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mice drinking goji berry juice (lycium barbarum) are protected from uv radiation-induced skin damage via antioxidant pathways.the goji berry, lycium barbarum, has long been recognised in traditional chinese medicine for various therapeutic properties based on its antioxidant and immune-modulating effects. this study describes the potential for orally consumed goji berry juice to alter the photodamage induced in the skin of mice by acute solar simulated uv (ssuv) irradiation. in skh:hr-1 hairless mice, 5% goji berry juice significantly reduced the inflammatory oedema of the sunburn reaction. dilutions of goji berry juic ...201020354657
detection of european mountain ash ringspot-associated virus-specific rna and protein p3 in the pear leaf blister mite phytoptus pyri (eriophyidae).the means by which european mountain ash ringspot-associated virus (emarav), a minus-strand ssrna virus and the type member of the genus emaravirus, is naturally spread, is unknown. in attempts to identify an emarav vector, galls induced by the eriophyid mite phytoptus pyri were frequently found on infected leaves. by immunofluorescence microscopy, the presence of emarav nucleocapsid protein p3 was demonstrated in p. pyri individuals collected from diseased plants. furthermore, rt-pcr analysis o ...201020401694
determination of the folate content in cladodes of nopal (opuntia ficus indica) by microbiological assay utilizing lactobacillus casei (atcc 7469) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.prickly pear cactus has been an important food source in mexico since ancient times due to its economical and ecological benefits and potential nutraceutical value. nevertheless, studies on the nutritional aspects and health benefits have been scarce. the purpose of this study was to assess, apparently for the first time, the folate contents of cladodes of nopal by a microbiological assay, using lactobacillus casei (atcc 7469) in extracts that were enzymatically treated to release the bound vita ...201020441169
blood parasites of mound-building mouse, mus spicilegus petényi, 1882 (mammalia, rodentia).mound-building mice, mus spicilegus, were studied for the blood parasites in eastern slovakia, vicinity kechnec village near kosice town (kosická kotlina basin, 21 degrees 14' e, 48 degrees 33' n) during years 2002-2005. overall, 251 specimens were examined. the parasites were detected using microhematokrit centrifugation technique and on the giemsa's method stained blood smears and light microscopy. the parasites were found in 3.57% of specimens; 1.20% of mice were infected with bartonella sp., ...201020450010
virulence characteristics accounting for fire blight disease severity in apple trees and seedlings.the gram-negative bacterium erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, the most destructive bacterial disease of rosaceous plants, including apple and pear. here, we compared the virulence levels of six e. amylovora strains (ea273, cfbp1367, ea581a, e2002a, e4001a, and hkn06p1) on apple trees and seedlings. the strains produced a range of disease severity, with hkn06p1 producing the greatest disease severity in every assay. we then compared virulence characteristic expression among th ...201020465409
inhibition of the mechanical activity of mouse ileum by cactus pear (opuntia ficus indica, l, mill.) fruit extract and its pigment indicaxanthin.we investigated, using an organ bath technique, the effects of a hydrophilic extract from opuntia ficus indica fruit pulp (cactus fruit extract, cfe) on the motility of mouse ileum, and researched the extract component(s) responsible for the observed responses. cfe (10-320 mg of fresh fruit pulp equivalents/ml of organ bath) reduced dose-dependently the spontaneous contractions. this effect was unaffected by tetrodotoxin, a neuronal blocker, n(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide ...201020518499
genome comparison of the epiphytic bacteria erwinia billingiae and e. tasmaniensis with the pear pathogen e. pyrifoliae.the genus erwinia includes plant-associated pathogenic and non-pathogenic enterobacteria. important pathogens such as erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight and e. pyrifoliae causing bacterial shoot blight of pear in asia belong to this genus. the species e. tasmaniensis and e. billingiae are epiphytic bacteria and may represent antagonists for biocontrol of fire blight. the presence of genes that are putatively involved in virulence in e. amylovora and e. pyrifoliae is of special ...201020565991
[hypoglycemic effect of extracts of cactus pear fruit polysaccharide in rats].to study the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of the extracts of cactus pear fruit polysaccharide (cpfp) in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (stz).201020575420
clostridium arbusti sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from pear orchard soil.an obligately anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterial strain, designated sl206(t), was isolated from pear orchard soils. strain sl206(t) cells were straight or slightly curved rods, with motility by peritrichate flagella. cell walls contained meso-diaminopimelic acid; wall sugars were glucose, rhamnose and mannose. the major fatty acids were c(16 : 0), c(18 : 1)omega9c and summed feature 10 (containing c(18 : 1)omega11c/9t/6t). api 20a reactions were negative for oxidase, catalase and ...201019915114
plasma vegf determination in disseminated lymphangiomatosis-gorham-stout syndrome: a marker of activity? a case report with a 5-year follow-up.disseminated lymphangiomatosis and gorham-stout disease are being considered as two forms of a single rare disease, characterized by a proliferation of lymphatic vessels, triggered by lymphangiogenic factors. there is no biological marker of the disease. plasma vegf might be a useful tool since the recent demonstration of its pivotal role in the mechanism of this disease. a 45-year-old woman with a history of disseminated lymphangiomatosis involving mediastinum, retroperitoneum, spleen and syste ...201019931435
purification and biochemical characterization of polygalacturonase produced by penicillium expansum during postharvest decay of 'anjou' pear.a polygalacturonase (pg) was extracted and purified from decayed tissue of 'anjou' pear fruit inoculated with penicillium expansum. ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and cation exchange chromatography were used to purify the enzyme. both chromatographic methods revealed a single peak corresponding to pg activity. pg enzyme activity from healthy and wounded pear tissue was undetectable, which supports the claim that the purified pg is of fungal origin. the purified enzyme had a mole ...201019968548
gorham-stout syndrome: a rare clinical entity and review of literature.gorham-stout syndrome is a very rare bone condition of unknown etiology. it is characterized by the spontaneous onset of bone resorption. bones that previously appeared normal begin to resorb, partially or completely. sometimes only a thin shell of cortical bone remains, and there is usually a little replacement by fibrous tissue. this process can continue for years but may stop spontaneously. bone loss can occur in one bone or spread to soft tissue and adjacent bones. although the disease may s ...201019969488
