Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| influenza virus host resistance models in mice and rats: utilization for immune function assessment and immunotoxicology. | each year influenza viruses are responsible for epidemic respiratory diseases with excess morbidity and mortality. the severity of influenza diseases ranges from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract infections involving pneumonia, bronchiolitis and coincidental bacterial super-infections. the immune response to influenza viruses can be schematically divided into a cascade of non-specific and specific functions. these functions are involved at different well d ... | 1994 | 8059441 |
| immunogenicity of new virosome influenza vaccine in elderly people. | the safety and immunogenicity of a new virosome influenza vaccine was compared to commercial whole-virus vaccine and subunit vaccine in elderly people. the virosome vaccine was made by extracting the haemagglutinin from influenza virus and incorporating it into the membrane of liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine (pc) and phosphatidylethanolamine (pe). 126 residents of a nursing home, aged 63-102, were randomised to receive one of the vaccines. all three were well tolerated and caused a sig ... | 1994 | 7912766 |
| role of surface glycoproteins in influenza virus pyrogenicity. | eleven h3n2, seven h1n1 and three h3n1 influenza virus reassortants of the pyrogenic a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69 clone 7a (h3n2) (a/7a) and poorly pyrogenic a/fiji/15899/83 (h1n1) (a/fiji) parents were analysed genetically for the parental origin of their genes and for their pyrogenicity in ferrets. all h3n2 reassortants were pyrogenic and produced significantly more fever than a/fiji but differences in pyrogenicity between them could not be correlated with either single or constellation ... | 1994 | 7931175 |
| polyacrylamides bearing pendant alpha-sialoside groups strongly inhibit agglutination of erythrocytes by influenza a virus: multivalency and steric stabilization of particulate biological systems. | an alpha-sialoside linked to acrylamide by a short connector (5-acetamido-2-o-(n-acryloyl-8-amino-5-oxaoctyl)-2,6-anhydro-3,5-d ideoxy-d-galacto-alpha-nonulopyranosonoic acid, 1) was prepared. compound 1 formed high molecular weight copolymers with acrylamide, derivatives of acrylamide, and/or vinylpyrrolidone upon photochemically-initiated free radical polymerization. those copolymers for which the substituents on the acrylamido nitrogen were small inhibited the agglutination of chicken erythro ... | 1994 | 7932570 |
| efficacy of inactivated vaccine in preventing antigenically drifted influenza type a and well-matched type b. | to evaluate the efficacy of currently used inactivated influenza vaccine during a severe epidemic caused by antigenically drifted influenza type a(h3n2) and well-matched type b viruses during the 1992-1993 season. | 1994 | 7933325 |
| a potential peptide vaccine against two different strains of influenza virus isolated at intervals of about 10 years. | we have developed a strategy for making synthetic peptide vaccines, in which a peptide, ha127-133, derived from the hemagglutinin (ha) of a/aichi/2/68(h3n2) influenza virus (aichi/68) is introduced into the ab binding component consisting of 43-46 and 54-58 residues of a pigeon cytochrome c analogue peptide, 46f50v54a. indeed, this hybrid peptide, 46f/ha127-133/54a, induced impressive t-cell responses and antibody production neutralizing infectivity of aichi/68 in vitro. in a subsequent study we ... | 1994 | 7937811 |
| [factors associated with the occurrence of influenza a virus infections in fattening swine]. | in august of 1989 sera from 2115 finishing pigs out of 214 herds in the north of schleswig- holstein (germany) were tested for antibodies against three strains of influenza a viruses by using the haemagglutination inhibition test. seroprevalences of a/swine/nederland/25/80 (h1n1), a/philippines/2/82 (h3n2), and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) on herd level were 23.4%, 20.6% and 5.1% respectively. the mean within herd prevalences were 9.6%, 14.7% and 0.6%, respectively. antibodies against h1n1 and h3 ... | 1994 | 7945181 |
| immunodominance correlates with t-cell receptor (alpha beta) gene usage in the class ii-restricted response to influenza haemagglutinin. | class ii-restricted t-cell clones elicited by natural infection with influenza a virus (h3n2 subtype) exhibit extensive diversity in their recognition specificity for the envelope glycoprotein, haemagglutinin, and focus on hypervariable regions of the ha1 subunit that feature in antigenic drift. however, t-cell clones established from the same individual focus on a single antigenic site with differing fine specificity for mutant viruses. we wished to determine whether such diversity of the haplo ... | 1994 | 7959866 |
| an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in delhi, 1993. | an outbreak of influenza a, subtype h3n2 occurred in delhi during july-august, 1993. both urban and rural areas were affected. attack rates in children and adults were found to be similar; the mean age of patients from whom the virus was isolated was found to be 21 years. the disease was of acute onset, mild in nature and about one week in duration. main symptoms included fever, chills, cough, sore throat, bodyaches, backache and headache. complications were absent. about 82 per cent of the affe ... | 1994 | 7963377 |
| class i major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocytes are not necessary for heterotypic immunity to influenza. | mice transgenic for beta 2-microglobulin deletion (beta 2m-/-) were immunized intranasally with either a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed both nucleoprotein and interleukin-2 or by infection with h3n2 influenza virus; 3-4 weeks later they were challenged with h1n1 influenza virus. the immunized beta 2m-/- mice had increased survival and enhanced clearance of virus relative to nonimmune controls. this protection correlated with the development of class ii major histocompatibility complex ... | 1994 | 7963713 |
| evaluation of the genetic stability of the temperature-sensitive pb2 gene mutation of the influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted vaccine virus. | a single-gene reassortant bearing the pb2 gene of the a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted virus in the background of the a/korea/82 (h3n2) wild-type virus is a temperature-sensitive (ts) virus with an in vitro shutoff temperature of 38 degrees c. a single mutation at amino acid (aa) at 265 (asp-ser) of the pb2 protein is responsible for the ts phenotype. this ts single-gene pb2 reassortant virus was serially passaged at elevated temperatures in madin-darby canine kidney cells to generate ts+ phenotypi ... | 1994 | 7966557 |
| 1993-1994 influenza season: canadian laboratory diagnoses, strain characterization and post-season serosurvey (ontario). | in canada as a whole, influenza a/beijing/32/92-like virus was the dominant infecting strain in the 1993-1994 season with reported laboratory diagnoses peaking in january 1994. vaccination is again urged for all persons in high-risk groups. antibody induced by vaccination does not persist well from season to season and the emerging a/shangdong/9/93 (h3n2)-like variant is related to a/beijing/32/92(h3n2) but is inhibited less by antibodies to that strain. conditions are also consistent with possi ... | 1994 | 7812234 |
| high doses of purified influenza a virus hemagglutinin significantly augment serum and nasal secretion antibody responses in healthy young adults. | the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of purified influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) vaccines administered intramuscularly were evaluated in two placebo-controlled clinical trials. a total of 139 healthy young adults were randomized to receive increasing doses of monovalent influenza a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) virus ha (range, 0 to 405 micrograms per dose [study 1]). an additional 139 subjects were given increasing doses of a trivalent ha vaccine containing equal amounts of a/h1n1 virus, a/shanghai/16 ... | 1994 | 7814484 |
