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adjuvanted multi-epitope vaccines protect hla-a*11:01 transgenic mice against toxoplasma gondii.we created and tested multi-epitope dna or protein vaccines with tlr4 ligand emulsion adjuvant (gluco glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion [gla-se]) for their ability to protect against toxoplasma gondii in hla transgenic mice. our constructs each included 5 of our best down-selected cd8(+) t cell-eliciting epitopes, a universal cd4(+) helper t lymphocyte epitope (padre), and a secretory signal, all arranged for optimal mhc-i presentation. their capacity to elicit immune and protec ...201627699241
toxoplasma gondii as a parasite in food: analysis and control.foodborne infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and foodborne parasitic diseases, though not as widespread as bacterial and viral infections, are common on all continents and in most ecosystems, including arctic, temperate, and tropical regions. outbreaks of disease resulting from foodstuffs contaminated by parasitic protozoa have become increasingly recognized as a problem in the united states and globally. increased international trade in food products has ma ...201627726776
the usefulness of direct agglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of toxoplasma gondii in wild animals.the aim of the study was to compare the usefulness of two antibody-based methods, the direct agglutination test (dat) and enzyme linked immuosorbent assay (elisa), with that of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detecting anti-toxoplasma gondii in samples derived from naturally-infected wild animals. antibodies against t. gondii were detected in meat juice samples collected from 129 free- living carnivores and omnivores. t. gondii seroprevalence was confirmed in 73,6% of examined samples wh ...201627692337
comparison of genotypes of toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats from australia with latent infection or clinical toxoplasmosis.whether toxoplasma gondii genotype is associated with disease severity in naturally occurring toxoplasmosis in domestic cats is unknown. the aim of this study was to compare genotypes of t. gondii in latently infected cats with those in cats with clinical toxoplasmosis. results of a pcr targeting the b1 gene to detect t. gondii dna were positive in tissue samples from 11 of 17 (65%) seropositive cats tested including four with clinical toxoplasmosis and seven with latent infections, as determine ...201627692314
toxoplasma gondii detection in cattle: a slaughterhouse survey.toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing viable cysts has been suggested to be a major source of t. gondii infection in humans. suboptimal performance of serological assays in cattle has traditionally precluded accurate quantification of the extent to which cattle populations are infected and their meat harbour tissue cysts. in the absence of accurate estimates of the level of infection in the animal p ...201627692313
developmental change in translation initiation alters the localization of a common microbial protein necessary for toxoplasma chronic infection.the toxoplasma gondii cyst stage is resistant to drug therapy. to identify potential targets for new therapeutics, we screened insertional mutants of t. gondii for a reduced ability to form cysts in the brains of mice. in one of these mutants, named 38c3, the mutagenesis plasmid inserted into the mrna of a protein that is highly conserved in microbes but is not present in humans. the mutation in 38c3 causes reduced brain cyst production during chronic infection, but does not affect acute virulen ...201627671212
protozoal-related mortalities in endangered hawaiian monk seals neomonachus schauinslandi.protozoal infections have been widely documented in marine mammals and may cause morbidity and mortality at levels that result in population level effects. the presence and potential impact on the recovery of endangered hawaiian monk seals neomonachus schauinslandi by protozoal pathogens was first identified in the carcass of a stranded adult male with disseminated toxoplasmosis and a captive monk seal with hepatitis. we report 7 additional cases and 2 suspect cases of protozoal-related mortalit ...201627667806
o-fucosylated glycoproteins form assemblies in close proximity to the nuclear pore complexes of toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes disseminated infections in fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. although gene regulation is important for parasite differentiation and pathogenesis, little is known about protein organization in the nucleus. here we show that the fucose-binding aleuria aurantia lectin (aal) binds to numerous punctate structures in the nuclei of tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites but not oocysts. aal also binds to hammondia and neospora nucle ...201627663739
presence of toxoplasma gondii in pork intended for human consumption in tropical southern mexico.toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoon toxoplasma gondii, which is one of the most widespread parasites that infect animals and humans worldwide. one of the main routes of infection for humans is through the consumption of infected meat containing bradyzoites in tissue cysts. pork is one of the foremost meat types associated with outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis in humans.201627661133
seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats in north-eastern region of pakistan.toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease that is caused by toxoplasma gondii in livestock and humans. due to its medical and veterinary importance, it is essential to study the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection among humans and animals in various parts of the world. the major objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants (sheep and goats) of north-eastern region, pakistan. a total of 1,000 animals comprising of sheep (n=4 ...201627658595
identifying novel b cell epitopes within toxoplasma gondii gra6.the study of antigenic epitopes from toxoplasma gondii has not only enhanced our understanding of the structure and function of antigens, the reactions between antigens and antibodies, and many other aspects of immunology, but it also plays a significant role in the development of new diagnostic reagents and vaccines. in the present study, t. gondii gra6 epitopes were identified using bioinformatics tools and a synthetic peptide technique. the potential b cell epitopes of gra6 predicted by bioin ...201627658594
toxoplasma gondii pseudocyst in a transbronchial biopsy: a case report.we herein present a case in which a toxoplasma cyst was found in a transbronchial biopsy specimen from an immunocompetent patient with negative serology for the parasite.201627658582
immune adjuvant effect of a toxoplasma gondii profilin-like protein in autologous whole-tumor-cell vaccination in mice.profilin-like protein in toxoplasma gondii (tgplp) is a toll-like receptor (tlr) agonist. in this study, we investigated whether tgplp has an adjuvant effect on immune function in autologous whole-tumor-cell vaccine (awv) treatment. mice vaccinated with awv together with recombinant tgplp protein had smaller ct26 tumors and increased survival. tgplp treatment strongly increased the production of il-12 through myd88 signaling and several chemokines, including ccl5, ccl12, and xcl1, in bone marrow ...201627687589
