Publications

current status of anti-diarrheal and anti-secretory drugs in the management of acute childhood diarrhea.	each year 1.8 million children die due to diarrheal diseases. indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. moreover the recent outbreaks of shigella and cholera have revealed multi-drug resistance strains. there is a need for review of recommended antibiotics for shigellosis. from recent data it emerges that fluoroquinolones should be the first line of therapy and cephalosporins to be used as the second line. among the anti-cholera antibio ...	2006	16936364
the use of comparative genomic hybridization to characterize genome dynamics and diversity among the serotypes of shigella.	compelling evidence indicates that shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery, as well as enteroinvasive escherichia coli, are derived from multiple origins of escherichia coli and form a single pathovar. to further understand the genome diversity and virulence evolution of shigella, comparative genomic hybridization microarray analysis was employed to compare the gene content of e. coli k-12 with those of 43 shigella strains from all lineages.	2006	16939645
characterization of ferric and ferrous iron transport systems in vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae has multiple iron acquisition systems, including tonb-dependent transport of heme and of the catechol siderophore vibriobactin. strains defective in both of these systems grow well in laboratory media and in the infant mouse intestine, indicating the presence of additional iron acquisition systems. previously uncharacterized potential iron transport systems, including a homologue of the ferrous transporter feo and a periplasmic binding protein-dependent atp binding cassette (abc) ...	2006	16952942
shigella as a foodborne pathogen and current methods for detection in food.	shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis or "bacillary dysentery," has been increasingly involved in foodborne outbreaks. according to the centers for disease control and prevention's emerging infections program, foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet), shigella was the third most reported foodborne bacterial pathogen in 2002. foods are most commonly contaminated with shigella by an infected food handler who practices poor personal hygiene. shigella is acid resistant, salt t ...	2006	16954064
visible-light-induced bactericidal activity of a nitrogen-doped titanium photocatalyst against human pathogens.	the antibacterial activity of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (tio(2)) substrates is induced primarily by uv light irradiation. recently, nitrogen- and carbon-doped tio(2) substrates were shown to exhibit photocatalytic activities under visible-light illumination. their antibacterial activity, however, remains to be quantified. in this study, we demonstrated that nitrogen-doped tio(2) substrates have superior visible-light-induced bactericidal activity against escherichia coli compared to pure t ...	2006	16957236
direct detection of bacterial faecal indicators in water samples using pcr.	the presence of enteric pathogens in water resources represents a serious risk for public health. therefore, their precise detection, and especially detection of e. coli, which is obviously regarded as the main indicator of faecal contamination of water, is an essential step in ensuring bacterial safety of water. numerous pcr protocols for detection of e. coli have been published to date. they are usually based on amplification of regions derived from lacz (beta-d-galactosidase) and uida (beta-d ...	2006	17037144
[rapid detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa by the fluorescence quantitative pcr assay targeting 16s rdna].	the 16s rdna specific primers were designed for rapid detection of pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) by the fluorescence quantitative pcr (fq-pcr) assay, based upon multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis of the 16s rdnas of over 20 bacteria. after extraction of pa genomic dna, the target 16s rdna fragment was amplified by pcr with specific primers, and used to construct recombinant pmdt-pfr plasmid, the dilution gradients of which were subjected to the standard quantitation curve i ...	2006	17037203
preliminary pharmacological screening of bixa orellana l. leaves.	preliminary pharmacological studies were performed on the methanol extract of bixa orellana l. (bixaceae) leaves to investigate neuropharmacological, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal activity and effect on gastrointestinal motility. all studies were conducted in mice using doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight. in the pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis test, the extract statistically reduced the time for the onset of sleep at 500 mg/kg dose and (dose-dependently) increased the tot ...	2006	16963211
a field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce of domestic and mexican origin.	produce is responsible for an increasingly larger proportion of foodborne disease outbreaks. in particular, the globalization of the food supply may introduce new food safety risks and allow widespread distribution of contaminated food, particularly produce. the objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the overall quality of domestic and mexican produce throughout the packing process; (ii) examine changes in microbiological quality of both domestic and mexican produce at each stage of produ ...	2006	17045687
verotoxin-1 induction of apoptosis in gb3-expressing human glioma cell lines.	the aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptosis induction of verotoxin-1 (vt-1) in human glioma cell lines. vt-1 is a member of the shiga-toxin family expressed by some serotypes of escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae. shiga-toxins have been shown to induce apoptosis by binding to its membrane receptor gb3. the human glioma cell lines sf-767, u-343 mg, and u-251 mg were studied together with bt4c, a rat glioma cell line. cells were first screened for gb3 ex ...	2006	16929170
structural and genetic characterization of shigella boydii type 17 o antigen and confirmation of two new genes involved in the synthesis of glucolactilic acid.	shigella strains are human pathogens and normally identified based on their o antigens. the chemical structure and gene cluster of shigella boydii type 17 o antigen were studied. as judged by sugar and methylation analyses along with nmr spectroscopy data, the o antigen of s. boydii type 17 has a linear trisaccharide o unit, which consists of two residues of n-acetylgalactosamine (galnac) and a 4-o-[(r)-1-carboxyethyl]-d-glucose (glucolactilic acid). the o antigen gene cluster of s. boydii type ...	2006	16930547
[development of a gold-immunochromatography test for rapid detecting e. coli o157].	to develop a method for rapid detecting escherichia coli (e. coli) o157 on site.	2006	16986519