| [epidemiological observations on the evolution of influenza in the city of iaşi in the epidemic season of 1993-1994]. | the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data of influenza and other respiratory diseases recorded during the epidemic season 1993-1994, as they resulted from the comparative analysis of the cases reported weekly and those recorded through the "sentinel" collectivities method, are presented. the findings at admissions to the infectious diseases hospital, military hospital, diagnosis and treatment centre for pupils and students and the solicitation for medical care at the emergency ambulance ... | 1994 | 7772893 |
| antigenic and genetic characterization of current influenza strains. | annually the influenza centre receives more than 1000 virus isolates from around the world to monitor the changing pattern of viruses causing influenza throughout the year. these are characterized antigenically using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and selected viruses are subjected to closer scrutiny by nucleotide sequence analyses of their ha genes. this information is used in making the annual recommendation of vaccine composition. as in the last 15 years, influenza a viruses of bot ... | 1994 | 7843357 |
| anti-influenza virus activity of the neuraminidase inhibitor 4-guanidino-neu5ac2en in cell culture and in human respiratory epithelium. | the anti-influenza activity of the neuraminidase inhibitor 4-guanidino-neu5ac2en (4-g-nac) was determined in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells by yield reduction and elisa and in explants of human respiratory epithelium by yield reduction. in mdck cells, 50% inhibitory concentrations (ec50) averaged 0.5 microgram/ml for influenza a/virginia/88(h3n2) and 0.04 microgram/ml for a/texas/36/91(h1n1) by elisa, and < 0.01 microgram/ml for influenza a/virginia by yield reduction. in human adenoid e ... | 1994 | 7847874 |
| mixed populations in influenza virus vaccine strains. | human influenza viruses used for vaccine production have previously been adapted to grow in eggs. during egg adaptation, variants are selected and we have observed that more than one variant may derive in a single egg resulting in a mixed population. we have now investigated the extent of heterogeneity, due to host cell selection, of virus strains used for the manufacture of influenza vaccine for the 1991/1992 and 1992/1993 seasons. the a(h1n1) vaccine virus was homogeneous with respect to subst ... | 1994 | 7856297 |
| influenza a subtype cross-protection after immunization of outbred mice with a purified chimeric ns1/ha2 influenza virus protein. | influenza a/pr/8/34-derived chimeric (d) protein (sk&f 106160) composed of the first 81 amino acids (aa) of ns1 fused to the conserved 157 c-terminal aa of ha2 (ns1 1-81-ha2 65-222) was previously shown to induce h-2d-restricted protective cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) immunity in inbred mice. however, d protein, like other small peptides, exhibited haplotype dependence and was not immunogenic in h-2b and h-2k mice. a potential use of this antigen in humans and the role of t cells in any protecti ... | 1994 | 7856302 |
| a comparative assessment of tlc overlay technique and microwell adsorption assay in the examination of influenza a and sendai virus specificities towards oligosaccharides and sialic acid linkages of gangliosides. | influenza a and sendai viruses bind to neolacto-series gangliosides isolated from human granulocytes. differences in receptor specificity of influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/x-31 (h3n2), and parainfluenza sendai virus (hnf1, z-strain) were determined by two direct solid phase binding assays: the overlay technique, which combines high-resolution in the separation of gangliosides on thin-layer chromatograms with direct binding; and the microwell adsorption assay as a convenient binding assay ... | 1994 | 7696851 |
| increased immunogenicity of inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing purified surface antigen compared with whole virus in elderly women. | thirty-eight elderly female subjects (aged 80 +/- 7 years, mean +/- standard deviation) were randomized to immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing either purified surface antigen (n = 18) or whole virus (n = 20) components from a/texas/36/91 (h1n1), a/beijing/353/89 (h3n2), and b/panama/45/90 strains. humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed by measuring serum hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity at 0 and 3 ... | 1994 | 7496915 |
| sialoglycoproteins that bind influenza a virus and resist viral neuraminidase in different animal sera. | sialoglycoproteins that are resistant to degradation by viral neuraminidase can effectively neutralize influenza a viruses, because they bind irreversibly to the viruses. to detect such proteins in animal sera, we developed an immunochemical assay based on western blotting techniques. we assessed the binding activity of sialoglycoproteins in sera from nine different animals toward the a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) strains of influenza virus, with or without viral and bacterial neurami ... | 1994 | 7517433 |
| alteration in the antigenic structure of m1 protein of influenza a virus mutant resistant to a new antiviral compound mopyridone. | using 14 monoclonal antibodies (moabs) in solid-phase elisa it was found that influenza virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) mutants resistant to the antiviral compound mopyridone as compared to the mopyridone-sensitive mutant manifested significant changes in the antigenic structure (sites 1a, 2 and 3) of m1 protein. no differences in m1 were found between rimantadine-resistant and rimantadine-sensitive mutants of influenza virus a(h3n2). | 1994 | 7520664 |
| [development of synthetic peptide vaccine against influenza--t cell epitope the hemagglutinin of a/aichi/2/68(h3n2) influenza virus induced immune response in mice]. | residues 46 and 54 of a synthetic peptide composed of residues 43-58 (aegfsytdanknkgit) of pigeon cytochrome c (p43-58) function as the agretope (the site of contact between the major histocompatibility complex and the antigen) and residues 50 and 52 function as the epitope (the site of contact between the t cell receptor and the peptide antigen). 46f54a peptide which was prepared by reserving phenylalanine (f) at an agretopic position 46 but substituting asparagine (n) to alanine (a) at the oth ... | 1994 | 7525436 |
| analysis of epitopic residues introduced into the hybrid peptide vaccines prepared according to the cassette theory. | in our previous study, we prepared a synthetic peptide vaccine (46f/ha127-133/54a) against influenza strain a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus by introducing haemagglutinin (ha) 127-133 to an i-ab,b binding component that consisted of residues 43-46 and 54-58 of an i-ab,d binding peptide, 46f50v54a. this hybrid peptide vaccine induced considerable immunological responses against a/aichi/2/68 as well as against the peptide vaccine in i-ab mice. in the present study, we have attempted to increase the immun ... | 1994 | 7526571 |
| [influenza: current status and epidemiologic situation]. | in the period of 1993 to 1994, influenza activity caused by circulation of viruses antigenically structurally related to the strain a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) began in the countries of north america and west europe in october-november 1993, by spreading to the countries of east europe, the urals, and west siberia. epidemic events in china and in the far east were evoked mainly by the influenza b virus. the influenza a (h1n1) viruses did not widely spread. single isolates (about 1% of all the influen ... | 1994 | 7532491 |