manipulation of il-10 gene expression by toxoplasma gondii and its products.this study was designed to evaluate whether or not t. gondii and its derivatives can change the gene expression level of il-10 in murine leukocytes in vivo.201627683651
seroprevalence and risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii infection among rural communities in northern iran.toxoplasmosis is the fourth most common cause of hospitalization and the second cause of death due to food-borne infections. we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, disease awareness and risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis among rural communities in northern iran. data were obtained from serological testing and from participant's questionnaires and were analyzed using a logistic regression. of the 630 participants, 465 (73.8%), and 12 (1.9%) had igg and both igg ...201627680175
the role of ticks in transmission cycle of toxoplasma gondiitoxoplasmosis is globally distributed, water- and food borne zoonosis caused by the single protozoan toxoplasma gondii and probably one-third of the world’s human population is infected with this pathogen. domestic and wild felids are definitive hosts of this pathogen and intermediate hosts for great variety of other homoeothermic animals. human as other of the intermediate hosts may become infected in the main route of infection; it is the ingestion of parasite oocysts in contaminated water or ...201627770758
exosomes in the context of toxoplasma gondii – host communicationextracellular vesicles – ev’s, including exosomes, are known to be essential tools of intercellular communication, enabling the exchange of information without direct contact between cells. exosomes are secreted both in vitro and in vivo by single- and multi-cellular organisms, regardless of their type, and play an essential role in cell-to-cell communication. ev’s may carry various materials and ongoing studies have provided a new insight into their potential participation in various critical b ...201627770756
toxoplasma infection in sheep from south of iran monitored by serological and molecular methods; risk assessment to meat consumers.toxoplasma gondii has a clinical and veterinary importance as it is known to cause congenital disease and abortion both in humans and livestock. since the contaminated lamb is one of the sources of human infection, this study was performed to determine the prevalence of t. gondii in sheep in south of iran.201627651673
evaluation of propranolol effect on experimental acute and chronic toxoplasmosis using quantitative pcr.current therapies against toxoplasmosis are limited, and drugs have significant side effects and low efficacies. we evaluated the potential anti-toxoplasma activity of propranolol at a dose of 2 or 3 mg/kg of body weight/day in vivo in the acute and chronic phases. propranolol as a cell membrane-stabilizing agent is a suitable drug for inhibiting the entrance of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites into cells. the acute-phase assay was performed using propranolol, pyrimethamine, and propranolol plus py ...201627645234
peroxiredoxin 3 promotes il-12 production from macrophages and partially protects mice against infection with toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasmosis remains a life-threatening infection of humans and various domestic and wild animals worldwide. it is caused by the obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. peroxiredoxins (prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress from hydroperoxides. in the recent years, several studies have reported the potential use of t. gondii-derived enzymes in triggering protective immunity against t. gondii infection. therefore, this study was ...201627644889
macrophages facilitate the excystation and differentiation of toxoplasma gondii sporozoites into tachyzoites following oocyst internalisation.toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite of humans and animals, which is transmitted via oocysts in cat faeces or tissue cysts in contaminated meat. the robust oocyst and sporocyst walls protect the infective sporozoites from deleterious external attacks including disinfectants. upon oocyst acquisition, these walls lose their integrity to let the sporozoites excyst and invade host cells following a process that remains poorly understood. given the resistance of the oocyst wall to digestive enzymes ...201627641141
toxoplasma gondii infection and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a cross-sectional study.premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome. the influence of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection on clinical features in women with this disorder has not been studied. therefore, we determined the association of t. gondii infection with symptoms and signs in women suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder.201627635178
not a simple tether: binding of toxoplasma gondii ama1 to ron2 during invasion protects ama1 from rhomboid-mediated cleavage and leads to dephosphorylation of its cytosolic tail.apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) is a receptor protein on the surface of toxoplasma gondii that plays a critical role in host cell invasion. the ligand to which t gondii ama1 (tgama1) binds, tgron2, is secreted into the host cell membrane by the parasite during the early stages of invasion. the tgama1-tgron2 complex forms the core of the "moving junction," a ring-shaped zone of tight contact between the parasite and host cell membranes, through which the parasite pushes itself during invasion. p ...201627624124
huntingtons disease mice infected with toxoplasma gondii demonstrate early kynurenine pathway activation, altered cd8+ t-cell responses, and premature mortality.huntington's disease (hd) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine-repeat expansion in the huntingtin protein. activation of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation is implicated in the pathogenesis of hd. indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (ido) catalyzes the oxidation of tryptophan to kynurenine, the first step in this pathway. the prevalent, neuroinvasive protozoal pathogen toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) results in clinically silent life-long infection in immune- ...201627611938
the inhibitory effect of cromolyn sodium and ketotifen on toxoplasma gondii entrance into host cells in vitro and in vivo.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan with worldwide distribution and in spite of increasing information about its biology, treatment of toxoplasmosis is restricted to a few drugs and unfortunately using of each of drugs is associated with significant side effects in patients. this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of cromolyn sodium and ketotifen as alternative drugs for the treatment of toxoplasmosis. in vitro; in case group, concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 15 µg/ml of ketotifen and cromol ...201627605827
the correlation between toxoplasma gondii infection and parkinson's disease: a case-control study.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects all nucleate cells of vertebrates. human infected by vertical transmission and also using raw or undercooked meat or food and water that contaminated with mature oocysts. parkinson's disease as neurodegenerative disease affects people above 60 years. due to high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in iran and evidence about effects of t. gondii on neurodegenerative diseases, this study has been conducted to investigate possible correla ...201627605800