proteomic analysis of alternaria alternata (fr.) keissler responds to cos fumigation.carbonyl sulfide (cos) is a new fumigant which has been a potential alternative to methyl bromide and phosphine in many applications. in this study, we investigated the fungitoxicity of cos towards the pathogen of pear black spot disease alternaria alternata (fr.) keissler (a. alternata). moreover, proteomic analysis and rt-pcr was performed and our results showed that during the fumigation, the regulation of 21 proteins in protein expression and mrna accumulation levels is involved, which respo ...201020036892
paramphistomum cervi: surface topography of the tegument of adult fluke.adult paramphistomum cervi or rumen fluke are pear-shaped, slightly concave ventrally and convex dorsally. the worm measures about 5-13 mm in length and 2-5 mm in width across the mid-section. as observed by scanning electron microscopy (sem), the tegumental surface in all part of the body, appears highly corrugated with transverse folds alternating with grooves and is spineless. at high magnification, the surface of the fold is composed of microfolds or ridges separated by microgrooves or pits. ...201020045698
identification of genes differentially expressed during interaction of resistant and susceptible apple cultivars (malus x domestica) with erwinia amylovora.the necrogenic enterobacterium, erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of the fire blight (fb) disease in many rosaceae species, including apple and pear. during the infection process, the bacteria induce an oxidative stress response with kinetics similar to those induced in an incompatible bacteria-plant interaction. no resistance mechanism to e. amylovora in host plants has yet been characterized, recent work has identified some molecular events which occur in resistant and/or susceptible host ...201020047654
complete genome sequence of the fire blight pathogen erwinia pyrifoliae dsm 12163t and comparative genomic insights into plant pathogenicity.erwinia pyrifoliae is a newly described necrotrophic pathogen, which causes fire blight on asian (nashi) pear and is geographically restricted to eastern asia. relatively little is known about its genetics compared to the closely related main fire blight pathogen e. amylovora.201020047678
transcriptional studies of the hrpm/opgh gene in pseudomonas syringae during biofilm formation and in response to different environmental challenges.pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain ff5 is a phytopathogen that causes a rapid dieback on ornamental pear trees. in the present study, the transcriptional expression of hrpm/opgh, algd, hrpr and rpod was evaluated in p. syringae ff5 and ff5.m2 (hrpm/opgh mutant). the temporal expression of these genes was evaluated during biofilm formation, the hypersensitive reaction (hr) on tobacco plants, and when the bacteria were subjected to different environmental stresses. the results indicate that ...201020132277
structure of sterol aliphatic chains affects yeast cell shape and cell fusion during mating.under mating conditions, yeast cells adopt a characteristic pear-shaped morphology, called a "shmoo," as they project a cell extension toward their mating partners. mating partners make contact at their shmoo tips, dissolve the intervening cell wall, and fuse their plasma membranes. we identified mutations in erg4, encoding the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of ergosterol biosynthesis, that impair both shmoo formation and cell fusion. upon pheromone treatment, erg4delta mutants polarized gr ...201020150508
prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing jerusalem artichoke inulin: a human intervention study.the present study aimed to determine the prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing inulin derived from jerusalem artichoke (ja). a three-arm parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was carried out with sixty-six healthy human volunteers (thirty-three men and thirty-three women, age range: 18-50 years). subjects were randomised into three groups (n 22) assigned to consume either the test shots, pear-carrot-sea buckthorn (pcs) or plum-pear-beetroot (ppb), containing ja inul ...201020187995
application of a potentiometric sensor array as a technique in sensory analysis.this paper reports on the application of a potentiometric sensor array used for monitoring changes in probiotic fermented milk during storage, classification of probiotic fermented milk according to flavor and to accurately predict the results from a human sensory panel. for that purpose the potentiometric electronic tongue consisting of seven sensors and an ag/agcl reference electrode was used. the samples of plain, strawberry, apple-pear and forest-fruit probiotic fermented milk were stored du ...201020188937
complete genome sequence of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora cfbp 1430 and comparison to other erwinia spp.fire blight, caused by the enterobacterium erwinia amylovora, is a devastating disease of rosaceous plants that has global economic importance for apple and pear production and trade. the complete genome of e. amylovora cfbp 1430 was sequenced, annotated, and compared with the genomes of other erwinia spp. several singleton and shared features of the e. amylovora cfbp 1430 genome were identified that offer a first view into evolutionary aspects within the genus erwinia. comparative genomics iden ...201020192826
complete genome sequence of the plant pathogen erwinia amylovora strain atcc 49946.erwinia amylovora causes the economically important disease fire blight that affects rosaceous plants, especially pear and apple. here we report the complete genome sequence and annotation of strain atcc 49946. the analysis of the sequence and its comparison with sequenced genomes of closely related enterobacteria revealed signs of pathoadaptation to rosaceous hosts.201020118253
diuretic and antioxidant effects of cacti-nea, a dehydrated water extract from prickly pear fruit, in rats.dehydrated extract of the prickly pear fruit opuntia ficus indica, cacti-nea, was evaluated for its chronic diuretic and antioxidant effects in wistar rats. cacti-nea was orally administered daily for seven days at the dose of 240 mg/kg/day. a positive group was orally treated with hydrochlorothiazide at the dose of 10 mg/kg/day and a control group with vehicle. daily measurements of body weight, urine volume, and concentration of sodium, potassium and uric acid in urine were performed for each ...201019777503
erwinia piriflorinigrans sp. nov., a novel pathogen that causes necrosis of pear blossoms.eight erwinia strains, isolated from necrotic pear blossoms in valència, spain, were compared with reference strains of erwinia amylovora and erwinia pyrifoliae, both of which are pathogenic to species of pear tree, and to other species of the family enterobacteriaceae using a polyphasic approach. phenotypic analyses clustered the novel isolates into one phenon, distinct from other species of the genus erwinia, showing that the novel isolates constituted a homogeneous phenotypic group. rep-pcr p ...201120382791
sequence diversity and potential recombination events in the coat protein gene of apple stem pitting virus.the variability of the apple stem pitting virus (aspv) coat protein (cp) gene was investigated. the cp gene of ten virus isolates from apple and pear trees was sequenced. comparison of all sequenced virus isolates revealed high diversity of the cp gene (70.7-93.5% at the nucleotide level and 77.8-98.7% at the amino acid level). additionally, one or two deletions in the n-terminal part of the coat protein gene of the studied virus isolates were identified. the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous ...201121402110