| [polymorphism of current human influenza a and b virus population]. | during the past years, the etiological situation has been significantly complicated. it is characterized by simultaneous circulation of a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and influenza b viruses and by the isolation of reassortant strains and viruses, which are atypical in relation to the process of their natural variability. the antigenic properties of epidemic strains and unusual isolates were investigated. the marked heterogeneity of the a(h3n2) influenza viruses was demonstrated. it was determined by the circ ... | 1994 | 7532493 |
| serologic response to standard inactivated influenza vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. | we compared the serologic response of 46 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children and adolescents and 61 age-matched controls to standard trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (a/taiwan (h1n1), a/shanghai (h3n2), b/yamagata). children were immunized according to the package insert recommendations before the 1990 to 1991 influenza season. serum antibody titers to influenza a were determined before and 1 month after each vaccination and compared for study and control subjects. serolo ... | 1994 | 8177629 |
| subtype cross-reactive, infection-enhancing antibody responses to influenza a viruses. | antibody-dependent enhancement of the uptake of influenza a virus by fc receptor-bearing cells was analyzed by using virus strains of the three human influenza a virus subtypes, a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/japan/305/57 (h2n2), and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2). immune sera obtained from mice following primary infection with an h1n1, h2n2, or h3n2 subtype virus neutralized only virus of the same subtype; however, immune sera augmented the uptake of virus across subtypes. immune sera from h1n1-infected mice ... | 1994 | 8189489 |
| igg subclass response and protection against challenge following immunisation of mice with various influenza a vaccines. | the serum total igg and igg subclass and nasal wash iga and igg antibody responses of mice to influenza virus a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) subunit preparations administered parenterally as a single dose, incorporated either in immune stimulatory compounds (iscoms) or liposomes with freund's complete adjuvant, or as an aqueous material, as well as to live, infectious virus were measured by elisa at 10 days and 3, 5, 7 and 22 weeks after immunisation. the protection of the upper and lower respiratory tra ... | 1994 | 8151677 |
| human immune responses to influenza virus vaccines administered by systemic or mucosal routes. | healthy adult volunteers were immunized by parenteral or oral routes with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (a/chile/1/83 (h1n1), a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2), and b/ann arbor/1/86), or intranasally with live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza type a/texas/1/85 (h1n1) reassortant virus. in all volunteers, cells spontaneously secreting iga, igg or igm antibodies specific to influenza virus were detected in peripheral blood on days 6-13 after immunization, and specific iga, igg and igm antibodi ... | 1995 | 8525683 |
| [influenza vaccination of children with hemophilia]. | 51 haemophilic children aged from 7 to 16 years was vaccinated against influenza in paediatric department of haematology and oncology in november and december of 1993. each dose of subunit vaccine manufactured by wyeth-usa, contained 15 micrograms of each haemagglutinin strains as recommended for the season. the antibody level was studied before and after influenza vaccination in vaccinated and control group as well. 5-time rise of geometric mean antibody titre was found for h1n1 and h3n2 antige ... | 1995 | 8525777 |
| influenza viral infections enhance sleep in mice. | sleepiness is a common perception during viral infection. nevertheless, very little is known about the effects of viral infection on sleep. the aim of the present study was to test whether sleep was altered by influenza viral infection in mice. after 2-3 days of baseline sleep recordings, swiss-webster mice were infected intranasally with a lethal (h1n1) or a nonlethal (h3n2) strain of influenza virus. sleep was recorded again for an additional 3 days. non-rapid eye movement sleep (nrems) was dr ... | 1995 | 8539262 |
| the role of antigenically different virus neuraminidases as structures implicated in receptor-binding processes. | influenza a viruses exhibit segmented nucleic acid coding for eight different proteins, two of them as glycoproteins exposed on their lipoprotein envelopes, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). hemagglutinin exhibits receptor-binding activity while neuraminidase develops sialidase cleavage activity which acts on cell receptors. influenza a strains responsible for human, avian, equine and porcine respiratory infections all over the world present antigenically different hemagglutinin (h1 to ... | 1995 | 8547843 |
| [the use of the immunoperoxidase test with monoclonal antibodies for detecting influenza a viruses]. | the immunoperoxidase test was used to detect influenza virus in cells of a chorionallanthois shell of infected chicken embryos. application of monoclonal antibodies d8 and a11 in the analysis has permitted detecting reproduction of type a (subtypes h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) viruses, the pga titre of the respective allantois liquids being not lower than 1:16. the matrix protein and hemagglutinin, detection of which underlies this analysis, were found on the cell membrane, in the perinucleus region and as ... | 1995 | 8548071 |
| protection of mice against influenza a virus challenge by vaccination with baculovirus-expressed m2 protein. | we have investigated the potential of the conserved transmembrane m2 protein of influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 virus, expressed by a baculovirus recombinant, to induce protective immunity in balb/c mice. vaccination of mice with m2 shortened the duration of virus shedding and protected mice from a lethal infection with a/ann arbor/6/60 virus but not b/ann arbor/1/55 virus, suggesting that the protection was mediated by an m2-specific mechanism. serum antibodies were detected which reacted with synth ... | 1995 | 8578816 |
| cross-reaction but no avidity change of the serum antibody response after influenza vaccination. | pre- and post-vaccination sera from 19 volunteers were analysed by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, virus neutralization (vn) assay and avidity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the sera were tested against the three strains in a commercial inactivated influenza vaccine; a/beijing/353/89(h3n2); a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) and b/yamagata/16/88. additionally, a range of earlier strains and one newer isolate were assayed for hi- and vn-antibodies. large variations in the pre-vaccinatio ... | 1995 | 8578836 |
| in previously immunized elderly adults inactivated influenza a (h1n1) virus vaccines induce poor antibody responses that are not enhanced by liposome adjuvant. | in a randomized, double-blinded study, 77 healthy elderly seropositive volunteers (95% of whom had received influenza vaccine within the prior 5 years) were immunized with either monovalent liposome-adjuvanted or control subvirion vaccine containing inactivated influenza a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) virus. the experimental vaccine was well-tolerated but elicited serologic responses that were no different in frequency or magnitude from those induced by the control vaccine. less than 20% of subjects in ei ... | 1995 | 8585289 |
