcoptes scabiei: genomics to proteomics to biology.the common scabies mite, sarcoptes scabiei is a cosmopolitan parasite of humans and other mammals. an annotated genome of sarcoptes scabiei var. canis has been deposited in the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) and vectorbase and a proteomic analysis of proteins in extracts of mite bodies and eggs from this strain has been reported. here we mined the data to identify predicted proteins that are known to be involved in specific biological processes in other animals.201627371026
in vitro effect of seven essential oils on the reproduction of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.the acaricidal effect of seven essential oils was examined in vitro against the cattle tick (rhipicephalus microplus). engorged female ticks were manually collected in farms of southern brazil and placed into petri dishes (n = 10) in order to test the following oils: juniper (juniperus communis), palmarosa (cymbopogon martinii), cedar (cedrus atlantica), lemon grass (cymbopogon citratus), ginger (zingiber officinale), geranium (pelargonium graveolens) and bergamot (citrus aurantium var bergamia) ...201627857849
acquisition of exogenous haem is essential for tick reproduction.haem and iron homeostasis in most eukaryotic cells is based on a balanced flux between haem biosynthesis and haem oxygenase-mediated degradation. unlike most eukaryotes, ticks possess an incomplete haem biosynthetic pathway and, together with other (non-haematophagous) mites, lack a gene encoding haem oxygenase. we demonstrated, by membrane feeding, that ticks do not acquire bioavailable iron from haemoglobin-derived haem. however, ticks require dietary haemoglobin as an exogenous source of haem ...201626949258
widespread rift valley fever emergence in senegal in 2013-2014.rift valley fever (rvf), which caused epizootics and epidemics among human and livestock populations, occurred in senegal in 2013-2014. a multidisciplinary field investigation was carried out in 3 regions of senegal. we found 11 confirmed human cases of rift valley fever, including severe cases with encephalitis and retinitis, 1 pool of mosquito (aedes ochraceus), and 52 animals tested positive for the disease. symptoms such as encephalitis and macular retinitis were the most severe cases report ...201627704007
successful malaria elimination in the ecuador-peru border region: epidemiology and lessons learned.in recent years, malaria (plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum) has been successfully controlled in the ecuador-peru coastal border region. the aim of this study was to document this control effort and to identify the best practices and lessons learned that are applicable to malaria control and to other vector-borne diseases. a proximal outcome evaluation was conducted of the robust elimination programme in el oro province, ecuador, and the tumbes region, peru. data collection efforts incl ...201627894320
evolutionarily conserved odorant receptor function questions ecological context of octenol role in mosquitoes.olfaction is a key insect adaptation to a wide range of habitats. in the last thirty years, the detection of octenol by blood-feeding insects has been primarily understood in the context of animal host-seeking. the recent discovery of a conserved octenol receptor gene in the strictly nectar-feeding elephant mosquito toxorhynchites amboinensis (taor8) suggests a different biological role. here, we show that taor8 is a functional ortholog of its counterparts in blood-feeding mosquitoes displaying ...201627849027
the neurotranscriptome of the aedes aegypti mosquito.a complete genome sequence and the advent of genome editing open up non-traditional model organisms to mechanistic genetic studies. the mosquito aedes aegypti is an important vector of infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever and has a large and complex genome, which has slowed annotation efforts. we used comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of adult gene expression to improve the genome annotation and to provide a detailed tissue-specific catalogue of neural gene expre ...201626738925
scavenger receptor c mediates phagocytosis of white spot syndrome virus and restricts virus proliferation in shrimp.scavenger receptors are an important class of pattern recognition receptors that play several important roles in host defense against pathogens. the class c scavenger receptors (srcs) have only been identified in a few invertebrates, and their role in the immune response against viruses is seldom studied. in this study, we firstly identified an src from kuruma shrimp, marsupenaeus japonicus, designated mjsrc, which was significantly upregulated after white spot syndrome virus (wssv) challenge at ...201628027319
an antibody against an anopheles albimanus midgut myosin reduces plasmodium berghei oocyst development.malaria parasites are transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes. although several studies have identified mosquito midgut surface proteins that are putatively important for plasmodium ookinete invasion, only a few have characterized these protein targets and demonstrated transmission-blocking activity. molecular information about these proteins is essential for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines (tbv). the aim of the present study was to test three monoclonal antibodies (mabs), a-140, a ...201627165123
daily rhythms in mosquitoes and their consequences for malaria transmission.the 24-h day involves cycles in environmental factors that impact organismal fitness. this is thought to select for organisms to regulate their temporal biology accordingly, through circadian and diel rhythms. in addition to rhythms in abiotic factors (such as light and temperature), biotic factors, including ecological interactions, also follow daily cycles. how daily rhythms shape, and are shaped by, interactions between organisms is poorly understood. here, we review an emerging area, namely ...201627089370