[sequence of escherichia coli o11 o-antigen gene cluster and identification of molecular markers specific to o11].	escherichia coli o11 belongs to shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), which can cause food-borne disease, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus) in humans. because of its character of specificity, the o-antigen gene cluster provides the best material for the selection of molecular markers which can be used for rapid genotyping of bacterial strain. in this study, the e.coli o11 o-antigen gene cluster was amplified by long-range pcr and was sequenced using shotgun-sequen ...	2006	16933598
study of hand hygiene and enteroparasite infestation among food handlers working in a medical college of north india.	the present study was conducted to assess: 1) prevalence of enteroparasite infestation among food handlers working in food service establishments located in the campus of a medical college, 2) presence of enteric organisms on their hands and nails and their hand washing practices. a total of 151 food handlers were interviewed regarding their socio-demographic and professional characteristics. their hand washing practices were also observed. stool examination for enteroparasites and stool culture ...	2006	16933748
ospf and ospc1 are shigella flexneri type iii secretion system effectors that are required for postinvasion aspects of virulence.	shigella flexneri is the causative agent of dysentery, and its pathogenesis is mediated by a type iii secretion system (t3ss). s. flexneri secretes effector proteins into the eukaryotic cell via the t3ss, and these proteins usurp host cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. ospf and ospc1 are known to be secreted by s. flexneri, but their functions are unknown. we transformed s. flexneri with a plasmid that expresses a two-hemagglutinin tag (2ha) in frame with ospf or ospc1 and verifi ...	2006	16988276
shigellosis in kobe city, japan, after school excursion to malaysia and singapore.		2006	16936352
shigella sonnei outbreak among japanese travelers returning from hawaii.		2006	16936358
reciprocal transcriptional and posttranscriptional growth-phase-dependent expression of sfh, a gene that encodes a paralogue of the nucleoid-associated protein h-ns.	the inchi1 self-transmissible plasmid psf-r27 from shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t harbors sfh, a gene that codes for a protein with strong amino acid sequence homology to the global transcription regulator and nucleoid-associated protein h-ns and to its paralogue, stpa. previously, we discovered that the expression of sfh mrna is growth phase dependent such that in cultures growing in lennox broth at 37 degrees c, the transcript is readily detectable in the early stages of exponential growth ...	2006	16936022
enterotoxigenic escherichia coli causing cholerogenic syndrome during an interepidemic period of cholera in north india.	a study was undertaken to look for heat-labile enterotoxin producing escherichia coli (lt-etec) in patients with acute watery diarrhea resembling cholera in chandigarh in north india. two periods were selected, an interepidemic (2001) and an epidemic (2002) period. heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) was detected using reverse passive latex agglutination test. lt-etec strains were serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility was studied. lt-etec was detected in 16 of 21 stool samples during 2001. other o ...	2006	16936343
effect of lactoferrin on enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec).	we previously demonstrated that lactoferrin inhibits adherence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli to hep-2 cells and decreases invasiveness of shigella flexneri in hela cells by disruption of the type iii secretory system (ttss) of both enteropathogens. to determine whether these effects were specific to the ttss, we assessed the activity of bovine lactoferrin on enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec), enteropathogens whose virulence is not ttss dependent. bovine lactoferrin at a concentration of 1. ...	2006	16936809
complete nucleotide sequence of pk245, a 98-kilobase plasmid conferring quinolone resistance and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase activity in a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae isolate.	a plasmid containing the qnrs quinolone resistance determinant and the gene encoding the shv-2 beta-lactamase has been discovered from a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated in taiwan. the complete 98-kb sequence of this plasmid, designated pk245, was determined by using a whole-genome shotgun approach. transfer of pk245 conferred low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in electroporant escherichia coli epi300. the sequence of the immediate region surrounding qnrs in pk245 is nearly i ...	2006	16940067
diarrhea etiology in a children's hospital emergency department: a prospective cohort study.	we evaluated the frequency of recovery of pathogens from children with diarrhea who presented to a pediatric emergency department and characterized the associated illnesses, to develop guidelines for performing a bacterial enteric culture.	2006	16941358
[ultrastructural changes in shigella flexneri cells during interaction with bacteriocinogenic lactobacillus acidophilus].	results of electron-microscopic examination of shigella flexneri cells, subjected to influence the bacteriocin-producing lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria are presented. the response of shigellae to bacteriocinogenic lactobacilli was shown both on cellular and population levels. on population level the correlation of various morphological types of shigella cells with increase of involution, lysing and resting forms is revealed. at a cellular level the specific ultrastructural changes of shigell ...	2006	16941871
modulation of phosphoinositide metabolism by pathogenic bacteria.	phosphoinositide metabolism plays a pivotal role in the regulation of receptor-mediated signal transduction, actin remodelling and membrane dynamics. phosphoinositides co-ordinate these processes by recruiting protein effectors to distinct cellular membranes in a time- and organelle-dependent manner. intracellular bacterial pathogens interfere with phosphoinositide metabolism to direct their entry into eukaryotic cells, form replication-permissive vacuoles, modulate apoptosis, or trigger fluid s ...	2006	16939534
mobilizable incq-related plasmid carrying a new quinolone resistance gene, qnrs2, isolated from the bacterial community of a wastewater treatment plant.	plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance was previously reported for different bacteria isolated from patients not only in the united states and asia but also in europe. here we describe the isolation, by applying a new selection strategy, of the quinolone resistance plasmid pgnb2 from an activated sludge bacterial community of a wastewater treatment plant in germany. the hypersensitive escherichia coli strain kam3 carrying a mutation in the multidrug efflux system genes acrab was transformed with t ...	2006	16940104
