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canine parvovirus type 2a (cpv-2a)-induced apoptosis in mdck involves both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.the canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) causes an acute disease in dogs. it has been found to induce cell cycle arrest and dna damage leading to cellular lysis. in this paper, we evaluated the apoptotic potential of the "new cpv-2a" in mdck cells and elucidated the mechanism of the induction of apoptosis. the exposure of mdck cells to the virus was found to trigger apoptotic response. apoptosis was confirmed by phosphatidylserine translocation, dna fragmentation assays, and cell cycle analysis. act ...201424092455
efficacy of the paramunity inducer pind-orf in the treatment of canine parvovirus infection.canine parvovirus (cpv) infection is a common and severe disease particularly affecting young dogs. the paramunity inducer pind-orf is reported to stimulate the innate immune system and, if used as a supplementary medication, might lead to a more rapid improvement in clinical signs in dogs with cpv infection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pind-orf in dogs with cpv infection in a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial using 38 dogs randomly assigned to two g ...201425218850
development of a pcr-rflp assay for the detection and differentiation of canine parvovirus and mink enteritis virus.a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) assay has been developed to detect and differentiate between canine parvovirus (cpv) and mink enteritis virus (mev). eight cpv and three mev epidemic strains isolated from 28 pathological samples from dogs and minks suspected of being infected with parvovirus were amplified by pcr using a pair of specific primers designed based on the cpv-n strain (m19296). pcr amplified a fragment of 1016bp from the genomic dna of b ...201425256910
novel canine bocavirus strain associated with severe enteritis in a dog litter.bocaviruses are small non-enveloped viruses with a linear ssdna genome, that belong to the genus bocaparvovirus of the subfamiliy parvovirinae. bocavirus infections are associated with a wide spectrum of disease in humans and various mammalian species. here we describe a fatal enteritis associated with infection with a novel strain of canine bocavirus 2 (cabov-2), that occurred in a litter of german wirehaired pointers. necropsy performed on three puppies revealed an enteritis reminiscent of can ...201425263495
serologic evidence of canine parvovirus in domestic dogs, wild carnivores, and marsupials in the argentinean chaco.the transmission of pathogens between domestic dogs and generalist wildlife species may be modified by environmental degradation, biodiversity losses, host densities, and increased contact rates in remnant forest patches. a serologic survey of canine parvovirus (cpv) in rural domestic dogs and wild mammals was conducted in two neighboring rural areas (disturbed and protected) from pampa del indio, northeastern argentina, between 2008 and 2011. a total of 174 domestic dogs and 26 wild mammals-4 c ...201425314822
phylogenetic and genome-wide deep-sequencing analyses of canine parvovirus reveal co-infection with field variants and emergence of a recent recombinant strain.canine parvovirus (cpv), a fast-evolving single-stranded dna virus, comprises three antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) with different frequencies and genetic variability among countries. the contribution of co-infection and recombination to the genetic variability of cpv is far from being fully elucidated. here we took advantage of a natural cpv population, recently formed by the convergence of divergent cpv-2c and cpv-2a strains, to study co-infection and recombination. complete sequences of t ...201425365348
antigenic typing of canine parvovirus using differential pcr.canine parvovirus (cpv) is an enteric pathogen causing hemorrhagic enteritis in pups of 3-6 months of age and is mainly transmitted via feco-oral route. in the present study, a total of 85 animals rectal swabs suspected of cpv were tested using a pcr, nested pcr and a newly designed differential pcr. using pcr 7 (8.23 %) animals were positive whereas 39 (45.88 %) were positive by using nested pcr and 40 (47.05 %) were positive for either one or more than one antigenic types of cpv using differen ...201425674626
high resolution melting curve analysis as a new tool for rapid identification of canine parvovirus type 2 strains.a high resolution melting (hrm) curve method was developed to identify canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) strains by nested pcr. two sets of primers, cpv-426f/426r and cpv-87r/87f, were designed that amplified a 52 bp and 53 bp product from the viral vp2 capsid gene. the region amplified by cpv-426f/426r included the a4062g and t4064a mutations in cpv-2a, cpv-2b and cpv-2c. the region amplified by cpv-87f/87r included the a3045t mutation in the vaccine strains of cpv-2 and cpv-2a, cpv-2b and cpv-2 ...201425159576