expression patterns, mutation detection and rna interference of rhopalosiphum padi voltage-gated sodium channel genes.the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) is the target of sodium-channel-blocking insecticides. traditionally, animals were thought to have only one vgsc gene comprising a α-subunit with four homologous domains (di-div). the present study showed that rhopalosiphum padi, an economically important crop pest, owned a unique heterodimeric vgsc (h1 and h2 subunits) encoded by two genes (rpvgsc1 and rpvgsc2), which is unusual in insects and other animals. the open reading frame (orf) of rpvgsc1 consist ...201627439594
identification of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease conferring resistance to deltamethrin by characterization of an aflp marker in culex pipiens pallens.continuous and excessive application of deltamethrin (dm) has resulted in the rapid development of insecticide resistance in culex pipiens pallens. the quantitative trait loci (qtl) responsible for resistance to dm had previously been detected in cx. pipiens pallens. but locating the qtls on the chromosomes remained difficult. an available approach is to first characterize dna molecular markers linked with the phenotype, and then identify candidate genes.201627007119
gravid anopheles gambiae sensu stricto avoid ovipositing in bermuda grass hay infusion and it's volatiles in two choice egg-count bioassays.a number of mosquito species in the culex and aedes genera prefer to lay eggs in bermuda grass (cynodon dactylon) hay infusions compared to water alone. these mosquitoes are attracted to volatile compounds from the hay infusions making the infusions effective baits in gravid traps used for monitoring vectors of arboviral and filarial pathogens. since bermuda grass is abundant and widespread, it is plausible to explore infusions made from it as a potential low cost bait for outdoor monitoring of ...201627177033
species-specific escape of plasmodium sporozoites from oocysts of avian, rodent, and human malarial parasites.malaria is transmitted when an infected mosquito delivers plasmodium sporozoites into a vertebrate host. there are many species of plasmodium and, in general, the infection is host-specific. for example, plasmodium gallinaceum is an avian parasite, while plasmodium berghei infects mice. these two parasites have been extensively used as experimental models of malaria transmission. plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are the most important agents of human malaria, a life-threatening disease ...201627480269
first identification of kdr allele f1534s in vgsc gene and its association with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in aedes albopictus populations from haikou city, hainan island, china.aedes albopictus is distributed widely in china, as a primary vector of dengue fever and chikungunya fever in south of china. chemical insecticide control is one of the integrated programmes to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. long-term applications of pyrethroids have resulted in the development of resistance in ae. albopictus populations in china. however, the susceptibility of ae. albopictus to pyrethroids in hainan island was unclear. knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by point mutations in ...201627133234
spatial and temporal country-wide survey of temephos resistance in brazilian populations of aedes aegypti.the organophosphate temephos has been the main insecticide used against larvae of the dengue and yellow fever mosquito (aedes aegypti) in brazil since the mid-1980s. reports of resistance date back to 1995; however, no systematic reports of widespread temephos resistance have occurred to date. as resistance investigation is paramount for strategic decision-making by health officials, our objective here was to investigate the spatial and temporal spread of temephos resistance in ae. aegypti in br ...201627143489
amino acids trigger down-regulation of superoxide via torc pathway in the midgut of rhodnius prolixus.sensing incoming nutrients is an important and critical event for intestinal cells to sustain life of the whole organism. the torc is a major protein complex involved in monitoring the nutritional status and is activated by elevated amino acid concentrations. an important feature of haematophagy is that huge amounts of blood are ingested in a single meal, which results in the release of large quantities of amino acids, together with the haemoglobin prosthetic group, haem, which decomposes hydrop ...201626945025
immunodominant dengue virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses are associated with a memory pd-1+ phenotype.dengue disease is a large public health problem that mainly afflicts tropical and subtropical regions. understanding of the correlates of protection against dengue virus (denv) is poor and hinders the development of a successful human vaccine. the present study aims to define denv-specific cd8(+)t cell responses in general and those of hla alleles associated with dominant responses in particular. in human blood donors in nicaragua, we observed a striking dominance of hla b-restricted responses i ...201626912627
[hemorrhagic form of dengue fever observed at the infectious diseases department chu yalgado ouédraogo, burkina faso].dengue is a re-emerging arboviral disease in tropical countries. haemorrhagic form may be associated with circulatory failure and produce hypovolemic shock, which is often fatal. we report a series of three cases of hemorrhagic dengue observed at the infectious diseases department chu yalgado ouédraogo, ouagadougou, in order to describe its epidemiological, clinical, and evolutive characteristics. our study included young females who had an onset age of between 35 years and 45 years, residing in ...201627303584