expression, limited proteolysis and preliminary crystallographic analysis of ipad, a component of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system.	ipad, the putative needle-tip protein of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system, has been overexpressed and purified. crystals were grown of the native protein in space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 55.9, b = 100.7, c = 112.0 a, and data were collected to 2.9 a resolution. analysis of the native patterson map revealed a peak at 50% of the origin on the harker section v = 0.5, suggesting twofold non-crystallographic symmetry parallel to the b crystallographic axis. a ...	2006	16946465
high resolution structure of bipd: an invasion protein associated with the type iii secretion system of burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkoldheria pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium that possesses a protein secretion system similar to those found in salmonella and shigella. recent work has indicated that the protein encoded by the bipd gene of b. pseudomallei is an important secreted virulence factor. bipd is similar in sequence to ipad from shigella and sipd from salmonella and is therefore likely to be a translocator protein in the type-iii secretion system of b. pseudomallei. the crystal structure of bipd has been so ...	2006	16950399
shigella sonnei outbreak among homosexual men, london.		2006	17073105
ce to monitor endotoxins by protein complexation.	a new ce method for fast and efficient analysis of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) is described. it is based on the strong interaction between proteins and endotoxins. the uv absorption of the protein component in the complex is used for the detection. the electrophoretic mobility of the complex hemoglobin/endotoxin can be employed for qualitative analysis of the endotoxin. for instance, the structural differences between "smooth" and "rough" lipopolysaccharides from salmonella minnes ...	2006	17075946
[amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping of shigellae and comparison to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and colicin typing].	shigella is an etiological agent of communicable and food-borne disease worldwide, so it is important to develop typing for shigella in epidemiological studies. we compared amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), molecular epidemiological typing, to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and colicin typing in typeability, reproducibility, discriminatory power, ease of interpretation, and ease of use for 51 shigella isolates to determine aflp applicability to shigella. aflp showed less re ...	2006	17073265
transcriptional slippage controls production of type iii secretion apparatus components in shigella flexneri.	during transcription, series of approximately 9 as or ts can direct rna polymerase to incorporate into the mrna nucleotides not encoded by the dna, changing the reading frame downstream from the slippage site. we detected series of 9 or 10 as in spa13, spa33 and mxia encoding type iii secretion apparatus components. analysis of cdnas indicated that transcriptional slippage occurs in spa13, mxia and spa33. changes in the reading frame were confirmed by using plasmids carrying slippage sites in th ...	2006	17059566
immunoproteome analysis of soluble and membrane proteins of shigella flexneri 2457t.	to profile the immunogenic proteins of shigella flexneri (s. flexneri) expressed during human infection using a proteomic approach.	2006	17075984
evaluation of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterobacteriaceae.	we evaluated the accuracy of the bd phoenix system for the identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of 251 isolates of the family enterobacteriaceae representing 31 species. organisms were inoculated onto the phoenix panel according to the manufacturer's instructions. the results from conventional biochemical tests were used for the reference method for id. agar dilution, performed according to the clsi guidelines, was the reference ast method. essential and categorical ...	2006	17021074
rna-templated chemistry in cells: discrimination of escherichia, shigella and salmonella bacterial strains with a new two-color fret strategy.		2006	17031884
ipaa targets beta1 integrins and rho to promote actin cytoskeleton rearrangements necessary for shigella entry.	shigella invasion into the colonic epithelium involves many steps including the formation of large membrane protrusions by the epithelial cells that facilitate bacterial engulfment. ipaa, a shigella protein secreted into target cells upon cell contact induces a loss of actin stress fibers in cells and promotes the reorganization of actin at the site of entry. the mechanism for this is not known but is thought to involve recruitment of the focal adhesion protein vinculin to ipaa. here we have exa ...	2006	17060328
wavelet analysis of dna walks.	a wavelet transform of the dna "walk" constructed from a genomic sequence offers a direct visualization of short and long-range patterns in nucleotide sequences. we study sequences that encode diverse biological functions, taken from a variety of genomes. pattern irregularities in the transform are frequently associated with sequences of biological interest. exonic regions, for example, visualize differently under wavelet analysis than introns, and ribosomal rna regions display distinct universa ...	2006	17037959
distribution of shigella enterotoxin genes and secreted autotransporter toxin gene among diverse species and serotypes of shigella isolated from andaman islands, india.	we studied the prevalence and distribution of the newly described genes for shigella enterotoxins (shet1 and shet2, encoded by set and sen genes) and secreted auto-transporter toxin (encoded by sat gene) in clinical isolates from the andaman islands, india. a total of 153 shigella isolates obtained from hospitalized patients during 1994-2004 were analysed. these isolates included all the four species of shigella (s. dyseteriae-29, s. flexneri-75, s. sonnei-38, s. boydii-5) that belonged to diver ...	2006	17054749
identification of essential loops and residues of glucosyltransferase v (gtrv) of shigella flexneri.	lipopolysaccharide (lps), particularly the o-antigen component, is one of many virulence determinants necessary for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. o-antigen modification is mediated by glucosyltransferase (gtr) genes encoded by temperate serotype-converting bacteriophages. the gtrv and gtrx genes encode the gtrv and gtrx glucosyltransferases, respectively. these are integral membrane proteins, which catalyze the transfer of a glucosyl residue via an alpha1,3 linkage to rhamnose ii and rhamnose ...	2006	17060158
