Publications

clustering analysis of proteins from microbial genomes at multiple levels of resolution.	microbial genomes at the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) represent a large collection of more than 35,000 assemblies. there are several complexities associated with the data: a great variation in sampling density since human pathogens are densely sampled while other bacteria are less represented; different protein families occur in annotations with different frequencies; and the quality of genome annotation varies greatly. in order to extract useful information from these so ...	2016	27586436
high-throughput recombinant protein expression in escherichia coli: current status and future perspectives.	the ease of genetic manipulation, low cost, rapid growth and number of previous studies have made escherichia coli one of the most widely used microorganism species for producing recombinant proteins. in this post-genomic era, challenges remain to rapidly express and purify large numbers of proteins for academic and commercial purposes in a high-throughput manner. in this review, we describe several state-of-the-art approaches that are suitable for the cloning, expression and purification, condu ...	2016	27581654
triclosan resistome from metagenome reveals diverse enoyl acyl carrier protein reductases and selective enrichment of triclosan resistance genes.	triclosan (tcs) is a widely used antimicrobial agent and tcs resistance is considered to have evolved in diverse organisms with extensive use of tcs, but distribution of tcs resistance has not been well characterized. functional screening of the soil metagenome in this study has revealed that a variety of target enoyl acyl carrier protein reductases (enr) homologues are responsible for the majority of tcs resistance. diverse enrs similar to 7-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7-α-hsdh), fabg, or t ...	2016	27577999
transfer of maternal antimicrobial immunity to hiv-exposed uninfected newborns.	the transfer of maternal immune factors to the newborn is critical for protection from infectious disease in early life. maternally acquired passive immunity provides protection until the infant is beyond early life's increased susceptibility to severe infections or until active immunity is achieved following infant's primary immunization. however, as reviewed here, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection alters the transfer of immune factors from hiv-infected mothers to the hiv-exposed new ...	2016	27630640
an approach for predicting essential genes using multiple homology mapping and machine learning algorithms.	investigation of essential genes is significant to comprehend the minimal gene sets of cell and discover potential drug targets. in this study, a novel approach based on multiple homology mapping and machine learning method was introduced to predict essential genes. we focused on 25 bacteria which have characterized essential genes. the predictions yielded the highest area under receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve (auc) of 0.9716 through tenfold cross-validation test. proper features w ...	2016	27660763
status, antimicrobial mechanism, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems.	this review discusses the status, antimicrobial mechanisms, application, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems. conventional preservatives are synthetic chemical substances including nitrates/nitrites, sulfites, sodium benzoate, propyl gallate, and potassium sorbate. the use of artificial preservatives is being reconsidered because of concerns relating to headache, allergies, and cancer. as the demand for biopreservation in food systems has increased, new natural anti ...	2016	27621697
mapping autoantigen epitopes: molecular insights into autoantibody-associated disorders of the nervous system.	our knowledge of autoantibody-associated diseases of the central (cns) and peripheral (pns) nervous systems has expanded greatly over the recent years. a number of extracellular and intracellular autoantigens have been identified, and there is no doubt that this field will continue to expand as more autoantigens are discovered as a result of improved clinical awareness and methodological practice. in recent years, interest has shifted to uncover the target epitopes of these autoantibodies.	2016	27577085
role of human milk oligosaccharides in group b streptococcus colonisation.	group b streptococcus (gbs) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. the major risk factor for gbs disease is maternal and subsequent infant colonisation. it is unknown whether human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) protect against gbs colonisation. hmo production is genetically determined and linked to the lewis antigen system. we aimed to investigate the association between hmos and infant gbs colonisation between birth and postnatal day 90. rectovaginal swabs were collect ...	2016	27588204
protective effect of carnobacterium spp. against listeria monocytogenes during host cell invasion using in vitro ht29 model.	the pathogenesis of listeriosis results mainly from the ability of listeria monocytogenes to attach, invade, replicate and survive within various cell types in mammalian tissues. in this work, the effect of two bacteriocin-producing carnobacterium (c. divergens v41 and c. maltaromaticum v1) and three non-bacteriocinogenic strains: (c. divergens v41c9, c. divergens 2763, and c. maltaromaticum 2762) was investigated on the reduction of l. monocytogenes scott a plaque-forming during human infection ...	2016	27617232
an improved culture method for selective isolation of campylobacter jejuni from wastewater.	campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading foodborne pathogens worldwide. c. jejuni is isolated from a wide range of foods, domestic animals, wildlife, and environmental sources. the currently available culture-based isolation methods are not highly effective for wastewater samples due to the low number of c. jejuni in the midst of competing bacteria. to detect and isolate c. jejuni from wastewater samples, in this study, we evaluated a few different enrichment conditions using five different an ...	2016	27617011
cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and organic acids affect gene expression of selected oxidative stress and inflammation markers in ipec-j2 cells exposed to salmonella typhimurium.	essential oils and organic acids are used as feed additives to improve health status and reduce colonization with pathogens. although bactericidal in vitro, concentrations achieved in the animal gut are probably not lethal to pathogens. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and cinnamic, lactic and propionic acids on the ability of salmonella typhimurium atcc 14028 (st) to invade intestinal epithelial cells (ipec-j2) and on the expression levels of imm ...	2016	27561686
comparative methylome analysis of the occasional ruminant respiratory pathogen bibersteinia trehalosi.	we examined and compared both the methylomes and the modification-related gene content of four sequenced strains of bibersteinia trehalosi isolated from the nasopharyngeal tracts of nebraska cattle with symptoms of bovine respiratory disease complex. the methylation patterns and the encoded dna methyltransferase (mtase) gene sets were different between each strain, with the only common pattern being that of dam (gatc). among the observed patterns were three novel motifs attributable to type i re ...	2016	27556252
