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high prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in miners: a case-control study in rural durango, mexico.very little is known about the seroepidemiology of infection with the parasite toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) in miners. we determine the association of t. gondii infection and the occupation of miner, and the association of seropositivity for t. gondii with the socio-demographic, clinical, work and behavioral characteristics of the miners.201627829953
prevalence and genotyping oftoxoplasma gondii among saudi pregnant women in saudi arabia.introduction: toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an intracellular protozoan that can infect all mammals, who serve as intermediate host. it causes congenital, neurological, eyes complications and mild or asymptomatic infections in humans. purpose of this study: to investigate not only the prevalence of t. gondii, but also to find out its genotyping using multiple sequential molecular methods to predict exactly the precise genotyping of t. gondii among saudi pregnant women. methods: a cross-section ...201627829806
genetic impairment of parasite myosin motors uncovers the contribution of host cell membrane dynamics to toxoplasma invasion forces.the several-micrometer-sized toxoplasma gondii protozoan parasite invades virtually any type of nucleated cell from a warm-blooded animal within seconds. toxoplasma initiates the formation of a tight ring-like junction bridging its apical pole with the host cell membrane. the parasite then actively moves through the junction into a host cell plasma membrane invagination that delineates a nascent vacuole. recent high resolution imaging and kinematics analysis showed that the host cell cortical ac ...201627829452
activity of fluorine-containing analogues of wc-9 and structurally related analogues against two intracellular parasites: trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma gondii.two obligate intracellular parasites, trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of chagas disease, and toxoplasma gondii, an agent of toxoplasmosis, upregulate the mevalonate pathway of their host cells upon infection, which suggests that this host pathway could be a potential drug target. in this work, a number of compounds structurally related to wc-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), a known squalene synthase inhibitor, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their effect on t. cruzi and t. gondi ...201627886451
immunochemical evaluation of two toxoplasma gondii gra8 sequences to detect acute toxoplasmosis infection.in this work, two toxoplasma gondii gra8 protein sequences were tested by indirect elisa and measurement of avidity to differentiate between acute and chronic toxoplasmosis infection. using the antigen called gra8b, 79.7% sensitivity and 84.1% specificity was achieved detecting igg concentrations and a 71.2% sensitivity and a 68.3% specificity detecting iga concentrations. this study is the first to report iga detection with gra8 by elisa to differentiate stages of infection. unfortunately the i ...201627693576
synergistic effect of rsag1 and rgra2 antigens formulated in plga microspheres in eliciting immune protection against toxoplasama gondii.there is still no human vaccine against toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), as one of the most successful parasites. in present study, we designed a subunit vaccine composed of recombinant sag1 (rsag1) and recombinant gra2 (rgra2) proteins. in order to improve the induced immune responses, rsag1 and rgra2 were adsorbed on poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) microspheres (ms) prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation method. balb/c mice were subcutaneously vaccinated by rsag1-adsorbed plga ms ...201627663469
is chronic toxoplasmosis a risk factor for diabetes mellitus? a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.the global protozoan parasite, toxoplasma gondii, infects many warm-blooded animals and humans by employing different transmission routes. there have been some recent studies on the probable relevance of infectious agents and diabetes. therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the possible association between chronic toxoplasmosis and diabetes mellitus.201627768900
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in northeast india.toxoplasma gondii infection is primarily asymptomatic and one third of world's population is estimated to be infected by this protozoan parasite. this study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection among pregnant women from north east india, where data on this important parasitic infection is scanty.201627766799
molecular characterization of toxoplasma gondii in pork meat from different production systems in the czech republic.toxoplasmosis is a major public health issue, due to the presence of toxoplasma gondii, mainly in pork. the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of t. gondii in pigs and wild boars bred in different production systems in the czech republic using elisa and qpcr methods. our results show that t. gondii infection is widespread in pigs and wild boars bred and slaughtered in the czech republic and that there is a higher exposure to t. gondii in backyard slaughter operations and organic p ...201627693960
immunoglobulin m indirect-fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis during pregnancy in the avidity era: a 14-year experience at the tuscany reference center for infectious diseases in pregnancy, florence, italy.the aim of this study was to evaluate immunoglobulin m indirect-fluorescent antibody test (igm ifat) for the diagnosis of acute or chronic toxoplasma infection in pregnancy.201627762467
comparison of toxoplasma gondii igg avidity architect and vidas assays with the estimated date of infection in pregnant women.a maternal toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy is a risk for congenital infection through maternal-fetal transplacental transmission. estimation of the date of infection is of the utmost importance for management and treatment recommendations. in this setting, igg avidity has been shown to be useful as high avidity rules out an infection dating less than 4 months. the estimated date of infection can also be obtained by the ratio of t. gondii igg titers measured by the vidas (biomérieux) ...201627762213
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in goats in hunan province, china.toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in animals and humans worldwide. in the present investigation, the seroprevalence of t. gondii in goats was investigated in hunan province, subtropical china between march 2014 and december 2015. a total of 1,028 serum samples collected from 14 administrative regions of hunan province were evaluated by the indirect hemagglutination test (ihat) for the detection of specific antibodies. antibodies to t. gondii were detected in 124 serum samples (12%). the ...201627762212
cdk7 mediates rpb1-driven mrna synthesis in toxoplasma gondii.cyclin-dependent kinase 7 in conjunction with cyclinh and mat1 activates cell cycle cdks and is a part of the general transcription factor tfiih. role of cdk7 is well characterized in model eukaryotes however its relevance in protozoan parasites has not been investigated. this important regulator of key processes warrants closer examination particularly in this parasite given its unique cell cycle progression and flexible mode of replication. we report functional characterization of tgcdk7 and i ...201627759017
