Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| appetite for self-destruction: suicidal biting as a nest defense strategy in trigona stingless bees. | self-sacrificial behavior represents an extreme and relatively uncommon form of altruism in worker insects. it can occur, however, when inclusive fitness benefits are high, such as when defending the nest. we studied nest defense behaviors in stingless bees, which live in eusocial colonies subject to predation. we introduced a target flag to nest entrances to elicit defensive responses and quantified four measures of defensivity in 12 stingless bee species in são paulo state, brazil. these inclu ... | 2017 | 25620834 |
| bee sting envenomation resulting in gross haematuria in an eight-year-old nigerian male with sickle cell anaemia: a case report. | gross haematuria is an unusual complication of honey bee stings. herein, we report a rare case of gross haematuria following multiple honeybees stings in an 8-year-old nigerian child with sickle cell anaemia. the patient had evidence of massive intravascular haemolysis and was transfused with a unit of fresh whole blood. however, he died within 36 hours on admission despite medical intervention. | 2017 | 25657498 |
| flobots: robotic flowers for bee behaviour experiments. | studies of pollinator foraging behaviour often require artificial flowers that can refill themselves, allowing pollinators to forage for long periods of time under experimental conditions. here i describe a design for inexpensive flowers that can refill themselves upon demand and that are easy enough to set up and clean that they can be used in arrays of 30 or more flowers. i also summarize of a variety of artificial flower designs developed by other researchers. | 2017 | 25722755 |
| genetic differentiation in the stingless bee, scaptotrigona xanthotricha moure, 1950 (apidae, meliponini): a species with wide geographic distribution in the atlantic rainforest. | stingless bees are important pollinators that are severely threatened by anthropic interference, resulting in a strong population decline. scaptotrigona xanthotricha has a wide distribution in the atlantic rainforest, ranging from the northeastern state of bahia to santa catarina in southern brazil. to understand the genetic structure of s. xanthotricha, 12 species-specific microsatellite loci were analyzed in 42 colonies sampled throughout the species range. the results indicated 5 distinct clu ... | 2017 | 24829365 |
| pilot trial evaluating the treatment of focal vitiligo with intralesional honeybee venom injection. | 2017 | 23149190 | |
| functional and evolutionary insights into the simple yet specific gut microbiota of the honey bee from metagenomic analysis. | the honey bee, apis mellifera, harbors a characteristic gut microbiota composed of only a few species which seem to be specific to social bees. the maintenance of this stable and distinct microbial community depends on the social lifestyle of these insects. as in other animals, the bacteria in the gut of honey bees probably govern important functions critical to host health. we recently sequenced a metagenome of the gut microbiota of a. mellifera, assigned gene contents to bins corresponding to ... | 2017 | 23060052 |
| hormone response to bidirectional selection on social behavior. | behavior is a quantitative trait determined by multiple genes. some of these genes may have effects from early development and onward by influencing hormonal systems that are active during different life-stages leading to complex associations, or suites, of traits. honey bees (apis mellifera) have been used extensively in experiments on the genetic and hormonal control of complex social behavior, but the relationships between their early developmental processes and adult behavioral variation are ... | 2017 | 20883212 |
| microrna-34 directly targets pair-rule genes and cytoskeleton component in the honey bee. | micrornas (mirnas) are key regulators of developmental processes, such as cell fate determination and differentiation. previous studies showed dicer knockdown in honeybee embryos disrupt the processing of functional mature mirnas and impairs embryo patterning. here we investigated the expression profiles of mirnas in honeybee embryogenesis and the role of the highly conserved mir-34-5p in the regulation of genes involved in insect segmentation. a total of 221 mirnas were expressed in honey bee e ... | 2017 | 28098233 |
| the effect of seasons on brazilian red propolis and its botanical source: chemical composition and antibacterial activity. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons on the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of brazilian red propolis (brp) and its plant source. brp was collected from maceio, alagoas state, north-east of brazil, during one year. chemical composition was determined by physicochemical analyses and hplc while antimicrobial activity was assessed against streptococcus mutans, streptococcus sobrinus, staphylococcus aureus and actinomyces naeslundii by determining the minimal i ... | 2017 | 27701899 |
| immune system stimulation by the native gut microbiota of honey bees. | gut microbial communities can greatly affect host health by modulating the host's immune system. for many important insects, however, the relationship between the gut microbiota and immune function remains poorly understood. here, we test whether the gut microbial symbionts of the honey bee can induce expression of antimicrobial peptides (amps), a crucial component of insect innate immunity. we find that bees up-regulate gene expression of the amps apidaecin and hymenoptaecin in gut tissue when ... | 2017 | 28386455 |
| functional properties of honey supplemented with bee bread and propolis. | the aim of this work was characterisation of functional properties of honey enriched with propolis and beebread. in first step of experiment, soft propolis extract (spex) was obtained by extraction of propolis with ethanol. spex (0.25 to 1.0% w/w) as well as beebread (5 to 15% w/w) were implemented into natural honey. fortified honeys were investigated in terms of total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, also their effects on the micro-organisms ... | 2017 | 28278684 |
| distribution and variability of deformed wing virus of honeybees (apis mellifera) in the middle east and north africa. | three hundred and eleven honeybee samples from 12 countries in the middle east and north africa (mena) (jordan, lebanon, syria, iraq, egypt, libya, tunisia, algeria, morocco, yemen, palestine, and sudan) were analyzed for the presence of deformed wing virus (dwv). the prevalence of dwv throughout the mena region was pervasive, but variable. the highest prevalence was found in lebanon and syria, with prevalence dropping in palestine, jordan, and egypt before increasing slightly moving westwards t ... | 2017 | 26445352 |
| chitosan-propolis nanoparticle formulation demonstrates anti-bacterial activity against enterococcus faecalis biofilms. | propolis obtained from bee hives is a natural substance with antimicrobial properties. it is limited by its insolubility in aqueous solutions; hence ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of malaysian propolis were prepared. both the extracts displayed antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against enterococcus faecalis, a common bacterium associated with hospital-acquired infections. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis of propolis revealed the presence of flavonoids like kaemp ... | 2017 | 28362873 |