indole alkaloids of the stigonematales (cyanophyta): chemical diversity, biosynthesis and biological activity.the cyanobacteria are well recognized as producers of a wide array of bioactive metabolites including toxins, and potential drug candidates. however, a limited number of taxa are generally considered with respect to both of these aspects. that said, the order stigonematales, although largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognized as a source of bioactive metabolites relevant to both human and environmental health. in particular, the hapalindoles and related indole alkaloid ...201627058546
polyandry depends on postmating time interval in the dengue vector aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the dengue and chikungunya viruses. after mating, male seminal fluid molecules cause females to become unreceptive to a subsequent mating. this response is often assumed to be immediate and complete, but a growing body of evidence suggests that some females do mate more than once. it is unknown how quickly a female becomes unreceptive to a second mating. furthermore, the degree to which she remains monandrous after laying several batches of eggs has not bee ...201626880776
mathematical model of three age-structured transmission dynamics of chikungunya virus.we developed a new age-structured deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of chikungunya virus. the model is analyzed to gain insights into the qualitative features of its associated equilibria. some of the theoretical and epidemiological findings indicate that the stable disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. furthermore, the model undergoes, in the presence of disease induced mortality, the phenomenon of ...201627190548
phytochemical composition, antifungal and antioxidant activity of duguetia furfuracea a. st.-hill.background. duguetia furfuracea is popular plant used in popular medicine. hypothesis/purpose. this claim evaluated the phytochemical composition of the hydroethanolic extract (hedf), fractions of duguetia furfuracea, and antioxidant and antifungal activity. methods. the chemical profile was carried out by hplc-dad. the total phenolic contents and flavonoid components were determined by folin-ciocalteu and aluminium chloride reaction. the antioxidant activity was measured by scavenging of 2,2-di ...201627127550
vaccination of gerbils with bm-103 and bm-ral-2 concurrently or as a fusion protein confers consistent and improved protection against brugia malayi infection.the brugia malayi bm-103 and bm-ral-2 proteins are orthologous to onchocerca volvulus ov-103 and ov-ral-2, and which were selected as the best candidates for the development of an o. volvulus vaccine. the b. malayi gerbil model was used to confirm the efficacy of these ov vaccine candidates on adult worms and to determine whether their combination is more efficacious.201627045170
efficacy of four commercially available heartworm preventive products against the jyd-34 laboratory strain of dirofilaria immitis.heartworm disease in dogs can be severe and life threatening. resistance to available heartworm preventives was considered among potential causes of increased reports of failed heartworm prevention in dogs. the objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of four commercially available heartworm disease preventives against the jyd-34 strain of d. immitis.201627044379
evaluating the effectiveness of localized control strategies to curtail chikungunya.chikungunya, a re-emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes, causes debilitating disease characterized by an acute febrile phase and chronic joint pain. chikungunya has recently spread to the island of st. martin and subsequently throughout the americas. the disease is now affecting 42 countries and territories throughout the americas. while chikungunya is mainly a tropical disease, the recent introduction and subsequent spread of ae. albopictus into ...201627045523
climate change and aedes vectors: 21st century projections for dengue transmission in europe.warming temperatures may increase the geographic spread of vector-borne diseases into temperate areas. although a tropical mosquito-borne viral disease, a dengue outbreak occurred in madeira, portugal, in 2012; the first in europe since 1920s. this outbreak emphasizes the potential for dengue re-emergence in europe given changing climates. we present estimates of dengue epidemic potential using vectorial capacity (vc) based on historic and projected temperature (1901-2099). vc indicates the vect ...201627322480
a novel video-tracking system to quantify the behaviour of nocturnal mosquitoes attacking human hosts in the field.many vectors of malaria and other infections spend most of their adult life within human homes, the environment where they bloodfeed and rest, and where control has been most successful. yet, knowledge of peri-domestic mosquito behaviour is limited, particularly how mosquitoes find and attack human hosts or how insecticides impact on behaviour. this is partly because technology for tracking mosquitoes in their natural habitats, traditional dwellings in disease-endemic countries, has never been a ...201627075002
a genome-wide identification and analysis of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.the basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factors in insects play essential roles in multiple developmental processes including neurogenesis, sterol metabolism, circadian rhythms, organogenesis and formation of olfactory sensory neurons. the identification and function analysis of bhlh family members of the most destructive insect pest of rice, nilaparvata lugens, may provide novel tools for pest management. here, a genome-wide survey for bhlh sequences identified 60 bhlh sequences (nlbhlh ...201627869716
analyses of density-dependent effects are needed to understand how and when wolbachia can control dengue vectors.releases of wolbachia-infected mosquitoes have been shown to be an effective method of controlling aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue fever, in australia. a study in bmc biology from penelope hancock and others shows that incorporation of density-dependent effects into population models can provide major improvements in understanding how and when the infected populations can become established.see research article: https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-016-0319-5 .201627863487