transcriptional profile of sh-sy5y human neuroblastoma cells transfected by toxoplasma rhoptry protein 16.toxoplasma rhoptry protein 16 (rop16) is crucial in the host-pathogen interaction by acting as a virulent factor during invasion. to improve understanding of the molecular function underlying the effect of rop16 on host cells, the present study analyzed the transcriptional profile of genes in the rop16‑transfected sh‑sy5y human neuroblastoma cell line. the transcriptional profile of the sh‑sy5y human neuroblastoma cell line overexpressing rop16 were determined by microarray analysis in order to ...201627666388
migratory activation of parasitized dendritic cells by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii 14-3-3 protein.the obligate intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii exploits cells of the immune system to disseminate. upon infection, parasitized dendritic cells (dcs) and microglia exhibit a hypermigratory phenotype in vitro that has been associated with enhancing parasite dissemination in vivo in mice. one unresolved question is how parasites commandeer parasitized cells to achieve systemic dissemination by a 'trojan-horse' mechanism. by chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses, we identified an orth ...201627018989
the role of ticks in transmission cycle of toxoplasma gondiitoxoplasmosis is globally distributed, water- and food borne zoonosis caused by the single protozoan toxoplasma gondii and probably one-third of the world’s human population is infected with this pathogen. domestic and wild felids are definitive hosts of this pathogen and intermediate hosts for great variety of other homoeothermic animals. human as other of the intermediate hosts may become infected in the main route of infection; it is the ingestion of parasite oocysts in contaminated water or ...201627770758
exosomes in the context of toxoplasma gondii – host communicationextracellular vesicles – ev’s, including exosomes, are known to be essential tools of intercellular communication, enabling the exchange of information without direct contact between cells. exosomes are secreted both in vitro and in vivo by single- and multi-cellular organisms, regardless of their type, and play an essential role in cell-to-cell communication. ev’s may carry various materials and ongoing studies have provided a new insight into their potential participation in various critical b ...201627770756
toxoplasma gondii mitogen-activated protein kinases are associated with inflammasome activation in infected mice.toxoplasma gondii can activate the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins nlrp1/3 inflammasomes, which mediate host resistance to the infection. here we showed that deletion of mitogen-activated protein kinases mapk1 and mapk2 of type i parasite decreases acute virulence in mice, characterized by low levels of interleukin (il)-18, nlrp1/3, asc, and caspase-1, and high levels of il-10 and interferon (ifn)-β transcripts. additionally, the mutants increased phosphoryl ...201627475900
reduced erps and theta oscillations underlie working memory deficits in toxoplasma gondii infected seniors.toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widespread infections in humans. recent studies give evidence for memory deficits in infected older adults. to investigate working memory dysfunction in infected elderly, a double-blinded electrophysiological study was conducted. 84 persons derived from a sample of 131 healthy participants with the mean age of 70 years were assigned to two groups of 42 non-infected and 42 infected individuals. the outcome measures were behavioral performance, target and respo ...201627516127
blood levels of oxidant/antioxidant parameters in rats infected with toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic infection in the world. since increased free radicals and oxidative stress are reported in many parasitic diseases the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. rh strains of toxoplasma tachyzoites were used in the present study. twenty-five female rats were infected with the parasite while 25 other rats were as the control group that received normal saline. zero-, 5-, 7-, 10-, and 45-day postinfectio ...201627746857
si-accumulation in artemisia annua glandular trichomes increases artemisinin concentration, but does not interfere in the impairment of toxoplasma gondii growth.artemisia annua is used as a source of artemisinin, a potent therapeutic agent used for the treatment of infectious diseases, chiefly malaria. however, the low concentration (from 0.01 to 1.4% of dried leaf matter) of artemisinin in the plant obtained with the traditional cropping system makes it a relatively expensive drug, especially in developing countries. considering that artemisinin and silicon (si) are both stored in a. annua glandular trichomes, and that si accumulation has never been in ...201627721819
impaired health status and increased incidence of diseases in toxoplasma-seropositive subjects - an explorative cross-sectional study.the global seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis is estimated to be higher than 30%. the presence of slowly dividing parasites in tissue cysts located mainly in immunoprivileged organs was long considered asymptomatic. recently, many studies have shown that latent toxoplasma infections could have serious impacts on human health. here we ran a cross-sectional study in a population of 1486 volunteers. the results showed that 333 infected subjects scored worse than 1153 controls in 28 of 29 health ...201627719690
intranasal immunization with recombinant toxoplasma gondii actin depolymerizing factor confers protective efficacy against toxoplasmosis in mice.toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan closely associated with aids and vertical transmission. t. gondii actin depolymerizing factor (tgadf) plays an important role in actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and it is required to invade host cells. tgadf was a promising vaccine candidate. to observe the immunological changes and protective efficacy of recombinant tgadf protein (rtgadf) against t. gondii infection, we optimized the intranasal immunization dose of rtgadf and analyzed the survival ...201627716047
toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the portuguese population: comparison of three cross-sectional studies spanning three decades.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan infecting up to one-third of the world's population, constituting a life threat if transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. in portugal, there is a lack of knowledge of the current epidemiological situation, as the unique toxoplasmosis national serological survey was performed in 1979/1980.201627707823
the role of chemokines and their receptors during protist parasite infections.protists are a diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms that account for a significant global infection burden. often, the immune responses mounted against these parasites cause excessive inflammation and therefore pathology in the host. elucidating the mechanisms of both protective and harmful immune responses is complex, and often relies of the use of animal models. in any immune response, leucocyte trafficking to the site of infection, or inflammation, is paramount, and this involves the pr ...201627707418