viral proteins expressed in the protozoan parasite eimeria tenella are detected by the chicken immune system.	eimeria species are parasitic protozoa that cause coccidiosis, an intestinal disease commonly characterised by malabsorption, diarrhoea and haemorrhage that is particularly important in chickens. vaccination against chicken coccidiosis is effective using wild-type or attenuated live parasite lines. the development of protocols to express foreign proteins in eimeria species has opened up the possibility of using eimeria live vaccines to deliver heterologous antigens and function as multivalent va ...	2016	27553200
enteropathogens in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea: a 5-year surveillance study in the southeast coast of china.	diarrhea is the second most common cause of death among children less than 5 years of age worldwide. the etiological agents of diarrhea in the southeast coastal area of china were studied from july 2009 to december 2014.	2016	27544130
viral and bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in wuhan, china.	acute diarrhea remains the serious problem in developing countries, especially among children under 5 years of age. currently, only two or three common diarrhea pathogens were screened at most hospitals in china. the aim of this study was to provide a wide variety of diarrhea pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in children under 5 years of age.	2016	27503019
the o-antigen flippase wzk can substitute for murj in peptidoglycan synthesis in helicobacter pylori and escherichia coli.	the peptidoglycan (pg) cell wall is an essential component of the cell envelope of most bacteria. biogenesis of pg involves a lipid-linked disaccharide-pentapeptide intermediate called lipid ii, which must be translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane after it is synthesized in the inner leaflet of this bilayer. accordingly, it has been demonstrated that murj, the proposed lipid ii flippase in escherichia coli, is required for pg biogenesis, and thereby viability. in contrast, murj is not esse ...	2016	27537185
is exposure to poultry harmful to child nutrition? an observational analysis for rural ethiopia.	although strategic thinking on water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) has prioritized reducing exposure to human feces in order to limit diarrheal infections, recent research suggests that elevated exposure to livestock-particularly poultry and poultry feces-may be an important risk factor for diarrhea, environmental enteric disorder (eed) and respiratory infections, all of which may seriously retard linear growth in young children. yet a very different literature on nutrition-sensitive agricultur ...	2016	27529178
comparative transcriptome analysis by rnaseq of necrotic enteritis clostridium perfringens during in vivo colonization and in vitro conditions.	necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by netb-positive type a clostridium perfringens is an important bacterial disease of poultry. through its complex regulatory system, c. perfringens orchestrates the expression of a collection of toxins and extracellular enzymes that are crucial for the development of the disease; environmental conditions play an important role in their regulation. in this study, and for the first time, global transcriptomic analysis was performed on ligated intestinal loops in chic ...	2016	27520106
a link between integral membrane protein expression and simulated integration efficiency.	integral membrane proteins (imps) control the flow of information and nutrients across cell membranes, yet imp mechanistic studies are hindered by difficulties in expression. we investigate this issue by addressing the connection between imp sequence and observed expression levels. for homologs of the imp tatc, observed expression levels vary widely and are affected by small changes in protein sequence. the effect of sequence changes on experimentally observed expression levels strongly correlat ...	2016	27524616
production of human blood group b antigen epitope conjugated protein in escherichia coli and utilization of the adsorption blood group b antibody.	in the process of abo-incompatible (aboi) organ transplantation, removal of anti-a and/or b antibodies from blood plasma is a promising method to overcome hyperacute rejection and allograft loss caused by the immune response between anti-a and/or b antibodies and the a and/or b antigens in the recipient. although there are commercial columns to do this work, the application is still limited because of the high production cost.	2016	27514820
differential analysis of the nasal microbiome of pig carriers or non-carriers of staphylococcus aureus.	staphylococcus aureus is presently regarded as an emerging zoonotic agent due to the spread of specific methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) clones in pig farms. studying the microbiota can be useful for the identification of bacteria that antagonize such opportunistic veterinary and zoonotic pathogen in animal carriers. the aim of this study was to determine whether the nasal microbiome of pig s. aureus carriers differs from that of non-carriers. the v3-v5 region of the 16s rrna gene was sequ ...	2016	27509169
a journey of cytolethal distending toxins through cell membranes.	the multifunctional role of lipids as structural components of membranes, signaling molecules, and metabolic substrates makes them an ideal partner for pathogens to hijack host cell processes for their own survival. the properties and composition of unique membrane micro-domains such as membrane rafts make these regions a natural target for pathogens as it affords them an opportunity to hijack cell signaling and intracellular trafficking pathways. cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), members of ...	2016	27559534
vaccine potential and diversity of the putative cell binding factor (cbf, nmb0345/neis1825) protein of neisseria meningitidis.	the cbf gene from neisseria meningitidis strain mc58 encoding the putative cell binding factor (cbf, nmb0345/neis1825) protein was cloned into the prseta system and a ~36-kda recombinant (r)cbf protein expressed in escherichia coli and purified by metal affinity chromatography. high titres of rcbf antibodies were induced in mice following immunization with rcbf-saline, rcbf-al(oh)3, rcbf-liposomes or rcbf-zwittergent (zw) 3-14 micelles, both with and without incorporated monophosphoryl lipid a ( ...	2016	27505005
prophylactic bacteriophage administration more effective than post-infection administration in reducing salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis shedding in quail.	infections caused by salmonella bacteria, often through poultry products, are a serious public health issue. because of drawbacks associated with antibiotic prophylaxis, alternative treatments are sought. bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) may provide an effective alternative, but concerns remain with respect to bacteriophage stability and effectiveness. to this end, we assessed the stability of a novel bacteriophage isolated from poultry excreta, siphovirus pse, and its effectiveness in reducin ...	2016	27555842