| safety and efficacy of long-term use of rimantadine for prophylaxis of type a influenza in nursing homes. | the safety and efficacy of rimantadine for long-term prophylaxis of influenza a (h3n2) infection were evaluated among elderly residents in 10 nursing homes. within each nursing home, participating residents were randomly assigned to receive placebo or rimantadine at 100 or 200 mg/day. residents were evaluated daily for symptoms and significant health events as possible side effects, as well as for influenza-like illness. the study medications were administered to 328 residents for up to 8 weeks, ... | 1995 | 8619572 |
| antigenic and genetic analyses of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses isolated from pigs in 1993. | three strains of influenza a virus (h3n2) were isolated from pigs in hokkaido, japan in 1993. the hemagglutinin (ha) antigen of the three isolates was related to that of recent h3n2 viruses of human origin. the reactivity patterns of two of the isolates (a/sw/obihiro/1/93 and a/sw/obihiro/2/93) with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of a/bangkok/1/79 strain were similar to that of the human h3n2 strain isolated in hokkaido in 1988, while that of the other one (a/sw/obihiro/3/93) was sim ... | 1995 | 8720040 |
| are there alternative avian influenza viruses for generation of stable attenuated avian-human influenza a reassortant viruses? | the present study evaluated gull influenza a viruses as donors of attenuating genes for the production of live, attenuated influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 avian-human (ah) reassortant viruses for use as vaccines to prevent disease due to influenza a viruses in humans. the previously evaluated duck influenza a viruses were abandoned as donors of attenuating avian influenza virus genes because clinical evaluation of h1n1 and h3n2 ah reassortant virus vaccines derived from duck viruses documented residua ... | 1995 | 8837878 |
| comparison of substrate specificities of sialidase activity between purified enzymes from influenza virus a (h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes) and b strains and their original viruses. | sialidases possessing enzyme activity were solubilized from mouse-adapted influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (a/pr8, h1n1), a/guizhou/54/89 (a/guizhou, h3n2) and b/ibaraki/2/85 (b/ibaraki) by proteolytic digestion and purified by affinity chromatography and/or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. the purified sialidases were observed as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the optimum ph of purified sialidases from a/pr8, a/guizhou and b/ibaraki agains ... | 1995 | 8845816 |
| a serological survey of influenza a antibody in human and pig sera in calcutta. | a study was undertaken with a view to assess the distinct pattern of sero-prevalence of influenza a viruses in the city of calcutta population during the years of 1981-90. concurrently, based on the fact of increasing pig population, a study was carried out to establish the activity of the human influenza a virus among pigs with a view to the potential threat of emergence of a new strain of influenza a virus that may surface following co-infection with swine and human influenza a viruses. the pe ... | 1995 | 8919937 |
| [epidemic of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district (april 1994-march 1995)]. | the prevalence of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district in april 1994- march 1995 was studied as the prevalence of influenza virus, to determine the sero-type of influenza viruses isolated in kyushu- okinawa district prefectures and cities. as a result, three sero-types of influenza viruses, i.e. type a/h1n1, type h3n2 and type b, were isolated in kyushu-okinawa district in this season, but most of the isolates were type a/h3n2 and type b. weekly changes of reported influenza patients and period ... | 1995 | 8708404 |
| analysis of influenza a virus reinfection in children in japan during 1983-91. | the epidemiology of influenza a in japan was studied during 1979-91 and viruses isolated from reinfections during 1983-91 were analysed. of 2963 influenza viruses isolated from reinfections during 1983-91 were analysed. of 2963 influenza viruses isolated during this period, 922 and 1006 were influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses respectively; the others were influenza b viruses. influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) caused 5 and 6 epidemics respectively, most accompanied by antigenic drift. seventeen re ... | 1995 | 8557091 |
| modulating the expression of some biological membrane glycoconjugates by a nocardia opaca fraction. | by some hemagglutination (ha) studies it was proved that nld (the lysozyme digest fraction of nocardia opaca) interacts with the sendai virus envelope glycoproteic receptors, but not with those of the beijing 353/89 h3n2) influenza virus. very likely the inhibition is due to the presence of some gal lectins in nld: the erythrocytes agglutinability (by the sendai virus and by the beijing 353/89 h3n2) influenza virus is enhanced by their incubation with galactose. | 1995 | 8993122 |
| immune receptor repertoire for influenza haemagglutinin. | an extensive analysis was made of receptor specificity and gene usage in the neutralising antibody (mab) and class ii-restricted t cell responses to influenza haemagglutinin (ha) following natural infection of mhc (h-2(k) or h-2(d)) congenic mice with x31 virus (h3n2 subtype). despite the diversity of available antigenic sites on the ha1 subunit, there was striking immunodominance in the mab response as deduced by sequencing the ha genes of escape mutants and the corresponding antibody h and l c ... | 1995 | 9156578 |
| isolation and identification of influenza viruses from clinical materials in 1977-1993 at veterans general hospital-taipei. | from 1977 to 1993, 15,189 throat swab samples were received for isolation and identification of influenza virus in the clinical virology laboratory, veterans general hospital-taipei. most of the samples came from the pediatric department. there were 634 identified strains of the influenza virus; the successful isolation rate was 4.17% in average/year. among these isolates, 56.3% (357/634) were influenza b; 12.1% (77/634) were influenza a/h1n1 and 28.1% (178/634) were influenza a/h3n2. about 3.5% ... | 1995 | 9774990 |
| experimental infections with some pneumotropic viruses in the mouse. note i. virological and pathomorphological aspects of the associated infections with influenza virus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. | in white mice, the associated infections with the influenza virus type a(h3n2), the adenovirus type 3 and the long strain of the respiratory syncytial virus, detected by the appearance of homologous serum antibodies and by positive i.f. reactions in pulmonary tissue, induce histological, histochemical and histo-enzymatic lesions, the severity of which exceeds that of the lesions in animals infected with only one of the mentioned viruses. in comparison with the morphological picture in animals in ... | 1995 | 9106398 |
| inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (sambucus nigra l.) during an outbreak of influenza b panama. | a standardized elderberry extract, sambucol (sam), reduced hemagglutination and inhibited replication of human influenza viruses type a/shangdong 9/93 (h3n2), a/beijing 32/92 (h3n2), a/texas 36/91 (h1n1), a/singapore 6/86 (h1n1), type b/panama 45/90, b/yamagata 16/88, b/ann arbor 1/86, and of animal strains from northern european swine and turkeys, a/sw/ger 2/81, a/tur/ger 3/91, and a/sw/ger 8533/91 in madin-darby canine kidney cells. a placebo-controlled, double blind study was carried out on a ... | 1995 | 9395631 |
| isolation of influenza a and b viruses in hela cells. | the hela cell line which is one of the most popular cell lines was shown to be suitable for isolation of types a (h3n2) and b influenza viruses from throat washings of patients. sixty-nine and 67 out of 147 throat washings taken from patients during the period from january to april 1994, were positive for influenza a virus in hela cells and mdck cells respectively. seven out of 10 throat washings taken between january and march, 1993, were positive for influenza b virus in mdck. of these 7, 4 we ... | 1995 | 7565177 |