bacteriological quality of foods and water sold by vendors and in restaurants in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria: a comparative study of three microbiological methods.bacterial count in prepared food or water is a key factor in assessing the quality and safety of food. it also reveals the level of hygiene adopted by food handlers in the course of preparation of such foods. this comparative study evaluated the bacteriological quality of food and water consumed in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria, using three bacteria enumeration methods. data obtained are assumed to reflect the level of personal and environmental hygiene in the study population. ten types of foods ...201122283029
mineral and heavy metal contents of the outer and inner tissues of commonly used fruits.the rate of heavy metal pollution in some minor fruit samples growing at roadsides in turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (icp-aes). the mineral contents of samples were found to be different depending on the several parts citrus fruits. the highest minor and heavy metal levels for citrus fruits were determined between 17.24 and 45.30 mg/kg boron, 2.08 and 15.05 mg/kg copper, 1.01 and 16.00 mg/kg iron and 2.35 and 9.87 mg/kg zinc. boron content range ...201121409363
re-evaluation of pathogens causing valsa canker on apple in china.valsa canker is a destructive disease on apple that causes serious economic losses in eastern asia. in the present study fungal isolates from cankered apple and pear bark were examined and compared with morphology and rdna-its sequences. valsa mali was confirmed to be an independent species and a causal pathogen of valsa canker on apple and pear in china. it was the predominant species (96.7% of isolates) on apple and was complemented by v. malicola (3.3% of isolates). significant intraspecific ...201121415290
iron homeostasis and fire blight susceptibility in transgenic pear plants overexpressing a pea ferritin gene.the bacterial pathogen erwinia amylovora causes the devastating disease known as fire blight in some rosaceous plants including apple and pear. one of the pathogenicity factors affecting fire blight development is the production of a siderophore, desferrioxamine, which overcomes the limiting conditions in plant tissues and also protects bacteria against active oxygen species. in this paper we examine the effect of an iron chelator protein encoded by the pea ferritin gene on the fire blight susce ...201121421420
the hrpn effector of erwinia amylovora, which is involved in type iii translocation, contributes directly or indirectly to callose elicitation on apple leaves.erwinia amylovora is responsible for fire blight of apple and pear trees. its pathogenicity depends on a type iii secretion system (t3ss) mediating the translocation of effectors into the plant cell. the dspa/e effector suppresses callose deposition on apple leaves. we found that e. amylovora and pseudomonas syringae dc3000 tts mutants or peptide flg22 do not trigger callose deposition as strongly as the dspa/e mutant on apple leaves. this suggests that, on apple leaves, callose deposition is po ...201121463207
eop1 from a rubus strain of erwinia amylovora functions as a host-range limiting factor.strains of erwinia amylovora, the bacterium causing the disease fire blight of rosaceous plants, are separated into two groups based on host range: spiraeoideae and rubus strains. spiraeoideae strains have wide host ranges, infecting plants in many rosaceous genera, including apples and pears. in the field, rubus strains infect the genus rubus exclusively, which includes raspberries and blackberries. based on comparisons of limited sequence data from a rubus and a spiraeoideae strain, the gene e ...201121469934
comparative study of hops-containing products on human cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism.the potential for 15 different ales (6), ciders (2 apple and 1 pear), and porters (6) and 2 non-alcoholic products to affect cytochrome p450 (cyp)-mediated biotransformation and p-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of rhodamine was examined. as in our previous study, a wide range of recovered nonvolatile suspended solids dry weights were noted. aliquots were also found to have varying effects on biotransformation and efflux. distinct differences in product ability to affect the safety and efficacy of ...201121476568
temporal dynamics of the arthropod community in pear orchards intercropped with aromatic plants.background: increasing attention has been paid to enhancing biological control through habitat management in agricultural systems for enhanced pest management. pest management benefits can be realised by intercropping, which can increase natural enemy abundance and, in turn, reduce pest abundance. in this study, the composition and temporal dynamics of arthropod communities in pear orchards when intercropped with aromatic plants were investigated, and the effectiveness and applicability of aroma ...201121480464
comparing the genetic structure of codling moth cydia pomonella (l.) from greece and france: long distance gene-flow in a sedentary pest species.codling moth cydia pomonella l. (lepidoptera: tortricidae) is the most important insect pest of apple production in europe. despite the economic importance of this pest, there is not information about the genetic structure of its population in greece and the patterns of gene-flow which might affect the success of control programs. in this study, we analysed nine samples from apple, pear and walnut from various regions of mainland greece using 11 microsatellite loci. six samples from the aforemen ...201122032419
vermouth technology of production and quality characteristics.the aperitif wine, known as vermouth, is primarily prepared by adding a mixture of herbs and spices or their extract to a base wine. as such, it could also be called aromatized liquor, or a fortified wine. various plant parts, such as seeds, wood, leaves, bark, or roots in dry form can be used in flavoring. these additives may be infused, macerated, or distilled in a base white wine, or added at various stages of preparation. the final liquid is filtered, pasteurized, and fortified (by the addit ...201121867897
polarized growth in fungi: symmetry breaking and hyphal formation.cell shape is a critical determinant for function. the baker's yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae changes shape in response to its environment, growing by budding in rich nutrients, forming invasive pseudohyphal filaments in nutrient poor conditions and pear shaped shmoos for growth towards a partner during mating. the human opportunistic pathogen candida albicans can switch from budding to hyphal growth, in response to numerous environmental stimuli to colonize and invade its host. hyphal growth, t ...201121906692
the mycotoxin, patulin, increases the expression of pxr and ahr and their target cytochrome p450s in primary cultured human hepatocytes.the mycotoxin, patulin (pat), which is frequently found in apples, grapes, oranges, pear, peaches, and in apple juices, has previously been shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. in this study, we have investigated the effect of pat on mrna level of pregnane x receptor (pxr), constitutive androstane receptor (car), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr), and their corresponding target cytochrome p450s. using primary cultures of adult human hepatocytes, we evaluated pat cytotoxicity on hepatoc ...201121939362