salmonella typhimurium utilizes a t6ss-mediated antibacterial weapon to establish in the host gut.	the mammalian gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a high-density polymicrobial community where bacteria compete for niches and resources. one key competition strategy includes cell contact-dependent mechanisms of interbacterial antagonism, such as the type vi secretion system (t6ss), a multiprotein needle-like apparatus that injects effector proteins into prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic target cells. however, the contribution of t6ss antibacterial activity during pathogen invasion of the gut ha ...	2016	27503894
development of a fast and low-cost qpcr assay for diagnosis of acute gas pharyngitis.	group a streptococci (gas) are the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis and account for 15-30 % of cases of acute pharyngitis in children and 5-10 % of cases in adults. in this study, a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) based gas detection assay in pharyngeal swab specimens was developed.	2016	27501688
baicalin suppresses nlrp3 inflammasome and nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) signaling during haemophilus parasuis infection.	haemophilus parasuis (h. parasuis) is the causative agent of glässer's disease, a severe membrane inflammation disorder. previously we showed that baicalin (ba) possesses anti-inflammatory effects via the nlrp3 inflammatory pathway in an lps-challenged piglet model. however, whether ba has anti-inflammatory effects upon h. parasuis infection is still unclear. this study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of ba on h. parasuis-induced inflammatory responses via the nf-κb and ...	2016	27502767
effect of feed form and whole grain feeding on gastrointestinal weight and the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in broilers orally infected.	two independent trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of feed form, whole wheat (ww) and oat hulls (oh) addition on gastrointestinal (git) weight and campylobacter jejuni colonization in orally infected birds. in trial 1, there were six treatments factorially arranged with two feed forms (mash vs pellets), and three levels of ww from 1-21/22-42d: 0/0, 7.5/15%, 15/30%. broilers were allocated in cages (3 birds/cage, 12 cages/treatment). in trial 2, there were three treatments: a mash die ...	2016	27500730
clearance of streptococcus suis in stomach contents of differently fed growing pigs.	streptococcus (s.) suis translocates across the intestinal barrier of piglets after intraintestinal application. based on these findings, an oro-gastrointestinal infection route has been proposed. thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the survival of s. suis in the porcine stomach. whereas surviving bacteria of s. suis serotypes 2 and 9 were not detectable after 60 min of incubation in stomach contents with a comparatively high gastric ph of 5 due to feeding of fine pellets, the n ...	2016	27509526
leishmania donovani utilize sialic acids for binding and phagocytosis in the macrophages through selective utilization of siglecs and impair the innate immune arm.	leishmania donovani, belonging to a unicellular protozoan parasite, display the differential level of linkage-specific sialic acids on their surface. sialic acids binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) are a class of membrane-bound receptors present in the haematopoetic cell lineages interact with the linkage-specific sialic acids. here we aimed to explore the utilization of sialic acids by leishmania donovani for siglec-mediated binding, phagocytosis, modulation of innate immune response ...	2016	27494323
veterinary medicine needs new green antimicrobial drugs.	given that: (1) the worldwide consumption of antimicrobial drugs (amds) used in food-producing animals will increase over the coming decades; (2) the prudent use of amds will not suffice to stem the rise in human antimicrobial resistance (amr) of animal origin; (3) alternatives to amd use are not available or not implementable, there is an urgent need to develop novel amds for food-producing animals. this is not for animal health reasons, but to break the link between human and animal resistomes ...	2016	27536285
advances in ibs 2016: a review of current and emerging data.	irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is characterized by chronic intermittent abdominal pain and associated diarrhea (ibs-d), constipation (ibs-c), or both. ibs can significantly impact patient function and quality of life. the diagnosis of ibs is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, the exclusion of concerning features, and selected tests to exclude organic diseases that can mimic ibs. the pathophysiology of ibs remains incompletely understood, and new contributing factors have been iden ...	2016	28070176
accumulation of peptidoglycan o-acetylation leads to altered cell wall biochemistry and negatively impacts pathogenesis factors of campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. despite its prevalence, its mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood. peptidoglycan (pg) is important for helical shape, colonization, and host-pathogen interactions in c. jejuni therefore, changes in pg greatly impact the physiology of this organism. o-acetylation of peptidoglycan (oap) is a bacterial phenomenon proposed to be important for proper cell growth, characterized by acetylation of the ...	2016	27474744
drinking water quality in indigenous communities in canada and health outcomes: a scoping review.	many indigenous communities in canada live with high-risk drinking water systems and drinking water advisories and experience health status and water quality below that of the general population. a scoping review of research examining drinking water quality and its relationship to indigenous health was conducted.	2016	27478143
high throughput method for analysis of repeat number for 28 phase variable loci of campylobacter jejuni strain nctc11168.	mutations in simple sequence repeat tracts are a major mechanism of phase variation in several bacterial species including campylobacter jejuni. changes in repeat number of tracts located within the reading frame can produce a high frequency of reversible switches in gene expression between on and off states. the genome of c. jejuni strain nctc11168 contains 29 loci with polyg/polyc tracts of seven or more repeats. this protocol outlines a method-the 28-locus-cj11168 pv-analysis assay-for rapidl ...	2016	27466808
epidermal growth factor and intestinal barrier function.	epidermal growth factor (egf) is a 53-amino acid peptide that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, survival, migration, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. in addition, egf has been established to be an effective intestinal regulator helping to protect intestinal barrier integrity, which was essential for the absorption of nutrients and health in humans and animals. several researches have demonstrated that egf via binding to the egf receptor and subsequent activation of ...	2016	27524860
