Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| use of split-free nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/high resolution mass spectrometry interface to improve the detection of α-cobratoxin in equine plasma for doping control. | cobra (naja naja kaouthia) venom contains a toxin called α-cobratoxin (α-cbtx) containing 71 amino acids (mw 7821 da) with a reported analgesic power greater than morphine. in 2013, the first analytical method for the detection of α-cbtx in equine plasma was developed by bailly-chouriberry et al, allowing the confirmation of the presence of α-cbtx at low concentrations (1-5 ng/ml or 130-640 fmol/ml) in plasma samples. to increase the method sensitivity and therefore to improve the detection of α ... | 2017 | 29232492 |
| screening for target toxins of the antiophidic protein dm64 through a gel-based interactomics approach. | dm64 is a glycosylated protein with antivenom activity isolated from the serum of the opossum didelphis aurita. it binds non-covalently to myotoxins i (asp49) and ii (lys49) from bothrops asper venom and inhibits their myotoxic effect. in this study, an affinity column with immobilized dm64 as bait was used to fish potential target toxins. all ten isolated myotoxins tested were able to effectively bind to the dm64 column. to better access the specificity of the inhibitor, crude venoms from bothr ... | 2017 | 27216643 |
| isolation, identification and characterization of morganella morganii from naja naja atra in beijing, china. | morganella morganii is an important opportunistic human pathogen and belongs to the family of enterobacteriaceae. although it is widely distribution, it only be considered a rare cause of human infections. we report the isolate of m. morganii from naja naja atra following infections of heart, lung and liver. seven strains were confirmed using 16s rdna amplified and sequences. antimicrobial susceptibility testing of m. morganii isolates demonstrated ubiquitous resistance to ampicillin, amoxicilli ... | 2017 | 28838340 |
| antibacterial activity of isolated immunodominant proteins of naja naja (oxiana) venom. | the aim of this study is to investigate antibacterial effects of immunodominant proteins isolated from the venom of naja naja oxiana snake against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the innate immune system is an important line of defense against bacterial diseases. antibacterial peptides and proteins produced by snake venoms have recently attracted significant attention due to their relevance to bacterial diseases and the potential of being co ... | 2017 | 28496483 |
| characterization of daboia russelii and naja naja venom neutralizing ability of an undocumented indigenous medication in sri lanka. | indigenous medicinal practice in sri lanka talks about powerful compounds extracted from native plants for treating venomous snake bites which are hardly documented in literature but are used by the indigenous doctors for thousand years. | 2017 | 28302413 |
| assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of india and their antibiotic susceptibilities. | snakebite is a common, frequently devastating, occupational, socio-economic hazard, and it has a great impact on the rural population of india. snakebite is a major cause of the human morbidity and mortality since ancient times, as it not only affects the victim by systemic envenomation but also by wound infections originating from deadly pathogenic microorganisms from the oral cavity of the offending snake. the pathogens from the oral cavity of the snake tend to initiate an infection, resulting ... | 2017 | 28733908 |
| envenoming by the common krait (bungarus caeruleus) and sri lankan cobra (naja naja naja): efficacy and complications of therapy with haffkine antivenom. | in anuradhapura, sri lanka, 5 patients proved to have been bitten by common kraits (bungarus caeruelus) and 2 by sri lankan cobras (naja naja naja) were investigated. in all the cases of krait bite the patients were bitten while they were asleep: local signs were negligible but 4 developed symptoms of systemic envenoming including paralysis, muscle pain and tenderness and abdominal pain. mild myoglobinaemia was found in one case. of the 2 patients bitten by cobras, one developed severe local swe ... | 2017 | 2389328 |
| neutralization of inflammation by inhibitingin vitroandin vivosecretory phospholipase a2by ethanol extract ofboerhaavia diffusal. | inflammation is a normal and necessary prerequisite to healing of the injured tissues. inflammation contributes to all disease process including immunity, vascular pathology, trauma, sepsis, chemical, and metabolic injuries. the secretory phospholipase a2(spla2) is a key enzyme in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and asthma. the spla2also contribute to neuroinflammatory disorders such as ... | 2017 | 28539742 |
