Publications

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inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase by guanosine quartet structures.an oligonucleotide (t30177) composed entirely of deoxyguanosine and thymidine has previously been shown to fold upon itself in the presence of potassium into a highly stable four-stranded dna structure containing two stacked deoxyguanosine quartets (g4s). t30177 also protects host cells from the cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). we report that this g4 oligonucleotide is the most potent inhibitor of hiv-1 integrase identified to date, with ic50 values in the nanom ...19968901518
multicenter evaluation of new double-antigen sandwich enzyme immunoassay for measurement of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 antibodies.a new enzyme immunoassay (eia), the cobas core anti-hiv-1/hiv-2 eia dags (also referred to as roche dags), for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 was evaluated in four centers. the assay is based on the double-antigen sandwich (dags) format, which enables the detection of all classes of antibodies. the antigens consist of recombinant proteins in their native conformation and of synthetic peptides. of a total of 5,836 negative serum samples, inclu ...19968904428
specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mediated by soulattrolide, a coumarin isolated from the latex of calophyllum teysmannii.soulattrolide (1), a coumarin isolated from calophyllum teysmannii latex, was found to be a potent inhibitor of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) with an ic50 of 0.34 microm. inhibition was remarkably specific, with no appreciable activity being observed toward hiv-2 rt, amv rt, rna polymerase, or dna polymerases alpha or beta.19968864237
trends in hiv-1 and hiv-2 prevalence and risk factors in pregnant women in harare, zimbabwe.the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the resulting morbidity and mortality are major public health challenges with adverse social and economic implications. the pregnant population serves as an important marker of the extent of the problem in the sexually active low risk categorized population. furthermore, a high hiv prevalence among women of childbearing age contributes to neonatal and infant mortality through perinatal transmission and also a large number of uninfected chi ...19968868380
the v3 domain of sivmac251 gp120 contains a linear neutralizing epitope.antisera to 21 synthetic peptides containing hydrophilic sequences of simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251 (sivmac251) gp120 and gp32 were tested for the ability to neutralize sivmac251. goat antisera raised to peptides sp-1 and sp-1v containing the carboxy-terminal portion of the v3 domain of sivmac251 gp120 between amino acids 327 and 339 inhibited syncytium formation (90% inhibition at a 1/1024 dilution) and cell killing of cemx174 cells by sivmac251 (50%) inhibition of cell killing at ...19968874502
risk factor analysis and serological diagnosis of hiv-1/hiv-2 infection in a brazilian blood donor population: validation of the world health organization strategy for hiv testing.to determine the relative prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 and to evaluate the world health organization testing strategy for hiv diagnosis in a low-risk population in brazil. in addition, to assess risk factors for hiv infection.19968874631
development of hiv vectors for anti-hiv gene therapy.current gene therapy protocols for hiv infection use transfection or murine retrovirus mediated transfer of antiviral genes into cd4+ t cells or cd34+ progenitor cells ex vivo, followed by infusion of the gene altered cells into autologous or syngeneic/allogeneic recipients. while these studies are essential for safety and feasibility testing, several limitations remain: long-term reconstitution of the immune system is not effected for lack of access to the macrophage reservoir or the pluripoten ...19968876146
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) nef is an rna binding protein in cell-free systems.the function of human immunodeficiency virus nef gene product has been much debated but the precise activity of this protein in the hiv replication cycle remains unknown. hiv-1 nef was obtained as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (mbf), purified by amylose column chromatography and separated from mbp by cleavage with factor xa. purified hiv-1 nef protein, but not the fusion protein mbp-nef, binds to rna in vitro as tested by three different assays, radioactive or non-radioactive. no ...19968876644
salivary testing for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in children born to infected mothers in sao paulo, brazil. the sao paulo collaborative study for vertical transmission of hiv-1.to validate a method for salivary testing for hiv infection in children older than 12 months.19968878222
native oligodeoxynucleotides specifically active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro: a g-quartet-driven effect?among a series of unmodified phosphodiester (po)-oligodeoxynucleotides (po-odns) complementary to some of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) regulatory genes, several po-odn sequences complementary to the vpr gene (po-odns-a-vpr, where a-vpr is the antisense vpr sequence) emerged as potent inhibitors (at concentrations of 0.8 to 3.3 microm) of hiv-1 multiplication in de novo infected mt-4 cells, while they showed no cytotoxicity for uninfected cells at concentrations up to 100 micro ...19968878576
protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques vaccinated against human immunodeficiency virus type 2. 19968882330
acyclic nucleotide analogs derived from 8-azapurines: synthesis and antiviral activity.reaction of phosphoroorganic synthons with 8-azaadenine, 8-aza-2, 6-diaminopurine, and 8-azaguanine using cesium carbonate yielded regioisomeric 8-azapurine n7-, n8-, and n9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkyl) derivatives. this reaction followed by deprotection afforded isomeric 2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl (pme), (s)-(3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-hpmp], (s)-(3-flouro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-fpmp], (s)-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(s)-pmp], and (r)-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) [(r)- ...19968831773
multiple immunizations with attenuated poxvirus hiv type 2 recombinants and subunit boosts required for protection of rhesus macaques.vaccine protocols involving multiple immunizations with molecularly attenuated vaccinia virus (nyvac) or naturally attenuated canarypox virus (alvac) hiv-2 recombinants and subunit boosts have conferred longlasting protection against hiv-2 infection of macaques. similar complex protocols using hiv-1 nyvac and alvac recombinants and subunit boosts have provided cross-protection against hiv-2 challenge. here a simplified three-immunization regimen over 24 weeks was tested in 18 juvenile rhesus mac ...19968827214
mutational analysis of the fusion peptide of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1: identification of critical glycine residues.the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) to fuse its membrane with the membrane of the target cell is a function of a approximately 23-amino-acid amino-terminal segment of the gp41 subunit of the envelope glycoprotein complex, known as the fusion peptide. the sequence of the fusion peptide is highly conserved among different variants of hiv-1 and is also very similar to that of hiv-2 and siv. the fusion peptide is very hydrophobic and has a high content of glycine and alanine r ...19968615045