evaluation of the nanochip® gastrointestinal panel (gip) test for simultaneous detection of parasitic and bacterial enteric pathogens in fecal specimens.	infectious gastroenteritis is a global health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial to allow appropriate and timely treatment. current laboratory stool testing has a long turnaround time (tat) and demands highly qualified personnel and multiple techniques. the need for high throughput and the number of possible enteric pathogens compels the implementation of a molecular approach which uses multiplex technology, without compromising pe ...	2016	27447173
htra is important for stress resistance and virulence in haemophilus parasuis.	haemophilus parasuis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes glässer's disease in swine, with polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis. the high-temperature requirement a (htra)-like protease, which is involved in protein quality control, has been reported to be a virulence factor in many pathogens. in this study, we showed that htra of h. parasuis (hphtra) exhibited both chaperone and protease activities. finally, nickel import atp-binding protein (nike), periplasmic dipeptide transport protei ...	2016	27217419
helicobacter saguini, a novel helicobacter isolated from cotton-top tamarins with ulcerative colitis, has proinflammatory properties and induces typhlocolitis and dysplasia in gnotobiotic il-10-/- mice.	a urease-negative, fusiform, novel bacterium named helicobacter saguini was isolated from the intestines and feces of cotton-top tamarins (ctts) with chronic colitis. helicobacter sp. was detected in 69% of feces or intestinal samples from 116 ctts. the draft genome sequence, obtained by illumina miseq sequencing, for h. saguini isolate mit 97-6194-5, consisting of ∼2.9 mb with a g+c content of 35% and 2,704 genes, was annotated using the ncbi prokaryotic genomes automatic annotation pipeline. h ...	2016	27245408
the immunopathogenic potential of arcobacter butzleri - lessons from a meta-analysis of murine infection studies.	only limited information is available about the immunopathogenic properties of arcobacter infection in vivo. therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of published data in murine infection models to compare the pathogenic potential of arcobacter butzleri with campylobacter jejuni and commensal escherichia coli as pathogenic and harmless reference bacteria, respectively.	2016	27438014
the bacterial dna repair protein mfd confers resistance to the host nitrogen immune response.	production of reactive nitrogen species (no) is a key step in the immune response following infections. no induces lesions to bacterial dna, thus limiting bacterial growth within hosts. using two pathogenic bacteria, bacillus cereus and shigella flexneri, we show that the dna-repair protein mfd (mutation-frequency-decline) is required for bacterial resistance to the host-no-response. in both species, a mutant deficient for mfd does not survive to no, produced in vitro or by phagocytic cells. in ...	2016	27435260
a c-terminal coiled-coil region of cagl is responsible for helicobacter pylori-induced il-8 expression.	interleukin-8 (il-8) is a potent neutrophil-activating chemokine which triggers the infiltration and migration of neutrophils into areas of bacterial infection. helicobacter pylori-infected patient studies as well as animal models have revealed that h. pylori type i strains carrying an intact cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island (cag-pai) with a functional type iv secretion system (t4ss) induce il-8 expression and secretion in gastric mucosa. this gastric mucosal il-8 expression correl ...	2016	27766167
intestinal microbiota and chronic constipation.	chronic constipation is a prevalent, burdensome gastrointestinal disorder whose aetiology and pathophysiology remains poorly understood and is most likely multifactorial. differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been demonstrated when constipated patients and healthy controls have been compared. growing evidence indicates that alterations of intestinal microbiota may contribute to constipation and constipation-related symptoms. the intestinal microbiota is a collection of ...	2016	27478747
articles of significant interest selected from this issue by the editors.		2016	27422975
influence of host ecology and behavior on campylobacter jejuni prevalence and environmental contamination risk in a synanthropic wild bird species.	campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that often leads to human infections through the consumption of contaminated poultry. wild birds may play a role in the transmission of c. jejuni by acting as reservoir hosts. despite ample evidence that wild birds harbor c. jejuni, few studies have addressed the role of host ecology in transmission to domestic animals or humans. we tested the hypothesis that host social behavior and habitat play a major role in driving transmission risk. c. jejuni in ...	2016	27260356
impact of cdt toxin on human diseases.	cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is found in gram-negative bacteria, especially in certain proteobacteria such as the pasteurellaceae family, including haemophilus ducreyi and aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, in the enterobacteriaceae family and the campylobacterales order, including the campylobacter and helicobacter species. in vitro and in vivo studies have clearly shown that this toxin has a strong effect on cellular physiology (inflammation, immune response modulatio ...	2016	27429000
may the force be with you: the light and dark sides of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatry.	the role of the gut microbiota in health and disease is becoming increasingly recognized. the microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bi-directional pathway between the brain and the gastrointestinal system. the bacterial commensals in our gut can signal to the brain through a variety of mechanisms, which are slowly being resolved. these include the vagus nerve, immune mediators and microbial metabolites, which influence central processes such as neurotransmission and behaviour. dysregulation in the comp ...	2016	27417321
cj0371: a novel virulence-associated gene of campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of human bacterial diarrhea worldwide. its pathogenic mechanism remains poorly understood. cj0371 is a novel gene that was uncovered using immunoscreening. there have been no previous reports regarding its function. in this study, we constructed an insertion mutant and complement of this gene in c. jejuni and examined changes in virulence. we observed that the cj0371 mutant showed significantly increased invasion and colonization ability. we also investiga ...	2016	27471500
post-marketing surveillance of human rabies diploid cell vaccine (imovax) in the vaccine adverse event reporting system (vaers) in the united states, 1990‒2015.	in 1980, human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv, imovax rabies, sanofi pasteur), was licensed for use in the united states.	2016	27410239