comment on "toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women: a seroprevalence and case-control study in eastern china". 201627703975
adjuvanted multi-epitope vaccines protect hla-a*11:01 transgenic mice against toxoplasma gondii.we created and tested multi-epitope dna or protein vaccines with tlr4 ligand emulsion adjuvant (gluco glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion [gla-se]) for their ability to protect against toxoplasma gondii in hla transgenic mice. our constructs each included 5 of our best down-selected cd8(+) t cell-eliciting epitopes, a universal cd4(+) helper t lymphocyte epitope (padre), and a secretory signal, all arranged for optimal mhc-i presentation. their capacity to elicit immune and protec ...201627699241
toxoplasma gondii as a parasite in food: analysis and control.foodborne infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and foodborne parasitic diseases, though not as widespread as bacterial and viral infections, are common on all continents and in most ecosystems, including arctic, temperate, and tropical regions. outbreaks of disease resulting from foodstuffs contaminated by parasitic protozoa have become increasingly recognized as a problem in the united states and globally. increased international trade in food products has ma ...201627726776
the usefulness of direct agglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of toxoplasma gondii in wild animals.the aim of the study was to compare the usefulness of two antibody-based methods, the direct agglutination test (dat) and enzyme linked immuosorbent assay (elisa), with that of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detecting anti-toxoplasma gondii in samples derived from naturally-infected wild animals. antibodies against t. gondii were detected in meat juice samples collected from 129 free- living carnivores and omnivores. t. gondii seroprevalence was confirmed in 73,6% of examined samples wh ...201627692337
comparison of genotypes of toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats from australia with latent infection or clinical toxoplasmosis.whether toxoplasma gondii genotype is associated with disease severity in naturally occurring toxoplasmosis in domestic cats is unknown. the aim of this study was to compare genotypes of t. gondii in latently infected cats with those in cats with clinical toxoplasmosis. results of a pcr targeting the b1 gene to detect t. gondii dna were positive in tissue samples from 11 of 17 (65%) seropositive cats tested including four with clinical toxoplasmosis and seven with latent infections, as determine ...201627692314
toxoplasma gondii detection in cattle: a slaughterhouse survey.toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing viable cysts has been suggested to be a major source of t. gondii infection in humans. suboptimal performance of serological assays in cattle has traditionally precluded accurate quantification of the extent to which cattle populations are infected and their meat harbour tissue cysts. in the absence of accurate estimates of the level of infection in the animal p ...201627692313
developmental change in translation initiation alters the localization of a common microbial protein necessary for toxoplasma chronic infection.the toxoplasma gondii cyst stage is resistant to drug therapy. to identify potential targets for new therapeutics, we screened insertional mutants of t. gondii for a reduced ability to form cysts in the brains of mice. in one of these mutants, named 38c3, the mutagenesis plasmid inserted into the mrna of a protein that is highly conserved in microbes but is not present in humans. the mutation in 38c3 causes reduced brain cyst production during chronic infection, but does not affect acute virulen ...201627671212
protozoal-related mortalities in endangered hawaiian monk seals neomonachus schauinslandi.protozoal infections have been widely documented in marine mammals and may cause morbidity and mortality at levels that result in population level effects. the presence and potential impact on the recovery of endangered hawaiian monk seals neomonachus schauinslandi by protozoal pathogens was first identified in the carcass of a stranded adult male with disseminated toxoplasmosis and a captive monk seal with hepatitis. we report 7 additional cases and 2 suspect cases of protozoal-related mortalit ...201627667806
o-fucosylated glycoproteins form assemblies in close proximity to the nuclear pore complexes of toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes disseminated infections in fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. although gene regulation is important for parasite differentiation and pathogenesis, little is known about protein organization in the nucleus. here we show that the fucose-binding aleuria aurantia lectin (aal) binds to numerous punctate structures in the nuclei of tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites but not oocysts. aal also binds to hammondia and neospora nucle ...201627663739
presence of toxoplasma gondii in pork intended for human consumption in tropical southern mexico.toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoon toxoplasma gondii, which is one of the most widespread parasites that infect animals and humans worldwide. one of the main routes of infection for humans is through the consumption of infected meat containing bradyzoites in tissue cysts. pork is one of the foremost meat types associated with outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis in humans.201627661133
seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats in north-eastern region of pakistan.toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease that is caused by toxoplasma gondii in livestock and humans. due to its medical and veterinary importance, it is essential to study the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection among humans and animals in various parts of the world. the major objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants (sheep and goats) of north-eastern region, pakistan. a total of 1,000 animals comprising of sheep (n=4 ...201627658595
identifying novel b cell epitopes within toxoplasma gondii gra6.the study of antigenic epitopes from toxoplasma gondii has not only enhanced our understanding of the structure and function of antigens, the reactions between antigens and antibodies, and many other aspects of immunology, but it also plays a significant role in the development of new diagnostic reagents and vaccines. in the present study, t. gondii gra6 epitopes were identified using bioinformatics tools and a synthetic peptide technique. the potential b cell epitopes of gra6 predicted by bioin ...201627658594
toxoplasma gondii pseudocyst in a transbronchial biopsy: a case report.we herein present a case in which a toxoplasma cyst was found in a transbronchial biopsy specimen from an immunocompetent patient with negative serology for the parasite.201627658582
immune adjuvant effect of a toxoplasma gondii profilin-like protein in autologous whole-tumor-cell vaccination in mice.profilin-like protein in toxoplasma gondii (tgplp) is a toll-like receptor (tlr) agonist. in this study, we investigated whether tgplp has an adjuvant effect on immune function in autologous whole-tumor-cell vaccine (awv) treatment. mice vaccinated with awv together with recombinant tgplp protein had smaller ct26 tumors and increased survival. tgplp treatment strongly increased the production of il-12 through myd88 signaling and several chemokines, including ccl5, ccl12, and xcl1, in bone marrow ...201627687589
