Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| viral pathogens of acute lower respiratory tract infection in china. | to document the viral etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alris) in chinese children. | 2008 | 19129564 |
| amino acid substitutions in leucine zipper motif in the f-specific domain of human parainfluenza virus 3 hn protein play important roles in the protein function. | to explore the effects of leucine zipper motif in f-specificity domain of human parainfluenza virus 3 (hpiv3) hn protein on the membrane fusion promotion activity. | 2008 | 19018146 |
| a paramyxovirus-vectored intranasal vaccine against ebola virus is immunogenic in vector-immune animals. | ebola virus (ebov) causes outbreaks of a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. the virus can be transmitted by direct contact as well as by aerosol and is considered a potential bioweapon. because direct immunization of the respiratory tract should be particularly effective against infection of mucosal surfaces, we previously developed an intranasal vaccine based on replication-competent human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) expressing ebov glycoprotein gp (hpiv3/ebogp) and showed that i ... | 2008 | 18570964 |
| exposure to novel parainfluenza virus and clinical relevance in 2 bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) populations. | parainfluenza virus (piv) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in humans. a novel virus closely related to human and bovine parainfluenza viruses types 3 (hpiv-3 and bpiv-3), named tursiops truncatus parainfluenza virus type 1 (ttpiv-1), was isolated from a dolphin with respiratory disease. we developed a dolphin-specific elisa to measure acute- and convalescent-phase piv antibodies in dolphins during 1999-2006 with hemograms similar to that of the positive control. piv seroconversion oc ... | 2008 | 18325253 |
| inhibition of human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection by novel small molecules. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is an important respiratory tract pathogen of infants and children. there are no vaccines or antivirals currently approved for prevention or treatment of hpiv3 infection. towards developing an antiviral therapy to combat hpiv3 infection, we have established a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged hpiv3 infected-cell assay and used it for screening of a small molecule library obtained from chembridge diver. two novel small molecules (c5 and c7) which shar ... | 2008 | 17964670 |
| synthesis of recombinant human parainfluenza virus 1 and 3 nucleocapsid proteins in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. | human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 (hpiv1 and hpiv3, respectively), members of the virus family paramyxoviridae, are common causes of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, the immunocompromised, the chronically ill, and the elderly. in order to synthesize recombinant hpiv1 and hpiv3 nucleocapsid proteins, the coding sequences were cloned into the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae expression vector pfgg3 under control of gal7 promoter. a high level of recombinant virus ... | 2008 | 18249456 |
| specificity and functional interaction of the polymerase complex proteins of human and avian metapneumoviruses. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) have a similar genome organization and protein composition, but a different host range. ampv subgroup c (ampv-c) is more closely related to hmpv than other ampvs. to investigate the specificity and functional interaction of the polymerase complex proteins of human and avian metapneumoviruses, a minireplicon system was generated for ampv-c and used in combination with minireplicon systems for hmpv lineages a1 and b1. viral rna-like mol ... | 2008 | 18343839 |
| simultaneous toxicities in a child on multiple anticonvulsants. | it is rare to develop simultaneous toxicities while on anticonvulsants. this article presents a 3(1/2)-year-old child on valproic acid, lamotrigine, and phenytoin who developed simultaneous hepatotoxicity and bone marrow toxicity during a parainfluenza virus type 3 infection. these toxicities resolved after the cessation of anticonvulsants, and her seizures were managed acutely with scheduled lorazepam. this article discusses the possibility that simultaneous use of valproic acid, lamotrigine, a ... | 2008 | 18344455 |
| parainfluenza virus infections in a tropical city: clinical and epidemiological aspects. | little information on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infections, especially in children from tropical countries, has been published. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of hpiv infections in children attended at a large hospital in fortaleza in northeast brazil, and describe seasonal patterns, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these infections. from january 2001 to december 2006, a total of 3070 nasopharyngeal aspi ... | 2008 | 18833402 |
| characterization of a parainfluenza virus isolated from a bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus). | a novel member of the parainfluenza virus family was identified in a bottlenose dolphin with respiratory disease. the case animal was a 19-year old male atlantic bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) that presented with signs of respiratory illness, including raspy, foul-odored breaths and cream-colored exudate from the blowhole. focally extensive pyogranulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia with moderate numbers of intralesional yeast organisms was identified on histopathological examinatio ... | 2008 | 18031960 |
| irf-3 activation by sendai virus infection is required for cellular apoptosis and avoidance of persistence. | here, we report that specific manipulations of the cellular response to virus infection can cause prevention of apoptosis and consequent establishment of persistent infection. infection of several human cell lines with sendai virus (sev) or human parainfluenza virus 3, two prototypic paramyxoviruses, caused slow apoptosis, which was markedly accelerated upon blocking the action of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (pi3 kinases) in the infected cells. the observed apoptosis required viral gene expre ... | 2008 | 18216110 |
| comparison of nasopharyngeal flocked swabs and aspirates for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses in children. | the quality of clinical specimens is a crucial determinant for virological diagnosis. | 2008 | 18242124 |
| significant rising antibody titres to influenza a are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. | sporadic cases of an acute fall in milk production, "milk drop", were investigated in a holstein friesian dairy herd in devon. the investigation was a case control study with two controls per case. paired blood samples demonstrated that rising antibody titres to human influenza a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and human influenza a/eng/427/88 (h3n2) were associated with an acute fall in milk production. rising titres to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvd), infect ... | 2008 | 17851097 |