prevalence of toxoplasma infection in veterinary laboratory sciences students comparing to ordinary people: a case-control study.toxoplasma gondii causes the foremost widespread protozoan infection with a broad variety of host range, which consists of regarding of almost all warm-blooded vertebrates. there are some opinions concerning the probable occupational influence on infections to toxoplasma in veterinary services personnel. the present study aimed to examine influence of studying in veterinary laboratory sciences as a risk factor on the prevalence rate of toxoplasma infection in the students. in this case-control s ...201627605781
effects of toxoplasma gondii infection on anxiety, depression and ghrelin level in male rats.the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection on anxiety, depression and ghrelin level in male rats. twenty four male rats were assessed in two equal groups. t. gondii tachyzoite (ip) were injected in infected group and control group received (2 ml) physiological serum (ip). elevated plus maze and swimming tests were used to assess anxiety and depression in rats respectively. the ghrelin and t. gondii igg serum levels were measured by enzyme ...201627605768
sero-epidemiology and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in arab and african countries.the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is a major issue for public health. primary infection in pregnant women can lead to serious sequelae. this review examined current sero-epidemiology and risks factor data for toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in arab and african countries. a systematic electronic search of published literature was conducted. data were extracted from relevant studies. seropositivity is high in both regions. african countries have higher seropositivity than arab cou ...201627605750
toxoplasma gondii serostatus in heart transplant recipients: is it an independent prognostic factor?to assess the potential association between recipient toxoplasma gondii serostatus and outcomes after heart transplant (ht).201627597125
toxoplasma gondii and epilepsy.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite can be seen in all the vital organ; in the acute phase, it can be found in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, tears, saliva, urine, and in almost all body fluids. transplasental infection can lead to fetal damage and miscarriage. its last hosts are felines and intermediate hosts are all mammals, including humans. people infected by the ingestion of meat containing cysts in undercooked or raw, are thrown oocysts with cat felines by taking in water and ...201627594290
pull-down method to access the cell surface receptor for toxoplasma gondii.protein x, which is expressed on the surface of toxoplasma and is thought to interact with host molecules, was expressed as a gst recombinant protein, conjugated to sepharose 4b, and used to pull down biotin-labeled 293t cells. the product was analysis by 2d-page and western blotting. mass spectrometry revealed the reacted spots from the gel to be heat shock proteins.201627591002
seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women following antenatal care at mizan aman general hospital, bench maji zone (bmz), ethiopia.the intracellular parasite, toxoplasma gondii (t.gondii) is found worldwide. infection with t. gondii during pregnancy can result in fetal and neonatal death or various congenital defects. a serological survey during pregnancy represents a valuable tool for the effective diagnosis and treatment of infected neonates. the aim of this study was to assess the sero-prevalence and risk factors of t.gondii in pregnant women following ante natal care (anc) services at mizan aman general hospital, bench ...201627585863
risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and cattle from fernando de noronha island, brazil.toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution that affects all warm-blooded animals. the purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of t. gondii infection and identify the risk factors associated with its occurrence in domestic ruminants raised on the island of fernando de noronha, brazil, and to confirm that cattle and sheep raised in fernando de noronha island present statistically different t. gondii prevalence rates. serum samples were collected from sheep (n= ...201627580399
analysis of structures and epitopes of a novel secreted protein myr1 in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908) is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite and can infect warmblooded animals and humans all over the world. development of effective vaccines is considered the only ideal way to control infection with t. gondii. however, only one live vaccine is commercially available for use in sheep and goats. thus more effective antigenic proteins are searched for. in the present study we report a novel protein by secreted t. gondii termed myc regulation ...201627580381
toxoplasmosis in nigeria: the story so far (1950-2016): a review.toxoplasmosis is caused by intracellular protozoan parasite, toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908). cats and other felids are the definitive hosts. it could be transmitted to man and animals by consumption of infected undercooked meat and contaminated food items including drinking water. results of toxoplasmosis epidemiological surveys in animals and humans in south-west, north-west, north-east and north-central zones of nigeria have been reported with greater impact on the health of pre ...201627579591
concentration and retention of toxoplasma gondii surrogates from seawater by red abalone (haliotis rufescens).small marine snails and abalone have been identified as high- and low-risk prey items, respectively, for exposure of threatened southern sea otters to toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic parasite that can cause fatal encephalitis in animals and humans. while recent work has characterized snails as paratenic hosts for t. gondii, the ability of abalone to vector the parasite has not been evaluated. to further elucidate why abalone predation may be protective against t. gondii exposure, this study aimed ...201627573192
toxoplasma gondii infection in schizophrenia and associated clinical features.the belief that latent toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic has been questioned, in particular due to the repeated highlighted link between the toxoplasma gondii infection and an increased incidence of schizophrenia. however, to understand this relationship, the effect of infection with toxoplasma gondii on the severity of schizophrenia has been poorly studied. our work focused on comparing the prevalence of toxoplasma infection between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls, as well as comparing ...201627573055
endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system.an important function of the blood-brain barrier is to exclude pathogens from the central nervous system, but some microorganisms benefit from the ability to enter this site. it has been proposed that toxoplasma gondii can cross biological barriers as a motile extracellular form that uses transcellular or paracellular migration, or by infecting a host cell that then crosses the blood-brain barrier. unexpectedly, analysis of acutely infected mice revealed significant numbers of free parasites in ...201627572166