use of a multivariate approach to assess the incidence of alicyclobacillus spp. in concentrate fruit juices marketed in argentina: results of a 14-year survey.the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of alicyclobacillus spp. in fruit/vegetable juices (concentrated pulps and clarified and non-clarified juices) marketed in argentina between 1996 and 2009. the presence of alicyclobacillus was determined in a total of 8556 samples of fruit and vegetable juices (apple, pear, grape, peach, blend of juices, tangerine, pineapple, orange, mango, plum, guava, apricot, lemon, banana, kiwi, carrot, strawberry, grapefruit, and beetroot) collected i ...201121962940
hopx1 in erwinia amylovora functions as an avirulence protein in apple and is regulated by hrpl.fire blight is a devastating disease of rosaceous plants caused by the gram-negative bacterium erwinia amylovora. this pathogen delivers virulence proteins into host cells utilizing the type iii secretion system (t3ss). expression of the t3ss and of translocated and secreted substrates is activated by the alternative sigma factor hrpl, which recognizes hrp box promoters upstream of regulated genes. a collection of hidden markov model (hmm) profiles was used to identify putative hrp boxes in the ...201122123252
development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay applied to the botrytis cinerea quantification in tissues of postharvest fruits.botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for the disease known as gray mold, which causes substantial losses of fruits at postharvest. this fungus is present often as latent infection and an apparently healthy fruit can deteriorate suddenly due to the development of this infection. for this reason, rapid and sensitive methods are necessary for its detection and quantification. this article describes the development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eli ...201121970317
effect of several different pollens on the bio-ecological parameters of the predatory mite typhlodromus athenas swirski and ragusa (acari: phytoseiidae).the development, survivorship, and reproduction of the predacious mite typhlodromus athenas swirski and ragusa were studied in the laboratory by rearing the predator on nine different plant pollens [almond(prunus amygdalis batsch), apple (malus domestica borkh.), apricot (prunus armeniaca l.), cherry (prunus avium l.), pear (pyrus communis l.), plum (prunus domestica l.), walnut (juglans regia l.), olive (olea europaea l.), typha sp.], and pollen collected from bee hives. all experiments were c ...201122251637
from the cover: neuroanatomical dissociation for taxonomic and thematic knowledge in the human brain.it is thought that semantic memory represents taxonomic information differently from thematic information. this study investigated the neural basis for the taxonomic-thematic distinction in a unique way. we gathered picture-naming errors from 86 individuals with poststroke language impairment (aphasia). error rates were determined separately for taxonomic errors ("pear" in response to apple) and thematic errors ("worm" in response to apple), and their shared variance was regressed out of each me ...201121540329
[promoting effect of chlamydia pneumoniae infection on human laryngeal carcinoma hep-2 cell adhesion and migration].to explore the effect of chlamydia pneumoniae (c.pn) infection on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line hep-2 cell adhesion and migration, to further clarify the role and mechanism of c.pn infection in tumor metastasis.201121575458
phenotypic plasticity of stem water potential correlates with crop load in horticultural trees.conceptual models accounting for the influence of source:sink ratio on water relations of trees are theoretically relevant from a physiological perspective and practically important for irrigation scheduling. midday stem water potential of horticultural trees often declines with increasing crop load but the actual response depends on environmental, management and plant factors. here we advance a quantitative synthesis of the response of stem water potential to crop load from the perspective of p ...201121636690
headspace-single drop microextraction (hs-sdme) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) to evaluate the content of alkyl- and methoxy-phenolic compounds in biomass smoke.the content of ten phenolic compounds present in four different biomass smoke materials: rock rose (cistus monpelienisis), prickly pear (opuntia ficus indica), pine needles (pinus canariensis), and almonds skin (prunus dulcis), have been evaluated. the sampling method mainly consisted of a trap alkaline solution to solubilize the phenols, and was optimized by an experimental design. average sampling efficiencies of 78.1% and an average precision value of 10.6% (as relative standard deviation, rs ...201121807181
stylet penetration of cacopsylla pyri; an electrical penetration graph (epg) study.detailed information on plant penetration activities by pear psylla cacopsylla pyri l. (hemiptera psyllidae) is essential to study phytoplasma transmission of "candidatus phytoplasma pyri" responsible of pear decline disease (pd) and to trace and evaluate resistant traits in new pear tree selections for advanced breeding programs. the electrical penetration graph technique or (full) epg may relevantly contribute to this knowledge. c. pyri epg waveforms were characterized on basis of amplitude, f ...201121802423
molecular and physiological properties of bacteriophages from north america and germany affecting the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora.for possible control of fire blight affecting apple and pear trees, we characterized erwinia amylovora phages from north america and germany. the genome size determined by electron microscopy (em) was confirmed by sequence data and major coat proteins were identified from gel bands by mass spectroscopy. by their morphology from em data, fea1h and fea100 were assigned to the podoviridae and fea104 and fea116 to the myoviridae. host ranges were essentially confined to e. amylovora, strains of the ...201121791029
genetic characterization of the hrpl regulon of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora reveals novel virulence factors.the bacterial pathogen erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, an economically significant disease of apple and pear. disease initiation by e.ôçâamylovora requires the translocation of effector proteins into host cells via the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type iii secretion system (t3ss). the alternative sigma factor hrpl positively regulates the transcription of structural and translocated components of the t3ss via hrp promoter elements. to characterize genome- ...201121831138
erwinia uzenensis sp. nov., a novel pathogen that affects european pear trees (pyrus communis l.).bacteria were isolated from black lesions on shoots of european pear (pyrus communis) trees in an orchard in japan this novel pathogen has been characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods, which suggested that it should belong to the genus erwinia but might not correspond to either erwinia amylovora or erwinia pyrifoliae (mizuno et al., 2010). the phylogenetic analyses of the 16s rdna, gyrb and rpod sequences indicated that it could not be assigned to any regognized species of the genus. d ...201121986725