protein stability influences human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpr virion incorporation and cell cycle effect.using recombinant proteins as standards, we calculated the amount of vpr and vpx present in hiv-2rod particles. we find 2000-3000 copies of vpx per particle but only 40-50 copies of vpr. we investigated the reasons for this discrepancy between vpx and vpr and found that viral factors, including hiv-2 vpx, do not restrict its incorporation. instead, the accumulation of hiv-2rod vpr during infection is restricted by a short protein half-life which acts to limit its virion incorporation. the half-l ...19968610459
epidemiology of hiv-2 infection in spain. the hiv-2 spanish study group.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is endemic in west africa, where it is responsible for many cases of aids. hiv-2-infected subjects have been described in other countries, mainly african immigrants, although infection in native individuals has been reported as well. the first cases of hiv-2 infection in spain were identified in 1988. through december 1995, 56 hiv-2 infected individuals have been diagnosed, primarily in large urban areas (23 cases in madrid and 18 in barcelon ...19968793396
definition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and gp41 cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes and their restricting major histocompatibility complex class i alleles in simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys.with the development of chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv)-infected macaques as a model for assessing novel human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein (env)-based vaccine strategies for preventing hiv-1 infection in man, it will be important to determine hiv-1 env-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses in vaccinated and virus-infected monkeys. to facilitate performing such ctl studies, we have defined two hiv-1 env ctl epitopes in shiv-infected rh ...19968794394
inhibitory effect of 4-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2, 5-thiadiazol-3-yl-n-methyl, n-ethylcarbamate on replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and the mechanism of action.in the search for effective antiviral agents, we have found 4-(2, 6-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2, 5-thiadiazol-3-yl-n-methyl, n-ethylcarbamate (rd4-2025) to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in vitro. the 50% effective concentration of rd4-2025 for hiv-1-induced cytopathic effect in mt-4 cells was 37 nm, yet no antiviral activity was observed against hiv-2. in hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) assays, rd4-2025 inhibited both rna-dependent and dna-de ...19968799326
lessons from the second aids virus, hiv-2.although the clinical signs and symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 are similar to those associated with hiv-1 infection, the former virus has a markedly lower perinatal transmission rate and heterosexual infectivity potential. an ongoing cohort study in senegal, where the disease was first encountered a decade ago, of 136 hiv-2-infected women found an overall incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of only 0.18/100 person-years in 548 person-years of observation. moreover ...19968805859
molecular cloning of the human immunodeficiency virus subtype 2 strain hiv-2uc2.an infectious molecular clone was derived from the hiv-2uc2 isolate that previously was found to persistently infect and induce an aids-like disease syndrome in baboons. the molecularly cloned virus (hiv-2uc2mc) showed in vitro properties similar to those of the parental isolate with regard to t-cell tropism, cytopathicity, and the ability to infect primary baboon pbmc. nevertheless, when inoculated into two baboons, the cloned virus showed a limited ability to replicate in these animals. dna se ...19968806506
a field test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in serum or plasma.in response to the need for simple and rapid tests for infectious diseases, we have devised a test for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 which resembles many contemporary strip-style pregnancy tests in format and ease of use. the test was evaluated with 2,928 serum specimens (1,541 reactive and 1,387 nonreactive) collected and tested at a mexico city hospital clinic and was compared with a laboratory assay (abbott) performed simultaneously. the sensitivity and s ...19968807218
broad cross-neutralizing activity in serum is associated with slow progression and low risk of transmission in primate lentivirus infections.sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2)-infected humans were tested with autologous (from the same individual) and heterologous (from other individuals) virus isolates in a neutralization assay. similarly, sera from experimentally simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm from sooty mangabey) or hiv-2sbl6669-infected cynomolgus macaques were tested for neutralizing activity against autologous and heterologous reisolates. in the neutralization assay, the virus dose r ...19968811351
immunogenicity of full length and truncated forms of the human immunodeficiency virus type i envelope glycoprotein.we have monitored the immunogenicity of a v1v2 sub-fragment of gp 120 in contrast to the full length protein and to a truncated form (pr12) where the v1, v2 and v3 regions were removed. in contrast to previously published work [1] these studies show that monomeric forms of envelope are capable of inducing antibodies specific for both linear and discontinuous epitopes. these antibodies are capable of neutralising hiv infectivity. the majority of neutralising antibodies were specific for epitopes ...19968811352
performance characteristics of recombinant enzyme immunoassay to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 and to measure early antibody responses in seroconverting patients.we investigated the performance of a double-antigen sandwich recombinant enzyme immunoassay (eia; abbott laboratories, north chicago, ill.) and compared it with that of a synthetic-peptide-based eia (biochem immunosystems, montreal, quebec, canada) for the detection of human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 antibodies in 2,321 clinical serum samples. the results of both eia methods and western blot (immunoblot) were in agreement for 1,046 hiv-1 and 10 hiv-2 specimens from a panel of kno ...19968815130
initiation of (-) strand dna synthesis from trna(3lys) on lentiviral rnas: implications of specific hiv-1 rna-trna(3lys) interactions inhibiting primer utilization by retroviral reverse transcriptases.initiation of minus (-) strand dna synthesis was examined on templates containing r, u5, and primer-binding site regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) genomic rna. dna synthesis was initiated from (i) an oligoribonucleotide complementary to the primer-binding sites, (ii) synthetic trna(3lys), and (iii) natural trna(3lys), by the reverse transcriptases of hiv-1, fiv, eiav, simian immunodeficiency ...19968816751
pathology of paediatric human immunodeficiency virus infections in cote d'ivoire.during an 8-month period in 1991-92, in abidjan, ivory coast, autopsies were conducted on 156 cadavers of children (76 hiv-1 positive cadavers, 2 hiv-2 positive cadavers, and 77 hiv-negative cadavers) located in the morgue of treichville university hospital center. morgue personnel had screened 417 dead children 1 month to 14 years old for hiv-1 or hiv-2 during the same period, 80 (19%) of whom were hiv-1 or hiv-2 positive. among the dead children younger than 18 months, 81% had hiv iga antibo ...19968756018
pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau: clinical and bacteriological findings, human immunodeficiency virus status and short term survival of hospitalized patients.to study tuberculosis patients in guinea-bissau with regard to clinical findings, bacteriologically verified diagnosis, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) status and short term survival.19968758105
synthesis and biological evaluation of certain alkenyldiarylmethanes as anti-hiv-1 agents which act as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.several novel alkenyldiarylmethane (adam) non-nucleoside hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. the most potent of these proved to be 3',3"-dibromo-4',4"-dimethoxy-5'5"-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1-diphenyl-1-+ ++heptene (8) adam 8 inhibited the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 in cem cell culture with an ec50 value of 7.1 microm and was active against an array of laboratory strains of hiv-1 in cem-ss and mt-4 cells, but was inactive as an inhibitor of hiv-2. in common with the other kno ...19968759644
mutational studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: the involvement of residues 183 and 184 in the fidelity of dna synthesis.the high error rates characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase (hiv-1 rt) are a presumptive source of the viral hypermutability that impedes prevention and therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we have analyzed two mutants of hiv-1 rt by conducting a comparative study of the accuracy of dna synthesis. each mutant bears a single amino acid substitution adjacent to the two aspartic acid residues at positions 185 and 186 in the highly conserved dna ...19968764985
synthesis of 2'-aminomethyl derivatives of n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) nucleotide analogues as potential antiviral agents.a series of purine and pyrimidine n-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl) derivatives bearing aminomethyl, (dimethylamino)methyl, morpholinomethyl, and (trimethylammonio)methyl groups at the 2'-position were synthesized. the compounds were prepared by alkylation of the heterocyclic bases with appropriately substituted (aminoalkyl)oxiranes followed by condensation of the resulting intermediates with dialkyl ((p-tolylsulfonyl)oxy)methanephosphonate and subsequent treatment of the obtained diester with bromo ...19968765509
synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2.the synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. the new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza a h1n1, influenza a h2n2, influenza a h3n2, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) hsv-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (vzv), tk- vzv, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and human immunodeficiency vir ...19968765514
[hiv infection in pregnant women in dakar (senegal)].the epidemiologic and sociodemographic characteristics of human deficiency virus (hiv) infection vary from one country to another. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hiv infection in pregnant women in dakar and associated factors. systematic anonymous screening was performed in pregnant women admitted to the maternity ward. women whose seropositivity was confirmed by western blot retroviral serology were included. one woman out of four was assigned by simple random se ...19968767227
seroprevalence survey of egyptian tourism workers for hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and treponema pallidum infections: association of hepatitis c virus infections with specific regions of egypt.blood samples from 740 egyptian nationals working in the tourism industry at two sites in the south sinai governorate were screened for markers of infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and treponema pallidum. study subjects included 467 individuals from a rural seashore tourist village and 273 persons at two hotels in a well-established resort town. subjects' ages ranged from 15 to 70 years; 99.3% were male. the prevalence of serolog ...19968780457
absence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection among patients in a hospital serving a new york community at high risk for infection. centers for disease control and prevention/bronx-lebanon hospital center hiv serosurvey team.although human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection among united states residents is considered rare, there are us populations at high risk. few studies have surveyed these populations with a high likelihood of infection, that is, those with high percentages of persons from hiv-2-endemic areas and high prevalences of behaviors that would allow for transmission.19968780669
new arylpyrido-diazepine and -thiodiazepine derivatives are potent and highly selective hiv-1 inhibitors targeted at the reverse transcriptase.a series of pyridobenzothiodiazepindioxides such as the 11-ethyl-6,8,9-trimethyl-6,11-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-f] [2,1,5]benzothiodiazepine-5,5-dioxide and arylpiridodiazepines such as the 6,7-dihydro-7-methyl-12-ethyl-pyrido[2,3-b] pyrido(2',3'-4,5]furo[2,3-f][1,4]diazepin-6(12h)-thio and the 6,7-dihydro-7-methyl-12-ethyl-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrido- [2,3-4,5]thieno[2,3-f][1,4] diazepin-6(12h)-thione were found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1(iiib)] replication at a concentration of 0.0 ...19968783803
the inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus proteases by 'interface peptides'.the active human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease has a homodimeric structure, the subunits are connected by an 'interface' beta-sheet formed by the nh2- and cooh-terminal amino acid segments. short peptides derived from these segments are able to inhibit the protease activity in the range of micromolar ic50 values. we have further improved the inhibitory power of such peptides by computer modelling. the best inhibitor, the palmitoyl-blocked peptide pam-thr-val-ser-tyr-glu-leu, has ...19968783807
design and synthesis of substrate-based peptidomimetic human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors containing the hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere.the human immunodeficiency (hiv) codes for an aspartic protease known to be essential for retroviral maturation and replication. the hiv protease can recognize phe-pro and tyr-pro sequences as the virus-specific cleavage site. these features provided a basis for the rational design of selective hiv protease-targeted drugs for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). hiv protease is formed from two identical 99 amino acid peptides. we replaced the two cys residues by l-ala to s ...19968785365
extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat protein promotes aggregation and adhesion of cerebellar neurons.recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) tat protein added to the culture medium of rat cerebellar neurons promoted aggregation and formation of spoke-like neurites in a dose-dependent manner. tat proteins containing mutations in the arg-gly-asp (rgd) cell adhesion motif or a deletion of the cysteine-rich domain had no effect on neuronal morphology. in contrast, a tat protein that contained a deletion of the proline-rich domain promoted neuronal aggregation. aggregation of neurons was in ...19968786430
neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease: polymerase chain reaction and ultrastructural study of rectal biopsy specimen in a new case.we report the case of a boy with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease in whom the diagnosis was made by examination of a rectal biopsy specimen. intranuclear inclusions were observed in the auerbach and meissner plexuses. in an attempt to understand the physiopathology of this very rare disease, we performed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse transcriptase-pcr analysis for viral nucleic acids of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, human cytomegalovirus and measles vir ...19968787158
characterization of siamycin i, a human immunodeficiency virus fusion inhibitor.the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) fusion inhibitor siamycin i, a 21-residue tricyclic peptide, was identified from a streptomyces culture by using a cell fusion assay involving cocultivation of hela-cd4+ cells and monkey kidney (bsc-1) cells expressing the hiv envelope gp160. siamycin i is effective against acute hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections, with 50% effective doses ranging from 0.05 to 5.7 microm, and the concentration resulting in a 50% decrease in cell viability in the absenc ...19968787894
fast analysis of genomic homologies: primate immunodeficiency virus.we have recently published a new probabilistic algorithm which performs genomic comparisons on a huge scale. in the present paper it was applied to immunodeficiency viral sequences extracted from international gene databanks. during global sequence analysis of human (hiv1 and hiv2) and simian viruses by means of dot-matrix representation, series of homology were obtained which permitted the definition of families of viruses overlapping the species divisions. sequences of interest were characteri ...19968660432
superinfection of hiv-2-preinfected macaques after rectal exposure to a primary isolate of sivmac251.to test the protection afforded by a weakly pathogenic hiv-2 isolate against the superinfection or development of siv-induced disease, we intrarectally challenged six hiv-2-preinfected rhesus monkeys with a pathogenic isolate of sivmac251. at the time of siv challenge, none of these hiv-2-infected animals was positive for virus isolation, p27-gag antigenemia, or hiv-2 provirus detection in pbmcs or peripheral lymph nodes. however, all monkeys exhibited anti-hiv-2 antibody titers ranging from 10( ...19968661436
a synthetic conformational epitope from the c4 domain of hiv gp120 that binds cd4.the fourth conserved domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope, the c4 region of glycoprotein 120 (gp120), is believed to be a major part of gp120 that is necessary for binding to cd4. recently, we found that c4 in gp120 is probably an alpha-helix, because antibodies made against helical constructs of c4 react with native and recombinant gp120 but antibodies against linear c4 constructs do not. for the present study, we performed experiments to determine, first, if cd4 c ...19968663408
tfiih functions in regulating transcriptional elongation by rna polymerase ii in xenopus oocytes.we investigated the role of tfiih in transcription by rna polymerase ii (pol ii) in vivo by microinjection of antibodies against this factor into xenopus oocytes. five different antibodies directed against four subunits of tfiih were tested for effects on transcription of coinjected human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc templates. each of these antibodies severely reduced the efficiency of elongation through human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and c-myc terminator elements. in contrast, ...19968668144
human immune response to hiv-1 nef. ii. induction of hiv-1/hiv-2 nef cross-reactive cytotoxic t lymphocytes in peripheral blood lymphocytes of non-infected healthy individuals.hiv-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are thought to have a beneficial role in hiv infection. in a previous report we have shown that hiv-1 nef-specific ctl can be readily induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes of seronegative healthy young adults by in vitro stimulation with autologous epstein-barr virus-transformed b lymphoblastoid cell lines transfected with the hiv-1 nef gene. here we demonstrate that these nef-specific ctl can efficiently lyse hiv-infected primary cd4+ t lymphocy ...19968671645
hiv and india: looking into the abyss.serosurveillance of high risk groups started in india in october 1985. the first positive cases were detected in 1986. as of mid-1994, official figures stood at 15000 hiv positive cases and 559 cases of aids. this is most certainly an underestimate because of under reporting. among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly. between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex workers, 1.4 to 40% in std clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in various studies. the penetra ...19968673831
betulinic acid derivatives: a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 specific inhibitors with a new mode of action.a series of omega-undecanoic amides of lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for activity in cem 4 and mt-4 cell cultures against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain iiib/lai. the potent hiv inhibitors which emerged, compounds 5a, 16a, and 17b, were all derivatives of betulinic acid (3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid). no activity was found against hiv-2 strain rod. compound 5a showed no inhibition of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase activity with po ...19968676341
location, exposure, and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 su glycoprotein.eleven rat monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognize the su glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rod were produced and characterized. binding sites for eight of these mabs were mapped to epitopes within the cl, v1/v2, c2, and v3 envelope regions. the three other mabs defined at least two conformation-dependent, strain-specific epitopes outside vl/v2, v3, and the cd4-binding site. the mabs were used to probe the tertiary structure of oligomeric envelope glycoprotein expre ...19968676486
anti-hiv viral interference induced by retroviral vectors expressing a nonproducer hiv-1 variant.a hut-78 cell clone (f12) harboring a nonproducer human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) variant shows complete resistance to hiv-1 or hiv-2 superinfection. the f12-hiv provirus produces an altered hiv-1 protein pattern and cannot generate even immature viral particles. we demonstrated that hela cd4+ cells transfected with the f12-hiv genome resist hiv superinfection through a cd4-independent mechanism. as f12-hiv appears to be a useful system to induce anti-hiv intracellular immunization, we cons ...19968677743
antiretroviral agents as inhibitors of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and protease.the human immunodeficiency virus type one integrase (hiv-1 integrase) is required for integration of a double-stranded dna copy of the viral rna genome into a host chromosome and for hiv replication. we have previously reported that phenolic moieties in compounds such as flavones, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape), tyrphostins, and curcumin confer inhibitory activity against hiv-1 integrase. we have investigated the actions of several recently described protease inhibitors, possessing novel st ...19968691444
surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group o infections in the united states.reports that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group o variants are not reliably detected by some commercial diagnostic tests have raised concerns about the sensitivity of existing screening tests, especially with regard to blood safety. although it is unlikely that these divergent strains are prevalent in north america, systematic, continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the potential spread of hiv variants into that region.19968693502
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 tat proteins specifically interact with rna polymerase ii.the tat-responsive region (tar) element is a critical rna regulatory element in the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) long terminal repeat, which is required for activation of gene expression by the transactivator protein tat. recently, we demonstrated by gel-retardation analysis that rna polymerase ii binds to tar rna and that tat prevents this binding even when tat does not bind to tar rna. these results suggested that direct interactions between tat and rna polymerase ii may prevent rna poly ...19968700889
purification of the pets factor. a nuclear protein that binds to the inducible tg-rich element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer.the peri-ets (pets) site is a tg-rich element found immediately adjacent to two binding sites for the ets family member elf-1 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) enhancer. enhancer activation in response to t cell stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, soluble or cross-linked antibodies to the t cell receptor, or antigen is mediated through this site in conjunction with its two adjacent elf-1 binding sites, pub1 and pub2, and a kappab site. site-specific mut ...19968702655
lymphocyte subpopulation reference ranges for monitoring human immunodeficiency virus-infected chinese adults.two hundred eight healthy human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1- and hiv type 2-seronegative chinese adults (78 males and 130 females; mean age, 32 years; age range, 18 to 71 years) were analyzed for lymphocyte subsets by a standardized and quality-controlled flow cytometric immunophenotyping technique. while the leukocyte differential values were comparable to those found in studies of caucasians, the means, medians, and 95% reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets were very different. the 95 ...19968705678
human immunodeficiency virus type 2: human biology of the other aids virus. 19968714249
acute community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected and non-hiv-infected adult patients in cameroon: aetiology and outcome.yaounde central hospital, jamot hospital, yaounde, and cebec hospital in douala.19968733414
antiviral effects of milk proteins: acylation results in polyanionic compounds with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in vitro.a number of native and modified milk proteins from bovine or human sources were analyzed for their inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in vitro in an mt4 cell test system. the proteins investigated were lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin a, and beta-lactoglobulin b. by acylation of the amino function of the lysine residues in the proteins, using anhydrides of succinic acid or cis-aconitic acid, protein derivatives were obtained that all sho ...19968738428
viral rna binding properties of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) nucleocapsid protein-derived synthetic peptides.the nucleocapsid (nc) protein of hiv-2 (ncp8) contains two cys-his arrays which function as zinc finger motifs (zfms). in this study, we analyzed the viral rna-binding properties of ncp8-derived synthetic peptides using ultraviolet (uv) cross-linking assay. several synthetic peptides containing zfm(s) interacted ph-dependently with in vitro-synthesized hiv-2 rna. although the peptides corresponding to the 1st and 2nd zfms, respectively, failed to interact with the viral rna, the corresponding pe ...19968739036
antiviral activity of the bicyclam derivative jm3100 against drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.bicyclams have recently been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) replication. the prototype of this series, jm3100 exhibits anti-hiv potency at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 micrograms/ml. jm3100 proved to be active when tested against hiv strains resistant to the reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddi), 3tc, alpha apa and tibo, at roughly the same co ...19968739608
secondary structural elements as a basis for antibody recognition in the immunodominant region of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2.synthetic peptide antigens corresponding to the entire third variable region v3, the principal neutralizing determinant of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope glycoprotein of hiv-1 subtype b (1), hiv-2 subtype a (5), and hiv-2 subtype b (7) were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (table 1). 1 and 5 were also prepared as their glcnac-glycosylated forms at the natural n-glycosylation site nxt (positions 6-8; peptides 4 and 6). additionally, the proposed beta-turn region of 1 ...19968620873
proteolytic activity of human immunodeficiency virus vpr- and vpx-protease fusion proteins.in addition to gag, pol, and env, primate lentiviruses encode other virion-associated proteins, including vpr, vpx, and vif. vpr- and vpx-staphylococcal nuclease and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion proteins incorporate into human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) virions and retain enzyme activity when expressed in trans with hiv proviruses (wu et al., j. virol. 69, 3389, 1995). to explore whether the viral protease (pr) could be expressed as a proteolytically active fusion protein, the hiv ...19968623547
simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a patas monkey (erythrocebus patas): evidence for cross-species transmission from african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in the wild.socio-ethological studies on troops of african green monkeys (agms) (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) in senegal have documented physical contacts between these two species. elevated simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) seroprevalence rates have been reported for the different agm subspecies. we report here the extent to which patas monkeys are infected and compare the relatedness of the viruses isolated from theses two different species. among the 85 agms an ...19968627266
monoclonal antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase: epitope mapping and differential effects on integrase activities in vitro.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase (in) catalyzes the integration of viral dna into the host chromosome, an essential step in retroviral replication. as a tool to study the structure and function of this enzyme, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against hiv-1 in were produced. epitope mapping demonstrated that the 17 mabs obtained could be divided into seven different groups, and the selection of mabs representing these groups were tested for their effect on in vitro activities of ...19968627677