enterobacterial 38-kda outer membrane protein is an age-dependent molecular marker of innate immunity and immunoglobulin deficiency as results from its reactivity with igg and iga antibody.	in earlier studies on an animal model we observed protective properties of outer membrane proteins (omps) of shigella, hafnia, and escherichia coli strains. in order to investigate human sera for reactivity with omps we subjected these proteins to immunoblotting with umbilical cord plasma and sera from children and adults. the igg and iga antibodies interacted primarily with a 38-kda protein, in similar way for several enterobacterial strains, but different for pseudomonas aeruginosa. this obser ...	2006	17064276
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella species in asmara, eritrea, northeast africa.	diarrheal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. of the bacterial causes of dysentery, shigella are the major enteropathogens with outbreak potential and common development of antimicrobial resistance. this study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of different spp. of shigella in asmara, eritrea.	2006	17066201
13c nmr spectroscopy of core heme carbons as a simple tool to elucidate the coordination state of ferric high-spin heme proteins.	evidence is presented demonstrating that the magnitudes of the 13c chemical shifts originating from heme meso carbons provide a straightforward diagnostic tool to elucidate the coordination state of high-spin heme proteins and enzymes. pentacoordinate high-spin heme centers exhibit 13c meso shifts centered at approximately 250 ppm, whereas their hexacoordinate counterparts exhibit 13c shifts centered at approximately -80 ppm. the relatively small spectral window (400 to -100 ppm) covering the me ...	2006	17054345
the bacterial weaponry: lessons from shigella.	shigella, a gram-negative bacterial species of the family enterobacteriaceae, causes bacillary dysentery in humans, an acute rectocolitis that reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade, and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. here, the pathogenesis of shigella infection is analyzed in the context of the disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. thus a unified view by wh ...	2006	17057210
different additional risk factors for cerebral infarctions associated with the factor v leiden mutation in a family.	several cases with cerebral infarctions associated with the factor v leiden mutation have been reported. however, bearing in mind the large number of asymptomatic individuals with the factor v leiden mutation, additional risk factors for cerebral infarctions should be considered. in this report, two siblings with cerebral infarctions associated with a combination of heterozygous factor v leiden mutation and different additional exogenous and endogenous thrombogenic risk factors are described. re ...	2006	17005112
induction of expression of hfq by dksa is essential for shigella flexneri virulence.	hfq plays an important role in cellular physiology by regulating the expression of several genes. hfq synthesis in escherichia coli is subject to auto-repression at translational level. studies with shigella flexneri show that hfq transcription is regulated by a pleiotropic regulator, dksa. comparison of gene expression profiles of wild type and dksa mutant s. flexneri determined that hfq expression was reduced in the dksa mutant. as dksa is required for stress resistance and plaque formation in ...	2006	17020583
development of a serotype-specific dna microarray for identification of some shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli strains.	shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli are major causes of human infectious diseases and are responsible for millions of cases of diarrhea worldwide every year. a convenient and rapid method to identify highly pathogenic serotypes of shigella and e. coli is needed for large-scale epidemiologic study, timely clinical diagnosis, and reliable quarantine of the pathogens. in this study, a dna microarray targeting o-serotype-specific genes was developed to detect 15 serotypes of shigella and e. col ...	2006	17021058
high vaccine efficacy against shigellosis of recombinant noninvasive shigella mutant that expresses yersinia invasin.	live attenuated shigella vaccines elicit protective immune responses, but involve a potential risk of inducing a strong inflammatory reaction. the bacterial invasiveness that is crucial for ag delivery causes inflammatory destruction of infected epithelial cells and proinflammatory cell death of infected macrophages. in this study, the noninvasive shigella mutant deltaipab was equipped with yersinia invasin protein, which has been shown to mediate bacterial invasion and targeting to m cells loca ...	2006	16982910
metalloantibiotics: synthesis, characterization and in-vitro antibacterial studies on cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes with cloxacillin.	the synthesis and characterization of cloxacillin (clox) complexes with divalent metal ions [co (ii), cu (ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii)] is described. the nature of bonding of the chelated cloxacillin and the structures of the metal complexes have been elucidated on the basis of their physical and spectroscopic data. in all the complexes, the cloxacillin acts as a uninegatively charged bidentate ligand with coordination involving the carboxylate-o and endocyclic-n of the beta-lactam ring. the new com ...	2006	17059178
usefulness of inter-is1 spacer polymorphisms for subtyping of shigella sonnei isolates.	shigella sonnei contains numerous is1 elements. the existence of polymorphisms in the length of the inter-is1 spacer is a basis for the development of a pcr-based method for the subtyping of s. sonnei strains. the usefulness of inter-is1 spacer typing (ist) was evaluated and compared with that of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) by characterization of s. sonnei isolates from epidemiologically nonrelated cases and outbreaks and of isolates that were indistinguishable by pfge and that were ...	2006	16988023
crystal structure of the diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase from shigella flexneri 2a.		2006	17006950
general practitioner practices in requesting laboratory tests for patients with gastroenteritis in the netherlands, 2001-2002.	the objective of this study was to estimate the (selective) proportion of patients consulting their gp for an episode of gastroenteritis for whom laboratory tests were requested. in addition adherence of gps to the guidelines for diagnostic test regime was ascertained.	2006	17014713
outbreaks of multidrug-resistant shigella sonnei gastroenteritis associated with day care centers--kansas, kentucky, and missouri, 2005.	infection with shigella sonnei that is resistant to antibiotics commonly used in pediatric practice has become more common during the past decade. in 2005, kansas, kentucky, and missouri reported increases in shigellosis cases associated with day care centers caused predominantly by multidrug-resistant (mdr) (i.e., resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [tmp/smx]) strains of s. sonnei. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns for isolates from kansas and missouri were ...	2006	17021592