| a fairly conserved epitope on the hemagglutinin of influenza a (h3n2) virus with variable accessibility to neutralizing antibody. | a monoclonal antibody lmbh5 was derived from mice which had been immunized with a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2)-type recombinant, secreted hemagglutinin (ha), and were subsequently challenged with a potentially lethal dose of x31 [a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) x a/pr/8/34 (h1n1)] virus. lmbh5 reacted strongly with the native and low-ph-induced conformations of the ha of a/aichi (x31 strain) and a/victoria (x47 strain), but very weakly with the native structure of the ha of a/philippines/2/82 (x79 strain) and not a ... | 1995 | 7571422 |
| [the origin of resistance to chemicals of naturally occurring isolates of influenza a virus]. | the mechanisms responsible for the formation of resistance of influenza a virus isolates during the natural circulation of the influenza viruses in the environment were studied. the influenza viruses h1n1 and h3n2 resistant to remantadine, adapromine, and deitiforine have been isolated in the ussr and mongolia since 1982. the majority of natural resistant isolates appeared to be atypical both in antigenic properties and genomic structure as compared to the isolates prevalent in the common epidem ... | 1995 | 7580412 |
| [features of interepidemic influenza a and b viruses]. | the comparison of interepidemic influenza viruses with the pathogens of resultant influenza epidemics has revealed that they belong to the same type (subtype) of influenza virus. a definite correlation has been found between the antigenic specificity of haemagglutinin of epidemic and interepidemic strains. the antigenic structure of the interepidemic viruses and the pathogens of further epidemics of influenza b viruses have been found to be completely identical. the interepidemic a(h1n1) isolate ... | 1995 | 7580419 |
| prolonged shedding of amantadine-resistant influenzae a viruses by immunodeficient patients: detection by polymerase chain reaction-restriction analysis. | consecutive a (h3n2) influenza virus isolates from 2 influenza virus-infected immunodeficient patients treated with amantadine were examined using a novel polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction analysis for resistance to this antiviral compound. the data indicate that immunodeficient patients may shed resistant viruses for prolonged periods and with different drug resistance mutations present at different times. this pcr-restriction technique allows rapid detection of amantadine- or rimanta ... | 1995 | 7594676 |
| selection of a single amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin molecule by chicken eggs can render influenza a virus (h3) candidate vaccine ineffective. | this study investigated whether a single amino acid change in the hemagglutinin (ha) molecule influenced the efficacy of formalin-inactivated influenza a (h3n1) vaccine candidates derived from high-growth reassortants between the standard donor of high-yield genes (a/pr/8/34 [h1n1]) and host cell variants generated from the same clinical isolate (a/memphis/7/90 [h3n2]) by passage in embryonated chicken eggs. two clones of the isolate generated by growth in eggs differed from the parent virus (re ... | 1995 | 7609057 |
| immunodominance with progenitor b cell diversity in the neutralizing antibody repertoire to influenza infection. | we report striking immunodominance in the neutralizing antibody responses of major histocompatibility complex congenic mice to natural infection with influenza virus (h3n2 subtype), as deduced by sequencing the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of monoclonal antibody (mab)-selected mutant viruses. a majority of mab, established from individual balb/c (h-2d) mice, select mutant viruses containing the same single amino acid substitution in the membrane distal ecto-domain, ha1 198 a-->e, whereas changes at ... | 1995 | 7621857 |
| prevention of influenza by the intranasal administration of cold-recombinant, live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine: importance of interferon-gamma production and local iga response. | to clarify which immunological factors were more effective in preventing influenza virus infection, we measured immunological parameters induced by vaccination and infection in vivo and in vitro. healthy adult subjects (n = 128) were divided into vaccinated (n = 85) and untreated (n = 43) groups. eighty-five were vaccinated intranasally with a trivalent cold-adapted recombinant influenza virus vaccine containing type a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses. subjects were mostly seropositive before vacci ... | 1995 | 7625114 |
| pulmonary immune response of young and aged mice after influenza challenge. | after influenza challenge, aged mice have prolonged viral shedding that correlates with lower splenic cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity. to evaluate the age-related pulmonary cell-mediated immune response to influenza, pulmonary lymphocytes were obtained from young and aged mice at various days after respiratory tract infection with nonlethal influenza a/pc/1/73 (h3n2) virus. in young mice, pulmonary ctl activity peaked at 48% +/- 2% on day 7 after infection. pulmonary ctl activity peaked 1 ... | 1995 | 7636390 |
| update: influenza activity--worldwide, 1995. | from october 1994 through august 1995, influenza activity occurred at low to moderate levels in most parts of the world. influenza activity usually was associated with the cocirculation of influenza types a and b viruses. overall, influenza a(h3n2) was the predominant influenza a subtype, but isolation of influenza a(h1n1) viruses increased during this period and was the most frequently isolated influenza virus in australia from march through august. this report summarizes influenza activity wor ... | 1995 | 7643851 |
| egg fluids and cells of the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs can select different variants of influenza a (h3n2) viruses. | growth of influenza viruses in embryonated eggs frequently results in the selection of virus variants with amino acid changes near the receptor-binding pocket of the hemagglutinin molecule, yet the mechanism by which this third form of influenza variation occurs (the other two being antigenic drift and shift) has not been clearly defined. because egg-mediated variation might affect influenza vaccine and surveillance programs, we have initiated studies to determine the site(s) of variant virus se ... | 1995 | 7645225 |
| the immunogenicity of reassortants of the cold-adapted influenza a master strain a/ann arbor/6/60 is determined by both the genes for cold-adaptation and the haemagglutinin gene. | two surface antigen segregants were prepared by co-infection of chicken embryo kidney cell cultures with reassortants of the cold-adapted influenza a master strain a/ann arbor/6/60-ca (h2n2) possessing the surface antigens of a/queensland/6/72 (h3n2) and a/hong kong/123/77 (h1n1) and other genes that were common to the master strain. the segregants were shown by serological tests to possess h3n1 and h1n2 surface antigens but it was not possible to determine the presence of h1 or n1 genes by sing ... | 1995 | 7646346 |
| influenza vaccination in older patients. immunogenicity, epidemiology and available agents. | excess hospitalisation and deaths attributable to influenza virus infections often occur during epidemics and even in interepidemic periods. influenza vaccines in current use are inactivated preparations that contain 15 micrograms each of the most recently circulating influenza a (h3n2 and h1n1) and b viruses. at present, 3 types of inactivated influenza virus vaccines are available: (a) whole virus vaccines; (b) split virus vaccines; and (c) subunit vaccines. all 3 types are similarly immunogen ... | 1995 | 7647426 |