manipulation of il-10 gene expression by toxoplasma gondii and its products.this study was designed to evaluate whether or not t. gondii and its derivatives can change the gene expression level of il-10 in murine leukocytes in vivo.201627683651
seroprevalence and risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii infection among rural communities in northern iran.toxoplasmosis is the fourth most common cause of hospitalization and the second cause of death due to food-borne infections. we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, disease awareness and risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis among rural communities in northern iran. data were obtained from serological testing and from participant's questionnaires and were analyzed using a logistic regression. of the 630 participants, 465 (73.8%), and 12 (1.9%) had igg and both igg ...201627680175
evaluation of propranolol effect on experimental acute and chronic toxoplasmosis using quantitative pcr.current therapies against toxoplasmosis are limited, and drugs have significant side effects and low efficacies. we evaluated the potential anti-toxoplasma activity of propranolol at a dose of 2 or 3 mg/kg of body weight/day in vivo in the acute and chronic phases. propranolol as a cell membrane-stabilizing agent is a suitable drug for inhibiting the entrance of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites into cells. the acute-phase assay was performed using propranolol, pyrimethamine, and propranolol plus py ...201627645234
peroxiredoxin 3 promotes il-12 production from macrophages and partially protects mice against infection with toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasmosis remains a life-threatening infection of humans and various domestic and wild animals worldwide. it is caused by the obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. peroxiredoxins (prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress from hydroperoxides. in the recent years, several studies have reported the potential use of t. gondii-derived enzymes in triggering protective immunity against t. gondii infection. therefore, this study was ...201627644889
macrophages facilitate the excystation and differentiation of toxoplasma gondii sporozoites into tachyzoites following oocyst internalisation.toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite of humans and animals, which is transmitted via oocysts in cat faeces or tissue cysts in contaminated meat. the robust oocyst and sporocyst walls protect the infective sporozoites from deleterious external attacks including disinfectants. upon oocyst acquisition, these walls lose their integrity to let the sporozoites excyst and invade host cells following a process that remains poorly understood. given the resistance of the oocyst wall to digestive enzymes ...201627641141
toxoplasma gondii infection and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a cross-sectional study.premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome. the influence of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection on clinical features in women with this disorder has not been studied. therefore, we determined the association of t. gondii infection with symptoms and signs in women suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder.201627635178
not a simple tether: binding of toxoplasma gondii ama1 to ron2 during invasion protects ama1 from rhomboid-mediated cleavage and leads to dephosphorylation of its cytosolic tail.apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) is a receptor protein on the surface of toxoplasma gondii that plays a critical role in host cell invasion. the ligand to which t gondii ama1 (tgama1) binds, tgron2, is secreted into the host cell membrane by the parasite during the early stages of invasion. the tgama1-tgron2 complex forms the core of the "moving junction," a ring-shaped zone of tight contact between the parasite and host cell membranes, through which the parasite pushes itself during invasion. p ...201627624124
huntingtons disease mice infected with toxoplasma gondii demonstrate early kynurenine pathway activation, altered cd8+ t-cell responses, and premature mortality.huntington's disease (hd) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine-repeat expansion in the huntingtin protein. activation of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation is implicated in the pathogenesis of hd. indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (ido) catalyzes the oxidation of tryptophan to kynurenine, the first step in this pathway. the prevalent, neuroinvasive protozoal pathogen toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) results in clinically silent life-long infection in immune- ...201627611938
the inhibitory effect of cromolyn sodium and ketotifen on toxoplasma gondii entrance into host cells in vitro and in vivo.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan with worldwide distribution and in spite of increasing information about its biology, treatment of toxoplasmosis is restricted to a few drugs and unfortunately using of each of drugs is associated with significant side effects in patients. this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of cromolyn sodium and ketotifen as alternative drugs for the treatment of toxoplasmosis. in vitro; in case group, concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 15 µg/ml of ketotifen and cromol ...201627605827
the correlation between toxoplasma gondii infection and parkinson's disease: a case-control study.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects all nucleate cells of vertebrates. human infected by vertical transmission and also using raw or undercooked meat or food and water that contaminated with mature oocysts. parkinson's disease as neurodegenerative disease affects people above 60 years. due to high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in iran and evidence about effects of t. gondii on neurodegenerative diseases, this study has been conducted to investigate possible correla ...201627605800
prevalence of toxoplasma infection in veterinary laboratory sciences students comparing to ordinary people: a case-control study.toxoplasma gondii causes the foremost widespread protozoan infection with a broad variety of host range, which consists of regarding of almost all warm-blooded vertebrates. there are some opinions concerning the probable occupational influence on infections to toxoplasma in veterinary services personnel. the present study aimed to examine influence of studying in veterinary laboratory sciences as a risk factor on the prevalence rate of toxoplasma infection in the students. in this case-control s ...201627605781
effects of toxoplasma gondii infection on anxiety, depression and ghrelin level in male rats.the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection on anxiety, depression and ghrelin level in male rats. twenty four male rats were assessed in two equal groups. t. gondii tachyzoite (ip) were injected in infected group and control group received (2 ml) physiological serum (ip). elevated plus maze and swimming tests were used to assess anxiety and depression in rats respectively. the ghrelin and t. gondii igg serum levels were measured by enzyme ...201627605768