[the electron microscopic study of cell-to-cell interactions between antagonistic microorganisms].	the electron microscopic study of thin sections and positively stained specimens of cells taken from particular cocultures of lactobacillus acidophilus d75, lactobacillus casei yit 9018, shigella flexnery 2a, bacillus subtilis atcc 6633, and staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923 (some of these bacteria are antagonistic to others) showed the presence of specific ultrastructural elements indicating cell specialization and cooperation. the responses of antagonistic bacteria manifested themselves at the ...	2006	17025183
identification and characterization of "pathoadaptive mutations" of the cadba operon in several intestinal escherichia coli.	the dysenteric shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) have evolved from commensal e. coli by the acquisition of a virulence plasmid and inactivation of genes of the cad locus encoding lysine decarboxylase (ldc) by so-called pathoadaptive mutation. as horizontal gene transfer and recombination occurs frequently in e. coli we were interested to see if similar pathoadaptive mutations are commonly present in other intestinal pathotypes. therefore, we examined 140 intestinal e. coli ...	2006	17027337
bacterial aetiology of diarrhoea in young children: high prevalence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) not belonging to the classical epec serogroups.	diarrhoeal disease continues to be one of the most common causes of admittance in children hospital emergency. the aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contribution of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec, respectively) as a cause of infectious bacterial diarrhoea in children from the region of toulouse. we analysed 280 samples of stools from 280 children (<2 years) with diarrhoea admitted in the "hopital des enfants" from january to august 2 ...	2006	17030460
a new monoterpene glycoside and antibacterial monoterpene glycosides from paeonia suffruticosa.	antibacterial activity-guided fractionation of the chci3-meoh (1:1) extract of paeonia suffruticosa root bark furnished three monoterpene glycosides, 6-o-vanillyoxypaeoniflorin (1), mudanpioside-h (2), and galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin (3). of the isolated compounds, compound 1 is a new compound. all isolated compounds showed broad, but moderate, antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values in the range of 100 to 500 microg/ml against eighteen pathogenic microorganisms of ...	2006	17121173
shigella applies molecular mimicry to subvert vinculin and invade host cells.	shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, injects invasin proteins through a type iii secretion apparatus upon contacting the host cell, which triggers pathogen internalization. the invasin ipaa is essential for s. flexneri pathogenesis and binds to the cytoskeletal protein vinculin to facilitate host cell entry. we report that ipaa harbors two vinculin-binding sites (vbss) within its c-terminal domain that bind to and activate vinculin in a mutually exclusive fashion. only ...	2006	17088427
microbiology. bacterial bushwacking through a microtubule jungle.		2006	17095683
microtubule-severing activity of shigella is pivotal for intercellular spreading.	some pathogenic bacteria actually invade the cytoplasm of their target host cells. invasive bacteria acquire the propulsive force to move by recruiting actin and inducing its polymerization. here we show that shigella movement within the cytoplasm was severely hindered by microtubules and that the bacteria destroyed surrounding microtubules by secreting vira by means of the type iii secretion system. degradation of microtubules by vira was dependent on its alpha-tubulin-specific cysteine proteas ...	2006	17095701
structural studies of the o-antigenic polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124, a reinvestigation.	the structures of the o-antigenic part of the lipopolysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124 have been reinvestigated. (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy in combination with selected 2d nmr techniques were used to determine the o-antigen pentasaccharide repeating units with the following structure: [see text]. from biosynthetic considerations this should also be the biological repeating unit. the structures of the repeating units also explain the previously observed ...	2006	17081507
disinfection of sludge with high pathogenic content using silver and other compounds.	a physicochemical sludge with high microbial content (10(2)-10(4) fpu/g ts bacteriophages, 10(6)-10(7) mpn/g ts faecal coliforms, 10(4) mpn/g ts salmonella spp., 10(4) mpn/g ts shigella spp., 10(3) mpn/g ts pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10(2) mpn/g ts vibrio cholerae, 10(2)-10(3) cysts/g ts giardia sp., 10(2)-10(4) oocyts/g ts cryptosporidium sp., 168-215 viable helminth ova/g ts) was disinfected using silver, silver-copper, and silver-copper plus a synergistic agent (sa). twenty milligrams ag/g ts in ...	2006	17087384
[time course changes in cytokines content and gas composition in blood of patients with salmonellosis and acute shigellosis].	to study changes in serum concentrations of interleukines (il) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfa) in the course of acute moderate and severe shigellosis and salmonellosis; to elicit their correlation with disorders of gas and electrolyte blood composition and acid-base balance (abb).	2006	17195521
genetic characterization of multidrug resistance in shigella spp. from japan.	this study characterized the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance of a number of shigella spp. isolated from humans from 2000 to 2004 in hiroshima prefecture, japan. a total of 26 isolates of shigella spp. were included in this study. antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed high levels of resistance, especially to ampicillin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. pcr and dna sequencing were used for screening and characterization of antibiotic-resis ...	2006	17108272
[short communication: prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in gram negative rods: data of 2001-2004 period].	this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) production by gram negative rods (gnrs) isolated from various clinical specimens (3.240 urine, 336 pus, 277 feces, 83 blood, 38 sputum) sent to our hospital laboratory, between 2001-2004. of isolated bacteria 71.4% were identified as escherichia coli, 11.1% were klebsiella spp, 4.2% were salmonella spp, 3.7% were pseudomonas spp, 3.5% were proteus spp, 2.9% were shigella spp, 2.3% were enterobacter s ...	2006	17205693