| epidemiology of influenza a virus infection in patients with acute or chronic leukemia. | influenza infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, but its importance in adult cancer patients is largely undescribed. we therefore conducted a prospective study of the incidence and clinical features of influenza infection in patients with acute or chronic leukemia. the cohort, which consisted of all adult leukemia patients undergoing remission-induction chemotherapy during the 1991-1992 influenza epidemic, was followed prospectively for developmen ... | 1995 | 7655781 |
| communitywide laboratory-based influenza surveillance focused on older persons, 1989-1992. | we collected surveillance data as part of the medicare influenza vaccine demonstration to describe communitywide epidemiology of influenza, focusing on the elderly. laboratory-based surveillance was established in medical practices, hospitals, and nursing homes in a two-county demonstration in upstate new york. time course and intensity of epidemic influenza were compared between counties, between influenza a and b epidemics, and among several levels of surveillance involving elderly persons as ... | 1995 | 7662393 |
| characterization of the virions of mopyridone-sensitive wild strain and mopyridone-resistant mutant of influenza virus a(h3n2) | some differences were established between mopyridone-sensitive (mcu-s) wild strain and mopyridone-resistant (mcu-r) mutant progenies of influenza virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2). the virions of mcu-r mutant had a lower buoyant density in linear sucrose gradient as compared to those of mcu-s strain, and an increased ability of aggregation as well. ha content (hau/micrograms protein) in the purified virions of mcu-r mutant was twice lower as compared to mcu-s strain. the surface glycoproteins of mcu ... | 1995 | 7676940 |
| type- and subtype-specific detection of influenza viruses in clinical specimens by rapid culture assay. | a rapid culture assay which allows for the simultaneous typing and subtyping of currently circulating influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and b viruses in clinical specimens was developed. pools of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against influenza a and b viruses and mabs ha1-71 and ha2-76, obtained by immunizing mice with the denatured hemagglutinin subfragments ha1 and ha2 of influenza virus a/victoria/3/75, were used for immunoperoxidase staining of antigens in infected mdck cells. mab ha1-71 reacted ex ... | 1995 | 7714186 |
| time to peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine. | the time to the appearance of a peak serum antibody response to influenza virus vaccine is not clearly defined. we compared the most commonly used time intervals described in the literature--4 and 6 weeks after vaccination. we studied 118 elderly patients from three different geographic sites. the 1992 to 1993 trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing influenza virus a/beijing/353/89 (h3n2), influenza virus a/texas/36/91 (h1n1), and influenza virus b/panama/45/90 was used. no stat ... | 1995 | 7719904 |
| humoral response to influenza hemagglutinin: oligoclonal spectrotype and failure of thymopentin as immunoadjuvant. | influenza remains a serious cause of illness and death among certain populations. influenza vaccines in use at present are of limited effectiveness due to the high variability of the virus, and trials all over the world are in progress to enhance their immunogenicity. conflicting results, in fact, have been reported about the immune response to influenza vaccination in diverse populations. in this paper we analyzed the antibody response to the hemagglutinin (ha) of the h3n2 a/shangai 16/89 strai ... | 1995 | 7737532 |
| antiviral activity of plant flavonoid, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone, from the roots of scutellaria baicalensis against influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses. | we investigated effects of isoscutellarein-8-methylether (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone, f36) from the roots of scutellaria baicalensis on the single-cycle replication of mouse-adapted influenza viruses a/guizhou/54/89 (h3n2 subtype) and b/ibaraki/2/85 in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. the agent suppressed replication of these viruses from 6 to 12 h after incubation in a dose-dependent manner by 50% at 20 microm and 90% at 40 microm, respectively. f36 (50 microm) reduced the releas ... | 1995 | 7742801 |
| the substantia nigra is a major target for neurovirulent influenza a virus. | clinical and immunohistochemical studies were done for 3-39 d on mice after intracerebral inoculation with the neurovirulent a/wsn/33 (h1n1; wsn) strain of influenza a virus, the nonneurovirulent a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2; aichi) strain, and two reassortant viruses between them. the virus strains with the wsn gene segment coding for neuraminidase induced meningoencephalitis in mice. the mice inoculated with the r96 strain, which has only the neuraminidase gene from the wsn strain, had mild symptoms and ... | 1995 | 7760004 |
| influenza a virus vaccines containing purified recombinant h3 hemagglutinin are well tolerated and induce protective immune responses in healthy adults. | this study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of vaccines containing purified recombinant uncleaved hemagglutinin (rha0) from influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus. in a randomized, double-blinded trial, 127 adult volunteers were immunized with 15 micrograms of rha0, 15 micrograms of rha0 plus alum, 90 micrograms of rha0, licensed subvirion vaccine, or saline placebo. the rha0 vaccines caused fewer local adverse reactions than did the commercial subvirion preparation. ... | 1995 | 7769297 |
| immunogenicity of influenza a virus n2 neuraminidase produced in insect larvae by baculovirus recombinants. | influenza a virus neuraminidase (na) from a/udorn/72 (h3n2) was expressed by recombinant baculovirus-infected insects. the recombinant na was enzymatically active. enzyme activity was neutralized by polyclonal antisera raised against virion-extracted na. na produced in whole insects by a baculovirus expression system is antigenically indistinguishable from virion na by polyclonal antisera in functional assays (ni) and in elisa, and is highly immunogenic without adjuvant. it is equivalent in immu ... | 1995 | 7483807 |
| amantadine-resistant influenza a in nursing homes. identification of a resistant virus prior to drug use. | amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride have been used for treatment and prevention of influenza a infection in nursing home residents. outbreaks of influenza a (h3n2) virus infection occurred in three nursing homes in yakima county, washington, during january 1992. amantadine was used for case treatment and prophylaxis in all three nursing homes. | 1995 | 7864709 |
| probing the structure of influenza b hemagglutinin using site-directed mutagenesis. | the crystal structure of the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza virus a/aichi/68 (h3n2) from the x-31 reassortant virus was reported in 1981, but as yet there are no x-ray diffraction structures for hemagglutinins of other types or even subtypes of influenza virus. we have used site-directed mutagenesis to probe the structure of the hemagglutinin of influenza b/hong kong/8/73. we investigated a region in the globular head domain that is helical in the influenza a ha structure, targeting sidechains ... | 1995 | 7856092 |