toxoplasmosis and anti-toxoplasma effects of medicinal plant extracts-a mini-review.toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed parasitic protozoan disease, caused by toxoplasma gondii. the infection can result in more severe symptoms with potentially life-threatening in case of immunocompromised individuals. sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine are the two drugs used as a part of standard therapy for toxoplasmosis. researchers have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants for toxoplasmosis, which can be used as an alternative to standard drug therapy with reduced side ef ...201627569880
targeted disruption of ck1α in toxoplasma gondii increases acute virulence in mice.toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, encodes two casein kinase 1 (ck1) isoforms, ck1α and ck1β, with only ck1α having enzyme activity. here we investigated the biological role of ck1α by construction of a ck1α deletion mutant (δck1α) based on the type i parasite, and complement the mutant with restored expression of ck1α. deletion of ck1α resulted in markedly defective parasite replication in vitro. infected mice with δck1α parasite caused suppression of il-12 production, sev ...201627567091
the efficacy of herbal medicines against toxoplasma gondii during the last 3 decades: a systematic review.the objective of the current study was to systematically review papers discussing the efficacy of medicinal herbs against toxoplasma gondii. data were systematically collected from published papers about the efficacy of herbs used against t. gondii globally from 1988 to 2015, from pubmed, google scholar, isi web of science, ebsco, science direct, and scopus. forty-nine papers were included in the current systematic review reporting the evaluation of medicinal plants against t. gondii globally, b ...201627564395
prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis: a retrospective analysis of mother-child examinations, styria, austria, 1995 to 2012.in austria, mandatory screening for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis stipulates a serological test for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii as early as possible in pregnancy. in the case of a seronegative result, subsequent tests at intervals of 8 weeks are requested. we analysed serological data from styria, an austrian federal state, to determine the seroprevalence and incidence of toxoplasma infections. the study included 353,599 tests from 103,316 women during 158,571 pregnancies f ...201627562876
toxoplasma gondii tgist co-opts host chromatin repressors dampening stat1-dependent gene regulation and ifn-γ-mediated host defenses.an early hallmark of toxoplasma gondii infection is the rapid control of the parasite population by a potent multifaceted innate immune response that engages resident and homing immune cells along with pro- and counter-inflammatory cytokines. in this context, ifn-γ activates a variety of t. gondii-targeting activities in immune and nonimmune cells but can also contribute to host immune pathology. t. gondii has evolved mechanisms to timely counteract the host ifn-γ defenses by interfering with th ...201627503074
the correlation between toxoplasma gondii infection and prenatal depression in pregnant women.previous studies have demonstrated that latent toxoplasmosis is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. we evaluated the correlation between toxoplasma gondii infection and prenatal depression. in this case-control study, we enrolled 116 depressed pregnant women and 244 healthy controls. the edinburgh postpartum depression scale (epds) was used to evaluate the depression symptom severity in study participants. all participants were screened for the anti-toxoplasma igg by enzyme-linked immuno ...201627502929
post-prophylaxis toxoplasma chorioretinitis following donor-recipient mismatched liver transplantation.toxoplasmosis may be transferred by organ transplantation. the most common clinical presentation is with multisystem disease, although isolated ocular toxoplasmosis has been described. many centers have suggested that universal use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis obviates the need for specific toxoplasma testing. we report a case of donor-acquired ocular toxoplasmosis after liver transplantation despite co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. the diagnosis was confirmed by toxoplasma polymerase chain reaction ...201627500398
apicoplast-localized lysophosphatidic acid precursor assembly is required for bulk phospholipid synthesis in toxoplasma gondii and relies on an algal/plant-like glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase.most apicomplexan parasites possess a non-photosynthetic plastid (the apicoplast), which harbors enzymes for a number of metabolic pathways, including a prokaryotic type ii fatty acid synthesis (fasii) pathway. in toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, the fasii pathway is essential for parasite growth and infectivity. however, little is known about the fate of fatty acids synthesized by fasii. in this study, we have investigated the function of a plant-like glycerol 3-phosphat ...201627490259
transcriptomic analysis of mouse liver reveals a potential hepato-enteric pathogenic mechanism in acute toxoplasma gondii infection.toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide spread pathogen which can infect all tissues of its host. the transcriptomic responses of infected brain and spleen have been reported. however, our knowledge of the global transcriptomic change in infected liver is limited. additionally, t. gondii infection represents a highly dynamic process involving complex biological responses of the host at many levels. herein, we describe such processes at a global level by discovering gene expression changes in mouse live ...201627488578
in vivo biotinylation of the toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole reveals novel dense granule proteins important for parasite growth and pathogenesis.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that invades host cells and replicates within a unique parasitophorous vacuole. to maintain this intracellular niche, the parasite secretes an array of dense granule proteins (gras) into the nascent parasitophorous vacuole. these gras are believed to play key roles in vacuolar remodeling, nutrient uptake, and immune evasion while the parasite is replicating within the host cell. despite the central role of gras in the toxoplasma life cycle, ...201627486190
z-dna binding protein mediates host control of toxoplasma gondii infection.intrinsic to toxoplasma gondii infection is the parasite-induced modulation of the host immune response, which ensures establishment of a chronic lifelong infection. this manipulation of the host immune response allows t. gondii to not only dampen the ability of the host to eliminate the parasite but also trigger parasite differentiation to the slow-growing, encysted bradyzoite form. we previously used rna sequencing (rna-seq) to profile the transcriptomes of mice and t. gondii during acute and ...201627481249