| comparison of proteomic profiles of the venoms of two of the 'big four' snakes of india, the indian cobra (naja naja) and the common krait (bungarus caeruleus), and analyses of their toxins. | snake venoms are mixtures of biologically-active proteins and peptides, and several studies have described the characteristics of some of these toxins. however, complete proteomic profiling of the venoms of many snake species has not yet been done. the indian cobra (naja naja) and common krait (bungarus caeruleus) are elapid snake species that are among the 'big four' responsible for the majority of human snake envenomation cases in india. as understanding the composition and complexity of venom ... | 2017 | 28602829 |
| development of dot-elisa for the detection of venoms of major indian venomous snakes. | india remained an epicenter for the snakebite-related mortality and morbidities due to widespread agricultural activities across the country and a considerable number of snakebites offended by indian cobra (naja naja), common krait (bungarus caeruleus), russell's viper (daboia russelii), and saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus). presently, there is no selective test available for the detection of snake envenomation in india before the administration of snake antivenin. therefore, the present study ... | 2017 | 29024771 |
| factor v activation and inactivation by venom proteases. | blood coagulation factor v is a single-chain glycoprotein with m(r) = 330,000 which plays an important role in the procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways. thrombin activates factor v into factor va, a two-chain molecule which is composed of a heavy (m(r) = 105,000) and a light chain (m(r) = 71,000/74,000). factor va accelerates factor xa-catalysed prothrombin activation more than 1,000-fold and under physiological conditions the cofactor activity of factor va in prothrombin activation is down-r ... | 2017 | 11910191 |
| antitoxin activity of aqueous extract ofcyclea peltataroot againstnaja najavenom. | snakebites are a significant and severe global health problem. till date, anti-snake venom serum is the only beneficial remedy existing on treating the snakebite victims. as antivenom was reported to induce early or late adverse reactions to human beings, snake venom neutralizing potential forcyclea peltataroot extract was tested for the present research byex vivoandin vivoapproaches onnaja najatoxin. | 2018 | 29326487 |
| the venom of spectacled cobra (elapidae: naja naja): in vitro study from distinct geographical origins in sri lanka. | several countries residing envenomation due to naja naja had revealed a disparity in the venom composition according to their geographic location and sri lankan cobra still lacks the evidence to support this. therefore, the current study was focused on addressing relationship between the histopathological changes according to geographic variation of sri lankan n. naja venom. the histopathological changes in vital organs and muscle tissues following intramuscular administration of venom of n. naj ... | 2018 | 30363742 |
| tumescent contravenom: murine model for prehospital treatment of naja naja neurotoxic snake envenomation. | snake envenomation is a neglected global health problem. there is a need for a prehospital treatment of neurotoxic snakebite that prolongs survival and allows time for a victim to reach a hospital for antivenom therapy. tumescent epinephrine consists of a large volume of dilute epinephrine (2 mg/l) injected subcutaneously. it functions as "contravenom" by causing capillary vasoconstriction and delaying venom absorption. | 2018 | 29460967 |
| oral bacterial flora of indian cobra (naja naja) and their antibiotic susceptibilities. | the objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with the oral cavity of indian cobra and to study their antibiogram. | 2018 | 30582036 |
| the ex vivo eye irritation test (eveit) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding. | snakes belonging to the genus naja (elapid family), also known as "spitting cobras", can spit venom towards the eyes of the predator as a defensive strategy, causing painful and potentially blinding ocular envenoming. venom ophthalmia is characterized by pain, hyperemia, blepharitis, blepharospasm and corneal erosions. elapid venom ophthalmia is not well documented and no specific treatment exists. furthermore, accidental ejection of venom by non-spitting vipers, as bothrops, also occurs. the ex ... | 2018 | 29890230 |
| anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions of naja naja atra venom. | naja naja atra venom (nnav) is composed of various proteins, peptides, and enzymes with different biological and pharmacological functions. a number of previous studies have reported that nnav exerts potent analgesic effects on various animal models of pain. the clinical studies using whole venom or active components have confirmed that nnav is an effective and safe medicine for treatment of chronic pain. furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that nnav has anti-inflammatory and immune re ... | 2018 | 29495566 |
| orphan three-finger toxins bind at tissue factor-factor viia interface to inhibit factor x activation: identification of functional site by docking. | three-finger toxins (3ftxs) contribute to toxicity of venomous snakes belonging to the family elapidae. currently, functions of a considerable proportion of 3ftxs are still unknown. here, we describe the function of orphan group i 3ftxs consisting of four members. we also identified a new member of this group by sequencing a transcript isolated from naja naja venom. this transcript, named najalexin, is identical to that previously described 3ftx from naja atra venom gland, and shared high sequen ... | 2018 | 31249954 |
| ethnozoological study of traditional medicinal appreciation of animals and their products among the indigenous people of metema woreda, north-western ethiopia. | using animals for different purposes goes back to the dawn of mankind. animals served as a source of food, medicine, and clothing for humans and provided other services. this study was designed to undertake a cross-sectional ethnozoological field survey among the residents of metema woreda from november 2015 to may 2016. | 2018 | 29792196 |
| characterization of chicken-derived single chain antibody fragments against venom of naja naja atra. | traditional, horse-derived antivenin is currently the most efficient treatment against snake bites. however, it is costly and has unpredictable side effects. thus, alternative, cost-effective strategies for producing antivenin are needed. in this study, we immunized hens with inactivated nna venom proteins from the cobra naja naja atra (nna). purified yolk igy antibodies showed specific anti-nna binding activity comparable to that of the equine-derived antivenin. we used phage display technology ... | 2018 | 30248928 |
| proteomics analysis to compare the venom composition between naja naja and naja kaouthia from the same geographical location of eastern india: correlation with pathophysiology of envenomation and immunological cross-reactivity towards commercial polyantivenom. | cobra bite is frequently reported across the indian subcontinent and is associated with a high rate of death and morbidity. in eastern india (ei) naja naja and naja kaouthia are reported to be the two most abundant species of cobra. | 2018 | 30345852 |
| an in vitro potency assay using nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding works well with antivenoms against bungarus candidus and naja naja. | in order to facilitate/expedite the production of effective and affordable snake antivenoms, a novel in vitro potency assay was previously developed. the assay is based on an antiserum's ability to bind to postsynaptic neurotoxin (psnt) and thereby inhibit the psnt binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr). the assay was shown to work well with antiserum against thai naja kaouthia which produces predominantly the lethal psnts. in this work, the assay is demonstrated to work well wi ... | 2018 | 29946111 |
| a turn-on fluorescence sensor for heparin detection based on a release of taiwan cobra cardiotoxin from a dna aptamer or adenosine-based molecular beacon. | this study presents two sensitive fluorescent assays for sensing heparin on the basis of the electrostatic interaction between heparin and naja naja atra cardiotoxin 3 (ctx3). owing to ctx3-induced folded structure of an adenosine-based molecular beacon (mb) or a dna aptamer against ctx3, a reduction in the fluorescent signal of the aptamer or mb 5'-end labeled with carboxyfluorescein (fam) and 3'-end labeled with 4-([4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)-benzoic acid (dabcyl) was observed upon the addit ... | 2018 | 29463054 |
| next-generation sequencing analysis reveals high bacterial diversity in wild venomous and non-venomous snakes from india. | the oral cavities of snakes are replete with various types of bacterial flora. culture-dependent studies suggest that some of the bacterial species are responsible for secondary bacterial infection associated with snakebite. a complete profile of the ophidian oral bacterial community has been unreported until now. therefore, in the present study, we determined the complete bacterial compositions in the oral cavity of some snakes from india. | 2018 | 30598660 |