| identification and evaluation of a highly effective fusion inhibitor for human metapneumovirus. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) can cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections that are particularly severe in young children, elderly subjects, and immunocompromised patients. to date, no treatments or vaccines are available for hmpv infections. our objective was to assess the inhibitory potential of several peptides derived from the heptad repeat a and b (hra and hrb) domains of the hmpv fusion protein. nine candidate peptides were expressed in escherichia coli or obtained synthetic ... | 2008 | 17967906 |
| human metapneumovirus infection in febrile children with lower respiratory diseases in primary care settings in hiroshima, japan. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been shown to be a leading cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections in children. nevertheless, few reports regarding hmpv infections over consecutive years in children in primary care settings are available. we carried out virologic and clinical studies to determine the role of hmpv in febrile lower respiratory infections in children at a primary care clinic over 3 years and 5 months. nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained from children with acute respiratory ... | 2008 | 19050367 |
| a histidine switch in hemagglutinin-neuraminidase triggers paramyxovirus-cell membrane fusion. | most paramyxovirus fusion proteins require coexpression of and activation by a homotypic attachment protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn), to promote membrane fusion. however, the molecular mechanism of the activation remains unknown. we previously showed that the incorporation of a monohistidylated lipid into f-virosome (sendai viral envelope containing only fusion protein) enhanced its fusion to hepatocytes, suggesting that the histidine residue in the lipid accelerated membrane fusion. th ... | 2009 | 19052089 |
| seasonality of respiratory viral identification varies with age and aboriginality in metropolitan western australia. | viral respiratory infections are a major cause of pediatric illness. it is not known whether seasonality of viruses differs between aboriginal and non-aboriginal children of varying ages. | 2009 | 19384260 |
| antiviral activity of gliotoxin, gentian violet and brilliant green against nipah and hendra virus in vitro. | using a recently described monolayer assay amenable to high throughput screening format for the identification of potential nipah virus and hendra virus antivirals, we have partially screened a low molecular weight compound library (>8,000 compounds) directly against live virus infection and identified twenty eight promising lead molecules. initial single blind screens were conducted with 10 microm compound in triplicate with a minimum efficacy of 90% required for lead selection. lead compounds ... | 2009 | 19889218 |
| nanoparticle vaccines against respiratory viruses. | influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and parainfluenza type 3 virus (pi-3v) are the major viral agents which are consistently involved in causing lower respiratory tract disease in humans and animals. the virus infection begins in the upper respiratory tract, where immune responses are initiated, and then progresses to the lower respiratory tract where destruction of cells and tissues leads to bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, which is occasionally fatal. nanoparticle vacc ... | 2009 | 20049806 |
| the role of toll pathways in viral respiratory disease during early childhood. | virus-induced respiratory disease accounts for the majority of hospitalizations of young children during the winter months. the major viral causes of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children are respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), rhinovirus, metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus 3 (piv-3), and influenza. the primary antiviral mechanism involves the activation of cytotoxic t cells and the clearance of virus-infected epithelial cells, and toll-like receptors that recognize mic ... | 2009 | 19601804 |
| mapping of an antigenic site on the nucleocapsid protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is a respiratory tract pathogen. the current study aimed to investigate immunodominant regions of hpiv3 nucleocapsid (n) protein by using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against recombinant n protein and human serum specimens from hpiv3-infected individuals. a panel of murine mabs was generated following immunization with yeast-expressed hpiv3 n protein self-assembled to nucleocapsid-like particles. all mabs recognized native viral nucleocapsids in hp ... | 2009 | 19435414 |
| quantitative rt real time pcr and indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of human parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are distributed worldwide and are involved mainly in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections. the development and optimization of three quantitative reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reactions (rt real time qt-pcrs) and an indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) for the detection and quantitation of hpiv-1, -2 and -3 in clinical samples are described. efficiency, sensitivity, specificity, inter- and intra-assay variability and turnaround time ... | 2009 | 19445964 |
| n-terminally truncated c protein, cndelta25, of human parainfluenza virus type 3 is a potent inhibitor of viral replication. | the c protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is a multifunctional accessory protein that inhibits viral transcription and interferon (ifn) signaling. in the present study, we found that removal of n-terminal 25 or 50 amino acid residues from the c protein (cndelta25 or cndelta50) totally abolished viral rna synthesis in the hpiv3 minigenome system. further n-terminal or c-terminal deletion impaired the inhibitory ability of cndelta25 and cndelta50. subsequent mutagenesis analysis su ... | 2009 | 19747707 |
| respiratory infections in norwegian dairy calves. | the aims of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of respiratory agents in norwegian dairy calves and to identify risk factors for respiratory disease. the participating 135 herds were randomly selected from those in the norwegian dairy herd recording system with at least 15 cow years. each herd was followed for 1 yr. blood samples from calves of >150 d of age (n = 1,348) were analyzed for antibodies against parainfluenza virus 3, bovine coronavirus (bcov), bovine respiratory syncytial ... | 2009 | 19762832 |