risk factors of weaning diarrhea in puppies housed in breeding kennels.diarrhea represents one of the most frequent disorders in dogs. in puppies, degradation of feces quality is associated with a reduced daily weight gain and an increased risk of death. prevention of diarrhea in puppies requires a global approach encompassing enteropathogens, environment and management practices especially when housed in groups. the purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of enteropathogens in puppies in breeding kennels and to identify risk factors of diarrhea. two hund ...201425175676
influence of chemotherapy for lymphoma in canine parvovirus dna distribution and specific humoral immunity.in man, the combination of cancer and its treatment increases patients' susceptibility to opportunistic infections, due to immune system impairment. in veterinary medicine little information is available concerning this issue. in order to evaluate if a similar dysfunction is induced in small animals undergoing chemotherapy, we assessed the complete blood count, leukocytic, plasma and fecal canine parvovirus (cpv) viral load, and anti-cpv protective antibody titers, in dogs with lymphoma treated ...201425467034
the widely distributed hard tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, can retain canine parvovirus, but not be infected in laboratory condition.ticks are known to transmit various pathogens, radically threatening humans and animals. despite the close contact between ticks and viruses, our understanding on their interaction and biology is still lacking. the aim of this study was to experimentally assess the interaction between canine parvovirus (cpv) and a widely distributed hard tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, in laboratory condition. after inoculation of cpv into the hemocoel of the ticks, polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that ...201425650060
serosurvey for selected pathogens in free-ranging american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa.american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa, live in forested areas in close proximity to humans and their domestic pets. from 1999 to 2011, we collected 84 serum samples from 63 black bears (18 males; 45 females) in five maryland counties and tested them for exposure to infectious, including zoonotic, pathogens. a large portion of the bears had antibody to canine distemper virus and toxoplasma gondii, many at high titers. prevalences of antibodies to zoonotic agents such as rabies ...201425075540
immunohistochemical evaluation of the effects of paraffin section storage on biomarker stability.environmental stresses can alter immunoreactivity of biomarkers in stored tissue sections. the effect of temperature and lighting on 49 cellular or microbial antigens was evaluated in 4 serial paraffin sections, cut 12 months, 10 months, 8 months, 5 months, 3 months, 1 month, 3 days, and 1 day before immunohistochemistry. slides were stored at room temperature (rt) in the dark, at 4°c in the dark, at rt under fluorescent light, or at rt with windowpane exposure to sunlight. immunohistochemistry ...201423435571
rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by one-tube reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction.canine distemper virus (cdv) has been associated with outbreaks of canine infectious respiratory disease in shelters and boarding kennel environments. pockittm nucleic acid analyzer is a field-deployable device capable of generating automatically interpreted insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iipcr) results from extracted nucleic acid within one hour. in this study, reverse transcription iipcr (rt-iipcr) was developed to facilitate point-of-need diagnosis of cdv infection.201425200113
parasitology and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in north carolina, usa.coyotes (canis latrans) have expanded recently into the eastern us and can serve as a source of pathogens to domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris), livestock, and humans. we examined free-ranging coyotes from central north carolina, us, for selected parasites and prevalence of antibodies against viral and bacterial agents. we detected ticks on most (81%) coyotes, with amblyomma americanum detected on 83% of those with ticks. fifteen (47%) coyotes were positive for heartworms (dirofilaria immiti ...201525984773
genotyping of canine parvovirus in western mexico.canine parvovirus (cpv) is one of the most common infectious agents related to high morbidity rates in dogs. in addition, the virus is associated with severe gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and vomiting, resulting in high death rates, especially in puppies and nonvaccinated dogs. to date, there are 3 variants of the virus (cpv-2a, cpv-2b, and cpv-2c) circulating worldwide. in mexico, reports describing the viral variants circulating in dog populations are lacking. in response to this deficiency, a to ...201525525144
epidemiological study of canine parvovirus infection in and around bhubaneswar, odisha, india.an epidemiological study of canine parvovirus infection in dogs in and around bhubaneswar, odisha was conducted between december 2012 to march 2013 and prevalence rate was studied on the basis of age, breed, and sex.201527046992