predicting human immunodeficiency virus protease cleavage sites in proteins by a discriminant function method.based on the sequence-coupled (markov chain) model and vector-projection principle, a discriminant function method is proposed to predict sites in protein substrates that should be susceptible to cleavage by the hiv-1 protease. the discriminant function is defined by delta = phi+ - phi-, where phi+ and phi- are the cleavable and noncleavable attributes for a given peptide, and they can be derived from two complementary sets of peptides, s+ and s-, known to be cleavable and noncleavable, respecti ...19968628733
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-mediated inhibition of hiv type 1: a new approach to gene therapy of hiv-infection.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2, the second aids-associated human retrovirus, differs from hiv-1 in its natural history, infectivity, and pathogenicity, as well as in details of its genomic structure and molecular behavior. we report here that hiv-2 inhibits the replication of hiv-1 at the molecular level. this inhibition was selective, dose-dependent, and nonreciprocal. the closely related simian immunodeficiency provirus also inhibited hiv-1. the selectivity of inhibition was shown b ...19968633095
a sensitive assay for the quantification of reverse transcriptase activity based on the use of carrier-bound template and non-radioactive-product detection, with special reference to human-immunodeficiency-virus isolation.a non-radioactive 96-well microtitre plate reverse transcriptase (rt) assay, based on the use of covalently bound riboadenosine homopolymer in the wells and 5-bromodeoxyuridined 5'-triphosphate (brdutp) as dntp, is described. the whole assay is performed in a single well, including the quantitative detection of incorporated brdu, which is performed immunologically using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-brdu antibody and colorometric reading. the system also allows the use of variable amounts ...19968639277
characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase.recently we demonstrated that the p58 subunit of p68/p58 hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt) heterodimer, produced by processing of p68/p68 homodimer with recombinant hiv-2 protease, terminates at met484 [fan, n., et al. (1995) j. biol. chem. 270, 13573-13579]. here we describe purification and characterization of the p68/p58 heterodimer of recombinant hiv-2 rt. it exhibited both rt and rnase h activities, obeyed michaelis-menten kinetics, and was competitively inhibited by the dna chain terminator ...19968639674
[residual risks of viral transmission by transfusions and projected yields of additional screening tests. retrovirus epidemiology donors study (reds)].the residual risk of virus transmission associated with infectious seroconversion, window period donations can be estimated by combining the incidence rate of infection among repeat donors with the duration of the pre-seroconversion window period, thus deriving the rate of window phase donations missed by current screening. the residual risks are for hiv 2.0/10(6); htlv 1.6/10(6); hcv 9.7/10(6); hbv 15.0/10(6). similarly the net yield and incremental reduction in risk of routine implementation o ...19968640316
vpr-induced cell cycle arrest is conserved among primate lentiviruses.we previously reported that expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain nl4-3 (hiv-1(nl4-3))vpr causes cells to arrest in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. we examined the induction of cell cycle arrest by other hiv-1 isolates and by primary lentiviruses other than hiv-1. we demonstrate that the vpr genes from tissue culture-adapted or primary isolates of hiv-1 are capable of inducing g2 arrest. in addition, we demonstrate that induction of cell cycle arrest is a conserved function of ...19968642681
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 glycoprotein enhancement of particle budding: role of the cytoplasmic domain.previous studies have shown that the glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques modulate biological activities of the viral glycoprotein complex, including syncytium formation, exterior glycoprotein conformation, and glycoprotein incorporation into budding virus particles. we have now utilized a recombinant expression system to study interactions of full-length or truncated hiv-2 glycoproteins with coexpressed hiv- ...19968642705
[infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2--hiv-2].the majority of patients with hiv-2 infection come from west africa or have had sexual contact with a person from there, as hiv-2 is prevalent in this area. hiv-2 is phylogenetically closer related to sivsm and sivmac than to hiv-1. hiv-2 is mainly transmitted by heterosexual contact, whereas the risk of mother-to-child infection is very low. nine cases of hiv-2 infection have been diagnosed in denmark. out of these, seven are from west africa and two have been infected in denmark by individuals ...19968644408
should hiv status alter indications for hemorrhoidectomy?there is a widespread belief that performing hemorrhoidectomy on a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is an invitation for disaster. aim of this study was to compare morbidity of hemorrhoidectomy in hiv-positive (hiv+) with hiv-negative (hiv-) patients.19968646944
polyanion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses. part 2. polymerized anionic surfactants derived from amino acids and dipeptides.a series of new polyanions was synthesized via gamma-polymerization, in aqueous micellar solution, of omega-unsaturated anionic surfactants whose polar head was derived from amino acids or dipeptides. the obtained polyanions were evaluated for their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2) and various other rna and dna viruses. all the test compounds proved active against hiv-1 and hiv-2, their 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) being in the range of 0.04-7.5 micrograms/ml, ...19968648602
inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus protease function by targeting vpx-protease-mutant fusion protein into viral particles.the human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) vpr and hiv-2 vpx proteins package into virions through interactions with their cognate gag polyprotein precursor. the targeting properties of vpr and vpx have been exploited to incorporate foreign proteins into virions by expression as heterologous fusion molecules (x. wu, h.-m. liu, h. xiao, j. kim, p. seshaiah, g. natsoulis, j. d. boeke, b. h. hahn, and j. c. kappes, j. virol. 69:3389-3398, 1995). to explore the possibility of utilizing vpx and ...19968648668
genetic characterization of new west african simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm: geographic clustering of household-derived siv strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop.it has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (cercocebus torquatus atys). to test this hypothesis, sivs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from west africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the sivsm/hiv-2 family, each was widely divergent from sivs found earlie ...19968648696
use of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 reverse transcriptases for structure-function analysis and for mapping susceptibility to nonnucleoside inhibitors.the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) are evolutionary related. to study the effect of homologous sequence replacements on polymerase function and to map the determinants of the lack of susceptibility of hiv-2 rt to nonnucleoside drugs, a series of chimeric hiv-1/hiv-2 rts were constructed. analysis of the chimeric rts showed that wild-type levels of rna-dependent dna polymerase activity were retained when both finger and palm subdomain ...19968601218