pyrimidine pathway-dependent and -independent functions of the toxoplasma gondii mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (dhodh) mediates the fourth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and is a proven drug target for inducing immunosuppression in therapy of human disease as well as a rapidly emerging drug target for treatment of malaria. in toxoplasma gondii, disruption of the first, fifth, or sixth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis induced uracil auxotrophy. however, previous attempts to generate uracil auxotrophy by genetically deleting the mitochondrion-associated dhodh of ...201627481247
horses seropositive for toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis spp. and neospora spp.: possible risk factors for infection in brazil.many parasitic diseases are considered asymptomatic, even though some studies have shown that they may cause pathological changes in the host. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, neospora spp. and sarcocystis spp. in horses, and to identify the risk factors for disease. for this, 174 horses were studied, 90 males and 84 females aged between two and 20 years old. blood samples were collected and stored in tubes without anticoagu ...201627475033
infection of mice with oocysts of toxoplasma gondii by oral route showed differences of virulence from brazilian rflp genotypes bri and briii.south american strains of toxoplasma gondii present higher genetic diversity than classical european strains. we compared the virulence of two non-archetypal brazilian genotypes of t. gondii to mice. oocysts of four isolates, two genotype bri (tgcatbr71 and tgshbr11) and two briii (tgcatbr74 and tgcatbr60) were obtained from cats fed experimentally infected mice. after sporulation, 5.0×10(1) and 1.0×10(2) oocysts were orally administrated to swiss albine mice in experiments #1 and #2, respective ...201627474004
diphenyl diselenide supplementation in infected mice by toxoplasma gondii: protective effect on behavior, neuromodulation and oxidative stress caused by disease.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous administration of diphenyl diselenide (phse)2 on animal behavior and activities of acetylcholinesterase (ache), adenylate kinase (ak), and creatine kinase (ck) in the brain of mice infected by toxoplasma gondii. in addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (tbars) levels and glutathione (gr, gpx and gst) activity were also evaluated. for the study, 40 female mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: group a (uninf ...201627472985
serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and standardization.humans can be infected by the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease. although the infection is generally asymptomatic for most adults, severe complications may occur in some individuals, especially women in early pregnancy. serologic diagnosis is used as a routine practice to determine the immune status for infection by t. gondii. in this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, including d ...201627470936
human toxoplasmosis-searching for novel chemotherapeutics.the protozoan toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, is an etiological agent of human and animal toxoplasmosis. treatment regimens for t. gondii-infected patients have not essentially changed for years. the most common chemotherapeutics used in the therapy of symptomatic toxoplasmosis are a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine plus folinic acid or a combination of pyrimethamine with lincosamide or macrolide antibiotics. to protect a fetus from parasite transplacental tra ...201627470411
[intraocular inflammation: autoimmune or infectious?].presentation of 3 cases of intraocular inflammation: 1. 47-year old female patient with severe necrotising scleritis and uveitis with underlying granulomatous polyangiitis (formerly known as wegener granulomatosis, in honour of the german pathologist friedrich wegener), known for 10 years. 2. 48-year old male patient with longstanding bilateral uveitis and granulomatous polyangiitis for 2 years. in the histopathological examination of the enucleation specimen, a retrolental tumour turned out to ...201627468098
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in captive antillean manatee (trichechus manatus manatus) in brazil.antillean manatees ( trichechus manatus manatus) are aquatic mammals that inhabit marine waters from central america to the northeastern region of brazil, and they are an endangered species. infection with toxoplasma gondii through intake of water or food contaminated with oocysts has been reported among marine mammals. the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii in west indian manatees living in captivity in northeastern brazil. serum samples from 55 west india ...201627468012
indication of risk of mother-to-child toxoplasma gondii transmission in the greater accra region of ghana.objectives congenital infection with toxoplasma gondii is known to result in neurological and brain disorders including ophthalmic disorders later in life. research in ghana revealed high sero-prevalence among pregnant women and eye patients. this study determines the risk of congenital transmission of t. gondii infection in accra, ghana. methods one hundred consented pregnant women aged 18-45 years (mean 29.85 ± 5.76) participated. venous blood and tissue samples were taken from the maternal si ...201627465060
phenotypes associated with knockouts of eight dense granule gene loci (gra2-9) in virulent toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii actively invades host cells and establishes a parasitophorous vacuole (pv) that accumulates many proteins secreted by the dense granules (gra proteins). to date, at least 23 gra proteins have been reported, though the function(s) of most of these proteins still remains unknown. we targeted gene knockouts at ten gra gene loci (gra1-10) to investigate the cellular roles and essentiality of these classical gra proteins during acute infection in the virulent type i rh strain. while ...201627458822
apicoplast fatty acid synthesis is essential for pellicle formation at the end of cytokinesis in toxoplasma gondii.the apicomplexan protozoan toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, harbors an apicoplast, a plastid-like organelle with essential metabolic functions. although the fasii fatty acid biosynthesis pathway located in the apicoplast is essential for parasite survival, the cellular effects of fasii disruption in t. gondii had not been examined in detail. here, we combined light and electron microscopy techniques - including focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (fib-sem) - to ...201627457282
coastal development and precipitation drive pathogen flow from land to sea: evidence from a toxoplasma gondii and felid host system.rapidly developing coastal regions face consequences of land use and climate change including flooding and increased sediment, nutrient, and chemical runoff, but these forces may also enhance pathogen runoff, which threatens human, animal, and ecosystem health. using the zoonotic parasite toxoplasma gondii in california, usa as a model for coastal pathogen pollution, we examine the spatial distribution of parasite runoff and the impacts of precipitation and development on projected pathogen deli ...201627456911