| comparative genome analysis of multiple vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolated from two fatal cases. | enterococcus faecium is both a commensal of the human intestinal tract and an opportunistic pathogen. the increasing incidence of enterococcal infections is mainly due to the ability of this organism to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics, including vancomycin. the aim of this study was to perform comparative genome analyses on four vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrefm) strains isolated from two fatal cases in a tertiary hospital in malaysia. two sequence types, st80 and st203 ... | 2017 | 28039075 |
| parasites modulate within-colony activity and accelerate the temporal polyethism schedule of a social insect, the honey bee. | task allocation in social insect colonies is generally organised into an age-related division of labour, termed the temporal polyethism schedule, which may in part have evolved to reduce infection of the colony's brood by pests and pathogens. the temporal polyethism schedule is sensitive to colony perturbations that may lead to adaptive changes in task allocation, maintaining colony homeostasis. though social insects can be infected by a range of parasites, little is known of how these parasites ... | 2017 | 27397965 |
| food to some, poison to others - honeybee royal jelly and its growth inhibiting effect on european foulbrood bacteria. | honeybee colonies (apis mellifera) serve as attractive hosts for a variety of pathogens providing optimal temperatures, humidity, and an abundance of food. thus, honeybees have to deal with pathogens throughout their lives and, even as larvae they are affected by severe brood diseases like the european foulbrood caused by melissococcus plutonius. accordingly, it is highly adaptive that larval food jelly contains antibiotic compounds. however, although food jelly is primarily consumed by bee larv ... | 2017 | 27743422 |
| first confirmed report of a bacterial brood disease in stingless bees. | susceptibility to brood pathogens in eusocial stingless bees (meliponini), alternative pollinators to honey bees, is unknown. brood losses in managed colonies of the australian stingless bee, tetragonula carbonaria, were studied over 20months. we isolated a disease-causing bacterium, lysinibacillus sphaericus (firmicutes, bacillaceae), from worker and queen larvae, brood cell provisions and honey stores. pathogenicity experiments confirmed this bacterium as the causal organism. it took 22days fr ... | 2017 | 28088343 |
| glucansucrases produced by fructophilic lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus kunkeei h3 and h25 isolated from honeybees. | twenty fructophilic isolates from the stomachs of honeybee apis mellifera ligustica from the region of plovdiv, bulgaria were obtained. fructophilic isolates h3 and h25 showed formation of mucous colonies during cultivation on medium with sucrose, suggesting exopolysaccharide synthesis. the sequencing analysis of 16s rrna identified isolates h3 and h25 as fructophilic lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus kunkeei. the in situ analysis and periodic acid-schiff's staining, showed that lb. kunkeei h3 ... | 2017 | 27633178 |
| oral administration of heat-killed lactobacillus kunkeei yb38 improves murine influenza pneumonia by enhancing iga production. | influenza is one of the important respiratory tract infections that require special attention for maintaining health and hygiene. the removal of influenza virus (ifv) by secretory iga produced by the respiratory epithelium has been reported to be a critical host defense mechanism. therefore, we isolated lactobacillus kunkeei yb38 (yb38), the promoter of the salivary iga secretion in humans, from honeybee pollen and studied the effect of heat-killed yb38 treatment for preventing ifv infection in ... | 2017 | 28243545 |
| expression and characterization of ha1 protein of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus for use in a serodiagnostic assay. | the hemagglutinin ectodomain (ha1 subunit) from highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) isolate (a/chicken/vietnam/14/2005) was cloned and expressed using a baculovirus expression vector. biosynthesis, glycosylation and secretion of the ha1 proteins, with natural or a melittin signal peptide at the n-terminus and a six-histidine (6xhis) tag at the c-terminus, were examined in insect cells. a 40-kda unglycosylated precursor and a fully processed, mature form of the ha1 protein migrated around 52 ... | 2017 | 26040437 |
| comparative analysis of the monochamus alternatus immune system. | the pine sawyer beetle, monochamus alternatus, is regarded as a notorious forest pest in asia, vectoring an invasive pathogenic nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is known to cause pine wilt disease. however, little sequence information is available for this vector beetle. this hampered the research on its immune system. based on transcriptome of m. alternatus, we have identified and characterized 194 immunity-related genes in m. alternatus, and compared them with homologues molecules f ... | 2017 | 28247970 |
| acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis: case report and review of the literature. | we describe a case of a 25-year-old male with a diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) following infection with campylobacter jejuni, which is implicated in various human pathologies regarding the central nervous system (cns) with acute course like guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), miller-fisher syndrome (mfs), bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (bee), acute transverse myelitis (atm) as well as adem. these conditions are caused by cross-reactivity between campylobacter's epitope ... | 2017 | 27888275 |
| pathogen prevalence and abundance in honey bee colonies involved in almond pollination. | honey bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops. since 2006, us beekeepers have experienced high annual honey bee colony losses, which may be attributed to multiple abiotic and biotic factors, including pathogens. however, the relative importance of these factors has not been fully elucidated. to identify the most prevalent pathogens and investigate the relationship between colony strength and health, we assessed pathogen occurrence, prevalence, and abundance in western us honey bee c ... | 2017 | 27053820 |
| an inert pesticide adjuvant synergizes viral pathogenicity and mortality in honey bee larvae. | honey bees are highly valued for their pollination services in agricultural settings, and recent declines in managed populations have caused concern. colony losses following a major pollination event in the united states, almond pollination, have been characterized by brood mortality with specific symptoms, followed by eventual colony loss weeks later. in this study, we demonstrate that these symptoms can be produced by chronically exposing brood to both an organosilicone surfactant adjuvant (os ... | 2017 | 28091574 |
| virion structure of black queen cell virus, a common honeybee pathogen. | viral diseases are a major threat to honeybee (apis mellifera) populations worldwide and therefore an important factor in reliable crop pollination and food security. black queen cell virus (bqcv) is the etiological agent of a fatal disease of honeybee queen larvae and pupae. the virus belongs to the genus triatovirus from the family dicistroviridae, which is part of the order picornavirales here we present a crystal structure of bqcv determined to a resolution of 3.4 å. the virion is formed by ... | 2017 | 28077635 |