| lethal toxic dose (i.p ld50), total protein contents and comparative hemolytic potential of (99mtc labeled & non-labeled) naja naja karachiensis venom. | recent recognition about snake bite envenomation on june, 2017 as neglected tropical disease under category-a by world health organization advocated again its undeniable importance. present circumstances reasoned to work on a neglected subspecies of naja naja, i.e., naja naja karachiensis (n. n. karachensis) has been documented for frequent deaths in pakistan. in this study median lethal toxic dose (ld50) was determined intraperitoneally in swiss albino mice and was found to be 2.0µg/g (2.0mg/kg ... | 2018 | 29625942 |
| proteomic analysis of human blister fluids following envenomation by three snake species in india: differential markers for venom mechanisms of action. | skin blistering as a result of snakebite envenomation is characteristic of some bites, however little is known regarding the mechanism of blister formation or the composition of the blister fluid. in order to investigate if blister fluid proteomes from humans suffering snakebite envenomation could provide insights on the pathophysiology of these skin alterations, blister fluid was collected from six patients upon presentation at a clinic in india bitten by three species of snakes, daboia russeli ... | 2019 | 31052189 |
| distinctive distribution of secretory phospholipases a₂ in the venoms of afro-asian cobras (subgenus: naja, afronaja, boulengerina and uraeus). | the protein abundances of phospholipases a₂ in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. to determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases a₂ (svpla₂) in the cobras, the svpla₂ activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (noba) as the substrate. the colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svpla₂ enzymatic activities with the svpla₂ pr ... | 2019 | 30769779 |
| phylovenomics of daboia russelii across the indian subcontinent. bioactivities and comparative in vivo neutralization and in vitro third-generation antivenomics of antivenoms against venoms from india, bangladesh and sri lanka. | russell's viper (daboia russelii) is, together with naja naja, bungarus caeruleus and echis carinatus, a member of the medically important 'big four' species responsible for causing a large number of morbidity and mortality cases across the indian subcontinent. despite the wide distribution of russell's viper and the well-documented ubiquity of the phenomenon of geographic variability of intraspecific snake venom composition, indian polyvalent antivenoms against the "big four" venoms are raised ... | 2019 | 31325606 |
| snakebite mitigation project of the madras crocodile bank/centre for herpetology, india: background and a brief summary of activities. | snakebite is a serious problem in rural india where several highly venomous species are commonly found in and around agricultural areas where prey such as rodents and amphibians are abundant. four snake species, referred to as the big four, are responsible for the most serious and fatal bites: spectacled cobra (naja naja), russell's viper (daboia russelii), common krait (bungarus caeruleus) and saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus). a polyvalent antivenom is made to treat these bites but public awa ... | 2019 | 30551144 |
| beyond the 'big four': venom profiling of the medically important yet neglected indian snakes reveals disturbing antivenom deficiencies. | snakebite in india causes the highest annual rates of death (46,000) and disability (140,000) than any other country. antivenom is the mainstay treatment of snakebite, whose manufacturing protocols, in essence, have remained unchanged for over a century. in india, a polyvalent antivenom is produced for the treatment of envenomations from the so called 'big four' snakes: the spectacled cobra (naja naja), common krait (bungarus caeruleus), russell's viper (daboia russelii), and saw-scaled viper (e ... | 2019 | 31805055 |
| incidence and treatment of snakebites in west bengal, india. | snake envenomation is a major cause of death and disability in the developing countries. in india and neighboring countries, the four venomous snakes of concern include - indian cobra(naja naja), common krait (bungarus caeruleus); russell's viper (daboia russelli); saw scaled viper (echis carinatus). we describe the management protocol for snakebite treatment in a tertiary care hospital of paschim medinipur district, west bengal based on case reports of subjects admitted and treated in ghatal su ... | 2019 | 30899676 |