incidence of enteric bacterial pathogens in water found at the bottom of commercial freezers in calabar, southeastern nigeria.	bacteriological analysis of water that accumulates at the bottom of freezers in restaurants when the power was cut in calabar, southeastern nigeria, was carried out using standard procedures. mean heterotrophic bacterial counts and escherichia coli counts ranged from 3.1 +/- 0.02 to 7.1 +/- 0.30 x 10(4) cfu/ml and 0.2 +/- 0.10 to 0.6 +/- 0.50 x 10(4) cfu/ml, respectively, indicating heavy bacterial contamination whose source was mostly fecal. there was no significant difference (p > 0.05, 0.01) ...	2006	17125005
salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloths collected from public markets and street booths in guadalajara, mexico: incidence and comparison of analytical routes.	a survey of the presence of salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice and related samples was conducted in guadalajara, mexico. one hundred samples of freshly squeezed orange juice were collected from 49 street booths and 51 small food service establishments. in addition, 75 fresh orange samples, each consisting of five orange units, and 75 wiping cloths were collected from the same establishments from which juice had been collected. salmonella was isolated from 14, 20, and 23% of ...	2006	17133801
outbreak of gastroenteritis at a peruvian naval base.	in april of 2003, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported in a training command (centro de instrucción técnica y entrenamiento naval (citen)) at a peruvian naval base located near lima, peru. the naval medical research center detachment, in collaboration with the national peruvian naval hospital, conducted an investigation to determine the causative agent and potential source of the outbreak. between april 3 and 5, 172 (16%) of 1,092 military trainees reported to the citen clinic with diarrh ...	2006	17153548
analysis of fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes in shigella infections in urban bangladesh.	we evaluated the usefulness of enumeration of fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes in making an early diagnosis of shigella infection, where shigella is a leading cause of invasive diarrhea. stool specimens from 561 invasive diarrhea patients were submitted for microscopic examination. a presumptive diagnosis of shigellosis based on microscopic examination was made in 389 of them; 227 had stool cultures positive for shigella spp (shigella patients). one hundred sixty-two patients with no detectable ...	2006	17121301
in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activity of cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes with furanylmethyl- and thienylmethyl-dithiolenes: [1, 3-dithiole- 2-one and 1,3-dithiole-2-thione].	some antibacterial and antifungal furanylmethyl-and thienylmethyl dithiolenes and, their co(ii), cu(ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative; escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi and shigella flexeneri, and two gram-positive; bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains, and for in-vitro antifungal activity against trichophyton longifusus, candid ...	2006	17252947
in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of metal-based furanyl derived sulfonamides.	a new series of antibacterial and antifungal furanyl-derived sulfonamides and their cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) metal complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhi) and two gram-positive (bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and, for in-vitro antifungal activity against trichophyton l ...	2006	17252952
the contribution of cytolethal distending toxin to bacterial pathogenesis.	cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is a bacterial toxin that initiates a eukaryotic cell cycle block at the g2 stage prior to mitosis. cdt is produced by a number of bacterial pathogens including: campylobacter species, escherichia coli, salmonella enterica serovar typhi, shigella dystenteriae, enterohepatic helicobacter species, actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (the cause of aggressive periodontitis), and haemophilus ducreyi (the cause of chancroid). the functional toxin is composed of three ...	2006	17123907
[acute dysentery shigella sonnei outbreak in child day care center: study of the source of infection].		2006	17163149
occurrence and diversity of integrons and beta-lactamase genes among ampicillin-resistant isolates from estuarine waters.	the aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence and molecular diversity of beta-lactamase genes and integrons among gram-negative ampicillin-resistant bacteria from ria de aveiro. ampicillin-resistant isolates were selected and subjected to genotyping using rep-pcr. representatives from each rep pattern were affiliated with the following taxa by sequencing the 16s rrna gene: aeromonas caviae, a. hydrophila, a. media, a. molluscorum, a. veronii, a. salmonicida, aeromonas sp., pseudomona ...	2006	17125975
[detection of class i integron and its relation to antimicrobial resistance of shigella flexneri in children].	to investigate class i integron of shigella flexneri, its prevalence in children, and its relation to bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.	2006	17217663
enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula manufactured in indonesia and malaysia.	to determine the occurrence of salmonella and shigella in infant formula from southeast asia, 74 packages of dehydrated powdered infant follow-on formula (recommended age, > 4 months) from five different manufacturers, four from indonesia and one from malaysia, were analyzed. none of the 25-g test portions yielded salmonella or shigella. however, further identification of colonies growing on selective media used for salmonella and shigella detection revealed the frequent occurrence of several ot ...	2006	17186672
production, characterization, and application of antibodies against heat-labile type-i toxin for detection of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.	strains of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) are responsible for significant rates of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly in developing countries. the majority of clinical and public health laboratories are capable of isolating and identifying salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and escherichia coli o157:h7 from stool samples, but etec cannot be identified by routine methods. the method most often used to identify etec is polymerase chain reaction for heat-stable and heat ...	2006	17293982
[dysentery in poland in 2004].	the number of notified dysentery cases is the lowest of all years since 1918 when notification started. only 74 cases were notified in the year 2004 (incidence rate 0.19/100,000 population) while 220 cases were registered in 2002 (incidence 0.58/100,000 population). no one death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. two dysentery outbreaks (due to s. flexneri 3a): were notified when the outbreaks of food poisoning were examined by regional laboratory of sanitary-ep ...	2006	17249165