wolbachia-based dengue virus inhibition is not tissue-specific in aedes aegypti.dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (denv), is now the most common arbovirus transmitted disease globally. one novel approach to control denv is to use the endosymbiotic bacterium, wolbachia pipientis, to limit denv replication inside the primary mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. wolbachia that is naturally present in a range of insects reduces the capacity for viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi to replicate inside insects. wolbachia's mode of action is not well understood but may involve ...201627855218
screening of fungi for biological control of a triatomine vector of chagas disease: temperature and trypanosome infection as factors.entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated as an alternative tool for controlling various insects, including triatomine vectors of the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease. here we tested the pathogenicity and virulence of ten isolates of the fungi metarhizium spp. and beauveria bassiana against rhodnius prolixus and found all of the isolates to be virulent. we used two isolates (urpe-11 metarhizium anisopliae and ent-1 beauveria bassiana) for further screening ...201627855217
rnai efficiency, systemic properties, and novel delivery methods for pest insect control: what we know so far.in recent years, the research on the potential of using rna interference (rnai) to suppress crop pests has made an outstanding growth. however, given the variability of rnai efficiency that is observed in many insects, the development of novel approaches toward insect pest management using rnai requires first to unravel factors behind the efficiency of dsrna-mediated gene silencing. in this review, we explore essential implications and possibilities to increase rnai efficiency by delivery of dsr ...201627909411
mitigating the risk of transfusion-transmitted dengue in australia.dengue viruses (denv 1-4) are a risk to transfusion safety, with several transfusion-transmitted (tt) cases reported globally. denv 1-4 are endemic in over 100 countries, with seasonal outbreaks occurring in northeastern australia. to mitigate tt-denv risk in australia, fresh blood components are not manufactured from donors returning from any area (domestic/overseas) with known dengue transmission. alternatively, tt-denv risk may be mitigated using an appropriate blood donor screening assay. we ...201627957384
cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of croton argyrophylloides in normotensive rats: role of the autonomic nervous system.cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of croton argyrophylloides muell. arg. (eoca) were investigated in normotensive rats. in saline-pretreated anesthetized or conscious rats, intravenous (i.v.) injection of the eoca induced dose-dependent hypotension. dose-dependent tachycardia was observed only in conscious rats. in anesthetized rats, cervical bivagotomy failed to enhance eoca-induced hypotension but unmasked significant bradycardia. in conscious rats, i.v. pretreatment with methylatrop ...201627956919
effects of periplocoside p from periploca sepium on the midgut transmembrane potential of mythimna separata larvae.periplocoside p (psp) isolated from the root bark of periploca sepium contains a pregnane glycoside skeleton and possesses high insecticidal properties. preliminary studies indicated that psp disrupts epithelial functions in the midgut of lepidopteran larvae. in the present study, we examined the effects of psp on the apical and basolateral membrane voltages, va and vbl, respectively, of cells from (1) midguts isolated from the larvae of the oriental armyworm mythimna separata that were in vitro ...201627833169
inducing cold-sensitivity in the frigophilic fly drosophila montana by rnai.cold acclimation is a critical physiological adaptation for coping with seasonal cold. by increasing their cold tolerance individuals can remain active for longer at the onset of winter and can recover more quickly from a cold shock. in insects, despite many physiological studies, little is known about the genetic basis of cold acclimation. recently, transcriptomic analyses in drosophila virilis and d. montana revealed candidate genes for cold acclimation by identifying genes upregulated during ...201627832122
temporal and spatial evolution of dengue incidence in brazil, 2001-2012.in brazil, the incidence of dengue greatly increased in the last two decades and there are several factors impeding the control of the disease. the present study focused on describing the space-time evolution of dengue in brazil from 2001 to 2012 and analyzing the relationship of the reported cases with socio-demographic and environmental factors.201627832129
factors influencing infection and transmission of anopheles gambiae densovirus (agdnv) in mosquitoes.anopheles gambiae densovirus (agdnv) is a potential microbial agent for paratransgenesis and gene transduction in an. gambiae, the major vector of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. understanding the interaction between agdnv and an. gambiae is critical for using agdnv in a basic and applied manner for anopheles gene manipulation. here, we tested the effects of mosquito age, sex, blood feeding status, and potential for horizontal transmission using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) ...201627867767
dengue with a morbilliform rash and a positive tourniquet test. 201627872891