| differential regulation of type i interferon and epidermal growth factor pathways by a human respirovirus virulence factor. | a number of paramyxoviruses are responsible for acute respiratory infections in children, elderly and immuno-compromised individuals, resulting in airway inflammation and exacerbation of chronic diseases like asthma. to understand the molecular pathogenesis of these infections, we searched for cellular targets of the virulence protein c of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3-c). we found that hpiv3-c interacts directly through its c-terminal domain with stat1 and grb2, whereas c proteins fro ... | 2009 | 19806178 |
| a recombinant, infectious human parainfluenza virus type 3 expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein for use in high-throughput antiviral assays. | the ability to rescue an infectious, recombinant, negative-stranded, rna virus from a complementary dna (cdna) clone, has led to new opportunities for measuring viral replication from a viral expressed reporter gene. in this study, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene was inserted into the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) antigenome and a recombinant, infectious virus was rescued. maximum egfp expression levels, measured by fluorescence, were seen at day 3. comparison of a ... | 2009 | 19189850 |
| antiviral constituents against respiratory viruses from mikania micrantha. | phytochemical investigation of the dried aerial parts of mikania micrantha led to the isolation of a new sesquiterpene, 3beta-acetoxy-1,10-epoxy-4-germacrene-12,8;15,6-diolide (1), along with six known constituents: 1,10-epoxy-4-germacrene-12,8;15,6-diolide (2), dihydromikanolide (3), potassium mikanin 3-sulfate (4), mikanin (5), alpinetin (6), and ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-ol (7). their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and the molecular structures and stereochemistry of sesqui ... | 2009 | 19267453 |
| parainfluenza virus 3 pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient. | we report the first case of parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient. a 39-year-old man developed pneumonia during hospitalization 6 years after kidney transplantation. he became hypoxic and underwent noninvasive ventilation. piv3 was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. he was treated successfully with aerosolized ribavirin and intravenous immunoglobulin. although he recovered from pneumonia, his graft function deteriorated and he had to restart peri ... | 2009 | 19356218 |
| multicluster nosocomial outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 3 infection in a pediatric oncohematology unit: a phylogenetic study. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) has been reported to cause nosocomial outbreaks of respiratory infection, in particular among hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. | 2009 | 19377073 |
| differential sensitivity of differentiated epithelial cells to respiratory viruses reveals different viral strategies of host infection. | to address the initiation of virus infection in the respiratory tract, we established two culture systems for differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells (baec). filter-grown baec differentiated under air-liquid interface (ali) conditions to generate a pseudo-stratified mucociliary epithelium. alternatively, precision-cut lung slices (pcls) from the bovine airways were generated that retained the original composition and distribution of differentiated epithelial cells. with both systems, epith ... | 2009 | 19052091 |
| simultaneous detection of parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) types 1 and 3 are major viral pathogens responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. the diagnosis of these two species is achieved generally by specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain (rt-pcr) reaction methods. in this study, a real-time rt-pcr was developed using a common pair of primers-probe (hpiv-1+3) for the simultaneous detection of both hpiv-1 and hpiv-3 genomes. results obtained in a 10-fold dilution series assay demonstrate a hi ... | 2009 | 19063922 |
| outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 3 in a neonatal intensive care unit. | parainfluenza virus (piv) causes > 30% of all acute respiratory infections in infants and children and is second only to respiratory syncytial virus as a cause of lower respiratory tract infection. however in the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu), piv outbreaks are highly uncommon. this case report describes an outbreak of 3 cases of piv type 3 in a regional nicu. | 2009 | 19085679 |
| retinoic acid inducible gene i activates innate antiviral response against human parainfluenza virus type 3. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is a respiratory paramyxovirus that infects lung epithelial cells to cause high morbidity among infants and children. to date, no effective vaccine or antiviral therapy exists for hpiv3 and therefore, it is important to study innate immune antiviral response induced by this virus in infected cells. type-i interferons (ifn, interferon-alpha/beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha activated by nfkappab) are potent antiviral cytokines that play an im ... | 2009 | 19922606 |
| human piv-2 recombinant sendai virus (rsev) elicits durable immunity and combines with two additional rsevs to protect against hpiv-1, hpiv-2, hpiv-3, and rsv. | the human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) and respiratory syncytial viruses (rsvs) are the leading causes of hospitalizations due to respiratory viral disease in infants and young children, but no vaccines are yet available. here we describe the use of recombinant sendai viruses (rsevs) as candidate vaccine vectors for these respiratory viruses in a cotton rat model. two new sendai virus (sev)-based hpiv-2 vaccine constructs were generated by inserting the fusion (f) gene or the hemagglutinin-neur ... | 2009 | 19200447 |
| parainfluenza virus type 3 pneumonia in bone marrow transplant recipients: multiple small nodules in high-resolution lung computed tomography scans provide a radiological clue to diagnosis. | we report the findings of high-resolution chest computed tomography of 6 hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with parainfluenza virus type 3 pneumonia who were not infected with any other pathogens. all patients had multiple small nodules (diameter, <5 mm) without cavitation in a peribronchial distribution. changes preceded microbiological diagnosis in 4 of 6 cases. | 2009 | 19222373 |
| in vitro biological activity screening of lycopodium complanatum l. ssp. chamaecyparissus (a. br.) doll. | this article reports the results of selected biological activities, including anticholinesterase, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties, of the petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts as well as the alkaloid fraction of lycopodium complanatum l. ssp. chamaecyparissus (a. br.) doll (lcc, lycopodiaceae) growing in turkey. anticholinesterase effect of the extracts was tested against both acetylcholinesterase (ache) and butyrylcholinesterase (bche) at concentratio ... | 2009 | 19384728 |