erwinia amylovora novel plasmid pei70: complete sequence, biogeography, and role in aggressiveness in the fire blight phytopathogen.comparative genomics of several strains of erwinia amylovora, a plant pathogenic bacterium causal agent of fire blight disease, revealed that its diversity is primarily attributable to the flexible genome comprised of plasmids. we recently identified and sequenced in full a novel 65.8 kb plasmid, called pei70. annotation revealed a lack of known virulence-related genes, but found evidence for a unique integrative conjugative element related to that of other plant and human pathogens. comparative ...201122174857
giant gallstone: a case report.introduction: there is a high incidence of gallstones in the chilean population. presentation of case: we report on a 57-year-old man who complained of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. abdominal ultrasound indicated acute cholecystitis and a single, extremely large pear-shaped gallstone (16.8 cm long, and 7.8 cm at its widest point and 4.1 cm at its narrowest point). its fresh weight (at operation) was 278.0 g and, after 4 years, its dry weight was 259.5 g. emergency classical cholec ...201122096735
genetic analysis of streptomycin-resistant (sm(r)) strains of erwinia amylovora suggests that dissemination of two genotypes is responsible for the current distribution of sm(r) e. amylovora in michigan.streptomycin-resistant (sm(r)) strains of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora were first isolated in southwest michigan in 1991. since that time, resistant strains have progressed northward to other apple-producing regions in the state. a total of 98.7% of sm(r) strains isolated between 2003 and 2009 in michigan harbored the stra-strb genes on transposon tn5393. stra and strb encode phosphotransferase enzymes that modify streptomycin to a nonbactericidal form. mutational resistance to str ...201120923367
evaluation of kasugamycin for fire blight management, effect on nontarget bacteria, and assessment of kasugamycin resistance potential in erwinia amylovora.the emergence and spread of streptomycin-resistant strains of erwinia amylovora in michigan has necessitated the evaluation of new compounds effective for fire blight control. the aminoglycoside antibiotic kasugamycin (ks) targets the bacterial ribosome and is particularly active against e. amylovora. the efficacy of ks formulated as kasumin 2l for control of fire blight was evaluated in six experiments conducted over four field seasons in our experimental orchards in east lansing, mi. blossom b ...201120923369
human motion tracking by temporal-spatial local gaussian process experts.human pose estimation via motion tracking systems can be considered as a regression problem within a discriminative framework. it is always a challenging task to model the mapping from observation space to state space because of the high-dimensional characteristic in the multimodal conditional distribution. in order to build the mapping, existing techniques usually involve a large set of training samples in the learning process which are limited in their capability to deal with multimodality. we ...201120851794
characterization of the rcsc sensor kinase from erwinia amylovora and other enterobacteria.rcsc is a hybrid sensor kinase which contains a sensor domain, a histidine kinase domain, and a receiver domain. we have previously demonstrated that, although the erwinia amylovora rcsc mutant produces more amylovoran than the wild-type (wt) strain in vitro, the mutant remains nonpathogenic on both immature pear fruit and apple plants. in this study, we have comparatively characterized the erwinia rcsc and its homologs from various enterobacteria. results demonstrate that expression of the erwi ...201121261468
ordinary glomeruli in the antennal lobe of male and female tortricid moth grapholita molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) process sex pheromone and host-plant volatiles.both sexes of grapholita molesta, a key pest of stone fruits, are able to detect host-plant volatiles and the sex pheromone emitted by females, and to modify their behaviour accordingly. how olfactory information is processed in the central nervous system is unknown. intracellular recordings and stainings were used to characterize antennal lobe (al) neuron responses to single pheromone components, a behaviourally active blend of five peach volatiles and a pear-fruit ester. al neurons with differ ...201121270313
ultrasonographic characterization of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in goats.to characterize the localization, visible extent (ie, measurement of selected dimensions), and appearance of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder during ultrasonography in healthy goats.201121281196
improvement of the efficacy of linear undecapeptides against plant-pathogenic bacteria by incorporation of d-amino acids.a set of 31 undecapeptides, incorporating 1 to 11 d-amino acids and derived from the antimicrobial peptide bp100 (kklfkkilkyl-nh(2)), was designed and synthesized. this set was evaluated for inhibition of growth of the plant-pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, hemolysis, and protease degradation. two derivatives were as active as bp100, and 10 peptides displayed improved activity, with the all-d isomer being the mo ...201121335383
oxidative stress responses and root lignification induced by fe deficiency conditions in pear and quince genotypes.we analysed pyrus communis cv. conference and cydonia oblonga ba29, differently tolerant to lime-induced chlorosis, to identify the key mechanisms involved in their different performance under fe deficiency induced by the absence of fe (-fe) or by the presence of bicarbonate (+febic). under our experimental conditions, a decrease in root elongation was observed in ba29 under bicarbonate supply. superoxide dismutase (sod) and peroxidase (pod) activities were analysed and the relative isoforms wer ...201121389006
determination of dodine in fruit samples by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.a rapid and sensitive lc/electrospray ionization-ms/ms method has been developed for the determination of dodine in fruit samples. based on a liquid-liquid extraction of 10 g solid fruit homogenate using an acetone-dichloromethane-hexane mixture and acetate ammonium buffer (ph 4.5), this lc/ms/ms procedure was characterized by recoveries above 50%, with good intra-assay precision (rsd < 13%) and interassay precision (rsd < 18%) for seven different matrixes (apple, apricot, cherry, peach, pear, p ...201121391507
nutritive value and chemical composition of prickly pear seeds (opuntia ficus indica l.) growing in turkey.the proximate composition and physico-chemical properties (moisture, crude lipid, crude protein, ash, and crude fiber, peroxide value, saponification value, acidity, relative density and refractive index) of prickly pear seed and corresponding oil were determined. the mineral contents (ca, cu, fe, k, mg, na, p, mn and zn) of samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. minerals determined were: calcium 471.2-ámg/kg, potassium 532.7-ámg/kg, magnesium 117.3-ámg ...201121391790