sero-epidemiology and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in arab and african countries.the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is a major issue for public health. primary infection in pregnant women can lead to serious sequelae. this review examined current sero-epidemiology and risks factor data for toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in arab and african countries. a systematic electronic search of published literature was conducted. data were extracted from relevant studies. seropositivity is high in both regions. african countries have higher seropositivity than arab cou ...201627605750
toxoplasma infection in sheep from south of iran monitored by serological and molecular methods; risk assessment to meat consumers.toxoplasma gondii has a clinical and veterinary importance as it is known to cause congenital disease and abortion both in humans and livestock. since the contaminated lamb is one of the sources of human infection, this study was performed to determine the prevalence of t. gondii in sheep in south of iran.201627651673
review of experimental compounds demonstrating anti-toxoplasma activity.toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite capable of infecting humans and other animals. current treatment options for t. gondii infection are limited and most have drawbacks, including high toxicity and low tolerability. additionally, no fda-approved treatments are available for pregnant women, a high-risk population due to transplacental infection. therefore, the development of novel treatment options is needed. to aid this effort, this review highlights experimental compounds th ...201627600037
toxoplasma gondii serostatus in heart transplant recipients: is it an independent prognostic factor?to assess the potential association between recipient toxoplasma gondii serostatus and outcomes after heart transplant (ht).201627597125
toxoplasma gondii and epilepsy.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite can be seen in all the vital organ; in the acute phase, it can be found in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, tears, saliva, urine, and in almost all body fluids. transplasental infection can lead to fetal damage and miscarriage. its last hosts are felines and intermediate hosts are all mammals, including humans. people infected by the ingestion of meat containing cysts in undercooked or raw, are thrown oocysts with cat felines by taking in water and ...201627594290
pull-down method to access the cell surface receptor for toxoplasma gondii.protein x, which is expressed on the surface of toxoplasma and is thought to interact with host molecules, was expressed as a gst recombinant protein, conjugated to sepharose 4b, and used to pull down biotin-labeled 293t cells. the product was analysis by 2d-page and western blotting. mass spectrometry revealed the reacted spots from the gel to be heat shock proteins.201627591002
seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women following antenatal care at mizan aman general hospital, bench maji zone (bmz), ethiopia.the intracellular parasite, toxoplasma gondii (t.gondii) is found worldwide. infection with t. gondii during pregnancy can result in fetal and neonatal death or various congenital defects. a serological survey during pregnancy represents a valuable tool for the effective diagnosis and treatment of infected neonates. the aim of this study was to assess the sero-prevalence and risk factors of t.gondii in pregnant women following ante natal care (anc) services at mizan aman general hospital, bench ...201627585863
risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and cattle from fernando de noronha island, brazil.toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution that affects all warm-blooded animals. the purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of t. gondii infection and identify the risk factors associated with its occurrence in domestic ruminants raised on the island of fernando de noronha, brazil, and to confirm that cattle and sheep raised in fernando de noronha island present statistically different t. gondii prevalence rates. serum samples were collected from sheep (n= ...201627580399
analysis of structures and epitopes of a novel secreted protein myr1 in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908) is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite and can infect warmblooded animals and humans all over the world. development of effective vaccines is considered the only ideal way to control infection with t. gondii. however, only one live vaccine is commercially available for use in sheep and goats. thus more effective antigenic proteins are searched for. in the present study we report a novel protein by secreted t. gondii termed myc regulation ...201627580381
toxoplasmosis in nigeria: the story so far (1950-2016): a review.toxoplasmosis is caused by intracellular protozoan parasite, toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908). cats and other felids are the definitive hosts. it could be transmitted to man and animals by consumption of infected undercooked meat and contaminated food items including drinking water. results of toxoplasmosis epidemiological surveys in animals and humans in south-west, north-west, north-east and north-central zones of nigeria have been reported with greater impact on the health of pre ...201627579591
concentration and retention of toxoplasma gondii surrogates from seawater by red abalone (haliotis rufescens).small marine snails and abalone have been identified as high- and low-risk prey items, respectively, for exposure of threatened southern sea otters to toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic parasite that can cause fatal encephalitis in animals and humans. while recent work has characterized snails as paratenic hosts for t. gondii, the ability of abalone to vector the parasite has not been evaluated. to further elucidate why abalone predation may be protective against t. gondii exposure, this study aimed ...201627573192
toxoplasma gondii infection in schizophrenia and associated clinical features.the belief that latent toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic has been questioned, in particular due to the repeated highlighted link between the toxoplasma gondii infection and an increased incidence of schizophrenia. however, to understand this relationship, the effect of infection with toxoplasma gondii on the severity of schizophrenia has been poorly studied. our work focused on comparing the prevalence of toxoplasma infection between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls, as well as comparing ...201627573055
endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system.an important function of the blood-brain barrier is to exclude pathogens from the central nervous system, but some microorganisms benefit from the ability to enter this site. it has been proposed that toxoplasma gondii can cross biological barriers as a motile extracellular form that uses transcellular or paracellular migration, or by infecting a host cell that then crosses the blood-brain barrier. unexpectedly, analysis of acutely infected mice revealed significant numbers of free parasites in ...201627572166