dual repression of the multidrug eﬄux pump cmeabc by cosr and cmer in campylobacter jejuni.	during transmission and intestinal colonization, campylobacter jejuni, a major foodborne human pathogen, experiences oxidative stress. cosr, a response regulator in c. jejuni, modulates the oxidative stress response and represses expression of the cmeabc multidrug eﬄux pump. cmeabc, a key component in resistance to toxic compounds including antimicrobials and bile salts, is also under negative regulation by cmer, a tetr family transcriptional regulator. how cosr and cmer interact in binding to t ...	2016	27468281
endonuclease restriction-mediated real-time polymerase chain reaction: a novel technique for rapid, sensitive and quantitative detection of nucleic-acid sequence.	the article reported a novel methodology for real-time pcr analysis of nucleic acids, termed endonuclease restriction-mediated real-time polymerase chain reaction (et-pcr). just like pcr, et-pcr only required one pair of primers. a short sequence, which was recognized by restriction enzyme bstui, was attached to the 5' end of the forward (f) or reverse (r) pcr primer, and the new f or r primer was named ef or er. ef/er was labeled at the 5' end with a reporter dye and in the middle with a quench ...	2016	27468284
genetic characterization of commensal escherichia coli isolated from laboratory rodents.	escherichia coli, a commensal in the intestines of vertebrates, is capable of colonizing many different hosts and the environment. commensal e. coli strains are believed to be the precursor of pathogenic strains by means of acquisition of antimicrobial resistant and virulence genes. laboratory rodents are inherently susceptible to numerous known infectious agents, which could transfer virulence determinants to commensal e. coli. hence, in this study, the genetic structure of commensal e. coli fo ...	2016	27462483
evaluation of an automated system for reading and interpreting disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of fastidious bacteria.	results of disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing depend on individual visual reading of inhibition zone diameters. therefore, automated reading using camera systems might represent a useful tool for standardization. in this study, the adagio automated system (bio-rad) was evaluated for reading disk diffusion tests of fastidious bacteria. 144 clinical isolates (68 β-haemolytic streptococci, 28 streptococcus pneumoniae, 18 viridans group streptococci, 13 haemophilus influenzae, 7 mor ...	2016	27391898
distinctive recognition of flagellin by human and mouse toll-like receptor 5.	toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) is a receptor of the innate immune system that recognizes flagellin from certain bacterial species and triggers an inflammatory response. the salmonella dublin flagellin in complex with zebrafish tlr5 has been crystallized previously. in the present study, we extrapolate the structure of this complex using structure-guided mutagenesis to determine the recognition modes of human and mouse tlr5 receptors and demonstrate species-specific differences in flagellin recognit ...	2016	27391968
transgenic eimeria tenella as a vaccine vehicle: expressing tgsag1 elicits protective immunity against toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens and mice.	the surface antigen 1 of toxoplasma gondii (tgsag1) is a major immunodominant antigen and is widely considered an ideal candidate for the development of an effective recombinant vaccine against toxoplasmosis. eimeria tenella, an affinis apicomplexan parasite with t. gondii, is a potential vaccine vector carrying exogenous antigens that stimulates specific immune responses. here, we engineered tgsag1 into e. tenella and obtained a stably transfected e. tenella line (et-tgsag1). we found tgsag1 lo ...	2016	27387302
mycobacterium leprae activates toll-like receptor-4 signaling and expression on macrophages depending on previous bacillus calmette-guerin vaccination.	toll-like receptor (tlr)-1 and tlr2 have been shown to be receptors for mycobacterium leprae (m. leprae), yet it is unclear whether m. leprae can signal through alternative tlrs. other mycobacterial species possess ligands for tlr4 and genetic association studies in human populations suggest that people with tlr4 polymorphisms may be protected against leprosy. using human embryonic kidney (hek)-293 cells co-transfected with tlr4, we demonstrate that m. leprae activates tlr4. we used human macrop ...	2016	27458573
dissimilar fitness associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones influences clonal dynamics of various multiresistant bacteria.	fitness cost associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones was recently shown to vary across clones of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing klebsiella pneumoniae. the resulting dissimilar fitness should have influenced the clonal dynamics and thereby the rates of resistance for these pathogens. moreover, a similar mechanism was recently proposed for the emergence of the h30 and h30r lineages of esbl-producing e. coli and the major international ...	2016	27458434
interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut.	the microbiome has an important role in human health. changes in the microbiota can confer resistance to or promote infection by pathogenic bacteria. antibiotics have a profound impact on the microbiota that alters the nutritional landscape of the gut and can lead to the expansion of pathogenic populations. pathogenic bacteria exploit microbiota-derived sources of carbon and nitrogen as nutrients and regulatory signals to promote their own growth and virulence. by eliciting inflammation, these b ...	2016	27383983
the il-23/il-22/il-18 axis in murine campylobacter jejuni infection.	human campylobacter jejuni infections are worldwide on the rise. information about the distinct molecular mechanisms underlying campylobacteriosis, however, are scarce. in the present study we investigated whether cytokines including il-23, il-22 and il-18 sharing pivotal functions in host immunity were involved in mediating immunopathological responses upon c. jejuni infection.	2016	27385977
circulating gut-homing (α4β7+) plasmablast responses against shigella surface protein antigens among hospitalized patients with diarrhea.	developing countries are burdened with shigella diarrhea. understanding mucosal immune responses associated with natural shigella infection is important to identify potential correlates of protection and, as such, to design effective vaccines. we performed a comparative analysis of circulating mucosal plasmablasts producing specific antibodies against highly conserved invasive plasmid antigens (ipac, ipad20, and ipad120) and two recently identified surface protein antigens, pan-shigella surface ...	2016	27193041
comparative metagenome of a stream impacted by the urbanization phenomenon.	rivers and streams are important reservoirs of freshwater for human consumption. these ecosystems are threatened by increasing urbanization, because raw sewage discharged into them alters their nutrient content and may affect the composition of their microbial community. in the present study, we investigate the taxonomic and functional profile of the microbial community in an urban lotic environment. samples of running water were collected at two points in the são pedro stream: an upstream prese ...	2016	27522532