horizontal gene and chromosome transfer in plant pathogenic fungi affecting host range.plant pathogenic fungi adapt quickly to changing environments including overcoming plant disease resistance genes. this is usually achieved by mutations in single effector genes of the pathogens, enabling them to avoid recognition by the host plant. in addition, horizontal gene transfer (hgt) and horizontal chromosome transfer (hct) provide a means for pathogens to broaden their host range. recently, several reports have appeared in the literature on hgt, hct and hybridization between plant path ...201121223323
mechanistically compatible mixtures of bacterial antagonists improve biological control of fire blight of pear.mixtures of biological control agents can be superior to individual agents in suppressing plant disease, providing enhanced efficacy and reliability from field to field relative to single biocontrol strains. nonetheless, the efficacy of combinations of pseudomonas fluorescens a506, a commercial biological control agent for fire blight of pear, and pantoea vagans strain c9-1 or pantoea agglomerans strain eh252 rarely exceeds that of individual strains. a506 suppresses growth of the pathogen on fl ...201120839962
a novel sterol desaturase-like protein promoting dealkylation of phytosterols in tetrahymena thermophila.the gene ttherm_00438800 (des24) from the ciliate tetrahymena thermophila encodes a protein with three conserved histidine clusters, typical of the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily. despite its high similarity to sterol desaturase-like enzymes, the phylogenetic analysis groups des24p in a separate cluster more related to bacterial than to eukaryotic proteins, suggesting a possible horizontal gene transfer event. a somatic knockout of des24 revealed that the gene encodes a protein, des24p, whic ...201121257793
prospects and limitations of microbial pesticides for control of bacterial and fungal pomefruit tree diseases.the tree constitutes an ecosystem in which microorganisms play an essential role in its functionality. interactions that microorganisms establish with plants may be beneficial or detrimental and are of extreme importance in the exploitation of trees in agriculture as crop production systems. fruit trees, especially pomefruit trees including apple, pear and several ornamentals are of great economic importance but its production is affected by several diseases. fungal and bacterial fruit tree dise ...201125983396
growth characteristics and physiological functionality of yeasts in pear marc extracts.kluyveromyces fragilis kctc 7260 and saccharomyces cerevisiae kctc 7904, which both grew well in pear marc extract, were selected and their growth profiles and physiological functionalities were determined. both of the selected yeasts established maximal growth by 20 hr of cultivation at 30℃ in pear marc extract. the cell-free extracts showed high antihypertensive angiotensin i-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of 68.9% and 52.1%, respectively. the extracts also displayed 9.2 u/ml and 12.0 u ...201122783099
microbial ecology studies of spontaneous fermentation: starter culture selection for prickly pear wine production.a procedure for designing starter cultures for fermentation is illustrated for prickly pear wine production. the illustration includes kinetic studies on inoculated and spontaneous fermentation, microorganism identification studies based on molecular biology tools, and microbial ecology studies, which led to the selection of strains that are capable of synthesizing alcohol and desirable volatile compounds. results show that a mixed starter inoculum containing pichia fermentans and saccharomyces ...201122417507
the fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene-an overview.the process of fruit ripening is normally viewed distinctly in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. but, many fruits such as guava, melon, japanese plum, asian pear and pepper show climacteric as well as non-climacteric behaviour depending on the cultivar or genotype. investigations on in planta levels of co2 and ethylene at various stages of fruits during ripening supported the role and involvement of changes in the rate of respiration and ethylene production in non-climacteric fruits such a ...201123572821
diversity of apple mosaic virus isolates in india based on coat protein and movement protein genes.apple mosaic virus (apmv), an ilarvirus is one of the most common pathogens of apple worldwide. during field surveys in commercial plantations of himachal pradesh and jammu & kashmir, observations of bright chlorotic mosaic like symptoms on apple trees indicated probable infection by the virus, which was later detected by double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa). an incidence of 24 and 28% (based on elisa) was obtained as 6/25 and 15/53 samples from hp and j&k were ...201123637501
divisional morphogenesis in bakuella pampinaria nov. spec, and reevaluation of the classification of the urostylids (ciliophora, hypotrichida).a new hypotrichous ciliare, bakuella pampinaria nov. spec, colonizing vineleaf and pear-tree litter, is described. bakuella pampinaria differs from the other species of the genus by having distinct rows of yellowish cortical granules. several morphogenetic differences separate bakuella pampinaria from bakuella edaphoni and other congeners, especially in that the transverse cirri do not participate in the formation of the oral primordium. the type population of pseudourostyla cristata was reinves ...201123195347
an update on control of brown spot of pear.brown spot of pear is a fungal disease producing high economical losses in several pear-growing areas in europe. fungicide applications during the growing period either at fixed schedule or delivered according to the bspcast forecasting system are not enough to control the disease under favorable conditions. new strategies have been introduced to control the inoculum production using sanitation methods. these methods are based on combinations of leaf litter removal during winter and biological c ...201125983397
fire blight resistance of pear genotypes from different european countries.several old cultivars, and breeding clones of european pear pyrus communis l. originating from belgium, england, sweden, and switzerland were evaluated for their resistance/susceptibility to fire blight. studies were carried out during three consecutive years 2007-2009 in the greenhouse of warsaw university of life sciences, poland. strain 691 of erwinia amylovora was used for artificial infection of plants. genotypes included in this study considerably varied in their resistance to fire blight. ...201125983395
microencapsulated pear ester enhances insecticide efficacy in walnuts for codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) and navel orangeworm (lepidoptera: pyralidae).the efficacy of combining insecticides with a microencapsulated formulation of ethyl (2e,4z) -2,4-decadienoate (pear ester, pe-mec) was evaluated in walnuts, juglans regia l., for codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), and navel orangeworm, amyelois transitella walker (lepidoptera, pyralidae). two types of studies were conducted to compare the use of insecticides with and without pe-mec. in the first study, pe-mec in combination with reduced rates of insecticides, includi ...201121882697
genetic inferences about the population dynamics of codling moth females at a local scale.estimation of demographic parameters is important for understanding the functioning of natural populations and the underlying ecological and evolutionary processes that may impact their dynamics. here, we used sibship assignment methods to shed light on the local dynamics of codling moth females in eight orchards in a 90-ha domain near valence, france. based on full-sib inference among 1,063 genotyped moths, we estimated (1) the effective number of females that had offspring, (2) their fertility ...201121786027