| human parainfluenza virus infection of the airway epithelium: viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase regulates fusion protein activation and modulates infectivity. | three discrete activities of the paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein, receptor binding, receptor cleaving (neuraminidase), and triggering of the fusion protein, each affect the promotion of viral fusion and entry. for human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), the effects of specific mutations that alter these functions of the receptor-binding protein have been well characterized using cultured monolayer cells, which have identified steps that are potentially relevant to pathog ... | 2009 | 19386708 |
| cold oxygen plasma technology efficiency against different airborne respiratory viruses. | respiratory infections caused by viruses are major causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. they account for an important mortality and morbidity worldwide. amongst these viruses, influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses are major pathogens. their transmission is mainly airborne, by direct transmission through droplets from infected cases. | 2009 | 19406687 |
| phase-i study medi-534, of a live, attenuated intranasal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza-3 virus in seropositive children. | a live, attenuated respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine was evaluated in healthy respiratory syncytial virus/parainfluenza virus type 3 seropositive children aged 1 to 9 years. three cohorts of 40 children were randomized 1:1 to receive 10, 10, or 10 median tissue culture infectious dose50 medi-534 vaccine or placebo. the vaccine's safety profile was similar to placebo, no viral shedding was detected, and the vaccine was minimally immunogenic. | 2009 | 19483659 |
| effect of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitors bcx 2798 and bcx 2855 on growth and pathogenicity of sendai/human parainfluenza type 3 chimera virus in mice. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) is a major respiratory tract pathogen that affects young children, but no vaccines or antiviral drugs against it have yet been developed. we developed a mouse model to evaluate the efficacies of the novel parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) inhibitors bcx 2798 and bcx 2855 against a recombinant sendai virus (rsev) in which the fusion (f) and hn surface glycoproteins (fhn) were replaced by those of hpiv-3 [rsev(hpiv-3fhn)]. in the prophyl ... | 2009 | 19564364 |
| evidence for phosphorylation of human parainfluenza virus type 3 c protein: mutant c proteins exhibit variable inhibitory activities in vitro. | the p mrna of human parainfluenza virus type 3, like other members of the subfamily paramyxovirinae, gives rise to several polypeptides, one amongst them, the c protein, which is involved in inhibition of viral rna synthesis as well as counteracting the host interferon signaling pathway. as a further step towards characterizing the function of c protein we present evidence to demonstrate the phosphorylation of c protein. evidence for this observation emerged from deletion mapping studies coupled ... | 2009 | 19410612 |
| infection and maturation of monocyte-derived human dendritic cells by human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and human parainfluenza virus type 3. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) are common, important respiratory pathogens, but hrsv has a substantially greater impact with regard to acute disease, long-term effects on airway function, and frequency of re-infection. it has been reported to strongly interfere with the functioning of dendritic cells (dc). we compared hrsv to hmpv and hpiv3 with regard to their effects on human monocyte-derived immature dc (idc ... | 2009 | 19128816 |
| phosphoprotein, p of human parainfluenza virus type 3 prevents self-association of rna-dependent rna polymerase, l. | the rna-dependent rna-polymerase (rdrp) of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) is a large protein (l, 2233 amino acids), and along with the phosphoprotein (p, 603 amino acids) forms a heterocomplex that transcribes the genome rna into mrnas in vitro and in vivo that are 5'-capped and methylated and 3'-polyadenylated. the interaction of the p protein, an obligatory cofactor, imparts the rdrp activity of the l protein, which is otherwise inactive. the precise mechanism underlying this activat ... | 2009 | 19012944 |
| association of respiratory virus activity and environmental factors with the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. | to correlate the incidence rate of invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) with fluctuations in respiratory virus activity and environmental factors in christchurch, new zealand. | 2009 | 19042025 |
| chimeric human parainfluenza virus bearing the ebola virus glycoprotein as the sole surface protein is immunogenic and highly protective against ebola virus challenge. | we generated a new live-attenuated vaccine against ebola virus (ebov) based on a chimeric virus hpiv3/deltaf-hn/ebogp that contains the ebov glycoprotein (gp) as the sole transmembrane envelope protein combined with the internal proteins of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3). electron microscopy analysis of the virus particles showed that they have an envelope and surface spikes resembling those of ebov and a particle size and shape resembling those of hpiv3. when hpiv3/deltaf-hn/ebogp was ... | 2009 | 19010509 |
| a study of cytotoxicity of novel chlorokojic acid derivatives with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. | a series of 6-chloromethyl-3-hydroxy-2-substituted 4h-pyran-4-one derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial and antiviral activities. mannich base derivatives were prepared through the reaction of substituted piperazine or piperidine derivatives on chlorokojic acid and formaline. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr, esi-ms, and elemental analysis. according to the activity studies, compounds 2-7 (mic: 1-2 microg/ml) were foun ... | 2010 | 20591538 |
| respiratory viruses in nepalese children with and without pneumonia: a case-control study. | the causative role of respiratory viruses detected in upper airway secretions in childhood pneumonia needs further investigation. | 2010 | 20351618 |