| comparative effect of propolis of honey bee and some herbal extracts on candida albicans. | to determine the effect of propolis on candida albicans and to compare it with the effects of some other herbal extracts and antibiotics on this pathogenic fungi. | 2017 | 26149083 |
| synergistic effects of floral phytochemicals against a bumble bee parasite. | floral landscapes comprise diverse phytochemical combinations. individual phytochemicals in floral nectar and pollen can reduce infection in bees and directly inhibit trypanosome parasites. however, gut parasites of generalist pollinators, which consume nectar and pollen from many plant species, are exposed to phytochemical combinations. interactions between phytochemicals could augment or decrease effects of single compounds on parasites. using a matrix of 36 phytochemical treatment combination ... | 2017 | 28331591 |
| evolution of resistance to single and combined floral phytochemicals by a bumble bee parasite. | repeated exposure to inhibitory compounds can drive the evolution of resistance, which weakens chemical defence against antagonists. floral phytochemicals in nectar and pollen have antimicrobial properties that can ameliorate infection in pollinators, but evolved resistance among parasites could diminish the medicinal efficacy of phytochemicals. however, multicompound blends, which occur in nectar and pollen, present simultaneous chemical challenges that may slow resistance evolution. we assesse ... | 2017 | 27783434 |
| microbiology of processed edible insect products - results of a preliminary survey. | little is known of the microbiology of processed insect products. the present survey analysed a total of n=38 samples of deep-fried and spiced (acheta domesticus, locusta migratoria, and omphisa fuscidentalis), cooked in soy sauce ("tsukudani"; oxya yezoensis, vespula flaviceps, and bombyx mori), dried (a. domesticus, l. migatoria, alphitobius diaperinus, tenebrio molitor, b. mori, hermetia illucens, and musca domestica), powdered (h. illucens, t. molitor) and other (incl. deep-frozen b. mori an ... | 2017 | 27903420 |
| a comparison of deformed wing virus in deformed and asymptomatic honey bees. | deformed wing virus (dwv) in association with varroa destructor is currently attributed to being responsible for colony collapse in the western honey bee (apis mellifera). the appearance of deformed individuals within an infested colony has long been associated with colony losses. however, it is unknown why only a fraction of dwv positive bees develop deformed wings. this study concerns two small studies comparing deformed and non-deformed bees. in brazil, asymptomatic bees (no wing deformity) t ... | 2017 | 28272333 |
| structure of deformed wing virus, a major honey bee pathogen. | the worldwide population of western honey bees (apis mellifera) is under pressure from habitat loss, environmental stress, and pathogens, particularly viruses that cause lethal epidemics. deformed wing virus (dwv) from the family iflaviridae, together with its vector, the mite varroa destructor, is likely the major threat to the world's honey bees. however, lack of knowledge of the atomic structures of iflaviruses has hindered the development of effective treatments against them. here, we presen ... | 2017 | 28270616 |
| inside honeybee hives: impact of natural propolis on the ectoparasitic mite varroa destructor and viruses. | social immunity is a key factor for honeybee health, including behavioral defense strategies such as the collective use of antimicrobial plant resins (propolis). while laboratory data repeatedly show significant propolis effects, field data are scarce, especially at the colony level. here, we investigated whether propolis, as naturally deposited in the nests, can protect honeybees against ectoparasitic mites varroa destructor and associated viruses, which are currently considered the most seriou ... | 2017 | 28178181 |
| covert deformed wing virus infections have long-term deleterious effects on honeybee foraging and survival. | several studies have suggested that covert stressors can contribute to bee colony declines. here we provide a novel case study and show using radiofrequency identification tracking technology that covert deformed wing virus (dwv) infections in adult honeybee workers seriously impact long-term foraging and survival under natural foraging conditions. in particular, our experiments show that adult workers injected with low doses of dwv experienced increased mortality rates, that dwv caused workers ... | 2017 | 28148747 |
| early life stress affects mortality rate more than social behavior, gene expression or oxidative damage in honey bee workers. | early life stressors can affect aging and life expectancy in positive or negative ways. individuals can adjust their behavior and molecular physiology based on early life experiences but relatively few studies have connected such mechanisms to demographic patterns in social organisms. sociality buffers individuals from environmental influences and it is unclear how much early life stress affects later life history. workers of the honey bee (apis mellifera l.) were exposed to two stressors, varro ... | 2017 | 28122251 |
| evidence for positive selection and recombination hotspots in deformed wing virus (dwv). | deformed wing virus (dwv) is considered one of the most damaging pests in honey bees since the spread of its vector, varroa destructor. in this study, we sequenced the whole genomes of two virus isolates and studied the evolutionary forces that act on dwv genomes. the isolate from a varroa-tolerant bee colony was characterized by three recombination breakpoints between dwv and the closely related varroa destructor virus-1 (vdv-1), whereas the variant from the colony using conventional varroa man ... | 2017 | 28120868 |
| honey bee deformed wing virus structures reveal that conformational changes accompany genome release. | the picornavirus-like deformed wing virus (dwv) has been directly linked to colony collapse; however, little is known about the mechanisms of host attachment or entry for dwv or its molecular and structural details. here we report the three-dimensional (3-d) structures of dwv capsids isolated from infected honey bees, including the immature procapsid, the genome-filled virion, the putative entry intermediate (a-particle), and the empty capsid that remains after genome release. the capsids are de ... | 2017 | 27852845 |
| ictv virus taxonomy profile: dicistroviridae. | dicistroviridae is a family of small non-enveloped viruses with monopartite, linear, positive-sense rna genomes of approximately 8-10 kb. viruses of all classified species infect arthropod hosts, with some having devastating economic consequences, such as acute bee paralysis virus in domesticated honeybees and taura syndrome virus in shrimp farming. conversely, the host specificity and other desirable traits exhibited by several members of this group make them potential natural enemies for inten ... | 2017 | 28366189 |
| cryo-electron microscopy study of the genome release of the dicistrovirus israeli acute bee paralysis virus. | viruses of the family dicistroviridae can cause substantial economic damage by infecting agriculturally important insects. israeli acute bee paralysis virus (iapv) causes honeybee colony collapse disorder in the united states. high-resolution molecular details of the genome delivery mechanism of dicistroviruses are unknown. here we present a cryo-electron microscopy analysis of iapv virions induced to release their genomes in vitro we determined structures of full iapv virions primed to release ... | 2017 | 27928006 |