u.s. public health service guidelines for testing and counseling blood and plasma donors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen.the public health service (phs) has recommended a multifaceted approach to blood safety in the united states that includes stringent donor selection practices and the use of screening tests. blood donations in the united states have been screened for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) since march 1985 and type 2 (hiv-2) since june 1992. an estimated one in 450,000 to one in 660,000 donations per year (i.e., 18-27 donations) are infectious for hiv but are not detected by curr ...19968604210
frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1 and anti-hiv-1/2 supplemental test-indeterminate blood donors. the retrovirus epidemiology donor study.follow-up studies from the mid-1980s showed that 1 to 5 percent of blood donors testing reactive in anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) enzyme immunoassay (eia) and testing indeterminate in western blot were infected with hiv-1 and were in the process of seroconverting. the present study was conducted to establish the rate of hiv infection among contemporary anti-hiv-1/hiv type 2 (hiv-2) eia-reactive, western blot-indeterminate donors.19968607151
false-positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blot tests in noninfected blood donors.the manufacturers' criteria for a positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) western blot (wb) test were recently revised to require reactivity to only two of the following bands: p24, gp41, and gp120/160. in a recent report, low-risk blood donors were identified in whom nonspecific reactivity to multiple env antigens in wb testing resulted in apparently false-positive wbs by these criteria. the present study was conducted to verify the existence of false-positive wbs among noninfected ...19968607152
the molecular target of bicyclams, potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus replication.bicyclams are a novel class of antiviral compounds which act as potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. they block an early step in the viral life cycle following adsorption to the cd4 receptor and preceding reverse transcription. to identify the molecular target of these compounds, we genetically analyzed variants of the hiv-1 molecular clone nl4-3, which developed resistance against two structurally related bicyclams, jm2763 ...19968551604
the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhances viral particle release: a vpu-like factor?the vpu protein is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-specific accessory protein that is required for the efficient release of viral particles from infected cells. even though hiv-2 does not encode vpu, we found that this virus is nevertheless capable of efficiently releasing virus particles. in fact, the rate of virus release from hela cells transfected with a full-length molecular clone of hiv-2, rod10, was comparable to that observed for the vpu+ hiv-1 nl4-3 isolate and was not fur ...19968551620
biological and biochemical anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of uc 38, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.uc 38, a simple analog of oxathiin carboxanilide, uc 84, lacking the oxathiin ring, was found to be a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1-induced cell killing and hiv replication in a variety of human cell lines, as well as in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. uc 38 was active against a wide range of biologically diverse laboratory and clinical strains of hiv-1. however, uc 38 was inactive against hiv-2 and both nevirapine- and pyridinone-resistant strains ...19968558446
2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moiety: a potent pharmacophore for the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of pyrrolyl aryl sulfones.the synthesis and the evaluation of cytotoxicity and anti-hiv-1 activity of new aryl pyrrolyl (8) and aryl indolyl (9) sulfones are reported. preparation of above sulfones was achieved by reacting arylsulfonyl chlorides with substituted pyrroles and indoles or by condensing sulfonamides with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in glacial acetic acid according to the clauson-kaas method. chemical requisites relevant to the anti-hiv-1 activity of these compounds are both a 2-sulfonyl-4-chloroanilino moie ...19968558522
synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-tetraazamacrocycles that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication. 2. effect of heteroaromatic linkers on the activity of bicyclams.a series of bicyclam analogs connected through a heteroaromatic linker have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1 (iiib) and hiv-2 (rod) replication in mt-4 cells. the activity of pyridine- and pyrazine-linked bicyclams was found to be highly dependent upon the substitution of the heteroaromatic linker connecting the cyclam rings. for example, 2,6- and 3,5-pyridine-linked bicyclams were potent inhibitors of hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication, whereas the 2,5- and 2,4-subs ...19968568797
bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride blocks the cd4 cell receptor for hiv.sexual transmission is the most frequent (86%) route of adult hiv-1 transmission worldwide. in the absence of a prophylactic anti-hiv vaccine, other methods of preventing infection should be implemented. virucidal spermicides have been considered for this purpose, but their application is contraindicated by adverse effects. anti-hiv drugs or virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are expensive, suggesting that their wide use in topical chemoprophylaxis is unlikely. this emphasizes the importan ...19968574970
the in vitro ejection of zinc from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 nucleocapsid protein by disulfide benzamides with cellular anti-hiv activity.several disulfide benzamides have been shown to possess wide-spectrum antiretroviral activity in cell culture at low micromolar to submicromolar concentrations, inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) clinical and drug-resistant strains along with hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus [rice, w. g., supko, j. g., malspeis, l., buckheit, r. w., jr., clanton, d., bu, m., graham, l., schaeffer, c. a., turpin, j. a., domagala, j., gogliotti, r., bader, j. p., halliday, s. m., c ...19968577770
evidence for the association of nef protein with hiv-2 virions.hiv-nef protein supports viral infectivity prior to proviral integration. this requires nef to be present before the expression of viral genes and suggests its delivery as part of the virion. we report here that the nef proteins of hiv-2-hom and hiv-2-rod are associated with the virion. after the separation of pelleted virus in a 20-60% sucrose density gradient, both proteins cosedimented with the virion-associated reverse transcriptase (rt) activity at a density characteristic of retroviral par ...19969029783
hiv-2 prevalence in uttar pradesh.serum samples collected since 1989 with various patterns of reactivity for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, on the basis of screening elisa and confirmatory western blot (wb) test, were subjected to the detection of hiv-2 infection based on screening dot immunoassay and confirmatory wb for hiv-2. significant prevalence of hiv-2 infection was (37.03%) among sera reactive for hiv-1 by elisa but indeterminate by western blot, compared with sera reactive for hiv-1 by elisa and wb (3.29%) or neg ...19969062036