| n-linked glycan at residue 523 of human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase masks a second receptor-binding site. | the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoprotein plays a critical role in parainfluenza virus replication. we recently found that in addition to the catalytic binding site, hn of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv-1) may have a second receptor-binding site covered by an n-linked glycan at residue 173, which is near the region of the second receptor-binding site identified in newcastle disease virus (ndv) hn (i. a. alymova, g. taylor, v. p. mishin, m. watanabe, k. g. murti, k. boyd, p. chand ... | 2010 | 20053750 |
| population-based incidence of human metapneumovirus infection among hospitalized children. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness (ari) in children. population-based incidence rates and comprehensive clinical characterizations of disease have not been established. | 2010 | 20446850 |
| local production of inflammatory mediators during childhood parainfluenza virus infection. | to describe the clinical manifestations of parainfluenza virus (piv) infection and to characterize biochemical markers of piv disease severity. | 2010 | 20182399 |
| viral entry inhibitors targeted to the membrane site of action. | the fusion of enveloped viruses with the host cell is driven by specialized fusion proteins to initiate infection. the "class i" fusion proteins harbor two regions, typically two heptad repeat (hr) domains, which are central to the complex conformational changes leading to fusion: the first heptad repeat (hrn) is adjacent to the fusion peptide, while the second (hrc) immediately precedes the transmembrane domain. peptides derived from the hr regions can inhibit fusion, and one hr peptide, t20 (e ... | 2010 | 20357085 |
| legionnaires' disease mimicking swine influenza (h1n1) pneumonia during the "herald wave" of the pandemic. | new york area hospitals were hit hard by the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic in spring and summer 2009. during a pandemic, the initial cases may be difficult to recognize, but subsequent clinical diagnoses were relatively straightforward, given the high volume of cases and their typical clinical presentation. swine influenza pneumonia presents as an influenza-like illness (ili) with dry cough, fever >102 degrees f and myalgias. a variety of other viral pneumonias, eg, cytomegalovirus, human para ... | 2010 | 20457347 |
| frequency of detection of upper respiratory tract viruses in patients tested for pandemic h1n1/09 viral infection. | molecular testing of 270 consecutive nasopharyngeal swab samples taken in may and june 2009 and 274 samples from patients hospitalized between july and december 2009 showed similar findings of respiratory viruses, with influenza a pandemic virus h1n1/09 being the most represented, followed by human parainfluenza virus type 3 and rhinoviruses. statistical analyses suggested virus cocirculation in the absence of viral interference. | 2010 | 20592147 |
| microbiological and pathological examination of fatal calf pneumonia cases induced by bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens. | the infectious origin of fatal cases of calf pneumonia was studied in 48 calves from 27 different herds on postmortem examination. lung tissue samples were examined by pathological, histological, bacterial culture, virus isolation and immunohistochemical methods for the detection of viral and bacterial infections. pneumonia was diagnosed in 47/48 cases and infectious agents were found in 40/47 (85%) of those cases. the presence of multiple respiratory pathogens in 23/40 (57.5%) cases indicated t ... | 2010 | 20713325 |
| α-fetoprotein gene delivery to the nasal epithelium of nonhuman primates by human parainfluenza viral vectors. | over the last two decades, enormous effort has been focused on developing virus-based gene delivery vectors to target the respiratory airway epithelium as a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis (cf) lung disease. however, amongst other problems, the efficiency of gene delivery to the differentiated airway epithelial cells of the lung has been too low for clinical benefit. although not a target for cf therapy, the nasal epithelium exhibits cellular morphology and composition similar to that of ... | 2010 | 20735256 |
| single and multiple viral infections in lower respiratory tract infection. | lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) often leads to hospitalization, and it was indicated that causative viral infections are underestimated. | 2010 | 20861611 |
| molecular detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens from children with acute respiratory disease in iran. | viruses are the most common causes of respiratory tract infections in children. the implementation of rapid virology assays can identify the most common pathogens involved. this study was undertaken on iranian children less than 6 years old with respiratory infection. | 2010 | 20879092 |
| severe pneumonia caused by combined infection with pneumocystis jiroveci, parainfluenza virus type 3, cytomegalovirus, and aspergillus fumigatus in a patient with stevens-johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. | stevens-johnson syndrome (sjs) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (ten) are severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. we report here the first case of severe pneumonia caused by an unusual combined infection with pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci), parainfluenza virus type 3, cytomegalovirus and aspergillus fumigatus in a 63-year-old female patient with allopurinol-induced sjs/ten overlap syndrome. following treatment with high-dose systemic corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin for sjs/ten ... | 2010 | 21057748 |
| effects of human respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus 3 and influenza virus on cd4+ t cell activation by dendritic cells. | background: human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), and to a lesser extent human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), re-infect symptomatically throughout life without antigenic change, suggestive of incomplete immunity. one causative factor is thought to be viral interference with dendritic cell (dc)-mediated stimulation of cd4+ t cells. methodology, principal findings: we infected human monocyte-derived dc with purified hrsv, hmpv, hpiv3, or influenza a virus ... | 2010 | 21124776 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from cattle in china. | bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bpiv3) is one of the most important of the known viral respiratory pathogens of both young and adult cattle. however bpiv3 has not been detected or isolated in china prior to this study. in 2008, four bpiv3 strains were isolated with mdbk cells from cattle in china and characterized by rt-pcr, nucleotide sequence analysis, transmission electron microscope observation, hemadsorption and hemagglutination tests. nucleotide phylogenetic analysis of partial hemagglu ... | 2010 | 21131145 |