| long-term prevalence of the protists crithidia bombi and apicystis bombi and detection of the microsporidium nosema bombi in invasive bumble bees. | an initial survey in 2009 carried out at a site in northwestern patagonia region, argentina, revealed for the first time in south america the presence of the flagellate crithidia bombi and the neogregarine apicystis bombi, two pathogens associated with the palaearctic invasive bumble bee bombus terrestris. in order to determine the long-term persistence and dynamics of this microparasite complex, four additional collections at the same site (san carlos de bariloche) were conducted along the foll ... | 2017 | 28085231 |
| bioprofiling of salicaceae bud extracts through high-performance thin-layer chromatography hyphenated to biochemical, microbiological and chemical detections. | the buds of poplars (populus l.) and willows (salix l.), both from the same family (salicaceae mirbel), are increasingly used in gemmotherapy and importantly contribute to the production of the physiologically active propolis by european bee apis mellifera l. in order to study their phenolic profiles, polar extracts of buds from p. nigra l. were compared to those of p. alba l. and s. alba l. through high-performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc). five chemotypical patterns were distinguished ... | 2017 | 28222858 |
| no effect of bt cry1ie toxin on bacterial diversity in the midgut of the chinese honey bees, apis cerana cerana (hymenoptera, apidae). | cry1ie protein derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been proposed as a promising candidate for the development of a new bt-maize variety to control maize pests in china. we studied the response of the midgut bacterial community of apis cerana cerana to cry1ie toxin under laboratory conditions. newly emerged bees were fed one of the following treatments for 15 and 30 days: three concentrations of cry1ie toxin (20 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, and 20 μg/ml) in sugar syrup, pure sugar syrup as a negati ... | 2017 | 28139751 |
| genomic changes associated with the evolutionary transition of an insect gut symbiont into a blood-borne pathogen. | the genus bartonella comprises facultative intracellular bacteria with a unique lifestyle. after transmission by blood-sucking arthropods they colonize the erythrocytes of mammalian hosts causing acute and chronic infectious diseases. although the pathogen-host interaction is well understood, little is known about the evolutionary origin of the infection strategy manifested by bartonella species. here we analyzed six genomes of bartonella apis, a honey bee gut symbiont that to date represents th ... | 2017 | 28234349 |
| stonebrood and chalkbrood in apis mellifera causing fungi: in vitro sensitivity to some essential oils. | aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antimycotic activity of 17 chemically defined essential oils (eos) both alone and as a mixture, against agents responsible for stonebrood caused by aspergillus flavus, and chalkbrood caused by ascosphaera apis in european honeybees. cinnamomum zeylanicum yielded the lowest mic value against a. flavus, but was not effective against a. apis, while litsea cubeba and pelargonium graveolens appeared to be effective against all checked fungi. asper ... | 2017 | 28326846 |
| possible correlation between levansucrase production and probiotic activity of bacillus sp. isolated from honey and honey bee. | five bacterial isolates from honey and bee gut were selected based on their high levansucrase activity and levan yield which were strongly positively correlated. all isolates showed good tolerance to temperature up to 70 °c, to nacl up to 3 m and to 0.1% h2o2. they maintained over 59 and 64% survival at ph 9.0 and 2.0 respectively, but showed varying tolerance to 0.1% bile salts and pancreatic enzymes. most isolates were susceptible to widely used antibiotics, but demonstrated diverse antimicrob ... | 2017 | 28271385 |
| gram-positive bacteria with probiotic potential for the apis mellifera l. honey bee: the experience in the northwest of argentina. | apis mellifera l. is one of the most important natural pollinators of significant crops and flowers around the world. it can be affected by different types of illnesses: american foulbrood, nosemosis, varroasis, viruses, among others. such infections mainly cause a reduction in honey production and in extreme situations, the death of the colony. argentina is the world's second largest honey exporter and the third largest honey producer, after china and turkey. given both the prominence of the ho ... | 2017 | 27655068 |
| epigenetic modifications and their relation to caste and sex determination and adult division of labor in the stingless bee melipona scutellaris. | stingless bees of the genus melipona, have long been considered an enigmatic case among social insects for their mode of caste determination, where in addition to larval food type and quantity, the genotype also has a saying, as proposed over 50 years ago by warwick e. kerr. several attempts have since tried to test his mendelian two-loci/two-alleles segregation hypothesis, but only recently a single gene crucial for sex determination in bees was evidenced to be sex-specifically spliced and also ... | 2017 | 28257527 |
| the exposure of honey bees (apis mellifera; hymenoptera: apidae) to pesticides: room for improvement in research. | losses of honey bees have been repeatedly reported from many places worldwide. the widespread use of synthetic pesticides has led to concerns regarding their environmental fate and their effects on pollinators. based on a standardised review, we report the use of a wide variety of honey bee matrices and sampling methods in the scientific papers studying pesticide exposure. matrices such as beeswax and beebread were very little analysed despite their capacities for long-term pesticide storage. mo ... | 2017 | 28256316 |
| the effects of disturbance threat on leaf-cutting ant colonies: a laboratory study. | the flexibility of organisms to respond plastically to their environment is fundamental to their fitness and evolutionary success. social insects provide some of the most impressive examples of plasticity, with individuals exhibiting behavioral and sometimes morphological adaptations for their specific roles in the colony, such as large soldiers for nest defense. however, with the exception of the honey bee model organism, there has been little investigation of the nature and effects of environm ... | 2017 | 28255181 |
| characterizing the structure and oligomerization of major royal jelly protein 1 (mrjp1) by mass spectrometry and complementary biophysical tools. | royal jelly (rj) triggers the development of female honeybee larvae into queens. this effect has been attributed to the presence of major royal jelly protein 1 (mrjp1) in rj. mrjp1 isolated from royal jelly is tightly associated with apisimin, a 54-residue α-helical peptide that promotes the noncovalent assembly of mrjp1 into multimers. no high-resolution structural data are available for these complexes, and their binding stoichiometry remains uncertain. we examined mrjp1/apisimin using a range ... | 2017 | 28252287 |