toxoplasmosis and anti-toxoplasma effects of medicinal plant extracts-a mini-review.toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed parasitic protozoan disease, caused by toxoplasma gondii. the infection can result in more severe symptoms with potentially life-threatening in case of immunocompromised individuals. sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine are the two drugs used as a part of standard therapy for toxoplasmosis. researchers have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants for toxoplasmosis, which can be used as an alternative to standard drug therapy with reduced side ef ...201627569880
targeted disruption of ck1α in toxoplasma gondii increases acute virulence in mice.toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, encodes two casein kinase 1 (ck1) isoforms, ck1α and ck1β, with only ck1α having enzyme activity. here we investigated the biological role of ck1α by construction of a ck1α deletion mutant (δck1α) based on the type i parasite, and complement the mutant with restored expression of ck1α. deletion of ck1α resulted in markedly defective parasite replication in vitro. infected mice with δck1α parasite caused suppression of il-12 production, sev ...201627567091
the efficacy of herbal medicines against toxoplasma gondii during the last 3 decades: a systematic review.the objective of the current study was to systematically review papers discussing the efficacy of medicinal herbs against toxoplasma gondii. data were systematically collected from published papers about the efficacy of herbs used against t. gondii globally from 1988 to 2015, from pubmed, google scholar, isi web of science, ebsco, science direct, and scopus. forty-nine papers were included in the current systematic review reporting the evaluation of medicinal plants against t. gondii globally, b ...201627564395
prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis: a retrospective analysis of mother-child examinations, styria, austria, 1995 to 2012.in austria, mandatory screening for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis stipulates a serological test for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii as early as possible in pregnancy. in the case of a seronegative result, subsequent tests at intervals of 8 weeks are requested. we analysed serological data from styria, an austrian federal state, to determine the seroprevalence and incidence of toxoplasma infections. the study included 353,599 tests from 103,316 women during 158,571 pregnancies f ...201627562876
toxoplasma gondii tgist co-opts host chromatin repressors dampening stat1-dependent gene regulation and ifn-γ-mediated host defenses.an early hallmark of toxoplasma gondii infection is the rapid control of the parasite population by a potent multifaceted innate immune response that engages resident and homing immune cells along with pro- and counter-inflammatory cytokines. in this context, ifn-γ activates a variety of t. gondii-targeting activities in immune and nonimmune cells but can also contribute to host immune pathology. t. gondii has evolved mechanisms to timely counteract the host ifn-γ defenses by interfering with th ...201627503074
the correlation between toxoplasma gondii infection and prenatal depression in pregnant women.previous studies have demonstrated that latent toxoplasmosis is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. we evaluated the correlation between toxoplasma gondii infection and prenatal depression. in this case-control study, we enrolled 116 depressed pregnant women and 244 healthy controls. the edinburgh postpartum depression scale (epds) was used to evaluate the depression symptom severity in study participants. all participants were screened for the anti-toxoplasma igg by enzyme-linked immuno ...201627502929
post-prophylaxis toxoplasma chorioretinitis following donor-recipient mismatched liver transplantation.toxoplasmosis may be transferred by organ transplantation. the most common clinical presentation is with multisystem disease, although isolated ocular toxoplasmosis has been described. many centers have suggested that universal use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis obviates the need for specific toxoplasma testing. we report a case of donor-acquired ocular toxoplasmosis after liver transplantation despite co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. the diagnosis was confirmed by toxoplasma polymerase chain reaction ...201627500398
apicoplast-localized lysophosphatidic acid precursor assembly is required for bulk phospholipid synthesis in toxoplasma gondii and relies on an algal/plant-like glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase.most apicomplexan parasites possess a non-photosynthetic plastid (the apicoplast), which harbors enzymes for a number of metabolic pathways, including a prokaryotic type ii fatty acid synthesis (fasii) pathway. in toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, the fasii pathway is essential for parasite growth and infectivity. however, little is known about the fate of fatty acids synthesized by fasii. in this study, we have investigated the function of a plant-like glycerol 3-phosphat ...201627490259
transcriptomic analysis of mouse liver reveals a potential hepato-enteric pathogenic mechanism in acute toxoplasma gondii infection.toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide spread pathogen which can infect all tissues of its host. the transcriptomic responses of infected brain and spleen have been reported. however, our knowledge of the global transcriptomic change in infected liver is limited. additionally, t. gondii infection represents a highly dynamic process involving complex biological responses of the host at many levels. herein, we describe such processes at a global level by discovering gene expression changes in mouse live ...201627488578
in vivo biotinylation of the toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole reveals novel dense granule proteins important for parasite growth and pathogenesis.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that invades host cells and replicates within a unique parasitophorous vacuole. to maintain this intracellular niche, the parasite secretes an array of dense granule proteins (gras) into the nascent parasitophorous vacuole. these gras are believed to play key roles in vacuolar remodeling, nutrient uptake, and immune evasion while the parasite is replicating within the host cell. despite the central role of gras in the toxoplasma life cycle, ...201627486190
z-dna binding protein mediates host control of toxoplasma gondii infection.intrinsic to toxoplasma gondii infection is the parasite-induced modulation of the host immune response, which ensures establishment of a chronic lifelong infection. this manipulation of the host immune response allows t. gondii to not only dampen the ability of the host to eliminate the parasite but also trigger parasite differentiation to the slow-growing, encysted bradyzoite form. we previously used rna sequencing (rna-seq) to profile the transcriptomes of mice and t. gondii during acute and ...201627481249
pyrimidine pathway-dependent and -independent functions of the toxoplasma gondii mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (dhodh) mediates the fourth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and is a proven drug target for inducing immunosuppression in therapy of human disease as well as a rapidly emerging drug target for treatment of malaria. in toxoplasma gondii, disruption of the first, fifth, or sixth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis induced uracil auxotrophy. however, previous attempts to generate uracil auxotrophy by genetically deleting the mitochondrion-associated dhodh of ...201627481247