toxoplasma gondii infection in mice impairs long-term fear memory consolidation through dysfunction of the cortex and amygdala.chronic infection with toxoplasma gondii becomes established in tissues of the central nervous system, where parasites may directly or indirectly modulate neuronal function. epidemiological studies have revealed that chronic infection in humans is a risk factor for developing mental diseases. however, the mechanisms underlying parasite-induced neuronal dysfunction in the brain remain unclear. here, we examined memory associated with conditioned fear in mice and found that t. gondii infection imp ...201627456832
identification and characterization of an immunogenic antigen, enolase 2, among excretory/secretory antigens (esa) of toxoplasma gondii.an immunogenic protein, enolase 2, was identified among the secreted excretory/secretory antigens (esas) from toxoplasma gondii strain rh using immunoproteomics based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. enolase 2 was cloned, sequenced, and heterologously expressed. blast analysis revealed 75-96% similarity with enolases from other parasites. immunoblotting demonstrated good immunoreactivity of recombinant t. gondii enolase (tg-enolase 2) to t. gondii- ...201627450536
tgf-β in toxoplasmosis: friend or foe?toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan causing several forms of toxoplasmosis in humans. the main mechanisms that allow the development of the prolonged forms of the disease and its subsequent pathology are yet to be clarified. however, many researchers have hypothesized that immunological and genetic parameters may play crucial roles in the etiology of the disease. transforming growth factor beta (tgf-β) is a cytokine with a dual role in the regulation of immune re ...201627449809
investigation of false positives associated with loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detection of toxoplasma gondii in archived tissue samples of captive felids.toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite that infects humans and many different animals, including felids. many molecular and serologic tests have been developed for detection of t. gondii in a wide range of hosts. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a field-friendly technique that lacks the practical drawbacks of other molecular and serologic tests, and lamp assays have been successfully developed for detection of t. gondii in fresh tissue samples. in the current study, ...201627449130
detection of toxoplasma gondii dna by qpcr in the feces of a cat that recently ingested infected prey does not necessarily imply oocyst shedding.detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in cat feces is considered indicative of the presence of t. gondii oocysts. this study aims to demonstrate that the high sensitivity of qpcr can lead to t. gondii dna detection in cat feces in the absence of oocysts. a cat immune to toxoplasmosis was fed with a mouse experimentally infected with t. gondii. detection of dna of this parasite was performed by qpcr on feces passed: (i) on the day the cat ingested the infected prey; (ii) during the three previous da ...201627449050
maternal t. gondii, offspring bipolar disorder and neurocognition.prenatal exposure to maternal toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) igg antibody titer has been associated previously with an increased risk of offspring schizophrenia (sz) and cognitive impairment. we examined maternal t. gondii, offspring bipolar disorder (bp) and childhood cognition using a population-based birth cohort. maternal sera, drawn in the third trimester, were analyzed for t. gondii igg antibody titer, and offspring cognition at ages 5 and 9-11 was measured with the peabody picture vocabula ...201627449007
occurrence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits of northeastern brazil.the present study aimed to conduct a serosurvey of toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbits of northeastern brazil. blood samples and tissue fragments (brain, heart and diaphragm) were collected from 150 and 54 rabbits from the state of pernambuco, brazil, respectively. the serum samples were subjected to serological analysis (modified agglutination test - mat) and the tissue samples were assessed by pcr and histopathological analysis. data collected through questionnaires were subjected to analysis of ...201627447212
in vitro observation of the stage conversion of transgenic toxoplasma gondii rh strain expressing dual fluorescent proteins.toxoplasma gondii converts from tachyzoites to bradyzoites after acute infection and thus survives the attack of the host immune responses. in this study, we observed the conversion of tachyzoites to bradyzoites in cell cultures using a transgenic t. gondii rh strain. the transgenic parasites continuously express yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) but only express red fluorescent protein (rfp) at the bradyzoite stage. red fluorescent bradyzoite-containing cysts were found in transgenic parasite in ...201627447207
secretion of rhoptry and dense granule effector proteins by nonreplicating toxoplasma gondii uracil auxotrophs controls the development of antitumor immunity.nonreplicating type i uracil auxotrophic mutants of toxoplasma gondii possess a potent ability to activate therapeutic immunity to established solid tumors by reversing immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. here we engineered targeted deletions of parasite secreted effector proteins using a genetically tractable δku80 vaccine strain to show that the secretion of specific rhoptry (rop) and dense granule (gra) proteins by uracil auxotrophic mutants of t. gondii in conjunction with host ...201627447180
seroprevalence and associated risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in healthy blood donors: a cross-sectional study in sonora, mexico.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) can be transmitted by blood transfusion. we determined the prevalence of t. gondii infection in healthy blood donors in hermosillo city, mexico, and the association of infection with t. gondii with the sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of blood donors. four hundred and eight blood donors who attended two public blood banks in hermosillo city were examined for anti-t. gondii igg and igm antibodies by using enzyme-linked immunoassays. of the 4 ...201627446960
a bacterial parasite effector mediates insect vector attraction in host plants independently of developmental changes.parasites can take over their hosts and trigger dramatic changes in host appearance and behavior that are typically interpreted as extended phenotypes that promote parasite survival and fitness. for example, toxoplasma gondii is thought to manipulate the behaviors of infected rodents to aid transmission to cats and parasitic trematodes of the genus ribeiroia alter limb development in their amphibian hosts to facilitate predation of the latter by birds. plant parasites and pathogens also reprogra ...201627446117
multilevel precision-based rational design of chemical inhibitors targeting the hydrophobic cleft of toxoplasma gondii apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1).toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite and a causative agent of toxoplasmosis in human. it causes encephalitis, uveitis, chorioretinitis, and congenital infection. t. gondii invades the host cell by forming a moving junction (mj) complex. this complex formation is initiated by intermolecular interactions between the two secretory parasitic proteins-namely, apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) and rhoptry neck protein 2 (ron2) and is critically essential for the host invasion pro ...201627445648