immunization with brugia malayi myosin as heterologous dna prime protein boost induces protective immunity against b. malayi infection in mastomys coucha.the current control strategies employing chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole have reduced transmission in some filaria-endemic areas, there is growing interest for complementary approaches, such as vaccines especially in light of threat of parasite developing resistance to mainstay drugs. we earlier demonstrated recombinant heavy chain myosin of b. malayi (bm-myo) as a potent vaccine candidate whose efficacy was enhanced by heterologous dna prime/protein boost (myo-p ...201627828973
predicting wolbachia invasion dynamics in aedes aegypti populations using models of density-dependent demographic traits.arbovirus transmission by the mosquito aedes aegypti can be reduced by the introduction and establishment of the endosymbiotic bacteria wolbachia in wild populations of the vector. wolbachia spreads by increasing the fitness of its hosts relative to uninfected mosquitoes. however, mosquito fitness is also strongly affected by population size through density-dependent competition for limited food resources. we do not understand how this natural variation in fitness affects symbiont spread, which ...201627825343
climate variation drives dengue dynamics.dengue, a viral infection transmitted between people by mosquitoes, is one of the most rapidly spreading diseases in the world. here, we report the analyses covering 11 y (2005-2015) from the city of guangzhou in southern china. using the first 8 y of data to develop an ecologically based model for the dengue system, we reliably predict the following 3 y of dengue dynamics-years with exceptionally extensive dengue outbreaks. we demonstrate that climate conditions, through the effects of rainfall ...201627940911
resistance to genetic insect control: modelling the effects of space.genetic insect control, such as self-limiting ridl(2) (release of insects carrying a dominant lethal) technology, is a development of the sterile insect technique which is proposed to suppress wild populations of a number of major agricultural and public health insect pests. this is achieved by mass rearing and releasing male insects that are homozygous for a repressible dominant lethal genetic construct, which causes death in progeny when inherited. the released genetically engineered ('ge') in ...201627816677
molecular virologic and clinical characteristics of a chikungunya fever outbreak in la romana, dominican republic, 2014.since emerging in saint martin in 2013, chikungunya virus (chikv), an alphavirus transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito, has infected approximately two million individuals in the americas, with over 500,000 reported cases in the dominican republic (dr). chikv-infected patients typically present with a febrile syndrome including polyarthritis/polyarthralgia, and a macropapular rash, similar to those infected with dengue and zika viruses, and malaria. nevertheless, many dominican cases are unco ...201628030537
imitedb: the genome-wide landscape of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements in insects.miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (mites) have attracted much attention due to their widespread occurrence and high copy numbers in eukaryotic genomes. however, the systematic knowledge about mites in insects and other animals is still lacking. in this study, we identified 6012 mite families from 98 insect species genomes. comparison of these mites with known mites in the ncbi non-redundant database and repbase showed that 5701(∼95%) of 6012 mite families are novel. the abundance o ...201628025339
an overview of trypanosoma brucei infections: an intense host-parasite interaction.trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t. brucei gambiense, the causative agents of human african trypanosomiasis, are transmitted by tsetse flies. within the vector, the parasite undergoes through transformations that prepares it to infect the human host. sequentially these developmental stages are the replicative procyclic (in which the parasite surface is covered by procyclins) and trypo-epimastigote forms, as well as the non-replicative, infective, metacyclic form that develops in the vector sal ...201628082973
functional evolution of a morphogenetic gradient.bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of bilaterian embryos; however, their roles in the evolution of body plan are largely unknown. we examined their functional evolution in fly embryos. bmp signaling specifies two extraembryonic tissues, the serosa and amnion, in basal-branching flies such as megaselia abdita, but only one, the amnioserosa, in drosophila melanogaster. the bmp signaling dynamics are similar in both species until the beginning of gastrulation, when b ...201628005004
control of vector-borne human parasitic diseases. 201628090535
spatiotemporal frameworks for infectious disease diffusion and epidemiology.emerging infectious diseases, and the resurgence of previously controlled infectious disease (e.g., malaria, tuberculosis), are a major focus for public health concern, as well as providing challenges for establishing aetiology and transmission. [...].201627999420
dengue fever-associated maculopathy and panuveitis in australia.purpose. to describe a case of dengue fever-associated maculopathy and panuveitis to raise awareness of these ophthalmic complications of dengue in australia in the light of recent increasing numbers of outbreaks from equatorial through to tropical australia. case report. a 37-year-old caucasian australian male returning from cambodia presented with a bilateral dengue fever-associated maculopathy with left panuveitis diagnosed clinically and haematologically. automated perimetry revealed bilater ...201628078150
cloning, expression, and characterization of prophenoloxidases from asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (gunée).insect phenoloxidase (po) belongs to the type 3 copper protein family and possesses oxidoreductase activities. po is typically synthesized as a zymogen called prophenoloxidase (ppo) and requires the proteolytic activation to function. we here cloned full-length cdna for 3 previously unidentified ppos, which we named ofppo1a, ofppo1b, and ofppo3, from asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (gunée), in addition to the previously known ofppo2. these conceptual ppos and ofppo2 all contain two common ...201628078308