live-attenuated shigella vaccines.	several live-attenuated shigella vaccines, with well-defined mutations in specific genes, have shown great promise in eliciting significant immune responses when given orally to volunteers. these responses have been measured by evaluating antibody-secreting cells, serum antibody levels and fecal immunoglobulin a to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and to individual bacterial invasion plasmid antigens. in this review, data collected from volunteer trials with live shigella vaccines from three differe ...	2006	17181440
[rapid simultaneous detection of salmonella and shigella using modified molecular beacons and real-time pcr].	dual detection of salmonella and shigella using modified molecular beacons and real-time pcr was developed. the established method was applied to rapid diagnosis of salmonella and shigella' food poisoning, and for routine monitoring programs.	2006	17415984
antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts of combretum molle.	in traditional medical practices of ethiopia the aqueous extracts obtained from the stem bark of combretum molle (r. br. ex. g. don.) engl & diels (combretaceae) have a longstanding reputation for the treatment of liver diseases malaria and tuberculosis. owing to the widespread traditional uses of this plant, the studyinvestigated the antimicrobial activity the bark extract of this plant against gram positive and and gram negative bacteria.	2006	17447394
metal-based antibacterial and antifungal agents: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation of co(ii), cu(ii), ni(ii), and zn(ii) complexes with amino acid-derived compounds.	a series of antibacterial and antifungal amino acid-derived compounds and their cobalt(ii), copper(ii), nickel(ii), and zinc(ii) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments, and ir, and electronic spectral measurements. ligands (l(1))-(l(5)) were derived by condensation of beta-diketones with glycine, phenylalanine, valine, and histidine and act as bidentate towards metal ions (cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc) via the ...	2006	17497020
[pyrazinamidase activity of bacteria from enterobacteriaceae family as characteristic for taxonomy].	pyrazinamidase activity in 330 strains of bacteria from enterobacteriaceae family (14 genus, 27 species) has been assessed. pyrazinamidase activity detected in species from following genuses: citrobacter, escherichia, klebsiella, kluyvera, morganella, providencia, raourtella, salmonella, shigella, and also in proteus mirabilis, and nonpathogenic serovars of yersinia enterocolitica, y. frederiksenii. pirasinamidase was absent in serratia (s. marcescens, s. liguefaciens), hafnia alvei, p. vulgaris ...	2006	17297889
a new antibacterial compound produced by an indigenous marine bacteria--fermentation, isolation, and biological activity.	the use of microorganisms for biological purpose has become an effective alternative to control pathogens. a marine bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from eal fish of baluchistan coast of pakistan. this strain produced a bactericidal antibiotic against environmental and clinical isolates. in this study, we purified bactericidal antibiotic from the ethyl acetate extract of the cells of p. aeruginosa and analyzed its chemical structure. based on spectrometric analysis, this compound 1 ...	2006	17393659
occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in children under 5 years with diarrhoea in south tehran.	this study was carried out on 1600 rectal swabs from children under 5 years of age admitted at the health centre in islamshahr, tehran province, islamic republic of iran, during 1998-99. the specimens were examined for various bacterial pathogens. isolation rates were: enteropathogenic escherichia coli 6.8%, shigella spp. 3.4%, salmonella spp. 2.9%, campylobacter spp. 0.9%, yersinia spp. 0.7%. the isolation rate was highest in the summer, except for yersinia spp., which was predominantly isolate ...	2006	17333824
chromosomal-gene-mediated inhibition of intestinal and foodborne pathogens by lactobacillus acidophilus aa11.	approximately 63 strains of lactobacillus acidophilus were isolated from egyptian home-made cheese and examined for production of antagonism. only eight strains demonstrated inhibitory activity against spoilage microorganisms (i.e. staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus) and pathogens (i.e. e. coli, salmonella sp. and shigella sp.). lactobacillus acidophilus aa11 produced a more antimicrobial activity with a wide range of inhibition. the agent aa11 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and ret ...	2006	17357571
[prevalence of the bacteria causing diarrea in a rosario hospital, argentina].	bacterial agents causing diarrea in patients attended in a hospital of rosario, argentina. the frequency of bacterial agents causing diarrhea can vary in patients of different areas, and through the time. in an epidemiological surveillance we studied 304 patients with diarrheal diseases looking for salmonella enterica, shigella spp, campylobacter spp, aeromonas spp, yersinia enterocolitica, and diarrheogenic escherichia coli. c. jejuni was isolated in 30 patients (9,9 %), salmonella in 18 (5,9 % ...	2006	17639815
antimicrobial resistance among salmonella and shigella isolates in five canadian provinces (1997 to 2000).	to describe rates of antimicrobial resistance (amr) among salmonella and shigella isolates reported in five canadian provinces, focusing on clinically important antimicrobials.	2006	18382635
rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by shigella: the yin and yang of innate immunity.	shigella is a gram-negative bacterial species of the family enterobacteriaceae that causes bacillary dysentery in humans. this acute colitis reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. the pathogenesis of the shigella infection can be seen as a disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. this provides the unified view that enteroinvas ...	2006	18418486
[clinical characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing shigella sonnei infection outbreaked in chungju area.].	an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing shigella sonnei enteritis, especially in pediatric populations, was unprecedented not only in korea, but also throughout the world in the past. this study was intended to devise a management guideline for shigellosis caused by an esbl-producing strain based on analysis of the clinical manifestations and response to therapy.	2006	18156720
death from multi-resistant shigelloses: a case study from fiji.	death from shigellosis is rare in developed countries, however it causes over a million deaths in developing countries worldwide annually. death from shigellosis is rare in fiji. however, the global problem of emerging multi-drug resistance raises some issues about the management of shigellosis in this country. within fiji, shigella is a notifiable disease. the fiji ministry of health recorded 68 cases of shigella in 1996, 173 cases in 1997 and 334 cases in 1998 (no data available for 1999). the ...	2006	18181399