solution conformation of an immunogenic peptide derived from the principal neutralizing determinant of the hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein gp125.the conformational preferences of a number of peptides with sequences related to the envelope glycoproteins of hiv-1 have been investigated in the past few years. similar studies have not been made for hiv-2, which is a distinct virus with similar physiological effects to those of hiv-1. the discovery of common structural features would be a promising route to the design of immunogens for generally effective hiv vaccines. we present the results of an nmr conformational study of a sequence derivi ...19969079375
development of a multiplex pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of hiv-1, hiv-2, htlv-i and htlv-ii.multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been established as a general technique for the simultaneous amplification of different target sequences. uses of multiplex include pathogens identification, linkage analysis and genetic disease diagnosis. the high sensitivity of pcr may produce false-positive results due to contamination with previously amplified material.19969137864
[ophthalmologic complications due to human immunodeficiency virus infection at bamako (mali)].aids ocular complications have been researched in 70 hospitalised patients in the two main hospitals of bamako (mali) during one year (1992-1993). men were predominant (sex ratio 1.6). hiv1 infections (67%) were most frequent than hiv1 + hiv2 (21.4%) or hiv2 infections (11.4%). most of the patients were on the who's clinical stage iii; 34% of them had ocular complications, quite often non infectious: cotonous nodules (10%), vascularitis (5.7%) and retineous haemorrhages (4.3%). ocular opportunis ...19969264734
active replication of hepatitis b virus (hbv) in hiv type 1 and in hiv type 2 infected patients.to evaluate the effect of concurrent infection by hiv on hbv infection or immunity, we have studied a group of 66 hiv1+ symptomatic caucasian patients and another of 38 african hiv2+ asymptomatic individuals, concerning their hbv status: serological markers of infection and presence of hbv-dna in serum, the last taken as sign of hepatitis b virus active replication, were monitored. hiv+ groups were compared with seronegative controls, adequately matched for age, sex and ethnological background. ...19969216105
[hiv infection in a seronegative child diagnosed by isolation of the virus. the significant immunological and epidemiological signs].hiv-1, subtype f was isolated from a seronegative child aged 2.5 yr. elisa tests (behring hiv-1 + 2, abbott hiv-1 + 2, wellcozyme hiv-1 recombinant, clonatec hiv-1 + 2, genelavia mixt), and also rapid tests (abbott pack, serodia) were all negative, although some of them presented borderline reactivities. western blot (cambridge biotech) revealed an undetermined profile (traces of anti-gp160 plus anti-p24). a new wb test (sanofi dg. pasteur) performed at a higher serum concentration (1/25) reveal ...19969455410
clinical pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv) in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in jos, nigeria.a study of determine the seroprevalence rate and clinical presentation of hiv-associated pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out in jos between october 1990 and september 1991. out of the 180 newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients, 11(6.1%) were confirmed seropositive for hiv-1 and 2. the peak age range for both tuberculosis and hiv infection in both sexes is 20-40 years. the risk of hiv infection was associated with multiple sex partners and blood transfusion. there was no significant d ...19969532299
a community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 provirus load in rural village in west africa.a community-based study of provirus load in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2-infected subjects was done in a rural village in guinea-bissau. hiv-2 provirus load varied considerably, with a geometric mean of 124.3 (95% confidence interval, 86.0-179.6) copies/10(5) cd4 cells, which is a level similar to that found in hiv-1 infection. neither malaria parasitemia, active syphilis, or human t cell leukemia virus coinfection significantly influenced provirus load, nor did age. eleven of 104 h ...19968537668
mycobacterium avium complex sputum isolates from patients with respiratory symptoms in guinea-bissau.in total, 814 patients with clinically suspected tuberculosis were examined at the raoul follerau hospital in bissau, guinea-bissau. sputum samples were collected, and cultures were grown on löwenstein-jensen medium. isolates were further characterized by standard biochemical methods and nucleic acid probes for mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). serum samples were collected and analyzed for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2. of 17 ...19968537673
[accessibility to health services by hiv-infected patients: a literature review]the aim of this paper is to provide a review of studies on accessibility to health care. it has been shown that patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may present better survival estimates depending upon their access to adequate health care, such as the availability of prophylactic therapy (e.g. zidovudine, pentamidine). the present review has emphasized access to health care in light of data from the current hiv epidemic. theorical aspects pertaining to accessibility are pr ...199610904325
isolation of an in vitro transmissible agent with reverse transcriptase activity from a blood donor with a borderline-positive hiv-1 serology for more than five years.reverse transcriptase (rt) is present in all infectious retrovirus particles. sensitive rt tests should thus detect all such particles. a family of ultrasensitive rt tests, product-enhanced reverse transcriptase (pert) assays, have been designed. accumulated results show that (i) a first version of the pert assay that uses microtiter/elisa technology detects rt of only 3-11 retroviral particles, (ii) very different human and animal lenti- and oncoviruses are detected very sensitively, (iii) hiv- ...199615566879
aids -- diagnosis and management.hiv infection causes aids, a fatal disease. viral types hiv-1 and hiv-2 have thus far been identified, the latter form presenting mainly in west africa. hiv-1 is in countries throughout the world, demonstrating a pattern of infection which varies by region. 960 hiv-positive cases have been detected in pakistan, 52 of which had progressed to aids. hiv can be transmitted either horizontally by blood and semen or vertically through the placenta. however, transmission is most common in individu ...199612346519
strategies for safe blood. reducing hiv transmission.blood transfusion programs can minimize the risk of transfusing infected blood through three strategies: 1) recruiting and counseling voluntary donors who are at low risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), 2) screening all donated blood for hiv and other infections transmitted by blood and safely disposing of infected blood, and 3) reducing the number of blood and blood product transfusions. schools, universities, church groups, community centers, and workplaces provide opportunities for ed ...199612291928
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