in silico proposition to predict cluster of b- and t-cell epitopes for the usefulness of vaccine design from invasive, virulent and membrane associated proteins of c. jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni is the one of the leading causes of bacterial diarrheal illness worldwide. this study aims to design specific epitopes for the utility of designing peptide vaccine(s) against c. jejuni by targeting invasive, virulent and membrane associated proteins like flaa, cia, cadf, peb1, peb3 and momp.	2016	27376537
multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis: a molecular genotyping tool for paenibacillus larvae.	american foulbrood, caused by paenibacillus larvae, is the most severe bacterial disease of honey bees (apis mellifera). to perform genotyping of p. larvae in an epidemiological context, there is a need of a fast and cheap method with a high resolution. here, we propose multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (mlva). mlva has been used for typing a collection of 209 p. larvae strains from which 23 different mlva types could be identified. moreover, the developed methodology not ...	2016	27365124
update on irritable bowel syndrome diagnostics and therapeutics.		2016	27489527
miller fisher syndrome: a case report highlighting heterogeneity of clinical features and focused differential diagnosis.	miller fisher syndrome (mfs) is a rare variant of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) that has a geographically variable incidence. it is largely a clinical diagnosis based on the cardinal clinical features of ataxia, areflexia, and opthalmoplegia, however, other neurological signs and symptoms may also be present. serological confirmation with the anti-gq1b antibody is available and allows for greater diagnostic certainty in the face of confounding symptoms. a self-limiting course is typical of mfs. ...	2016	27437164
two linked enteroinvasive escherichia coli outbreaks, nottingham, uk, june 2014.	enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) outbreaks are uncommon in europe. in june 2014, two eiec outbreaks occurred in nottingham, uk, within 2 days; outbreak a was linked to a takeaway restaurant and outbreak b to a wedding party. we conducted 2 analytical studies: a case-control study for outbreak a and a cohort study for outbreak b. we tested microbiological and environmental samples, including by using whole-genome sequencing. for both outbreaks combined, we identified 157 probable case-patie ...	2016	27314432
restaurant cooking trends and increased risk for campylobacter infection.	in the united kingdom, outbreaks of campylobacter infection are increasingly attributed to undercooked chicken livers, yet many recipes, including those of top chefs, advocate short cooking times and serving livers pink. during 2015, we studied preferences of chefs and the public in the united kingdom and investigated the link between liver rareness and survival of campylobacter. we used photographs to assess chefs' ability to identify chicken livers meeting safe cooking guidelines. to investiga ...	2016	27314748
glycan and lectin biosensors.	a short description about the importance of glycan biorecognition in physiological (blood cell type) and pathological processes (infections by human and avian influenza viruses) is provided in this review. glycans are described as much better information storage media, compared to proteins or dna, due to the extensive variability of glycan structures. techniques able to detect an exact glycan structure are briefly discussed with the main focus on the application of lectins (glycan-recognising pr ...	2016	27365034
detection of zoonotic enteropathogens in children and domestic animals in a semirural community in ecuador.	animals are important reservoirs of zoonotic enteropathogens, and transmission to humans occurs more frequently in low- and middle-income countries (lmics), where small-scale livestock production is common. in this study, we investigated the presence of zoonotic enteropathogens in stool samples from 64 asymptomatic children and 203 domestic animals of 62 households in a semirural community in ecuador between june and august 2014. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was used to assess zoonotic tran ...	2016	27208122
clinical importance of f-waves as a prognostic factor in guillain-barré syndrome in children.	a limited number of studies have examined the link between f-wave abnormalities and clinical presentation in pediatric guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). therefore, this study examined the importance of f-wave abnormalities as a prognostic factor in pediatric gbs patients.	2016	27462356
insights into campylobacter jejuni colonization and enteritis using a novel infant rabbit model.	a lack of relevant disease models for campylobacter jejuni has long been an obstacle to research into this common enteric pathogen. here we used an infant rabbit to study c. jejuni infection, which enables us to define several previously unknown but key features of the organism. c. jejuni is capable of systemic invasion in the rabbit, and developed a diarrhea symptom that mimicked that observed in many human campylobacteriosis. the large intestine was the most consistently colonized site and pro ...	2016	27357336
adhesion, biofilm formation, and genomic features of campylobacter jejuni bf, an atypical strain able to grow under aerobic conditions.	campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial enteritis in europe. human campylobacteriosis cases are frequently associated to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. to survive under environmental conditions encountered along the food chain, i.e., from poultry digestive tract its natural reservoir to the consumer's plate, this pathogen has developed adaptation mechanisms. among those, biofilm lifestyle has been suggested as a strategy to survive in the food environment and under ...	2016	27446042
dectin-2 recognizes mannosylated o-antigens of human opportunistic pathogens and augments lipopolysaccharide activation of myeloid cells.	lps consists of a relatively conserved region of lipid a and core oligosaccharide and a highly variable region of o-antigen polysaccharide. whereas lipid a is known to bind to the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4)-myeloid differentiation factor 2 (md2) complex, the role of the o-antigen remains unclear. here we report a novel molecular interaction between dendritic cell-associated c-type lectin-2 (dectin-2) and mannosylated o-antigen found in a human opportunistic pathogen, hafnia alvei pcm 1223, whic ...	2016	27358401
prediction of functional outcome in axonal guillain-barre syndrome.	to identify the factors that could predict the functional outcome in patients with the axonal type of guillain-barre syndrome (gbs).	2016	27446785
qnas with jorge galán.		2016	27357666
structure and functional diversity of gcn5-related n-acetyltransferases (gnat).	general control non-repressible 5 (gcn5)-related n-acetyltransferases (gnat) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme a (acyl-coa) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. this review of the currently available data acquired on gnat enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the gnat superfamily, with an emp ...	2016	27367672
alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis.	the gut microbiome plays an important role in immune function and has been implicated in several autoimmune disorders. here we use 16s rrna sequencing to investigate the gut microbiome in subjects with multiple sclerosis (ms, n=60) and healthy controls (n=43). microbiome alterations in ms include increases in methanobrevibacter and akkermansia and decreases in butyricimonas, and correlate with variations in the expression of genes involved in dendritic cell maturation, interferon signalling and ...	2016	27352007
long-term clinical course of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome after shigellosis: a 10-year follow-up study.	a limited number of studies are available regarding the long-term natural history of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs). we aimed to investigate the long-term clinical course of pi-ibs.	2016	26908484
the impact of environmental conditions on campylobacter jejuni survival in broiler faeces and litter.	campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial food-borne pathogen within the european union, and poultry meat is an important vehicle for its transmission to humans. however, there is limited knowledge about how this organism persists in broiler litter and faeces. the aim of this study was to assess the impact of a number of environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and oxygen, on campylobacter survival in both broiler litter and faeces.	2016	27357236
"self-cleaving" 2a peptide from porcine teschovirus-1 mediates cleavage of dual fluorescent proteins in transgenic eimeria tenella.	the "self-cleaving" 2a sequence of picornavirus, which mediates ribosome-skipping events, enables the generation of two or more separate peptide products from one mrna containing one or more "self-cleaving" 2a sequences. in this study, we introduced a single 2a sequence of porcine teschovirus-1 (p2a) linked to two fluorescent protein genes, the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp) gene and the red fluorescent protein (rfp) gene, in a single cassette into transgenic eimeria tenella (eter). ...	2016	27352927
study on the mechanism of antibacterial action of magnesium oxide nanoparticles against foodborne pathogens.	magnesium oxide nanoparticles (mgo nanoparticles, with average size of 20 nm) have considerable potential as antimicrobial agents in food safety applications due to their structure, surface properties, and stability. the aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial effects and mechanism of action of mgo nanoparticles against several important foodborne pathogens.	2016	27349516
role of clinicogenomics in infectious disease diagnostics and public health microbiology.	clinicogenomics is the exploitation of genome sequence data for diagnostic, therapeutic, and public health purposes. central to this field is the high-throughput dna sequencing of genomes and metagenomes. the role of clinicogenomics in infectious disease diagnostics and public health microbiology was the topic of discussion during a recent symposium (session 161) presented at the 115th general meeting of the american society for microbiology that was held in new orleans, la. what follows is a co ...	2016	26912755
immunization with outer membrane vesicles displaying designer glycotopes yields class-switched, glycan-specific antibodies.	the development of antibodies against specific glycan epitopes poses a significant challenge due to difficulties obtaining desired glycans at sufficient quantity and purity, and the fact that glycans are usually weakly immunogenic. to address this challenge, we leveraged the potent immunostimulatory activity of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (omvs) to deliver designer glycan epitopes to the immune system. this approach involved heterologous expression of two clinically important glycans, name ...	2016	27341433
risk factors associated with campylobacter detected by pcr in humans and animals in rural cambodia.	campylobacter are worldwide-occurring zoonotic bacteria, with the species campylobacter jejuni and c. coli commonly associated with diarrhoea in children in low-income countries. in this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of c. jejuni and c. coli in human and livestock faecal samples was detected by pcr and zoonotic risk factors associated with human campylobacter positivity were identified. in total 681 humans and 753 livestock (chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle) from 269 households were sampled ...	2016	27334412
clustered intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium blocks host cell cytokinesis.	several bacterial pathogens and viruses interfere with the cell cycle of their host cells to enhance virulence. this is especially apparent in bacteria that colonize the gut epithelium, where inhibition of the cell cycle of infected cells enhances the intestinal colonization. we found that intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium induced the binucleation of a large proportion of epithelial cells by 14 h postinvasion and that the effect was dependent on an intact salmonella pathogeni ...	2016	27185791
flagellin induces β-defensin 2 in human colonic ex vivo infection with enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli.	enterohemorrhagic e.coli (ehec) is an important foodborne pathogen in the developed world and can cause life-threatening disease particularly in children. ehec persists in the human gut by adhering intimately to colonic epithelium and forming characteristic attaching/effacing lesions. in this study, we investigated the innate immune response to ehec infection with particular focus on antimicrobial peptide and protein expression by colonic epithelium. using a novel human colonic biopsy model and ...	2016	27446815
synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of amixicile-based inhibitors of the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductases of anaerobic bacteria and epsilonproteobacteria.	amixicile is a promising derivative of nitazoxanide (an antiparasitic therapeutic) developed to treat systemic infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, anaerobic parasites, and members of the epsilonproteobacteria (campylobacter and helicobacter). amixicile selectively inhibits pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) and related enzymes by inhibiting the function of the vitamin b1 cofactor (thiamine pyrophosphate) by a novel mechanism. here, we interrogate the amixicile scaffold, guided by doc ...	2016	27090174
interleukin-18 mediates immune responses to campylobacter jejuni infection in gnotobiotic mice.	human campylobacter jejuni infections are progressively rising worldwide. information about the molecular mechanisms underlying campylobacteriosis, however, are limited. in the present study we investigated whether cytokines such as il-23, il-22 and il-18, which share pivotal functions in host immunity, were involved in mediating intestinal and systemic immunopathological responses upon c. jejuni infection.	2016	27322540