isolation of canine parvovirus with a view to identify the prevalent serotype on the basis of partial sequence analysis.the aim of this study was to isolate canine parvovirus (cpv) from suspected dogs on madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell line and its confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nested pcr (npcr). further, vp2 gene of the cpv isolates was amplified and sequenced to determine prevailing antigenic type.201527046996
phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus isolates from sichuan and gansu provinces of china in 2011.canine parvovirus causes serious disease in dogs. study of the genetic variation in emerging cpv strains is important for disease control strategy. the antigenic property of cpv is connected with specific amino acid changes, mainly in the capsid protein vp2. this study was carried out to characterize vp2 gene of cpv viruses from two provinces of china in 2011. the complete vp2 genes of the cpv-positive samples were amplified and sequenced. genetic analysis based on the vp2 genes of cpv was condu ...201523506473
full-length genomic characterizations of two canine parvoviruses prevalent in northwest china.canine parvovirus (cpv) can cause acute hemorrhagic diarrhea and fatal myocarditis in young dogs. currently, most studies have focused on the evolution of the vp2 gene, whereas the full-length genome of cpv has been rarely reported. in this study, the whole genomes of cpv-lz1 and cpv-lz2 strains prevalent in northwest china were determined and analyzed in comparison with those of the reference cpvs. the genome sequences of both lz strains consisted of 5053 nucleotides. cpv-lz1 and cpv-lz2 strain ...201525690604
diagnostic performance of a rapid in-clinic test for the detection of canine parvovirus under different storage conditions and vaccination status.canine parvovirus (cpv) is one of the most common causes of acute haemorrhagic enteritis in young dogs, while clinical diagnosis is often indecisive. the aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an in-clinic rapid test in the detection of cpv infection in dogs. to this end, we compared the rapid diagnostic kit of canine parvovirus, coronavirus and rotavirus antigen (quicking(®)) to pcr, which is considered as the most reliable diagnostic method. a total of 78 duplicated faecal ...201525707551
a novel assay for detecting canine parvovirus using a quartz crystal microbalance biosensor.rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial to reduce both the shedding and clinical signs of canine parvovirus (cpv). the quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) is a new tool for measuring frequency changes associated with antigen-antibody interactions. in this study, the qcm biosensor and prolinker™ b were used to rapidly diagnosis cpv infection. prolinker™ b enables antibodies to be attached to a gold-coated quartz surface in a regular pattern and in the correct orientation for antigen binding. receiv ...201525813597
[diagnostic tools for canine parvovirus infection].canine parvovirus (cpv) infection is one of the most important and common infectious diseases in dogs, in particular affecting young puppies when maternal antibodies have waned and vaccine-induced antibodies have not yet developed. the mortality rate remains high. therefore, a rapid and safe diagnostic tool is essential to diagnose the disease to 1) provide intensive care treatment and 2) to identify virus-shedding animals and thus prevent virus spread. whilst the detection of antibodies against ...201526403490
evaluation of chicken igy generated against canine parvovirus viral-like particles and development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic assay for canine parvovirus detection.immunoglobulin y (igy) antibodies were generated against canine parvovirus virus-like particles (cpv-vlps) antigen using chickens. anti-cpv-vlps-igy was extracted from hen egg yolk and used for developing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunochromatographic assay (ica) for the detection of cpv in dog feces. the cutoff negative values for anti-cpv-vlps-igy were determined using negative fecal samples (already confirmed by polymerase chain reaction [pcr]). in both elisa and ica, the ...201526469376
preparation, characterization and immunological evaluation: canine parvovirus synthetic peptide loaded plga nanoparticles.canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) remains a significant worldwide canine pathogen and the most common cause of viral enteritis in dogs. the 1 l15 and 7 l15 peptides overlap each other with qpdggqpav residues (7-15 of vp2 capsid protein of cpv) is shown to produce high immune response. plga nanoparticles were demonstrated to have special properties such as; controlled antigen release, protection from degradation, elimination of booster-dose and enhancing the cellular uptake by antigen presenting cells. ...201526482775
single mutations in the vp2 300 loop region of the three-fold spike of the carnivore parvovirus capsid can determine host range.sylvatic carnivores, such as raccoons, have recently been recognized as important hosts in the evolution of canine parvovirus (cpv), a pandemic pathogen of domestic dogs. although viruses from raccoons do not efficiently bind the dog transferrin receptor (tfr) or infect dog cells, a single mutation changing an aspartic acid to a glycine at capsid (vp2) position 300 in the prototype raccoon cpv allows dog cell infection. because vp2 position 300 exhibits extensive amino acid variation among the c ...201526512077