| human bocavirus in children with respiratory tract infection in shanghai: a retrospective study. | human bocavirus (hbov) was first reported in 2005. the worldwide presence of hbov in children with acute respiratory tract infection (arti) has been confirmed. this study aimed to understand the prevalence and clinical features of hbov in children with arti in shanghai and explore the causative implication of hbov in arti. | 2010 | 20143214 |
| kawasaki disease associated with parainfluenza type 3 virus infection. | kawasaki disease (kd) is an acute, febrile and multisystem vasculitis of early childhood with a striking predilection for the coronary arteries. in developed countries, the incidence of kd has replaced acute rheumatic fever as the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. the etiologic agent of kd remains unknown, although clinical and epidemiologic features strongly indicate an infectious cause. parainfluenza viruses are the major cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), but they a ... | 2010 | 20624363 |
| bradykinin-induced lung inflammation and bronchoconstriction: role in parainfluenze-3 virus-induced inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. | inhaled bradykinin causes bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects but not nonasthmatics. to date, animal studies with inhaled bradykinin have been performed only in anesthetized guinea pigs and rats, where it causes bronchoconstriction through sensory nerve pathways. in the present study, airway function was recorded in conscious guinea pigs by whole-body plethysmography. inhaled bradykinin (1 mm, 20 s) caused bronchoconstriction and influx of inflammatory cells to the lungs, but only when the ... | 2010 | 20847038 |
| respiratory tract immunization of non-human primates with a newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine candidate against ebola virus elicits a neutralizing antibody response. | we previously developed a respiratory tract vaccine candidate against ebola virus (ebov) based on human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), a respiratory paramyxovirus, expressing the ebov gp envelope protein (hpiv3/gp) from an added gene. two doses of this vaccine candidate delivered by the intranasal and intratracheal route protected monkeys against intraperitoneal challenge with ebov; however, concerns exist that the vaccine candidate may have reduced immunogenicity in the adult human populat ... | 2010 | 21034822 |
| coinfection with ebv/cmv and other respiratory agents in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis. | numerous studies have shown that epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) can infect immunocompetent patients simultaneously with other agents. nonetheless, multiple infections with other agents in ebv/cmv-infected children have received little attention. we conducted a retrospective study of children with suspected infectious mononucleosis. peripheral blood samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence to detect ebv, cmv and other respiratory agents including respiratory syncyt ... | 2010 | 20858235 |
| respiratory infection of camels associated with parainfluenza virus 3 in sudan. | this study was undertaken to investigate the role of parainfluenza virus 3 (piv3) in respiratory infection of camels. a total of 273 lung specimens from camels with pneumonia lesions were collected from slaughterhouses in four different areas of sudan. in addition, eight specimens were collected from outbreaks of respiratory infection in camels. using antigen detection sandwich elisa kits, six out of the 281 specimens tested were positive for the piv3 antigen (2.1%); the highest prevalence was n ... | 2010 | 19733593 |
| antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) population in the argentinean andean altiplano. | serum samples from 128 wild vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) were tested for antibodies (ab) to rotavirus (rv), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv-1), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bluetongue virus (btv), equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), and influenza a virus equine (eiv). samples were collected in cieneguillas province of jujuy, in northern argentina. feces from 44 vicuñas were also collected to investigate rv shedding. llamas (la ... | 2010 | 20688660 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv 3) community-acquired pneumonia (cap) mimicking pertussis in an adult: the diagnostic importance of hoarseness and monocytosis. | background: there are relatively few causes of acute community-acquired pneumonias (caps) in adults associated with prolonged cough. in adults the most common acute caps with a prominent and persistent nonproductive cough are due to mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophilia (chlamydia) pneumoniae, or bordetella pertussis (pertussis). pertussis is an underrecognized and underappreciated cause of cap in adults. different from classic pertussis in children, pertussis in adults presents with prolonged d ... | 2010 | 20888644 |
| bighorn sheep fetal lung cell line for detection of respiratory viruses. | pneumonia is an important disease of bighorn sheep (bhs) that is primarily responsible for the drastic decline in numbers of these animals in north america. members of the genus mannheimia and pasteurella have frequently been isolated from the pneumonic lungs of bhs. antibodies to several respiratory viruses, including bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1), have been detected in herd ... | 2010 | 20357964 |
| control of an outbreak of human parainfluenza virus 3 in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | human parainfluenza virus 3 (hpiv3) infection can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). there are no standard guidelines for the prevention and control of hpiv3 in the outpatient setting. after 2 hsct inpatients diagnosed with hpiv3 were noted to have had multiple recent hsct outpatient clinic (opc) visits, an investigation of policy and procedures in the hsct opc was undertaken, and active surveillance for respiratory vi ... | 2010 | 19781656 |
| structure of the newcastle disease virus f protein in the post-fusion conformation. | the paramyxovirus f protein is a class i viral membrane fusion protein which undergoes a significant refolding transition during virus entry. previous studies of the newcastle disease virus, human parainfluenza virus 3 and parainfluenza virus 5 f proteins revealed differences in the pre- and post-fusion structures. the ndv queensland (q) f structure lacked structural elements observed in the other two structures, which are key to the refolding and fusogenic activity of f. here we present the ndv ... | 2010 | 20439109 |