gelc-ms-based proteomics of chromobacterium violaceum: comparison of proteome changes elicited by hydrogen peroxide.	chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living bacillus with several genes that enables it survival under different harsh environments such as oxidative and temperature stresses. here we performed a label-free quantitative proteomic study to unravel the molecular mechanisms that enable c. violaceum to survive oxidative stress. to achieve this, total proteins extracted from control and c. violaceum cultures exposed during two hours with 8 mm hydrogen peroxide were analyzed using gelc-ms proteomics. a ...	2016	27321545
rapid detection and isolation of escherichia coli o104:h4 from milk using monoclonal antibody-coated magnetic beads.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of escherichia coli o104:h4 were produced by fusion of sp2/o-ag-14 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells of balb/c mice, immunized with heat-inactivated and sonicated e. coli o104:h4 bacterial cells. four mabs specific for the e. coli o104:h4 lps (1e6g6, 1f4c9, 3g6g7, and 4g10d2) were characterized and evaluated for the use in a method for the detection of e. coli o104:h4 in milk samples that involves antibody conjugation to ...	2016	27379071
acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis concurrent with acquired myasthenia gravis in a west highland white terrier dog.	acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis, an animal model for the axonal form of the guillain - barre syndrome in humans and the acquired myasthenia gravis are different autoimmune disorders affecting the peripheral nerves and the neuromuscular junction, respectively. both lead to muscle weakness and possible respiratory failure. the coexistence of these two entities combined in the same patient is rare in humans and, to our knowledge, the present case is the first reported in dogs.	2016	27301259
campylobacter jejuni-associated perimyocarditis: two case reports and review of the literature.	campylobacter spp. are among the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis world-wide and mostly follow a benign course. we report two cases of campylobacter jejuni-associated perimyocarditis, the first two simultaneous cases published to date and the third and fourth cases over all in sweden, and a review of the literature.	2016	27297408
visceral hypersensitive rats share common dysbiosis features with irritable bowel syndrome patients.	to evaluate gut microbial dysbiosis in two visceral hypersensitive models in comparison with irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) patients and to explore the extent to which these models capture the dysbiosis of ibs patients.	2016	27298564
a nationwide survey of pathogenic leptospires in urine of cattle and buffaloes by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method in thailand, 2011-2013.	leptospirosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis which has long been endemic in thailand. cattle and buffaloes are important livestock species that live in close contact with humans, especially in rural areas. these animals may, therefore, act as long-term carriers of leptospirosis for humans and other livestock species. the present study employed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method to detect pathogenic leptospiral 16s rdna in the urine of cattle and buffaloes for assessing ass ...	2016	27302016
clinical features, therapeutic interventions and long-term aspects of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in norwegian children: a nationwide retrospective study from 1999-2008.	hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus) is a clinical triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, impaired renal function and thrombocytopenia, primarily affecting pre-school-aged children. hus can be classified into diarrhea-associated hus (d(+)hus), usually caused by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), and non-diarrhea-associated hus (d(-)hus), both with potentially serious acute and long-term complications. few data exists on the clinical features and long-term outcome of hus in norway. th ...	2016	27297224
tracing back clinical campylobacter jejuni in the northwest of italy and assessing their potential source.	food-borne campylobacteriosis is caused mainly by the handling or consumption of undercooked chicken meat or by the ingestion of contaminated raw milk. knowledge about the contributions of different food sources to gastrointestinal disease is fundamental to prioritize food safety interventions and to establish proper control strategies. assessing the genetic diversity among campylobacter species is essential to our understanding of their epidemiology and population structure. we molecularly char ...	2016	27379033
[hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus) in children at the university hospital center in dakar: about four cases].	hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus) is a common cause of organic acute renal failure (arf) in children. it is a progressive complication of acute gastroenteritis (age), especially caused by escherichia coli in children. this study aimed to describe the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this affection in four children. we collected four cases of hus. the average age was 10,5 months (5-15mois), exclusively boys. clinical examination revealed a hemolytic anemia (pallor and jaundice), ol ...	2016	27642476
cellulases and beyond: the first 70 years of the enzyme producer trichoderma reesei.	more than 70 years ago, the filamentous ascomycete trichoderma reesei was isolated on the solomon islands due to its ability to degrade and thrive on cellulose containing fabrics. this trait that relies on its secreted cellulases is nowadays exploited by several industries. most prominently in biorefineries which use t. reesei enzymes to saccharify lignocellulose from renewable plant biomass in order to produce biobased fuels and chemicals. in this review we summarize important milestones of the ...	2016	27287427
survival and risk comparison of campylobacter jejuni on various processed meat products.	the objective of this study was to investigate survival kinetics of campylobacter jejuni on various processed meat products (dry-cured ham, round ham with/without sodium nitrite, garlic seasoned ham with/without sodium nitrite, and sausage without sodium nitrite). additionally, a semi-quantitative risk assessment of c. jejuni on various processed meat products was conducted using fda-irisk 1.0. inoculated processed meat products with 6.0 ± 0.5 log cfu/g of c. jejuni were vacuum packed and stored ...	2016	27294947
drug target identification and prioritization for treatment of ovine foot rot: an in silico approach.	ovine foot rot is an infection of the feet of sheep, mainly caused by dichelobacter nodosus. in its virulent form, it is highly contagious and debilitating, causing significant losses in the form of decline in wool growth and quality and poor fertility. current methods of treatment are ineffective in complete eradication. effective antibiotic treatment of foot rot is hence necessary to ensure better outcomes during control phases by reduction in culling count and the possibility of carriers of t ...	2016	27379247