assessing molecular and morpho-agronomical diversity and identification of issr markers associated with fruit traits in quince (cydonia oblonga).quince is a deciduous tree known to the countries around the mediterranean since antiquity. nowadays, quince is used as an ornamental plant, and as a rootstock for pear trees, with its fruit being appreciated mainly for production of jam and sweets rather than for raw consumption. quince leaves contain compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancerous properties that have been the focus of recent research on pharmaceutical and medical uses as well as for food preservatives. an orchard ...201122095599
new records of eriophyoid mites (acari: prostigmata: eriophyoidea) from saudi arabia.a field study was conducted to investigate eriophyoid mites associated with some fruit trees in riyadh, saudi arabia. the survey was carried out in four localities (el-waseel, al-beer, al-haiyer and el-deriya) and included seven species of fruit trees, namely olives (olea europea), fig (ficus carica), grapes (vitis vinifera), apple (malus domestica), citrus (citrus spp.), pomegranate (punica granatum) and pear (pyrus communis). seven new records of eriophyoid species (aceria benghalensis soliman ...201121916261
juice blends--a way of utilization of under-utilized fruits, vegetables, and spices: a review.the post-harvest shelf life of maximum of fruits and vegetables is very limited due to their perishable nature. in india more then 20-25 percent of fruits and vegetables are spoiled before utilization. despite being the world's second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, in india only 1.5 percent of the total fruits and vegetables produced are processed. maximum amounts of fruit and vegetable juices turn bitter after extraction due to conversion of chemical compounds. in spite of being und ...201121929332
first record of the adventive oriental aphid schizaphis piricola (matsumura, 1917) (hemiptera, aphididae) in europe.the oriental aphid schizaphis piricola (matsumura) is recorded for the first time in europe, on the ornamental pear tree pyrus calleryana in landscaped areas in madrid (spain). data on the morphology of the forms on primary host (apterous and alate fundatrigeniae and fundatrices), and their biology and distribution are given. the keys for identifying species of schizaphis (schizaphis) in the iberian peninsula are updated. two species of aphids are also recorded for the first time on pyrus caller ...201121594084
pesticide residue analysis of fruit juices by lc-ms/ms direct injection. one year pilot survey.for this work, thirteen types of fruit juices (orange, pineapple, peach, apple, multifruit, mango, strawberry, tomato, pear, mandarin, grape, banana and grapefruit) were selected to develop an analytical method for the analysis of 53 pesticides by direct injection in lc-ms/ms. the preparation of the samples was very simple: an aliquot of the juice was centrifuged and it was ten-times diluted prior to analysis, which allowed reducing considerably the time and cost of the analyses. besides, diluti ...201121238751
comparative ultrasonographic imaging of spleen and liver in healthy crossbred cows.the present study was undertaken to conduct a comparative ultrasonographic study of the normal bovine spleen and liver. this study was carried out in two phases using 3.5 mhz curvilinear transducer. in first phase of water bath study, bovine spleens and livers were obtained from 3 healthy cadavers and subjected to repeated ultrasonography to study the echotexture. the splenic parenchyma was isoechogenic with greater echogenicity as compared to the liver. water bath study provided a good learning ...201123738112
thirty-year follow-up of patient with gorham disease (massive osteolysis) treated with hip arthroplasty.gorham disease (also known as massive osteolysis or disappearing bone disease) is an exceedingly rare, peculiar entity of uncertain cause and unpredictable prognosis. there is no proven mode of therapy or consensus on treatment. we present 30-year follow-up on a patient successfully treated with resection, total hip arthroplasty, and radiation with no recurrence of disease. our observations in this case suggest that surgical treatment and reconstruction can lead to good long-term function and di ...201120580190
anesthetic management of a pregnant woman with gorham-stout disease.gorham-stout disease is a rare disorder of bone loss and proliferation of lymphatic and vascular tissue (lymphangiomatosis). a 30-year-old nulliparous woman with gorham-stout disease presented at 8weeks of gestation with a fused cervical spine. at 31weeks she developed basilar invagination and neurological symptoms that were managed with a neck brace. anesthetic considerations were those of airway compromise, development of severe preeclampsia and kasabach-merritt coagulopathy. elective tracheos ...201121111606
could local deliver of bisphosphonates be a new therapeutic choice for gorham-stout syndrome?the gorham-stout syndrome is a rare condition in which spontaneous, progressive resorption of bone occurs. even though the prognosis of the condition is generally considered to be good, gorham-stout syndrome can cause severe debilitation. in approximately 13% of recorded cases, death ensues. the treatment modalities for gorham-stout syndrome include surgery, radiation therapy, anti-osteoclastic medications, however there is no known successful treatment. to date, the etiology of gorham-stout syn ...201121044823
differential expression of proteins in red pear following fruit bagging treatment.fruit bagging is a very effective method for study of fruit qualities and anthocyanin synthesis. the characterization of differentially expressed proteins that were isolated from both bagged and normal fruit skin tissue is apparently an essential parameter for understanding the effect of shading on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of fruit coloring in pyrus communis. proteome maps of both bagged and normal p. communis 'placer' fruit skin were obtained by performing two-dimensional ...201121409615
radiation therapy for gorham-stout syndrome: results of a national patterns-of-care study and literature review.the german cooperative group on radiotherapy for benign diseases conducted a national patterns-of-care study to investigate the value of radiation therapy (rt) in the management of gorham-stout syndrome.201121345608
gorham-stout syndrome of the pelvic girdle treated by radiation therapy: a case report.the gorham-stout syndrome (gss) is a rare, benign idiopathic and progressive disorder causing massive osteolysis due to a vascular hyperproliferation replacing the bony structure. clinical experience concerning the efficacy of radiation therapy (rt) is limited to about 50 of an overall 200 cases reported worldwide.201121336714
report of a rare case of gorham-stout disease of both shoulders: bisphosphonate treatment and shoulder replacement.massive osteolysis known as gorham-stout disease is a rare idiopathic disorder typically affecting long bones in a unifocal pattern. angiomatosis is strongly connected to the osteolysis. weather angiomatosis is the cause or the result of osteolysis is subject of intense discussion (kawasaki et al. (2003), möller et al. (1999), radhakrishnan and rockson (2008)). there are about 200 cases described since 1955. our patient is a 77-year-old female patient with osteolyses of both shoulders involving ...201122937447