| binding of a naja naja venom acidic phospholipase a2 cognate complex to membrane-bound vimentin of rat l6 cells: implications in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. | an acidic phospholipase a2 enzyme (nnpla2-i) interacts with three finger toxins (cytotoxin and neurotoxin) from naja naja venom to form cognate complexes to enhance its cytotoxicity towards rat l6 myogenic cells. the cytotoxicity was further enhanced in presence of trace quantity of venom nerve growth factor. the purified rat myoblast cell membrane protein showing interaction with nnpla2-i was identified as vimentin by lc-ms/ms analysis. the elisa, immunoblot and spectrofluorometric analyses sho ... | 2019 | 30776333 |
| cardiogenic shock due to kounis syndrome following cobra bite. | kounis syndrome is associated with mast cell activation resulting in acute coronary syndrome secondary to an allergic insult. various drugs such as antibiotics, analgesics, and environmental exposures such as bee, wasp sting, and poison ivy are known to induce kounis syndrome. a 68-year-old man admitted with a cobra bite on both hands to emergency care unit and sustained cardiorespiratory arrest. electrocardiogram, taken 6 hours after the cardiac arrest, showed st elevations in leads v2 to v5 su ... | 2019 | 31467731 |
| metabolomic study of natrin-induced apoptosis in smmc-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | natrin, a new member of the cysteine-rich secretory protein (crisp) family purified from the snake venom of naja naja atra, has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity. however, the underlying molecular mechanisms need further elucidation. in this study, mtt was used to evaluate cell viability. apoptotic cells were analyzed by employing a transmission electron microscope (tem). metabolomic study of the metabolic perturbations caused by natrin-induced apoptosis in differentiated smmc-7721 c ... | 2019 | 30508545 |
| proteomic analysis and antivenomics study of western india naja naja venom: correlation between venom composition and clinical manifestations of cobra bite in this region. | background: snakebite is a severe problem in the tropical countries including indian subcontinent. premier cases of cobra bites are being reported from western india (wi). research design and methods: the proteome of wi n. naja venom (nnv) was deciphered by high resolution mass spectrometry analysis of venom, further fractionated by gel filtration (gf) or rp-hplc followed by sds-page and then tandem mass spectrometric analysis of protein bands. the efficacy of commercial polyantivenom (pav) towa ... | 2019 | 30556786 |
| invivo toxicity profile of nn-32 and nanogold conjugated gnp-nn-32 from indian spectacled cobra veno. | nn-32 toxin which was obtained from naja naja venom and showed cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines. as the toxicity of nn-32 is the main hurdle in the process of drug development; hence, we have conjugated nn-32 toxin with gold nanoparticles (gnp-nn-32) in order to decrease the toxicity of nn-32 without reducing its efficacy, gnp-nn-32alleviated the toxicity of nn-32 in invitro studies during the course of earlier studies. in continuation, we are evaluating in vivo toxicity profile of nn-32 and gn ... | 2020 | 32427082 |
| anticancer potential of nanogold conjugated toxin gnp-nn-32 from naja naja venom. | cancer is the second most common fatal disease in the world, behind cardiovascular disorders in the first place. it accounts for around 0.3 million deaths per year in india due to the lack of proper diagnostic facilities, prevention and treatment. current therapeutic methods do not provide adequate protection and affect normal cells along with cancerous ones. thus, there is a need for some alternative therapeutic strategy, preferably from natural products, which have been traditionally used for ... | 2020 | 32180805 |
| the action of echis carinatus and naja naja venoms on human neutrophils; an emphasis on netosis. | neutrophils are the first line defense cells of the innate immunity. as a final defense, they discharge their de-condensed chromatin/dna fibers, the nets (neutrophil extracellular traps), by a process called netosis. two types of netosis have been currently described: the suicidal/delayed/classical-type, which is ros dependent that results in the ejection of nuclear dna, and the vital/rapid/early-type, which may or may not require ros but, eject nuclear/mitochondrial dna or both. thus, echis car ... | 2020 | 32068016 |
| metabolites from the citrus extracts inhibit the activity of selected proteins in indian cobra (naja naja) venom. | snakebite is a severe problem in many parts of the world, specifically in tropical and subtropical regions. a range of medicinal plant extracts are administered for treating snake bite. of the many common plants, extracts of citrus species have been documented to be used for treating snake bite and have been shown to decrease the snake venom toxicity. | 2020 | 31953201 |