| interactions of surfactant protein a with influenza a viruses: binding and neutralization. | the interaction of pulmonary surfactant protein a (sp-a) with influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses was investigated. sp-a is a sialated c type lectin with affinity for mannose residues. flow cytometry showed that binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-labeled sp-a to h3n2 virus-infected cells was specific and time- and concentration-dependent. oligosaccharides did not affect the binding of fitc-sp-a to the infected cells. preincubation of h1n1 and h3n2 with sp-a resulted in a dose-dependent r ... | 1995 | 7844369 |
| serological studies of influenza viruses in pigs in great britain 1991-2. | samples from a sow serum bank representative of the pig population of great britain collected during 1991-2, were examined for antibodies to influenza a, b and c viruses, using viruses which had been isolated from a variety of hosts. for influenza a viruses there was evidence of the continued circulation of classical swine h1n1 virus (26%) seroprevalence), and human h3n2 viruses (39%) which are antigenically most closely-related to a/port chalmers/1/73 virus. in addition antibodies were detected ... | 1995 | 7781739 |
| an outbreak of influenza a/h3n2 in a zambian school dormitory. | there was an outbreak of "a mysterious disease" at a zambian school dormitory in september, 1993. investigation with questionnaire and collection of throat swab specimens for virus isolation were carried out on 46 patients to identify the causative agent. in this outbreak, most of the patients showed similar symptoms such as fever, headache, sore throat, cough, etc. the disease had spread to all dormitories within a couple of days after the onset of the first cases. from these patients, 13 influ ... | 1995 | 7796773 |
| replication of influenza a viruses in a green monkey kidney continuous cell line (vero). | a vero cell line was investigated as a suitable host system for primary isolation and cultivation of influenza a viruses. the efficiency of primary isolation for currently circulating (h3n2) strains was similar in vero and mdck cells. of 72 egg-adapted strains investigated, 90.3% were detectable hy hemagglutinin (ha) titration in vero cells after the first passage and 51.4% after the second. the amino acid sequences of the ha1 region of influenza a viruses isolated and passaged in vero cells wer ... | 1995 | 7797924 |
| comparison of trivalent cold-adapted recombinant (cr) influenza virus vaccine with monovalent cr vaccines in healthy unselected adults. | a trivalent cold-adapted recombinant (cr) influenza virus vaccine containing types a and b viruses was compared with monovalent vaccines of each virus in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. adults with a wide range of preexisting antibody titers received one 0.5-ml dose intranasally of trivalent vaccine; monovalent a/h1n1, a/h3n2, or b vaccine; or placebo. all vaccines were well tolerated. serum antibody response frequencies and postvaccination geometric mean antibody titers were similar f ... | 1995 | 7797925 |
| characteristics of cytotoxic t lymphocytes directed to influenza virus haemagglutinin elicited by immunization with muramyldipeptide-influenza liposome vaccine. | we examined the characterization of the antiviral t lymphocytes elicited by immunization with a novel liposome vaccine (mdp-virosome) constructed with synthetic muramyldipeptide; [6-0-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine] , cholesterol, influenza virus haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. the haemagglutinin glycoprotein first appeared to induce a significant subtype-specific cytotoxic activity through its arrangement on the inner and outer surfaces of the mdp-virosome. ... | 1995 | 7824883 |
| medical practice-based influenza surveillance: viral prevalence and assessment of morbidity. | regular surveillance of influenza virus activity and associated illness is necessary to monitor changes in circulating strains. as part of a demonstration project, medical practices in a seven-county area in southern lower michigan were recruited as sentinel surveillance sites. the practices were asked to collect specimens for virus isolation and/or data on age-specific frequency of respiratory illnesses that met a case definition. data were used to establish periods of influenza virus activity ... | 1995 | 7900716 |
| genetic analysis of porcine h3n2 viruses originating in southern china. | from immunological and phylogenetic analyses of h3 influenza viruses isolated from pigs and ducks in the people's republic of china (china), hong kong, taiwan and japan, between 1968 and 1982, we arrived at the following conclusions. the h3 haemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidase genes from swine isolates can be segregated into four mammalian lineages, including: (i) the earliest human strains; (ii) early swine strains including hong kong isolates from 1976-1977; (iii) an intermediate strain between ... | 1995 | 7897351 |
| recent h3n2 swine influenza virus with haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes similar to 1975 human strains. | of the four pandemic strains of human influenza a virus observed this century, the 1977 virus strain was very similar in all genes to a 1950 isolate. since mammalian influenza a viruses change annually by genetic drift, this reappearance could only be attributed at that time to conservation of the virus in a frozen state. we report here the isolation of swine influenza a viruses with haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes which are virtually identical to those of the human virus that circulated ... | 1995 | 7897358 |
| prevalence of antibodies to type a influenza viruses in swine sera 1990-1994. | a total of 3,120 swine sera collected for the years 1990-94 were tested for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies against swine (h1n1) and human (h1n1 and h3n2) strains of influenza virus. no hi antibody against the swine strains was recognized during 18 months, though a slight prevalence (1.5-9.2%) of the antibodies was observed over the entire period. a wide variance in the incidence (0-26.3%) of antibodies against the human h3n2 strains was observed among the swine popul ... | 1995 | 8519918 |
| monoclonal antibodies for the direct detection of influenza-a virus by elisa in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory infections. | monoclonal antibody technology provides antibody reagents of known specificity, high titres and unlimited availability, that form ideal reference antibodies for use in specific viral antigen-detection methods. | 1995 | 15566817 |
| antibody response to tetravalent influenza subunit vaccine in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | the capacity of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to develop an adequate antibody response to influenza vaccination in relation to the cd4 cell count has been studied in a prospective study. a total of 73 subjects (54 hiv-infected patients and 19 healthy control persons) were vaccinated with influenza subunit vaccine containing 15 mug hemagglutinin of each of the following strains: a/beijing/353/89(h3n2), a/singapore/6/86(h1n1), b/panama/45/90, and b/beijing/1/87. hemaggl ... | 1996 | 18611709 |
| selective response of gamma delta t-cell hybridomas to orthomyxovirus-infected cells. | a gamma delta t-cell hybridoma established from influenza virus-infected mice responded to a reproducible way when cultured with influenza virus-infected stimulators. subclones of this line responded to cells infected with influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), x-31 (h3n2), and b/hk/8/73 but not to cells infected with vaccinia virus or sendai virus. this spectrum of response to both type a and type b orthomyxoviruses has never been recognized for the alpha beta t-cell receptor-positive subsets. the ... | 1996 | 8523522 |
| typing and subtyping clinical isolates of influenza virus using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | influenza virus infections are a major cause of morbidity and the identification of the type or subtype of a clinical isolate has important clinical and epidemiological implications. | 1996 | 9137863 |