data documenting the potential distribution of aedes aegypti in the center of veracruz, mexico.the data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "establishment of aedes aegypti (l.) in mountainous regions in mexico: increasing number of population at risk of mosquito-borne disease and future climate conditions" (m. equihua, s. ibáñez-bernal, g. benítez, i. estrada-contreras, c.a. sandoval-ruiz, f.s. mendoza-palmero, 2016) [1]. this article provides presence records in shapefile format used to generate maps of potential distribution of aedes aegypti with diffe ...201628054003
economic report on the cost of dengue fever in vietnam: case of a provincial hospital.dengue is a mosquito-borne viral illness with the world's fastest rate of infection. in 2014, vietnam had recorded 43,000 cases in 53 provinces, with 28 deaths.201628031723
attempts to image the early inflammatory response during infection with the lymphatic filarial nematode brugia pahangi in a mouse model.helminth parasites remain a major constraint upon human health and well-being in many parts of the world. treatment of these infections relies upon a very small number of therapeutics, most of which were originally developed for use in animal health. a lack of high throughput screening systems, together with limitations of available animal models, has restricted the development of novel chemotherapeutics. this is particularly so for filarial nematodes, which are long-lived parasites with a compl ...201627992545
rna interference as a gene silencing tool to control tuta absoluta in tomato (solanum lycopersicum).rna interference (rnai), a gene-silencing mechanism that involves providing double-stranded rna molecules that match a specific target gene sequence, is now widely used in functional genetic studies. the potential application of rnai-mediated control of agricultural insect pests has rapidly become evident. the production of transgenic plants expressing dsrna molecules that target essential insect genes could provide a means of specific gene silencing in larvae that feed on these plants, resultin ...201627994959
variations on a theme: antennal lobe architecture across coleoptera.beetles comprise about 400,000 described species, nearly one third of all known animal species. the enormous success of the order coleoptera is reflected by a rich diversity of lifestyles, behaviors, morphological, and physiological adaptions. all these evolutionary adaptions that have been driven by a variety of parameters over the last about 300 million years, make the coleoptera an ideal field to study the evolution of the brain on the interface between the basic bauplan of the insect brain a ...201627973569
identification of development-related genes in the ovaries of adult harmonia axyridis (pallas) lady beetles using a time- series analysis by rna-seq.adults of the lady beetle species harmonia axyridis (pallas) are bred artificially en masse for classic biological control, which requires egg-laying by the h. axyridis ovary. development-related genes may impact the growth of the h. axyridis adult ovary but have not been reported. here, we used integrative time-series rna-seq analysis of the ovary in h. axyridis adults to detect development-related genes. a total of 28,558 unigenes were functionally annotated using seven types of databases to o ...201627966611
how do households respond to unreliable water supplies? a systematic review.although the millennium development goal (mdg) target for drinking water was met, in many developing countries water supplies are unreliable. this paper reviews how households in developing countries cope with unreliable water supplies, including coping costs, the distribution of coping costs across socio-economic groups, and effectiveness of coping strategies in meeting household water needs. structured searches were conducted in peer-reviewed and grey literature in electronic databases and sea ...201627941695
aphids transform and detoxify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol via a type ii biotransformation mechanism yet unknown in animals.biotransformation of mycotoxins in animals comprises phase i and phase ii metabolisation reactions. for the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (don), several phase ii biotransformation reactions have been described resulting in don-glutathiones, don-glucuronides and don-sulfates made by glutathione-s-transferases, uridine-diphosphoglucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases, respectively. these metabolites can be easily excreted and are less toxic than their free compounds. here, we demonstrate for ...201627929076
consecutive large dengue outbreaks in taiwan in 2014-2015. 201627924810
transcriptomic characterization and curation of candidate neuropeptides regulating reproduction in the eyestalk ganglia of the australian crayfish, cherax quadricarinatus.the australian redclaw crayfish (cherax quadricarinatus) has recently received attention as an emerging candidate for sustainable aquaculture production in australia and worldwide. more importantly, c. quadricarinatus serves as a good model organism for the commercially important group of decapod crustaceans as it is distributed worldwide, easy to maintain in the laboratory and its reproductive cycle has been well documented. in order to better understand the key reproduction and development reg ...201627924858
retrospective analysis of prognostic factors in dengue infected patients with intracranial bleed.dengue is one of the most common mosquito-transmitted arboviral disease of tropical and a few subtropical areas in the world. it is estimated that approximately 100 million cases occur per year and approximately 2.5 billion people are at risk of developing dengue infection. hemorrhagic complications causing encephalopathy are quite rare but fatal consequences of this deadly disease. this study was conducted to discuss the prognostic factors in the management of intracranial hemorrhage in dengue ...201628031986