| the darwin cure for apiculture? natural selection and managed honeybee health. | recent major losses of managed honeybee, apis mellifera, colonies at a global scale have resulted in a multitude of research efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms. numerous factors acting singly and/or in combination have been identified, ranging from pathogens, over nutrition to pesticides. however, the role of apiculture in limiting natural selection has largely been ignored. this is unfortunate, because honeybees are more exposed to environmental stressors compared to other livestock ... | 2017 | 28250807 |
| transfer assessment of carbendazim residues from rape flowers to apicultural products. | carbendazim is usually used to control the sclerotinia sclerotiorum of rapes during the flowering period. this paper presents a study on transfer assessment of carbendazim residues from rape flowers to apicultural products. in the field trials, the rapes were sprayed with carbendazim on standard dosage. bees produced apicultural products (bee pollen, honey, and royal jelly) from sprayed rapes. apicultural products were collected on a regular basis. carbendazim residues were extracted from bee po ... | 2017 | 28246574 |
| kidney injury in a dog following bee sting-associated anaphylaxis. | this report describes a case of honeybee envenomation in a dog that developed anaphylaxis after being stung by approximately 10 bees. the dog subsequently developed acute kidney injury. the dog had a previous mild increase in blood urea nitrogen with normal creatinine, possibly indicating an insidious chronic renal degenerative process that went into acute decompensation at the time of bee envenomation. | 2017 | 28246414 |
| floral abundance, richness, and spatial distribution drive urban garden bee communities. | in urban landscapes, gardens provide refuges for bee diversity, but conservation potential may depend on local and landscape features. foraging and population persistence of bee species, as well as overall pollinator community structure, may be supported by the abundance, richness, and spatial distribution of floral resources. floral resources strongly differ in urban gardens. using hand netting and pan traps to survey bees, we examined whether abundance, richness, and spatial distribution of fl ... | 2017 | 28245886 |
| volume and density of microglomeruli in the honey bee mushroom bodies do not predict performance on a foraging task. | the mushroom bodies (mbs) are insect brain regions important for sensory integration, learning, and memory. in adult worker honey bees (apis mellifera), the volume of neuropil associated with the mbs is larger in experienced foragers compared with hive bees and less experienced foragers. in addition, the characteristic synaptic structures of the calycal neuropils, the microglomeruli, are larger but present at lower density in 35-day-old foragers relative to 1-day-old workers. age- and experience ... | 2017 | 28245532 |
| insects, arachnids and centipedes venom: a powerful weapon against bacteria. a literature review. | currently, new antimicrobial molecules extracted or obtained by natural sources, could be a valide alternative to traditional antibiotics. most of these molecules are represented by antimicrobial peptides (amps), which are essential compounds of insect, arachnids and centipedes venom. amps, due to their strong effectiveness, low resistance rates and peculiar mode of action, seem to have all the suitable features to be a powerful weapon against several bacteria, especially considering the increas ... | 2017 | 28242227 |
| markov chain model-based optimal cluster heads selection for wireless sensor networks. | the longer network lifetime of wireless sensor networks (wsns) is a goal which is directly related to energy consumption. this energy consumption issue becomes more challenging when the energy load is not properly distributed in the sensing area. the hierarchal clustering architecture is the best choice for these kind of issues. in this paper, we introduce a novel clustering protocol called markov chain model-based optimal cluster heads (mochs) selection for wsns. in our proposed model, we intro ... | 2017 | 28241492 |
| dna methylation mediates neural processing after odor learning in the honeybee. | dna methyltransferases (dnmts) - epigenetic writers catalyzing the transfer of methyl-groups to cytosine (dna methylation) - regulate different aspects of memory formation in many animal species. in honeybees, dnmt activity is required to adjust the specificity of olfactory reward memories and bees' relearning capability. the physiological relevance of dnmt-mediated dna methylation in neural networks, however, remains unknown. here, we investigated how dnmt activity impacts neuroplasticity in th ... | 2017 | 28240742 |
| the buzz about bees and poverty alleviation: identifying drivers and barriers of beekeeping in sub-saharan africa. | the potential of beekeeping to mitigate the exposure of rural sub-sahara african farmers to economic stochasticity has been widely promoted by an array of development agencies. robust outcome indicators of the success of beekeeping to improve household well-being are unfortunately lacking. this study aimed to identify the key drivers and barriers of beekeeping adoption at the household level, and quantified the associated income contribution in three agro-ecological zones in uganda. beekeepers w ... | 2017 | 28235072 |
| repeated evolution of soldier sub-castes suggests parasitism drives social complexity in stingless bees. | the differentiation of workers into morphological castes represents an important evolutionary innovation that is thought to improve division of labor in insect societies. given the potential benefits of task-related worker differentiation, it is puzzling that physical worker castes, such as soldiers, are extremely rare in social bees and absent in wasps. following the recent discovery of soldiers in a stingless bee, we studied the occurrence of worker differentiation in 28 stingless bee species ... | 2017 | 28232746 |
| assessment of the toxic effect of pesticides on honey bee drone fertility using laboratory and semifield approaches: a case study of fipronil. | concern about the reproductive toxicity of plant protection products in honey bee reproducers is increasing. because the reproductive capacity of honey bees is not currently considered during the risk assessment procedure performed during plant protection product registration, it is important to provide methods to assess such potential impairments. to achieve this aim, we used 2 different approaches that involved semifield and laboratory conditions to study the impact of fipronil on drone fertil ... | 2017 | 28224659 |
| nadh autofluorescence, a new metabolic biomarker for cancer stem cells: identification of vitamin c and cape as natural products targeting "stemness". | here, we assembled a broad molecular "tool-kit" to interrogate the role of metabolic heterogeneity in the propagation of cancer stem-like cells (cscs). first, we subjected mcf7 cells to "metabolic fractionation" by flow cytometry, using fluorescent mitochondrial probes to detect pcg1α activity, as well ros and hydrogen-peroxide (h2o2) production; nadh levels were also monitored by auto-fluorescence. then, the various cell populations were functionally assessed for "stem cell activity", using the ... | 2017 | 28223550 |
| wild pollinators enhance oilseed rape yield in small-holder farming systems in china. | insect pollinators play an important role in crop pollination, but the relative contribution of wild pollinators and honey bees to pollination is currently under debate. there is virtually no information available on the strength of pollination services and the identity of pollination service providers from asian smallholder farming systems, where fields are small, and variation among fields is high. we established 18 winter oilseed rape (brassica napus l.) fields along a large geographical grad ... | 2017 | 28222708 |