gorham-stout syndrome with chylothorax in a six-year-old boy.gorham-stout syndrome, also called "disappearing bone disease, diffuse cystic angiomatosis of bone, disseminated lymphangiomatosis, gorham's vanishing bone disease, phantom bone disease or idiopathic massive osteolysis, is a rare disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. it is characterized by rapidly progressive localized massive osteolysis associated with proliferation of vascular structures of benign origin in which the absence of new bone formation is representative. when it is complicat ...201121188554
orbital roof encephalocele mimicking a destructive neoplasm.the purpose of this case report is to report an orbital roof encephalocele mimicking a destructive orbital neoplasm. orbital roof encephalocele is uncommon but can mimic neoplasm. one potential mechanism for the orbital roof destruction is a post-traumatic "growing orbital roof fracture." the growing fracture has been reported mostly in children but can occur in adults. alternative potential etiologies for the encephalocele are discussed, including gorham syndrome. orbital roof encephalocele is ...201121178797
gorham-stout disease and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea.gorham-stout disease is a rare entity characterized by vascular proliferation causing local destruction of bone tissue. owing to its low incidence and variable clinical presentation, the diagnosis requires a high degree of awareness by the clinician.201122456030
gorham's disease of femur.gorham's disease is a rare condition of bones characterized by spontaneous massive and progressive osteolysis. less than 200 cases have been reported so far. femur is an uncommon site of gorham disease. we report a young female, presenting as pathological fracture of the femur, wherein rapid osteolysis of femur occurred. the clinical, pathological, and radiological picture suggested a diagnosis of gorham's disease. the patient was subjected to radiotherapy (40 gys) and put on bisphosphonates. at ...201122144753
new species, new records and new morphological characters of the genus tillicera spinola from china (coleoptera, cleridae, clerinae).two new species of the genus tillicera spinola, 1841 from china are described and illustrated: tillicera sensibilissp. n. from yunnan (also from myanmar, thailand and laos) and tillicera weniisp. n. from taiwan. tillicera bibalteata gorham, 1892, tillicera hirsuta (pic, 1926) and tillicera michaeli gerstmeier & bernhard, 2010 are newly recorded from china. tillicera auratofasciata (pic, 1927) is newly recorded in some provinces of china. a key to species of the genus from china is provided. rela ...201121998525
discovery of the female of pyrocoelia prolongata in taiwan (coleoptera, lampyridae).the female of pyrocoelia prolongata jeng & lai, a diurnal lampyrid species from taiwan, is described for the first time. a single individual was found in a small, shady, dry streambed at the edge of a mixed forest at 2700 m elevation. the individual glowed in darkness and would move its abdomen up and down when disturbed and as a deterring behavior. a key to the females of the species of pyrocoelia gorham in taiwan is provided. the morphology of photogenic organs of females and the function of b ...201121998501
the diagnosis and management of patients with idiopathic osteolysis.idiopathic osteolysis or disappearing bone disease is a condition characterized by the spontaneous onset of rapid destruction and resorption of a single bone or multiple bones. disappearing bone disorder is a disease of several diagnostic types. we are presenting three patients with osteolysis who have different underlying pathological features. detailed phenotypic assessment, radiologic and ct scanning, and histological and genetic testing were the baseline diagnostic tools utilized for diagnos ...201121995273
compositional changes in 'bartlett' pear ( pyrus communis l.) cell wall polysaccharides as affected by sunlight conditions.preharvest conditions can have a great impact on fruit quality attributes and postharvest responses. firmness is an important quality attribute in pear, and excessive softening increases susceptibility to bruising and decay, thus limiting fruit postharvest life. textural characteristics of fruits are determined at least in part by cell wall structure and disassembly. few studies have analyzed the influence of fruit preharvest environment in softening, cell wall composition, and degradation. in t ...201121980919
gorham-stout disease affecting both hands: stabilisation during biphosphonate treatment.the gorham-stout syndrome is a rare condition in which spontaneous, progressive resorption of bone occurs. the aetiology is poorly understood. we report a patient with osteolysis of the metacarpal bones in both hands due to an increased number of stimulated osteoclasts. this suggests that early potent antiresorptive therapy with bisphosphonates may prevent local progressive osteolysis.201122379445
the properties of terrestrial laser system intensity for measuring leaf geometries: a case study with conference pear trees (pyrus communis).light detection and ranging (lidar) technology can be a valuable tool for describing and quantifying vegetation structure. however, because of their size, extraction of leaf geometries remains complicated. in this study, the intensity data produced by the terrestrial laser system (tls) faro ls880 is corrected for the distance effect and its relationship with the angle of incidence between the laser beam and the surface of the leaf of a conference pear tree (pyrus commmunis) is established. the r ...201122319374
[polymorphism of microsatellite loci in cultivars and species of pear (pyrus l.)].using five ssr markers, polymorphism ofmicrosatellite loci was examined in 46 cultivars and five species of pear (pyrus ussuriensis, p. bretscgneideri, p. pyraster, and p. elaegnifolia). most of the accessions examined demonstrated the presence of unique allele sets. the degree of relationship between russian and western european pear cultivar was established. it was demonstrated that p. ussuriensis and its first generation progeny were genetically distant from typical cultivars of p. communis, ...201121786670
how to prevent ripening blockage in 1-mcp-treated 'conference' pears.some european pear varieties treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-mcp) often remain 'evergreen', meaning that their ripening process is blocked and does not resume after removal from cold storage. in this work this was confirmed also to be the case in 'conference' pears. to reverse the blockage of ripening 1-mcp treatments combined with external exogenous ethylene were tested.201121681757
intraosseous csf fistula in a patient with gorham disease resulting in intracranial hypotension.a 7-year-old girl with a history of headaches and gorham disease was surgically treated in infancy for chiari i malformation. subsequent investigation revealed that her cerebellar tonsillar ectopia was due to a long-standing spinal csf-lymphatic fistula causing intracranial hypotension. percutaneous fistula closure was performed several times, resulting in transient symptomatic improvement.201121659480
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