horses seropositive for toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis spp. and neospora spp.: possible risk factors for infection in brazil.many parasitic diseases are considered asymptomatic, even though some studies have shown that they may cause pathological changes in the host. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, neospora spp. and sarcocystis spp. in horses, and to identify the risk factors for disease. for this, 174 horses were studied, 90 males and 84 females aged between two and 20 years old. blood samples were collected and stored in tubes without anticoagu ...201627475033
infection of mice with oocysts of toxoplasma gondii by oral route showed differences of virulence from brazilian rflp genotypes bri and briii.south american strains of toxoplasma gondii present higher genetic diversity than classical european strains. we compared the virulence of two non-archetypal brazilian genotypes of t. gondii to mice. oocysts of four isolates, two genotype bri (tgcatbr71 and tgshbr11) and two briii (tgcatbr74 and tgcatbr60) were obtained from cats fed experimentally infected mice. after sporulation, 5.0×10(1) and 1.0×10(2) oocysts were orally administrated to swiss albine mice in experiments #1 and #2, respective ...201627474004
diphenyl diselenide supplementation in infected mice by toxoplasma gondii: protective effect on behavior, neuromodulation and oxidative stress caused by disease.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous administration of diphenyl diselenide (phse)2 on animal behavior and activities of acetylcholinesterase (ache), adenylate kinase (ak), and creatine kinase (ck) in the brain of mice infected by toxoplasma gondii. in addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (tbars) levels and glutathione (gr, gpx and gst) activity were also evaluated. for the study, 40 female mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: group a (uninf ...201627472985
serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and standardization.humans can be infected by the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease. although the infection is generally asymptomatic for most adults, severe complications may occur in some individuals, especially women in early pregnancy. serologic diagnosis is used as a routine practice to determine the immune status for infection by t. gondii. in this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, including d ...201627470936
human toxoplasmosis-searching for novel chemotherapeutics.the protozoan toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, is an etiological agent of human and animal toxoplasmosis. treatment regimens for t. gondii-infected patients have not essentially changed for years. the most common chemotherapeutics used in the therapy of symptomatic toxoplasmosis are a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine plus folinic acid or a combination of pyrimethamine with lincosamide or macrolide antibiotics. to protect a fetus from parasite transplacental tra ...201627470411
[intraocular inflammation: autoimmune or infectious?].presentation of 3 cases of intraocular inflammation: 1. 47-year old female patient with severe necrotising scleritis and uveitis with underlying granulomatous polyangiitis (formerly known as wegener granulomatosis, in honour of the german pathologist friedrich wegener), known for 10 years. 2. 48-year old male patient with longstanding bilateral uveitis and granulomatous polyangiitis for 2 years. in the histopathological examination of the enucleation specimen, a retrolental tumour turned out to ...201627468098
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in captive antillean manatee (trichechus manatus manatus) in brazil.antillean manatees ( trichechus manatus manatus) are aquatic mammals that inhabit marine waters from central america to the northeastern region of brazil, and they are an endangered species. infection with toxoplasma gondii through intake of water or food contaminated with oocysts has been reported among marine mammals. the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii in west indian manatees living in captivity in northeastern brazil. serum samples from 55 west india ...201627468012
indication of risk of mother-to-child toxoplasma gondii transmission in the greater accra region of ghana.objectives congenital infection with toxoplasma gondii is known to result in neurological and brain disorders including ophthalmic disorders later in life. research in ghana revealed high sero-prevalence among pregnant women and eye patients. this study determines the risk of congenital transmission of t. gondii infection in accra, ghana. methods one hundred consented pregnant women aged 18-45 years (mean 29.85 ± 5.76) participated. venous blood and tissue samples were taken from the maternal si ...201627465060
phenotypes associated with knockouts of eight dense granule gene loci (gra2-9) in virulent toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii actively invades host cells and establishes a parasitophorous vacuole (pv) that accumulates many proteins secreted by the dense granules (gra proteins). to date, at least 23 gra proteins have been reported, though the function(s) of most of these proteins still remains unknown. we targeted gene knockouts at ten gra gene loci (gra1-10) to investigate the cellular roles and essentiality of these classical gra proteins during acute infection in the virulent type i rh strain. while ...201627458822
apicoplast fatty acid synthesis is essential for pellicle formation at the end of cytokinesis in toxoplasma gondii.the apicomplexan protozoan toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, harbors an apicoplast, a plastid-like organelle with essential metabolic functions. although the fasii fatty acid biosynthesis pathway located in the apicoplast is essential for parasite survival, the cellular effects of fasii disruption in t. gondii had not been examined in detail. here, we combined light and electron microscopy techniques - including focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (fib-sem) - to ...201627457282
coastal development and precipitation drive pathogen flow from land to sea: evidence from a toxoplasma gondii and felid host system.rapidly developing coastal regions face consequences of land use and climate change including flooding and increased sediment, nutrient, and chemical runoff, but these forces may also enhance pathogen runoff, which threatens human, animal, and ecosystem health. using the zoonotic parasite toxoplasma gondii in california, usa as a model for coastal pathogen pollution, we examine the spatial distribution of parasite runoff and the impacts of precipitation and development on projected pathogen deli ...201627456911
toxoplasma gondii infection in mice impairs long-term fear memory consolidation through dysfunction of the cortex and amygdala.chronic infection with toxoplasma gondii becomes established in tissues of the central nervous system, where parasites may directly or indirectly modulate neuronal function. epidemiological studies have revealed that chronic infection in humans is a risk factor for developing mental diseases. however, the mechanisms underlying parasite-induced neuronal dysfunction in the brain remain unclear. here, we examined memory associated with conditioned fear in mice and found that t. gondii infection imp ...201627456832