| pancreatoprotective effects of geniotrigona thoracica stingless bee honey in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced male diabetic rats. | stingless bee honey (slbh) has been claimed to possess multiple health benefits. its anti-diabetic properties are however unknown. in this study, ability of slbh from geniotrigona thoracica stingless bee species in ameliorating pancreatic damage and in maintaining metabolic profiles were investigated in diabetic condition. | 2017 | 28222394 |
| bee venom phospholipase a2 ameliorates house dust mite extract induced atopic dermatitis like skin lesions in mice. | atopic dermatitis (ad) is a biphasic inflammatory skin disease that is provoked by epidermal barrier defects, immune dysregulation, and increased skin infections. previously, we have demonstrated that bvpla2 evoked immune tolerance by inducing regulatory t cells (treg), and thus alleviated th2 dominant allergic asthma in mice. here, we would like to determine whether treatment with bvpla2 exacerbates the ad-like allergic inflammations induced by house dust mite extract (dfe) in a murine model. e ... | 2017 | 28218721 |
| the importance of pollen chemistry in evolutionary host shifts of bees. | although bee-plant associations are generally maintained through speciation processes, host shifts have occurred during evolution. understanding shifts between both phylogenetically and morphologically unrelated plants (i.e., host-saltation) is especially important since they could have been key processes in the origin and radiation of bees. probably far from being a random process, such host-saltation might be driven by hidden constraints associated with plant traits. we selected two clades of ... | 2017 | 28216663 |
| seasonal cycle of inbreeding and recombination of the parasitic mite varroa destructor in honeybee colonies and its implications for the selection of acaricide resistance. | varroa destructor is the most devastating parasite of the western honeybee, apis mellifera. in the light of the arm race opposing the host and its parasite, the population dynamics and genetic diversity of these organisms are key parameters. however, the life cycle of v. destructor is characterized by extreme inbreeding due to full sibling mating in the host brood cells. we here present an equation reflecting the evolution of inbreeding in such a clonal system, and compare our predictions with e ... | 2017 | 28216419 |
| nesting habits influence population genetic structure of a bee living in anthropogenic disturbance. | while most organisms are negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance, a few species thrive in landscapes altered by humans. typically, native bees are negatively impacted by anthropogenic environmental change, including habitat alteration and climate change. here, we investigate the population structure of the eastern carpenter bee xylocopa virginica, a generalist pollinator with a broad geographic range spanning eastern north america. eastern carpenter bees now nest almost exclusively in a ... | 2017 | 28214357 |
| regional differences in the preferred e-vector orientation of honeybee ocellar photoreceptors. | in addition to compound eyes, honeybees (apis mellifera) possess three single lens eyes called ocelli located on the top of the head. ocelli are involved in head-attitude control and in some insects have been shown to provide celestial compass information. anatomical and early electrophysiological studies have suggested that uv and blue-green photoreceptors in ocelli are polarization sensitive. however, their retinal distribution and receptor characteristics have not been documented. here, we us ... | 2017 | 28213397 |
| multiple pesticide residues in live and poisoned honeybees - preliminary exposure assessment. | study combines data about the exposure of honeybees to pesticides from plant protection products and veterinary medicinal products. residues of 200 pesticide and pesticide metabolites in 343 live and 74 poisoned honeybee samples, obtained during the years of 2014-2015, were determined by lc-ms/ms and gc-ms/ms. in 44% of live honeybee 48 different pesticide residues were found, mainly amitraz metabolites (dmf, dmpf) and chlorpyrifos. in 98% of poisoned honeybee 57 pesticides and metabolites were ... | 2017 | 28211333 |
| simultaneous determination of absolute configuration and quantity of lipopeptides using chiral liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and diastereomeric internal standards. | lipopeptides promote innate immune response and are related to disease pathology. to investigate the newly emerging roles of lipopeptides, accurate measurements of stereoisomers with multiple chiral centers are essential yet challenging. this work uses (3r)- and (3s)-(15-methyl-3-((13-methyltetradecanoyl)oxy)hexadecanoyl)glycyl-l-serine, abbreviated as l-serine-(r+s)-lipid 654, to develop a method that combines chiral liquid chromatography, a diastereomeric mixture of isotopically labeled intern ... | 2017 | 28207237 |
| immune system stimulation by the gut symbiont frischella perrara in the honey bee (apis mellifera). | gut bacteria engage in various symbiotic interactions with their host and impact gut immunity and homeostasis in different ways. in honey bees, the gut microbiota is composed of a relatively simple, but highly specialized bacterial community. one of its members, the gammaproteobacterium frischella perrara induces the so-called scab phenotype, a dark-coloured band that develops on the epithelial surface of the pylorus. to understand the underlying host response, we analysed transcriptome changes ... | 2017 | 28207182 |
| using dna metabarcoding to investigate honey bee foraging reveals limited flower use despite high floral availability. | understanding which flowers honey bees (apis mellifera) use for forage can help us to provide suitable plants for healthy honey bee colonies. accordingly, honey dna metabarcoding provides a valuable tool for investigating pollen and nectar collection. we investigated early season (april and may) floral choice by honey bees provided with a very high diversity of flowering plants within the national botanic garden of wales. there was a close correspondence between the phenology of flowering and th ... | 2017 | 28205632 |
| melittin inhibits osteoclast formation through the downregulation of the rankl-rank signaling pathway and the inhibition of interleukin-1β in murine macrophages. | melittin is a major toxic component of bee venom (apis mellifera). it is not known whether melittin is involved in bone metabolism and osteoclastogenesis. the aim of this study was to determine the role of melittin in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis. in vitro osteoclastogenesis assays were performed using mouse raw 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmms) treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κb ligand (rankl) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (m-csf). morph ... | 2017 | 28204822 |
| migratory bee hive transportation contributes insignificantly to transgenic pollen movement between spatially isolated alfalfa seed fields. | 2017 | 28204486 | |
| microbiology: gut bacteria boost bee immunity. | 2017 | 28202955 | |