| the indian cobra reference genome and transcriptome enables comprehensive identification of venom toxins. | snakebite envenoming is a serious and neglected tropical disease that kills ~100,000 people annually. high-quality, genome-enabled comprehensive characterization of toxin genes will facilitate development of effective humanized recombinant antivenom. we report a de novo near-chromosomal genome assembly of naja naja, the indian cobra, a highly venomous, medically important snake. our assembly has a scaffold n50 of 223.35 mb, with 19 scaffolds containing 95% of the genome. of the 23,248 predicted ... | 2020 | 31907489 |
| can the methanolic extract of andrographis paniculata be used as a supplement to anti-snake venom to normalize hemostatic parameters: a thromboelastographic study. | the whole plant (including leaves and roots) is used in traditional ayurveda and siddha medicine to treat various clinical conditions such as fever, respiratory tract infections, colic pain, liver disorders, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation. it is also used as an antidote for snake-bite, poisonous bites of insects and recommended as a dietary supplement to boost immunity. | 2020 | 31857127 |
| exploring the potent inhibitors and binding modes of phospholipase a2 through in silico investigation. | snake venom of naja naja comprises of several types of enzymes, and among them, water-soluble proteolytic enzyme, phospholipase a2 (pla2), is noteworthy for its numerous adverse effects, such as cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hemolytic, anti-coagulant, and hypotensive effects, including being highly potent as a neurotoxin. limited anti-venom therapy (with their lower efficacy) has attracted considerable pharmacological interest to develop potent inhibitors of pla2. thus, 34 experimentally proven ... | 2020 | 31607222 |
| green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using indian male fern (dryopteris cochleata), operational parameters, characterization and bioactivity on naja naja venom neutralization. | snakebite is considered as one of the acute severe medical problems across the world. snake venoms composed of various group of toxins, enzymes and non-toxic enzymes. phospholipases a2 present in naja naja snake venom plays a significant role in lipid signalling and contributes to different inflammation in the human body. dryopteris cochleata rhizomes have antioxidant, antimicrobial property and used to treat lesions, gonorrhoea, sores, muscular pain, rheumatic and also useful in dog and snake b ... | 2020 | 33178431 |
| development of a treatment protocol for cobra (naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs. | there is limited information on clinical profiles, treatment, and management aspects of indian cobra (naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs in sri lanka. dogs with cobra bites presented to the veterinary teaching hospital (vth), university of peradeniya, were prospectively studied over a period of 72 months; local and systemic clinical manifestations and hematological abnormalities were recorded. we studied 116 cobra bite envenomings in dogs. a grading system was established using a combination of ... | 2020 | 33147770 |
| anti-snake venom and methanolic extract of andrographis paniculata: a multipronged strategy to neutralize naja naja venom acetylcholinesterase and hyaluronidase. | the study investigates the ability of methanolic extract of andrographis paniculata (map) to supplement polyvalent anti-snake venom (asv) in inhibiting neurotoxic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ache) and 'spreading factor' hyaluronidase from naja naja (n.n) venom. ache and hyaluronidase activity were measured in 100 or 200 µg of crude venom, respectively, and designated as 'control'. in test group i, enzyme assays were performed immediately after the addition of asv/map/asv + map to the venom. inh ... | 2020 | 33083200 |
| a unique snake venom neuritogenesis mechanism: a cornerstone in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases?: an editorial highlight for "transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analyses reveal a novel neuritogenesis mechanism of naja naja venom α-elapitoxin post binding to trka receptor of rat pheochromocytoma cells" on https:/doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15153. | neurodegenerative diseases are a worldwide health problem and are a major cause of death and disability. a progressive loss of defined neuronal populations is triggered by a diverse array of stimuli that converge in deficient neurotrophic signaling. therefore, much effort has been placed in recent years in the characterization of the molecular mechanisms associated with the structure and function of neurotrophins, its receptors, signaling strategies, and their target genes. this editorial highli ... | 2020 | 33075150 |
| naja naja (indian cobra). | 2020 | 32768150 | |