| a study of influenza a virus in the city of calcutta, india, high lighting the strain prevalence. | a decade wide (from 1981 to the end of 1993) study on incidences of influenza was carried out in the city of calcutta, india, by virus isolation and strain identification. over 3500 patients with acute respiratory infections were examined and 1950 throat swab specimens were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs. only 339 haemagglutinating agents were isolated, which comprised 233 strains of influenza a virus. one hundred forty six (62.66%) of these strains were identified as h3n2, eighty one as ... | 1996 | 9127483 |
| temperature sensitive mutants of influenza a virus generated by reverse genetics and clustered charged to alanine mutagenesis. | temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of influenza a virus have the potential to serve as live attenuated (att) virus vaccines. previously, ts mutants were isolated by chemical mutagenesis or arose spontaneously, and most likely contained point mutations in one or more genes. while sufficiently attenuated, even the most genetically stable of these viruses was found to revert to a more virulent form in a seronegative vaccinee. recently developed technology, however, allows the introduction of engine ... | 1996 | 9029775 |
| the hemagglutination inhibition antibody responses to an inactivated influenza vaccine among healthy adults: with special reference to the prevaccination antibody and its interaction with age. | the immunogenicity of the trivalent split-virus influenza vaccine was investigated among 70 healthy adults (mean age: 48.5, range: 36-68). the vaccine antigens were: a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1); a/beijing/352/89 (h3n2); and b/bangkok/163/90. regarding the entire sample, the vaccine induced a tenfold or more rise on the average in the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) antibody to each antigen. the response rates (greater than or equal to a fourfold rise) were about 90% or more among those with a prev ... | 1996 | 9032887 |
| experimental researches in infections with associated myxoviruses in the mouse. | infections with influenza virus, a/beijing 353/89 (h3n2) strain, to which there were associated parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, adenovirus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus long strain, were experimentally induced in white mice. the experimental models were set up so as to permit the obtaining of an associated infection with three viruses, in which the influenza virus should be inoculated the first, the participation of the others being variable, according to their presence by a ... | 1996 | 9495782 |
| some virological and pathomorphological aspects of the respiratory system in the experimental infection with respiratory syncytial virus associated with influenza virus, parainfluenza virus type 3 and adenovirus in the mouse. | infections with respiratory syncytial virus long strain, associated with influenza virus, a/beijing 353/89 (h3n2) strain, parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2d strain, and adenovirus type 3, were experimentally induced in white mice, causing histological, histochemical and histoenzymatic lesions at the respiratory system level, the severity of which exceeded the one observed in the controls infected with a single virus. the pathomorphological changes made up an inflammatory, predominantly infiltrat ... | 1996 | 9495783 |
| [the characterization of influenza viruses by the immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibodies. its setup and validation]. | the immunoperoxidase method for the rapid classification of influenza viruses in type and subtype was applied and validated for the first time in cuba. the method is based on a rapid culture in mdck-l cells and on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the classification in type and subtype. a pool of antibodies against influenza a and another against influenza b and ha1-71 and ha2-76 monoclonal antibodies are used for the subtyping in h1 and h3. the validation was carried out by applying this met ... | 1996 | 9805039 |
| comparison of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted trivalent influenza vaccines in russian schoolchildren. | in a blinded, placebo-controlled study, the reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of single doses of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines were compared in 555 schoolchildren in vologda, russia. serial serum samples were collected and school absenteeism was assessed. systemic reactions were rare, but local reactions (primarily erythema at the injection site) were observed in 27% of the inactivated vaccine group, and coryza (12%) a ... | 1996 | 8568310 |
| oral immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus protects mice against influenza. | mice immunized with two intragastrically administered doses of a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus containing the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes from h1n1 influenza virus developed serum anti-h1 immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody that completely protected the lungs from challenge with h1n1. almost all of the mice given two intragastric doses also developed mucosal anti-h1 iga antibody, and those with high anti-h1 iga titers had completely protected noses. intramuscular injecti ... | 1996 | 8709274 |
| surveillance of influenza in switzerland between 1987 and 1995. | during 8 years of continuous influenza surveillance in switzerland (1987 to 1995), influenza a viruses predominated during 5 seasons and influenza b viruses during 3. the most severe outbreaks occurred in the 1988/89 season (a/h1n1 subtype), in the 1989/90 season (a/h3n2 subtype) and in the 1994/95 season (simultaneous outbreak of influenza a/h3n2 and b). from 1987 to 1993, peak activity of influenza a viruses was observed during december and january (for 8 weeks on average) while influenza b vi ... | 1996 | 8711461 |
| ha1 domain of influenza a (h3n2) viruses in finland in 1989-1995: evolution, egg-adaptation and relationship to vaccine strains. | the ha1 gene sequences of 22 mdck cell-derived influenza a (h3n2) strains, ten of their egg-derived counterparts and three vaccine strains were determined. antigenic and sequence differences between the epidemic and vaccine strains were recorded, most striking in 1992/93; a minority of the amino acid differences in 1989-95 was involved in egg-adaptation. changes in the assortment of amino acid substitutions produced during egg-adaptation of field strains may account for the difficulty encountere ... | 1996 | 8712921 |
| phenotypic expression of ha-na combinations in human-avian influenza a virus reassortants. | human-avian and human-mammalian influenza a virus reassortant clones with the neuraminidase (na) gene of the a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) strain and hemagglutinin (ha) genes of h3, h4 and h13 subtypes had been shown in an earlier publication to produce low ha yields in the embryonated chicken eggs. the low ha titers had been shown to be due, at least in part, to the formation of virion clusters at 4 degrees c; the clustering was removed by the treatment with bacterial neuraminidase [rudneva et al., arch. ... | 1996 | 8712926 |
| clinical and immunological characteristics of the emulsion form of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral immunization. | prophylaxis of human respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses is actually a problem of infectious pathology because of their wide prevalence. in our investigations, safety, reactogenicity and immunological activity of the orally administered emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine prepared from influenza virus strains of types a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b have been studied. clinical studies of the emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine on volunteers has shown its safety and nonreactogenicity. t ... | 1996 | 8717382 |