| disruption of quercetin metabolism by fungicide affects energy production in honey bees (apis mellifera). | cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450) in the honey bee, apis mellifera, detoxify phytochemicals in honey and pollen. the flavonol quercetin is found ubiquitously and abundantly in pollen and frequently at lower concentrations in honey. worker jelly consumed during the first 3 d of larval development typically contains flavonols at very low levels, however. rna-seq analysis of gene expression in neonates reared for three days on diets with and without quercetin revealed that, in addition to up-re ... | 2017 | 28193870 |
| studies of learned helplessness in honey bees (apis mellifera ligustica). | the current study reports 2 experiments investigating learned helplessness in the honey bee (apis mellifera ligustica). in experiment 1, we used a traditional escape method but found the bees' activity levels too high to observe changes due to treatment conditions. the bees were not able to learn in this traditional escape procedure; thus, such procedures may be inappropriate to study learned helplessness in honey bees. in experiment 2, we used an alternative punishment, or passive avoidance, me ... | 2017 | 28191986 |
| spectroscopic study of honey from apis mellifera from different regions in mexico. | the objective of this study was to analyze by raman and uv-vis-nir spectroscopic techniques, mexican honey from apis mellífera, using representative samples with different botanic origins (unifloral and multifloral) and diverse climates. using raman spectroscopy together with principal components analysis, the results obtained represent the possibility to use them for determination of floral origin of honey, independently of the region of sampling. for this, the effect of heat up the honey was a ... | 2017 | 28189836 |
| taxonomy and ecology of a new species of <i>corynura</i> (hymenoptera: halictidae: augochlorini) from chile and argentina. | we describe a new species of corynura spinola, a socially polymorphic genus within the bee tribe augochlorini (halictidae). we present a detailed description of both sexes of corynura (corynura) moscosensis n. sp. gonzález-vaquero, images of diagnostic morphological structures and antennal sensilla, floral associations, distributional data and notes on its nesting biology. corynura moscosensis n. sp. is similar in appearance to c. (c.) chloromelas (alfken), but it can be distinguished by the scu ... | 2017 | 28187675 |
| type revision of asiatic bees of the genus <i>hylaeus</i> f. described by ferdinand morawitz (hymenoptera: apoidea, colletidae). | the type specimens of the bee genus hylaeus fabricius, 1793 described by ferdinand morawitz from asia and deposited in the zoological museum of the moscow state university and in the zoological institute, russian academy of sciences st. petersburg, are critically reviewed. precise information with illustrations of types for 39 taxa is provided. new synonymy is established for hylaeus incongruus förster, 1871 (= h. biareolatus morawitz, 1876, syn. nov.); h. breviceps morawitz, 1876 (= h. bivittat ... | 2017 | 28187591 |
| palaearctic <i>protosmia</i> bees of the subgenus <i>chelostomopsis </i>(megachilidae, osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. | chelostomopsis represents a subgenus of the osmiine bee genus protosmia (megachilidae) containing three palaearctic and one nearctic species. analysis of female pollen loads and literature data indicate that all chelostomopsis species are broad pollen generalists exploiting the flowers of numerous plant families, such as fabaceae, asteraceae, lamiaceae, cistaceae and brassicaceae. preexisting linear cavities in dead wood or pine cones serve as nesting sites and pure resin is used to construct ce ... | 2017 | 28187589 |
| development of an analytical method for detecting nitrofurans in bee pollen by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. | bee pollen collected by honeybees, which is in powdered form, is a good nutritional supplement. nitrofuran antibiotics are assumed not to be present in bee pollen, which is important as the level of antibiotics in bee pollen is strongly regulated in many countries. a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) method to detect nitrofurans in honey has been developed, but this method is not suitable for bee pollen because of it being in powdered form. during preparation of bee polle ... | 2017 | 28187378 |
| stress indicator gene expression profiles, colony dynamics and tissue development of honey bees exposed to sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid in laboratory and field experiments. | in this study, different context-dependent effects of imidacloprid exposure on the honey bee response were studied. honey bees were exposed to different concentrations of imidacloprid during a time period of 40 days. next to these variables, a laboratory-field comparison was conducted. the influence of the chronic exposure on gene expression levels was determined using an in-house developed microarray targeting different immunity-related and detoxification genes to determine stress-related gene ... | 2017 | 28182641 |
| landscape context alters cost of living in honeybee metabolism and feeding. | field metabolic rate (fmr) links the energy budget of an animal with the constraints of its ecosystem, but is particularly difficult to measure for small organisms. landscape degradation exacerbates environmental adversity and reduces resource availability, imposing higher costs of living for many organisms. here, we report a significant effect of landscape degradation on the fmr of free-flying apis mellifera, estimated using (86)rb radio-isotopic turnover. we validated the relationship between ... | 2017 | 28179522 |
| long-term trends in the honeybee 'whooping signal' revealed by automated detection. | it is known that honeybees use vibrational communication pathways to transfer information. one honeybee signal that has been previously investigated is the short vibrational pulse named the 'stop signal', because its inhibitory effect is generally the most accepted interpretation. the present study demonstrates long term (over 9 months) automated in-situ non-invasive monitoring of a honeybee vibrational pulse with the same characteristics of what has previously been described as a stop signal us ... | 2017 | 28178291 |
| flavonoid composition and antitumor activity of bee bread collected in northeast portugal. | bee bread (bb) is a fermented mixture of plant pollen, honey, and bee saliva that worker bees use as food for larvae, and for young bees to produce royal jelly. in the present study, five bb samples, collected from apis mellifera iberiensis hives located in different apiaries near bragança, in the northeast region of portugal, and one bb commercial sample were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and electrospray mass spectrometry (hplc-dad-es ... | 2017 | 28178217 |
| beekeeping from antiquity through the middle ages. | beekeeping had its origins in honey hunting-the opportunistic stealing of honey from wild honey bee nests. true beekeeping began when humans started providing artificial cavities within which the bees could build comb for the queen to lay her eggs and the workers could process honey. by 2450 bce, the egyptians had developed sophisticated apiculture, and, within two millennia, beekeeping with horizontal hives had spread throughout the mediterranean. during europe's middle ages, honey and wax beca ... | 2017 | 28141962 |