antigen-addicted t cell reserves trickle charge the frontline killers.highly active killer t cells mediate a stable standoff during controlled persistent infections. in this issue of immunity, robey and colleagues describe a unique antigen-addicted t cell population bearing characteristics of both effector and memory cd8(+) t cells that provides a continuous supply of potent killer t cells to curb toxoplasma gondii growth during latency.201627438762
data on (+)-usnic acid: a new application to treat toxoplasmosis.toxoplasma gondii pathogen is a threat to human health that results in economic burden. unfortunately, there are very few high-efficiency and low-toxicity drugs for toxoplasmosis in the clinic. (+)-usnic acid derived from lichen species has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-parasitology, and even anti-cancer activities. in associated with the published article "effects of (+)-usnic acid and (+)-usnic acid-liposome on toxoplasma gondii" [1], this dataset article provide ...201627437438
toxoplasma gondii infections among pregnant women, children and hiv-seropositive persons in accra, ghana.toxoplasma gondii infection can lead to severe disease outcomes in immune-compromised people. this study sought to determine the seroprevalence of anti-t. gondii antibodies among pregnant women, hospitalized children (<5 years old) and hiv-seropositive persons in accra.201627433136
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii infection in people applying for medical certificates.medical certificates are documents that state the health status of a person. this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in applicants of medical certificates and to investigate seroprevalence association with characteristics of these individuals. we examined 404 applicants in a public health center in durango city, mexico for the presence of anti-toxoplasma igg and igm antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassays. of the 404 subjects (mean ag ...201627429791
toxoplasma gondii infection and depression: a case-control seroprevalence study.we assessed the association of toxoplasma gondii infection and depression in a sample of psychiatric patients and control subjects without depression. we performed an age- and gender-matched case-control study of 89 patients suffering from depression attended in a public psychiatric hospital in durango city, mexico and 356 control subjects without depression from the general population of the same city. participants were tested for the presence of anti-toxoplasma igg and igm antibodies using enz ...201627429790
quo vadis? interferon-inducible gtpases go to their target membranes via the lc3-conjugation system of autophagy.many intracellular pathogens survive and replicate within vacuole-like structures in the cytoplasm. it has been unclear how the host immune system controls such pathogen-containing vacuoles. interferon-inducible gtpases are dynamin-like gtpases that target the membranes of pathogen-containing vacuoles. upon their oligomerization on the membrane, the vacuole structure disintegrates and the pathogen gets exposed to the hostile cytoplasm. what has been obscure is how the immune system detects and d ...201627428166
global itraq-based proteomic profiling of toxoplasma gondii oocysts during sporulation.toxoplasma gondii is a medically and economically important protozoan parasite. however, the molecular mechanisms of its sporulation remain largely unknown. here, we applied itraq coupled with 2d lc-ms/ms proteomic analysis to investigate the proteomic expression profile of t. gondii oocysts during sporulation. of the 2095 non-redundant proteins identified, 587 were identified as differentially expressed proteins (deps). based on gene ontology enrichment and kegg pathway analyses the majority of ...201627422377
first detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in the fresh leafs of vegetables in south america.despite the high dispersion of toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the environment, there are few studies investigating their presence in vegetables consumed by the general population. this has led us to investigate its occurrence in raw vegetables. a total of 238 samples of vegetables were collected, including crisp lettuce, regular lettuce, chicory, rocket, and parsley, both organic and nonorganic, locally in northwestern parana, southern brazil. each sample (50 g) was washed and filtered separately. ...201627421086
seropositivity of toxoplasma gondii and toxocara spp. in children with cryptogenic epilepsy, benha, egypt.the present study aimed to investigate the possible association of toxoplasma gondii and toxocara spp. infections with cryptogenic epilepsy in children. the study was carried out between june 2014 and march 2015. total 90 children (40 with cryptogenic epilepsy, 30 with non-cryptogenic epilepsy, and 20 healthy control children) were evaluated to determine the anti-toxocara and anti-t. gondii igg seropositivity using elisa kits. epileptic cases were selected from those attending the pediatrics out ...201627417090
toxoplasma effector recruits the mi-2/nurd complex to repress stat1 transcription and block ifn-γ-dependent gene expression.interferon gamma (ifn-γ) is an essential mediator of host defense against intracellular pathogens, including the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. however, prior t. gondii infection blocks ifn-γ-dependent gene transcription, despite the downstream transcriptional activator stat1 being activated and bound to cognate nuclear promoters. we identify the parasite effector that blocks stat1-dependent transcription and show it is associated with recruitment of the mi-2 nucleosome remodeling and dea ...201627414498
prevalence of toxoplasmosis and related risk factors among humans referred to main laboratories of urmia city, north west of iran, 2013.toxoplasmosis is mostly asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent individuals while it can cause a severe infection in human fetus during pregnancy and immunocompromised patients. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-toxoplasma igm and igg seropositivity and potential risk factors of the infection in humans referred to urmia city main diagnostic laboratories, urmia, iran. totally 195 blood samples were collected from the individuals referred to main diagnostic laboratories of urm ...201627413331
serological study of toxoplasma gondii infection in turkoman horses in the north khorasan province, iran.toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. the infection is observed in an unusually wide range of warm-blooded animals, including most of the livestock and humans. many studies have shown high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in man and animals in iran. the present study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in turkoman horses in the north khorasan province. during 2011-2012, 100 blood samples from horses were collected and tested for antib ...201627413330
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in chicken samples from delta of egypt using elisa, histopathology and immunohistochemistry.estimates of the zoonotic diseases are helpful for monitoring and improving public health. laboratory-based surveillance provides crucial information for assessing zoonotic disease trends and developments. toxoplasmosis is considered as a zoonotic disease and has both medical and veterinary importance since it leads to abortion in humans and several animal species. in view of the worldwide importance of t. gondii, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of t. gondii in chickens from the delt ...201627413325
seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis in southern districts of tamil nadu.the current study was conducted with the objectives of estimating the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and associated socio-demographic, clinical and behavioural characteristics in and around tirunelveli. serum samples from 175 immunodeficient and 175 immunocompetent patients were collected and were analyzed by in-house enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a questionnaire survey was administered for all study participants to gather information on risk factors. the present study revealed ...201627413309
risk and other factors associated with toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in pregnant women from southern brazil.toxoplasmosis causes complications during pregnancy that have serious effects on fetal development. thus far, toxocariasis has been reported to spread only via vertical transmission. nonetheless, the population of pregnant women is also exposed to this infection. co-infection with both toxoplasma gondii and toxocara spp. has been reported in children, but there are no reports of co-infection in the population of pregnant women. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of co-infectio ...201627411883
host and toxoplasma gondii genetic and non-genetic factors influencing the development of ocular toxoplasmosis: a systematic review. 201627389360
early diagnosis and successful treatment of disseminated toxoplasmosis after cord blood transplantation.a 66-year-old woman with refractory angioimmunoblastic t-cell lymphoma underwent cord blood transplantation. prior to transplantation, a serological test for toxoplasma gondii-specific igg antibodies was positive. on day 96, she exhibited fever and dry cough. chest ct showed diffuse centrilobular ground glass opacities in both lungs. the reactivation of t. gondii was identified by the presence of parasite dna in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. moreover, brain mri revealed a sp ...201627384853
in vitro inhibition of toxoplasma gondii by the anti-malarial candidate, 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol.an anti-malarial candidate, 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol (n-251), was studied to characterize its potential as a novel anti-toxoplasma gondii drug. in the present study, ic50 and lc50 of n-251 on host cells and t. gondii were compared to those of artemisinin and sulfadiazine. the ic50 on huh-7 cells was 10.19μg/ml, 67.69μg/ml and 310.17μg/ml for n-251, artemisinin, and sulfadiazine, respectively. the lc50 for anti-t. gondii effect was shown to be 1.11μg/ml, 5.79μg/ml, an ...201627380994
identification of small molecule inhibitors that block the toxoplasma gondii rhoptry kinase rop18.the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii secretes a family of serine-threonine protein kinases into its host cell in order to disrupt signaling and alter immune responses. one prominent secretory effector is the rhoptry protein 18 (rop18), a serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates immunity related gtpases (irgs) and hence blocks interferon gamma-mediated responses in rodent cells. previous genetic studies show that rop18 is a major virulence component of t. gondii strains from north and sout ...201627379343
caspase-11 modulates inflammation and attenuates toxoplasma gondii pathogenesis.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is the etiologic agent responsible for toxoplasmosis. infection with t. gondii results in activation of nucleotide binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing receptors (nlrs). nlr activation leads to inflammasome formation, the activation of caspase-1, and the subsequent cleavage of il-1β and il-18. recently, a noncanonical inflammasome has been characterized which functions through caspase-11 and appears to augment many biologi ...201627378827
establishment of replacement international standard 13/132 for human antibodies to toxoplasma gondii.sixteen laboratories carried out a collaborative study to validate 13/132 as a replacement international standard (is) for toxm (3rd is for anti-toxoplasma serum, human, 1000 iu). 13/132 is a freeze dried preparation of pooled human plasma from six donors who experienced a recent toxoplasma gondii infection. the potency of 13/132 was compared to toxm and 01/600 (1st is for anti-toxoplasma igg, human, 20 iu). samples were tested for iga, igg, igg avidity and igm in agglutination assays; enzyme li ...201627378430
transnuclear cd8 t cells specific for the immunodominant epitope gra6 lower acute-phase toxoplasma gondii burden.we generated a cd8 t-cell receptor (tcr) transnuclear (tn) mouse specific to the l(d) -restricted immunodominant epitope of gra6 from toxoplasma gondii as a source of cells to facilitate further investigation into the cd8 t-cell-mediated response against this pathogen. the tn t cells bound l(d) -gra6 tetramer and proliferated upon unspecific and peptide-specific stimulation. the tcr beta sequence of the gra6-specific tn cd8 t cells is identical in its v- and j-region to the tcr-β harboured by a ...201627377596
land use and soil contamination with toxoplasma gondii oocysts in urban areas.because soil contaminated with toxoplasma gondii oocysts is increasingly recognized as a major source of infection for humans, in this study, we investigated the spatial pattern of soil contamination with t. gondii oocysts in urban area of northeastern mainland china. from april 2014 to may 2015, more than 9000 soil samples were collected. detection of t. gondii oocysts was performed applying real-time quantitative pcr. sensitivity was improved by analyzing four replicates for each sampling poin ...201627373378
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in aguascalientes city, mexico: a cross-sectional study.we determined the seroprevalence and correlates of toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in aguascalientes city, mexico.201627371556
toxoplasma gondii infection promotes epithelial barrier dysfunction of caco-2 cells.after oral infection, toxoplasma gondii invades intestinal cells, induces breakdown of intestinal physiology and barrier functions, and causes intestinal pathology in some animal species. although parasites' invasion into host cells is a known phenomenon, the effects of t. gondii infection in the intestinal barrier are still not well established. to evaluate morphological and physiological modifications on the colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived caco-2 cell line during t. gondii infection, microvi ...201627370796
risk factors and molecular typing of toxoplasma gondii isolated from ostriches (struthio camelus) from a brazilian slaughterhouse.toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution with different genotypes reported in animals and humans. the parasite is of great importance to food production and public health, highlighted by the high diversity of hosts, i.e. ostriches. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of t. gondii infection in ostriches from a brazilian slaughterhouse, the genotype, and the associated risk factors. t. gondii antibodies were detected in 38/344 (11.05%) serum samples using the modified agglutination ...201627369578
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