| domain within the c protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 that regulates interferon signaling. | human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), one of the paramyxoviruses, uses its accessory c protein as an antagonist against interferon (ifn)-mediated host innate immunity. we have previously shown that the c protein significantly decreased the ifn-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) 1 and the formation of gamma ifn activation factor (gaf) complex, thus abrogating the antiviral activity of the ifns against vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) replication ... | 2010 | 21061916 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3): construction and rescue of an infectious, recombinant virus expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp). | the ability to rescue an infectious, recombinant rna virus from a cdna clone has led to new opportunities for measuring viral replication from a viral expressed reporter gene. in this protocol, the process of inserting the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene into the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv-3) antigenome and rescuing a recombinant, infectious virus is described. the first step in this process includes the generation of a cdna clone copied from viral rna isolated from an ... | 2010 | 20440682 |
| pulmonary cyclooxygenase-1 (cox-1) and cox-2 cellular expression and distribution after respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus infection. | prostaglandins (pgs) play an important role in pulmonary physiology and various pathophysiological processes following infection. the initial step in the biosynthesis of pgs is regulated by two distinct cyclooxygenase enzymes, cyclooxygenase-1 (cox-1) and cox-2. the goal of this study was to investigate the pulmonary cellular localization and distribution of cox-1 and cox-2 in a neonatal lamb model following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza virus 3 (pi3) infection, organisms t ... | 2010 | 20121401 |
| mucosal parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine against ebola virus replicates in the respiratory tract of vector-immune monkeys and is immunogenic. | we previously used human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) as a vector to express the ebola virus (ebov) gp glycoprotein. the resulting hpiv3/ebogp vaccine was immunogenic and protective against ebov challenge in a non-human primate model. however, it remained unclear whether the vaccine would be effective in adults due to preexisting immunity to hpiv3. here, the immunogenicity of hpiv3/ebogp was compared in hpiv3-naive and hpiv3-immune rhesus monkeys. after a single dose of hpiv3/ebogp, the ti ... | 2010 | 20129638 |
| recent advances in ebolavirus vaccine development. | ebolavirus is a highly infectious pathogen with a case fatality rate as high as 90%. currently there is a lack of licensed ebolavirus vaccines as well as pre- and post-exposure treatments. recent increases in the frequency of natural human ebolavirus infections and its potential use as a bioterrorism agent makes vaccine development a priority for many nations. significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ebolavirus infection and several promising vaccine candidates wer ... | 2010 | 20671437 |
| influenza and parainfluenza associated pediatric icu morbidity. | to investigate if morbidity in young children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (picu with a laboratory proven diagnosis of influenza and parainfluenza infection) had increased. | 2010 | 20882437 |
| [a pathogenic and clinical study of 882 cases of adult influenza-like illness in guangzhou]. | this study was undertaken to describe the viral etiology and clinical features in patients with influenza-like illness (ili) in guangzhou. | 2010 | 21176504 |
| [a guinea pig model of parainfluenza virus type 3 infection-induced acute and postinfectious cough]. | to establish a guinea pig model of cough induced by human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) infection, and to investigate the change of the cough reflex sensitivity (crs). | 2010 | 21211410 |
| multiplex real-time rt-pcr detection of three viruses associated with the bovine respiratory disease complex. | bovine respiratory disease complex (brdc) is considered the most significant illness associated with feedlot cattle in north america and possibly worldwide. brdc is a multi-factorial disease with environmental conditions interacting with multiple viral and bacterial pathogens to produce severe respiratory illness. bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 are three of the major viruses associated with brdc. in this study, a multiplex real-time rt-pcr usi ... | 2010 | 21126537 |
| identification of simian agent 10 as human parainfluenza virus type 3 suggests transmission of a human virus to an african monkey. | 2010 | 20881043 | |
| morbidity of parainfluenza 3 outbreak in preterm infants in a neonatal unit. | parainfluenza type 3 virus (piv-3) is an important nosocomial pathogen which causes pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants. we report an outbreak of piv-3 respiratory infection which occurred in the neonatal unit of kk hospital in june 2005. this is the second piv-3 outbreak in our unit after the fi rst in december 1994. | 2010 | 21165523 |
| myocarditis caused by human parainfluenza virus in an immunocompetent child initially associated with 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus. | the association between respiratory viruses and myocarditis has hardly ever been described. we report a case of acute myocarditis in an immunocompetent child associated with the presence of parainfluenza virus type 3 infection, in a context of recent influenza illness, confirmed by molecular and serological studies. | 2011 | 21411596 |
| applications of pcr (real-time and masstag) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosis of respiratory infections and diarrheal illness among deployed u.s. military personnel during exercise balikatan 2009, philippines. | laboratory-based surveillance for diarrheal and respiratory illness was conducted at the 2009 republic of the philippines-united states balikatan exercise to determine the presence of specific pathogens endemic in the locations where the military exercises were conducted. ten stool and 6 respiratory specimens were obtained from individuals meeting case definitions for diarrhea or respiratory illness. stool specimens were frozen in dry ice and remotely tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass ... | 2011 | 22128641 |
| in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment. | isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ... | 2011 | 22179315 |