| asymmetric competition for nectar between a large nectar thief and a small pollinator: an energetic point of view. | there are two alternative hypotheses related to body size and competition for restricted food sources. the first one supposes that larger animals are superior competitors because of their increased feeding abilities, whereas the second one assumes superiority of smaller animals because of their lower food requirements. we examined the relationship between two unrelated species of different size, drinking technique, energy requirements and roles in plant pollination system, to reveal the features ... | 2017 | 28138819 |
| bees of the azores: an annotated checklist (apidae, hymenoptera). | we report 18 species of wild bees plus the domesticated honeybee from the azores, which adds nine species to earlier lists. one species, hylaeus azorae, seems to be a single island endemic, and three species are possibly native (colletes eous, halictus villosulus, and hylaeus pictipes). all the remaining bee species are most likely accidental introductions that arrived after human colonization of the archipelago in the 15(th) century. bee diversity in the azores is similar to bee diversity of ma ... | 2017 | 28138299 |
| the combined effects of a monotonous diet and exposure to thiamethoxam on the performance of bumblebee micro-colonies. | there is a pressing need to better understand the factors contributing to declines of wild pollinators such as bumblebees. many different contributors have been postulated including: loss of flower-rich habitats and nesting sites; monotonous diets; impacts of invasive pathogens; exposure to pesticides such as neonicotinoids. past research has tended to investigate the impacts of these stressors in isolation, despite the increasing recognition that bees are simultaneously exposed to a combination ... | 2017 | 28135666 |
| effects of season and population size on pollination and reproductive output in a mediterranean shrub. | pollinator guilds may change throughout extended flowering periods, affecting plant reproductive output, especially in seasonal climates. we hypothesised a seasonal shift in pollinator guild and an autumn reduction in pollinator abundance, especially in small and sparse populations. we recorded pollinator identity, abundance and behaviour in relation to flower density from plant to population throughout the extended flowering of ononis tridentata. we evaluated female reproductive output by recor ... | 2017 | 28135028 |
| temporal, but not spatial, changes in expression patterns of petal identity genes are associated with loss of papillate conical cells and the shift to bird pollination in macaronesian lotus (leguminosae). | in the generally bee-pollinated genus lotus a group of four species have evolved bird-pollinated flowers. the floral changes in these species include altered petal orientation, shape and texture. in lotus these characters are associated with dorsiventral petal identity, suggesting that shifts in the expression of dorsal identity genes may be involved in the evolution of bird pollination. of particular interest is lotus japonicus cycloidea 2 (ljcyc2), known to determine the presence of papillate ... | 2017 | 28135026 |
| lepidopteran hmg-coa reductase is a potential selective target for pest control. | as a consequence of the negative impacts on the environment of some insecticides, discovery of eco-friendly insecticides and target has received global attention in recent years. sequence alignment and structural comparison of the rate-limiting enzyme hmg-coa reductase (hmgr) revealed differences between lepidopteran pests and other organisms, which suggested insect hmgr could be a selective insecticide target candidate. inhibition of jh biosynthesis in vitro confirmed that hmgr inhibitors showe ... | 2017 | 28133568 |
| management of peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy in adults with cancer: a review. | to identify which of the examined agents or modalities were effective in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (cipn). | 2017 | 28132604 |
| genetic diversity in nannotrigona testaceicornis (hymenoptera: apidae) aggregations in southeastern brazil. | the meliponini, also known as stingless bees, are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and plays an essential role in pollinating many wild plants and crops these bees can build nests in cavities of trees or walls, underground or in associations with ants or termites; interestingly, these nests are sometimes found in aggregations. in order to assess the genetic diversity and structure in aggregates of nannotrigona testaceicornis (lepeletier), samples of this species were co ... | 2017 | 28130454 |
| high elevation refugia for bombus terricola (hymenoptera: apidae) conservation and wild bees of the white mountain national forest. | many wild bee species are in global decline, yet much is still unknown about their diversity and contemporary distributions. national parks and forests offer unique areas of refuge important for the conservation of rare and declining species populations. here we present the results of the first biodiversity survey of the bee fauna in the white mountain national forest (wmnf). more than a thousand specimens were collected from pan and sweep samples representing 137 species. three species were rec ... | 2017 | 28130453 |
| long-term course of failed back surgery syndrome (fbss) patients receiving integrative korean medicine treatment: a 1 year prospective observational multicenter study. | with increase of spine surgeries, failed back surgery syndrome (fbss) prevalence is also rising. while complementary and alternative medicine (cam) is commonly used for low back pain (lbp), there are no studies reporting use of integrative korean medicine in fbss patients. | 2017 | 28129399 |
| does honey have any salutary effect against streptozotocin - induced diabetes in rats? | diabetes is a global, growing and costly public health problem. in the literature, there are conflicting reports on the effect of consumption of bee honey on diabetes. we assessed the possible effect of a commercially available bee honey (given orally by gavage at doses of 1 g/kg/day for 4 weeks) on the blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and leptin and body weight of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. | 2017 | 28127544 |
| modified discrete grey wolf optimizer algorithm for multilevel image thresholding. | the computation of image segmentation has become more complicated with the increasing number of thresholds, and the option and application of the thresholds in image thresholding fields have become an np problem at the same time. the paper puts forward the modified discrete grey wolf optimizer algorithm (mdgwo), which improves on the optimal solution updating mechanism of the search agent by the weights. taking kapur's entropy as the optimized function and based on the discreteness of threshold ... | 2017 | 28127305 |
| evolution of novel sorbents for effective clean-up of honeybee matrix in highly toxic insecticide lc/ms/ms analysis. | highly toxic insecticides (htis) belonging to different chemical groups are dangerous to pollinating organisms, even in sublethal doses. an important objective of this study was to develop a method to determine over fifty htis at very low concentrations in the bee matrix. the novelty of this research involved obtaining extract completely free from beewaxes, lipids and proteins using emr-lipid (enhanced matrix removal-lipid), chitin and z-sep+ (zirconium oxide and c18 dual-bonded to silica) as cl ... | 2017 | 28126629 |