rapid allelic exchange in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and other e. coli using lambda red recombination.	this unit describes an allelic exchange system for enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), and similar pathogenic species of bacteria. the phage lambda red recombination system is expressed from a plasmid, inducing a hyper-recombinogenic state where electroporated pcr-generated substrates recombine with the bacterial chromosome at high efficiency. the technique can be used to substitute a drug marker for the gene of interest, or used to generate a clean in-frame deletion of the target gene. single gen ...	2006	18770591
antifungal and antibacterial activities of mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida).	mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida cv. asteraceae: campanulatae) is an important, nutritious plant and an effective herbal medicine. seven coumarins, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (4), umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) (5), scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) (7), esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) (11), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (12), herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin) (13), and scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin) (14), and three flavonoids, patuletin (18), quercetin (19), and quercetagetin (20), were iso ...	2006	19127719
production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for escherichia coli o157:h7.	seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for escherichia coli o157:h7, one of the major causes of haemorrhagic colitis in humans, were produced by immunising balb/c mice with the strain e. coli o157:h7. these monoclonal antibodies do not cross-react with other bacteria such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, e. coli o14, e. coli jm109, s. enterica serovar enteritidis, s. panama, s. saintpaul, s. derby, s. muenchen, s. bredeney, s. hadar, yersinia enterocolitica, proteus vulgaris, shi ...	2006	20429059
evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of different parts of citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit) as used locally.	we investigated the potency of citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit), against pathogens, in the different forms in which this fruit plant is used locally (juice of the fruit, burnt rind of the fruit commonly known as "epa-ijebu" in the yoruba dialect) and the oil obtained from steam distillation of the fruit. the antimicrobial activity of "epa-ijebu" in different solvents was also compared. the solvents include palm-wine (a local alcoholic drink tapped from palm trees), seaman's schnapps 40% alcoholi ...	2006	20162090
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (mimosaceae).	ethyl acetate (ea) extract of the stem bark of cylicodiscus gabunensis (cg) was analysed phytochemically and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against 17 pathogenic species isolated from patient: escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis, salmonella typhi, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter agglomerans, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus feacalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa ...	2006	20162076
safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated, whole-cell vaccine for shigella sonnei: preclinical studies and a phase i trial.	orally delivered, inactivated whole-cell vaccines are safe methods of inducing local and systemic immunity. to increase surface proteins associated with adherence and invasion, shigella sonnei were grown in bhi broth containing deoxycholate. a whole-cell vaccine (sswc) was then produced by formalin inactivation. in pre-clinical studies, the sswc vaccine was immunogenic and protected against s. sonnei-induced keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig model. in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-con ...	2006	16095766
binding of porcine ficolin-alpha to lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acids from gram-positive bacteria.	protein(s) reactive with n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (glcnac) was isolated from porcine nonimmune serum. the molecular weight of the purified protein was found to be mainly 40 kda on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. the n-terminal 10 amino acid sequence of the purified protein were found to be identical to that of porcine ficolin-alpha reported previously. in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the purified protein was found to react with lipopolysac ...	2006	15964070
[haemophilus influenzae].	a resurgence in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (std) has occurred in germany over the past ten years. along with the classical std such as syphilis and gonorrhea, new and as yet atypical organisms such as shigella or hepatitis a virus play a role in high-risk patients. we report a case of urethritis caused by h. influenzae biotype ii in an hiv-positive patient. the prevalence of h. influenzae as a relevant pathogen causing urinary tract infections is underestimated because of a l ...	2006	15912399
travellers' diarrhoea: contemporary approaches to therapy and prevention.	travellers' diarrhoea remains a major public health problem, contributing to significant morbidity and disability. because bacterial enteropathogens cause a majority of this form of diarrhoea, antibacterial drugs are effective when used in chemoprophylaxis or for empirical treatment.a review of the medline listings for travellers' diarrhoea for the past 4 years was conducted; a library of >1,000 scientific articles on the topic was also considered in developing this review. persons who travel fr ...	2006	16526819
enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) sequences in escherichia coli: evolution and implications for eric-pcr.	enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) sequences are 127-bp imperfect palindromes that occur in multiple copies in the genomes of enteric bacteria and vibrios. here we investigate the distribution of these elements in the complete genome sequences of nine escherichia coli (including shigella species) strains. there is a significant tendency for copies to be adjacent to more highly expressed genes. there is considerable variation among strains with respect to the presence of an el ...	2006	16533821
is the enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis a form of chronic reactive arthritis?	enteric organisms are known to trigger reactive arthritis. the enthesitis-related arthritis (era) form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia) clinically resembles reactive arthritis. therefore, we looked for a role of enteric bacteria in era.	2006	16522678