| cough reflex sensitivity is increased in guinea pigs with parainfluenza virus infection. | the purpose of this study was to investigate for the change in cough reflex sensitivity (crs) caused by parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) infection. guinea pigs were randomized into a vehicle control, an asthma control, or 1 of 4 piv3-inoculated groups (referred to as postinfection day [pid] 6, 12, 28, and 42 groups). evidence of viral protein and nucleic acid within the lung confirmed successful piv3 infection. plethysmography was used to assess crs and airway reaction and airway inflammation w ... | 2011 | 21417816 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv 3) viral community-acquired pneumonia (cap) mimicking swine influenza (h1n1) during the swine flu pandemic. | the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic began in mexico in 2009 and quickly spread worldwide. during the h1n1 pandemic, many patients were admitted to the winthrop-university hospital with influenza-like illnesses (ilis). many hospitalized adults had h1n1 pneumonia diagnosed by laboratory or clinical criteria. however, the laboratory diagnosis of h1n1 was problematic. the rapid influenza (quickvue a/b [quidel, san diego, ca]) test frequently showed false-negative results. reverse transcriptase-polym ... | 2011 | 20888645 |
| viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses in antananarivo, madagascar, july 2008 to june 2009. | in madagascar, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1978, little is known about the etiology and prevalence of viruses other than influenza causing influenza-like illnesses (ilis). | 2011 | 21390235 |
| cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. | some natural products consisting of the alkaloids yohimbine and vincamine (indole-type), scopolamine and atropine (tropane-type), colchicine (tropolone-type), allantoin (imidazolidine-type), trigonelline (pyridine-type) as well as octopamine, synephrine, and capsaicin (exocyclic amine-type); the flavonoid derivatives quercetin, apigenin, genistein, naringin, silymarin, and silibinin; and the phenolic acids namely gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quinic acid, were tested for their ... | 2011 | 21391841 |
| prevalence of human coronaviruses in adults with acute respiratory tract infections in beijing, china. | human coronaviruses (hcovs) are a common etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infections. hcov infections, especially those caused by the two hcovs identified most recently, nl63 and hku-1, have not been characterized fully. to evaluate the prevalence and clinical presentations of hku1 and nl63 in adults with acute respiratory tract infections, an investigation of hcov infections in beijing, china from 2005 to 2009 was performed by using reverse transcriptase pcr assays and sequencing an ... | 2011 | 21181925 |
| a rhoa-derived peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry in vitro. | rhoa-derived peptides have been shown to have antiviral activity against both human respiratory syncytial virus and human parainfluenza virus-3. the present study investigates the toxicity, anti-hiv-1 activity and mechanism of action of a rhoa-derived peptide (rhoa 77-95). the efficacy of this peptide was compared to a scrambled peptide of the same amino acid composition and enfuvirtide, a hiv entry inhibitor. our data show that this rhoa-derived peptide is a non-toxic and effective inhibitor of ... | 2011 | 21198428 |
| nosocomial transmission of parainfluenza 3 virus in hematological patients characterized by molecular epidemiology. | a.v. lee, d.f. bibby, h. oakervee, a. rohatiner, i. ushiro-lumb, d.a. clark, f.m. mattes. nosocomial transmission of parainfluenza 3 virus in hematological patients characterized by molecular epidemiology. transpl infect dis 2011: 13: 433-437. all rights reserved abstract: we report an outbreak of parainfluenza 3 virus involving 17 hematology-oncology patients on 2 hospital wards. sequence analysis of clinical samples confirmed homology of strains for 16/17 patients and 1 healthcare worker. epid ... | 2011 | 21466639 |
| reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for identifying acute viral upper respiratory tract infections. | diagnosis of respiratory viruses traditionally relies on culture or antigen detection. we aimed to demonstrate capacity of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) platform to identify clinical relevant respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirate (npa) samples and compare the diagnostic performance characteristics relative to conventional culture- and antigen-based methods. an rt-pcr/esi-ms respiratory virus surveillance kit ... | 2011 | 21251562 |
| identification of a natural human serotype 3 parainfluenza virus. | parainfluenza virus is an important pathogen threatening the health of animals and human, which brings human many kinds of disease, especially lower respiratory tract infection involving infants and young children. in order to control the virus, it is necessary to fully understand the molecular basis resulting in the genetic diversity of the virus. homologous recombination is one of mechanisms for the rapid change of genetic diversity. however, as a negative-strand virus, it is unknown whether t ... | 2011 | 21306605 |
| impact of parainfluenza virus type 3 infection on engraftment after hematopoietic sct. | 2011 | 21478915 | |
| ammonia disinfection of hatchery waste for elimination of single-stranded rna viruses. | hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertiliser or as substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. this study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. i ... | 2011 | 21515734 |
| [Etiology survey on virus of acute respiratory infection in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009]. | To investigate the pathogens of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009. | 2011 | 22177307 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: a comparison study. | background: human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (artis). although hpiv-4 has been associated with mild artis for years, recent investigations have also associated hpiv-4 infection with severe respiratory syndromes and with outbreaks of artis in children. objectives: to characterize the role of hpiv-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) in beijing, china. study design: nasopharyngeal ... | 2011 | 21636318 |
| [detection and clinical characteristics analysis of human bocavirus 1-3 in children for acute respiratory infection in lanzhou area]. | to study the clinical and molecular epidemiology characteristics of human bocavirus 1-3 (hbov1-3) in children for acute respiratory infection in lanzhou area. | 2011 | 21789841 |
| spring-loaded model revisited: paramyxovirus fusion requires engagement of a receptor binding protein beyond initial triggering of the fusion protein. | during paramyxovirus entry into a host cell, receptor engagement by a specialized binding protein triggers conformational changes in the adjacent fusion protein (f), leading to fusion between the viral and cell membranes. according to the existing paradigm of paramyxovirus membrane fusion, the initial activation of f by the receptor binding protein sets off a spring-loaded mechanism whereby the f protein progresses independently through the subsequent steps in the fusion process, ending in membr ... | 2011 | 21976650 |