| in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of tabernaemontana alternifolia against naja naja venom. | tabernaemontana alternifolia root is traditionally used and practiced among few indian tribes as an antidote for snakebites. | 2020 | 32550800 |
| quantitative proteomics to reveal the composition of southern india spectacled cobra (naja naja) venom and its immunological cross-reactivity towards commercial antivenom. | indian cobra (naja naja) envenomation is frequently reported across indian subcontinent. geographical differences in the venom composition of a particular species of snake often leads to inconsistencies in the antivenom neutralization. consequently, determining the venom proteome from every locale is necessary for the production of effective antivenom. in this study, we deciphered the proteome composition of n. naja venom (nnv) from southern india (si) by label-free quantitative proteomics that ... | 2020 | 32439440 |
| demographic analyses of marine and terrestrial snakes (elapidae) using whole genome sequences. | the question of whether spatial aspects of evolution differ in marine versus terrestrial realms has endured since ernst mayr's 1954 essay on marine speciation. marine systems are often suggested to support larger and more highly connected populations, but quantitative comparisons with terrestrial systems have been lacking. here, we compared the population histories of marine and terrestrial elapid snakes using the pairwise sequentially markovian coalescent (psmc) model to track historical fluctu ... | 2020 | 33170980 |
| targeting tgf-β-mediated smad signaling pathway via novel recombinant cytotoxin ii: a potent protein from naja naja oxiana venom in melanoma. | since the current treatments have not resulted in the desired outcomes for melanoma patients, there is a need to identify more effective medications. together with other snake venom proteins, cytotoxin-ii has shown promising results in tumoral cells. in this study, recombinant cytotoxin-ii (rctii) was expressed in shuffle® t7 express cells, while the epitope mapping of rctii was performed to reveal the antibody-binding regions of rctii. the mtt (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoli ... | 2020 | 33167431 |
| the effect of naja naja oxiana snake venom against leishmania tropica confirmed by advanced assays. | the aim of this study was to explore the activity of naja naja oxiana venom on leishmania tropica and its modes of action. | 2020 | 33159262 |
| proteomic investigations of two pakistani naja snake venoms species unravel the venom complexity, posttranslational modifications, and presence of extracellular vesicles. | latest advancement of omics technologies allows in-depth characterization of venom compositions. in the present work we present a proteomic study of two snake venoms of the genus naja i.e., naja naja (black cobra) and naja oxiana (brown cobra) of pakistani origin. the present study has shown that these snake venoms consist of a highly diversified proteome. furthermore, the data also revealed variation among closely related species. high throughput mass spectrometric analysis of the venom proteom ... | 2020 | 33105837 |
| functional venomics of the big-4 snakes of pakistan. | in south asia, the "big-4" venomous snakes naja naja, bungarus caeruleus, daboia russelii, and echis carinatus are so-called because they are the most medically important snakes in the region. antivenom is the only effective treatment option for snakebite envenoming but antivenom is not produced domestically in pakistan making the country reliant on polyvalent products imported from india and saudi arabia. the present study investigated the toxin composition and activity of the venoms of pakista ... | 2020 | 32173354 |
| the anti-rabies activity of caspian cobra venom. | rabies is acute encephalitis that continuously kills thousands of people annually. there is no clinical cure for rabies so far and its prevention is limited to sero-vaccinations based on standard who protocols. certain compounds such as snake venoms contain active biological components with tendency toward acetylcholine receptors and ion channels at the cell surface. these compounds then are able to reduce aggregation of the virus in neuromuscular junction that may lead to inhibit the virus acti ... | 2020 | 32818494 |
| expression and characterization of a novel recombinant cytotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana venom: a potential treatment for breast cancer. | breast cancer (bc) is among the leading causes of mortality from cancer in women. many of the available anticancer drugs have various side effects. therefore, researchers are seeking novel anticancer agents particularly from natural compounds and in this regard, snake venom is still one of the main sources of drug discovery. previous studies showed potential anticancer effects of cytotoxin ii (ctii) from naja naja oxiana against the different types of cancers. in this study, a pet-sumo-ctii vect ... | 2020 | 32562730 |