identification and characterization of an immunogenic antigen, enolase 2, among excretory/secretory antigens (esa) of toxoplasma gondii.an immunogenic protein, enolase 2, was identified among the secreted excretory/secretory antigens (esas) from toxoplasma gondii strain rh using immunoproteomics based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. enolase 2 was cloned, sequenced, and heterologously expressed. blast analysis revealed 75-96% similarity with enolases from other parasites. immunoblotting demonstrated good immunoreactivity of recombinant t. gondii enolase (tg-enolase 2) to t. gondii- ...201627450536
tgf-β in toxoplasmosis: friend or foe?toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan causing several forms of toxoplasmosis in humans. the main mechanisms that allow the development of the prolonged forms of the disease and its subsequent pathology are yet to be clarified. however, many researchers have hypothesized that immunological and genetic parameters may play crucial roles in the etiology of the disease. transforming growth factor beta (tgf-β) is a cytokine with a dual role in the regulation of immune re ...201627449809
investigation of false positives associated with loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detection of toxoplasma gondii in archived tissue samples of captive felids.toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite that infects humans and many different animals, including felids. many molecular and serologic tests have been developed for detection of t. gondii in a wide range of hosts. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a field-friendly technique that lacks the practical drawbacks of other molecular and serologic tests, and lamp assays have been successfully developed for detection of t. gondii in fresh tissue samples. in the current study, ...201627449130
detection of toxoplasma gondii dna by qpcr in the feces of a cat that recently ingested infected prey does not necessarily imply oocyst shedding.detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in cat feces is considered indicative of the presence of t. gondii oocysts. this study aims to demonstrate that the high sensitivity of qpcr can lead to t. gondii dna detection in cat feces in the absence of oocysts. a cat immune to toxoplasmosis was fed with a mouse experimentally infected with t. gondii. detection of dna of this parasite was performed by qpcr on feces passed: (i) on the day the cat ingested the infected prey; (ii) during the three previous da ...201627449050
maternal t. gondii, offspring bipolar disorder and neurocognition.prenatal exposure to maternal toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) igg antibody titer has been associated previously with an increased risk of offspring schizophrenia (sz) and cognitive impairment. we examined maternal t. gondii, offspring bipolar disorder (bp) and childhood cognition using a population-based birth cohort. maternal sera, drawn in the third trimester, were analyzed for t. gondii igg antibody titer, and offspring cognition at ages 5 and 9-11 was measured with the peabody picture vocabula ...201627449007
occurrence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits of northeastern brazil.the present study aimed to conduct a serosurvey of toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbits of northeastern brazil. blood samples and tissue fragments (brain, heart and diaphragm) were collected from 150 and 54 rabbits from the state of pernambuco, brazil, respectively. the serum samples were subjected to serological analysis (modified agglutination test - mat) and the tissue samples were assessed by pcr and histopathological analysis. data collected through questionnaires were subjected to analysis of ...201627447212
in vitro observation of the stage conversion of transgenic toxoplasma gondii rh strain expressing dual fluorescent proteins.toxoplasma gondii converts from tachyzoites to bradyzoites after acute infection and thus survives the attack of the host immune responses. in this study, we observed the conversion of tachyzoites to bradyzoites in cell cultures using a transgenic t. gondii rh strain. the transgenic parasites continuously express yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) but only express red fluorescent protein (rfp) at the bradyzoite stage. red fluorescent bradyzoite-containing cysts were found in transgenic parasite in ...201627447207
secretion of rhoptry and dense granule effector proteins by nonreplicating toxoplasma gondii uracil auxotrophs controls the development of antitumor immunity.nonreplicating type i uracil auxotrophic mutants of toxoplasma gondii possess a potent ability to activate therapeutic immunity to established solid tumors by reversing immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. here we engineered targeted deletions of parasite secreted effector proteins using a genetically tractable δku80 vaccine strain to show that the secretion of specific rhoptry (rop) and dense granule (gra) proteins by uracil auxotrophic mutants of t. gondii in conjunction with host ...201627447180
seroprevalence and associated risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in healthy blood donors: a cross-sectional study in sonora, mexico.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) can be transmitted by blood transfusion. we determined the prevalence of t. gondii infection in healthy blood donors in hermosillo city, mexico, and the association of infection with t. gondii with the sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of blood donors. four hundred and eight blood donors who attended two public blood banks in hermosillo city were examined for anti-t. gondii igg and igm antibodies by using enzyme-linked immunoassays. of the 4 ...201627446960
a bacterial parasite effector mediates insect vector attraction in host plants independently of developmental changes.parasites can take over their hosts and trigger dramatic changes in host appearance and behavior that are typically interpreted as extended phenotypes that promote parasite survival and fitness. for example, toxoplasma gondii is thought to manipulate the behaviors of infected rodents to aid transmission to cats and parasitic trematodes of the genus ribeiroia alter limb development in their amphibian hosts to facilitate predation of the latter by birds. plant parasites and pathogens also reprogra ...201627446117
multilevel precision-based rational design of chemical inhibitors targeting the hydrophobic cleft of toxoplasma gondii apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1).toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite and a causative agent of toxoplasmosis in human. it causes encephalitis, uveitis, chorioretinitis, and congenital infection. t. gondii invades the host cell by forming a moving junction (mj) complex. this complex formation is initiated by intermolecular interactions between the two secretory parasitic proteins-namely, apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) and rhoptry neck protein 2 (ron2) and is critically essential for the host invasion pro ...201627445648
antigen-addicted t cell reserves trickle charge the frontline killers.highly active killer t cells mediate a stable standoff during controlled persistent infections. in this issue of immunity, robey and colleagues describe a unique antigen-addicted t cell population bearing characteristics of both effector and memory cd8(+) t cells that provides a continuous supply of potent killer t cells to curb toxoplasma gondii growth during latency.201627438762
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