control of aedes aegypti breeding: a novel intervention for prevention and control of dengue in an endemic zone of delhi, india.the study is based on hypothesis that whether continuous entomological surveillance of ae. aegypti and simultaneous appropriate interventions in key containers during non-transmission (december-may) months would have any impact on breeding of aedes and dengue cases during the following transmission months (june-november). the impact of the surveillance and intervention measures undertaken during non-transmission months were assessed by entomological indicators namely container index (ci), house ...201627918577
beyond traditional antimicrobials: a caenorhabditis elegans model for discovery of novel anti-infectives.the spread of antibiotic resistance amongst bacterial pathogens has led to an urgent need for new antimicrobial compounds with novel modes of action that minimize the potential for drug resistance. to date, the development of new antimicrobial drugs is still lagging far behind the rising demand, partly owing to the absence of an effective screening platform. over the last decade, the nematode caenorhabditis elegans has been incorporated as a whole animal screening platform for antimicrobials. th ...201627994583
susceptibility of phytomonas serpens to calpain inhibitors in vitro: interference on the proliferation, ultrastructure, cysteine peptidase expression and interaction with the invertebrate host.a pleiotropic response to the calpain inhibitor mdl28170 was detected in the tomato parasite phytomonas serpens. ultrastructural studies revealed that mdl28170 caused mitochondrial swelling, shortening of flagellum and disruption of trans golgi network. this effect was correlated to the inhibition in processing of cruzipain-like molecules, which presented an increase in expression paralleled by decreased proteolytic activity. concomitantly, a calcium-dependent cysteine peptidase was detected in ...201627925020
size, sounds and sex: interactions between body size and harmonic convergence signals determine mating success in aedes aegypti.several new mosquito control strategies will involve the release of laboratory reared males which will be required to compete with wild males for mates. currently, the determinants of male mating success remain unclear. the presence of convergence between male and female harmonic flight tone frequencies during a mating attempt have been found to increase male mating success in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. size has also been implicated as a factor in male mating success. here, we inv ...201627906074
clinical profiles of dengue infection during an outbreak in northern india.introduction. dengue fever is an arboviral disease, which is transmitted by mosquito vector and presents as varied clinical spectrum of dengue fever (df), dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), dengue shock syndrome (dss), and expanded dengue syndrome (eds) with atypical presentations, thus posing a diagnostic dilemma. unless we are aware of these presentations, diagnosis as well as early initiation of treatment becomes difficult. we studied the various clinical presentations of dengue infection during ...201628025597
path of infectious diseases in brazil in the last 50 years: an ongoing challenge.in this article, we comment on the main features of infectious diseases in brazil in the last 50 years, highlighting how much of this path revista de saúde pública could portray. from 1967 to 2016, 1,335 articles focusing on infectious diseases were published in revista de saúde pública. although the proportion of articles on the topic have decreased from about 50.0% to 15.0%, its notability remained and reflected the growing complexity of the research required for its control. it is noteworthy ...201628099652
contribution of oswaldo paulo forattini to public health: analysis of scientific production.to analyze the main characteristics of the scientific production of oswaldo paulo forattini, researcher and, for 40 years, editor of revista de saúde pública.201628099651
small rnas from bemisia tabaci are transferred to solanum lycopersicum phloem during feeding.the phloem-feeding whitefly bemisia tabaci is a serious pest to a broad range of host plants, including many economically important crops such as tomato. these insects serve as a vector for various devastating plant viruses. it is known that whiteflies are capable of manipulating host-defense responses, potentially mediated by effector molecules in the whitefly saliva. we hypothesized that, beside putative effector proteins, small rnas (srna) are delivered by b. tabaci into the phloem, where the ...201627933079
the worldwide spread of the tiger mosquito as revealed by mitogenome haplogroup diversity.in the last 40 years, the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus, indigenous to east asia, has colonized every continent except antarctica. its spread is a major public health concern, given that this species is a competent vector for numerous arboviruses, including those causing dengue, chikungunya, west nile, and the recently emerged zika fever. to acquire more information on the ancestral source(s) of adventive populations and the overall diffusion process from its native range, we analyzed th ...201627933090
detection of wolbachia in aedes albopictus and their effects on chikungunya virus.wolbachia-based vector control strategies have been proposed as a means to augment the currently existing measures for controlling dengue and chikungunya vectors. prior to utilizing wolbachia as a novel vector control strategy, it is crucial to understand the wolbachia-mosquito interactions. in this study, field surveys were conducted to screen for the infection status of wolbachia in field-collected aedes albopictus the effects of wolbachia in its native host toward the replication and dissemin ...201627920393
evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of five indigenous weeds against an indian strain of dengue vector, aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae).background and objectives. aedes aegypti, dengue fever mosquito, is primarily associated with the transmission of dengue and chikungunya in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. the present investigations were carried out to assess the larvicidal efficiency of five indigenous weeds against ae. aegypti. methods. the 1,000 ppm hexane and ethanol extracts prepared from the leaves and stem of five plants (achyranthes aspera, cassia occidentalis, catharanthus roseus, lantana camara, and xant ...201626941996
horizontally transferred genetic elements in the tsetse fly genome: an alignment-free clustering approach using batch learning self-organising map (blsom).tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the primary vectors of trypanosomes, which can cause human and animal african trypanosomiasis in sub-saharan african countries. the objective of this study was to explore the genome of glossina morsitans morsitans for evidence of horizontal gene transfer (hgt) from microorganisms. we employed an alignment-free clustering method, that is, batch learning self-organising map (blsom), in which sequence fragments are clustered based on the similarity of oligonucleotid ...201628074180
seasonal differences in density but similar competitive impact of aedes albopictus (skuse) on aedes aegypti (l.) in rio de janeiro, brazil.previous studies have shown that the negative effects of density of ae. albopictus on ae. aegypti exceed those of ae. aegypti on ae. albopictus for population growth, adult size, survivorship, and developmental rate. this competitive superiority has been invoked to explain the displacement of ae. aegypti by ae. albopictus in the southeastern usa. in brazil, these species coexist in many vegetated suburban and rural areas. we investigated a related, but less-well-studied question: do effects of a ...201627322537
bioinformatic characterization of mosquito viromes within the eastern united states and puerto rico: discovery of novel viruses.mosquitoes are efficient, militarily relevant vectors of infectious disease pathogens, including many rna viruses. the vast majority of all viruses are thought to be undiscovered. accordingly, recent studies have shown that viruses discovered in insects are very divergent from known pathogens and that many of them lack appropriate reference sequences in the public databases. given that the majority of viruses are likely still undiscovered, environ mental sampling stands to provide much needed re ...201627346944
phylosymbiosis: relationships and functional effects of microbial communities across host evolutionary history.phylosymbiosis was recently proposed to describe the eco-evolutionary pattern, whereby the ecological relatedness of host-associated microbial communities parallels the phylogeny of related host species. here, we test the prevalence of phylosymbiosis and its functional significance under highly controlled conditions by characterizing the microbiota of 24 animal species from four different groups (peromyscus deer mice, drosophila flies, mosquitoes, and nasonia wasps), and we reevaluate the phylos ...201627861590
synergistic and compensatory effects of two point mutations conferring target-site resistance to fipronil in the insect gaba receptor rdl.insecticide resistance can arise from a variety of mechanisms, including changes to the target site, but is often associated with substantial fitness costs to insects. here we describe two resistance-associated target-site mutations that have synergistic and compensatory effects that combine to produce high and persistent levels of resistance to fipronil, an insecticide targeting on γ-aminobytyric acid (gaba) receptors. in nilaparvata lugens, a major pest of rice crops in many parts of asia, we ...201627557781
the p450 cyp6z1 confers carbamate/pyrethroid cross-resistance in a major african malaria vector beside a novel carbamate-insensitive n485i acetylcholinesterase-1 mutation.carbamates are increasingly used for vector control notably in areas with pyrethroid resistance. however, a cross-resistance between these insecticides in major malaria vectors such as anopheles funestus could severely limit available resistance management options. unfortunately, the molecular basis of such cross-resistance remains uncharacterized in an. funestus, preventing effective resistance management. here, using a genomewide transcription profiling, we revealed that metabolic resistance t ...201627135886
crowdsourcing vector surveillance: using community knowledge and experiences to predict densities and distribution of outdoor-biting mosquitoes in rural tanzania.lack of reliable techniques for large-scale monitoring of disease-transmitting mosquitoes is a major public health challenge, especially where advanced geo-information systems are not regularly applicable. we tested an innovative crowd-sourcing approach, which relies simply on knowledge and experiences of residents to rapidly predict areas where disease-transmitting mosquitoes are most abundant. guided by community-based resource persons, we mapped boundaries and major physical features in three ...201627253869
silencing of the olfactory co-receptor gene in dendroctonus armandi leads to eag response declining to major host volatiles.in this study, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on homology genes of orco was utilized to identify darmorco, which is essential for olfaction in d. armandi. the results showed that darmorco shares significant sequence homology with orco proteins had known in other insects. quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) analysis suggested that darmorco was abundantly expressed in adult d. armandi; by contrast, darmorco showed trace amounts of expression level in other stages. of different tissues, d ...201626979566
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