| analysis of the active fraction of iranian naja naja oxiana snake venom on the metabolite profiles of the malaria parasite by 1hnmr in vitro. | malaria is an important parasitic disease with high morbidity and mortality in tropical areas. resistance to most antimalarial drugs has encouraged the development of new drugs including natural products. venom is a complex mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients. the purpose of this study was to investigate the antimalarial activity of purified fractions of naja naja oxiana. | 2020 | 32489569 |
| kinome scale profiling of venom effects on cancer cells reveals potential new venom activities. | the search for novel and relevant cancer therapeutics is continuous and ongoing. cancer adaptations, resulting in therapeutic treatment failures, fuel this continuous necessity for new drugs to novel targets. recently, researchers have started to investigate the effect of venoms and venom components on different types of cancer, investigating their mechanisms of action. receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks) comprise a family of highly conserved and functionally important druggable targets for cancer ... | 2020 | 32682827 |
| the fraction of the snake venom, its leishmanicidal effect, and the stim-ulation of an anti-leishmania response in infected macrophages. | due to the lack of an effective vaccine and complexity of the control measures against vectors and reservoir hosts, the control of leishmaniasis depends primarily on chemotherapy. this study was aimed to assess the snake venom, naja naja oxiana fraction 11(nnov-f11) on l. infantum and its broad mode of action. | 2020 | 33176669 |
| the in vitro study of anti-leishmanial effect of naja naja oxiana snake venom on leishmania major | although a majority of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) arehealed with glucantime chemotherapy, the increased drug resistance rate following its application isa concern. in this study, naja naja oxiana crude venom of cobra snakes was used for the first timeas an assembled combination of bioactive pharmaceutical components on leishmania major (l.major) standard strain. | 2020 | 31903885 |
| species-specific and geographical variation in venom composition of two major cobras in indian subcontinent: impact on polyvalent antivenom therapy. | while snakebite is a severe problem for several countries throughout the world the indian subcontinent has witnessed the highest global incidence of snakebite which represents an occupational health hazard. belonging to the family elapidae, the indian spectacled cobra (naja naja), is one of the members of the "big four" venomous snakes found throughout the indian subcontinent. indian monocled cobra naja kaouthia is prevalent in eastern and north-eastern india as well as in bangladesh, nepal, and ... | 2020 | 33127373 |
| an in vitro α-neurotoxin-nachr binding assay correlates with lethality and in vivo neutralization of a large number of elapid neurotoxic snake venoms from four continents. | the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for use in place of in vivo assays of snake venom lethality and antivenom neutralizing potency. a novel in vitro assay has been developed based on the binding of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), and the ability of antivenoms to prevent this binding. the assay gave high correlation in previous studies with the in vivo murine lethality tests (median lethal dose, ld50), and the neutralization o ... | 2020 | 32857757 |
| enzyme immunoassays for detection and quantification of venoms of sri lankan snakes: application in the clinical setting. | detection and quantification of snake venom in envenomed patients' blood is important for identifying the species responsible for the bite, determining administration of antivenom, confirming whether sufficient antivenom has been given, detecting recurrence of envenoming, and in forensic investigation. currently, snake venom detection is not available in clinical practice in sri lanka. this study describes the development of enzyme immunoassays (eia) to differentiate and quantify venoms of russe ... | 2020 | 33017411 |
| mass spectrometric analysis to unravel the venom proteome composition of indian snakes: opening new avenues in clinical research. | the 'big four' venomous snakes - daboia russelii, naja naja, bungarus caeruleus, and echis carinatus - are primarily responsible for the majority of snake envenomation in india. several other lesser-known venomous snake species also inflict severe envenomation in the country. | 2020 | 32579411 |