prevalence of antibodies to canine parvovirus and reaction to vaccination in client-owned, healthy dogs.the purpose of this population-based cohort study was to assess current prevalence of antibodies to canine parvovirus (cpv) in adult, healthy dogs, including risk factors associated with lack of antibodies, and reaction to revaccination with a modified live vaccine (mlv). one hundred dogs routinely presented for vaccination were included in the study and vaccinated with a single dose of a combined mlv. information was collected on signalment, origin, environment, vaccination history and side eff ...201526514756
canine parvovirus in australia: a comparative study of reported rural and urban cases.canine parvovirus (cpv) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease reported worldwide. outbreaks occur throughout australia, and it has been suggested that disproportionally more cpv cases occur in rural locations. however, evidence to support this suggestion-and possible reasons for such a predisposition-has not existed until now. in this study a total of 4870 cpv cases reported from an australian disease surveillance system between september 2009 and july 2014 were analysed. australian pos ...201526530699
global displacement of canine parvovirus by a host-adapted variant: structural comparison between pandemic viruses with distinct host ranges.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) emerged in 1978 and spread worldwide within 2 years. subsequently, cpv-2 was completely replaced by the variant cpv-2a, which is characterized by four specific capsid (vp2) mutations. the x-ray crystal structure of the cpv-2a capsid shows that each mutation confers small local changes. the loss of a hydrogen bond and introduction of a glycine residue likely introduce flexibility to sites that control interactions with the host receptor, antibodies, and sialic aci ...201525410876
co-infection with feline and canine parvovirus in a cat.in this study we reported a case of co-infection with canine parvovirus (cpv) type 2a and feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) in a 3-month-old male kitten, with the presence of a parvovirus variant which is a true intermediate between cpv and fpv. the report of a viral variant which contained fpv- and cpv-specific epitopes stresses the importance of the mechanism of multistep mutation in the production of new variants and in the emergence of new viruses. this type of multistep adaptation has alread ...201523564594
resurgence of canine parvovirus 2a strain in the domestic dog population from argentina.ninety-three rectal swab samples were taken, from dogs suspected of canine parvovirus (cpv) infection and analyzed by pcr. a fragment of the vp2 gene, was amplified in 41 (44%) of them, resulting cpv positive samples. sequencing analysis of these pcr products showed that 37 samples (90.2%) belonged to the cpv2c type, whereas four samples (9.8%) were identified as cpv2a, which has not been found since 2008. it was also found that 24 out of 37 cpv2c samples (65%), carried the mutation thr440ala, w ...201526115608
mutual enhancement of il-2 and il-7 on dna vaccine immunogenicity mainly involves regulations on their receptor expression and receptor-expressing lymphocyte generation.our previous study showed that il-2 and il-7 could mutually enhance the immunogenicity of canine parvovirus vp2 dna vaccine, although the underlying mechanism remained unknown. here, we used the ova gene as a dna vaccine in a mouse model to test their enhancement on dna vaccine immunogenicity and to explore the molecular mechanism. results showed that both il-2 and il-7 genes significantly increased the immunogenicity of ova dna vaccine in mice. co-administration of il-2 and il-7 genes with ova ...201526055295
characterization and evaluation of apoptotic potential of double gene construct pvivo.vp3.ns1.viral gene oncotherapy, targeted killing of cancer cells by viral genes, is an emerging non-infectious therapeutic cancer treatment modality. chemo and radiotherapy in cancer treatment is limited due to their genotoxic side effects on healthy cells and need of functional p53, which is mutated in most of the cancers. vp3 (apoptin) of chicken infectious anaemia (cia) and ns1 (non structural protein 1) of canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2) have been proven to have oncolytic potential in our laboratory. to ...201526040021
canine parvoviruses in new zealand form a monophyletic group distinct from the viruses circulating in other parts of the world.canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) is a well-recognized cause of acute haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs worldwide. the aim of the current study was to identify which cpv-2 subtypes circulate among dogs in new zealand, and to investigate the evolutionary patterns of contemporary cpv-2 viruses. faecal samples were collected from 79 dogs with suspected cpv-2 infection over the period of 13 months, and tested for the presence of cpv-2 dna by pcr. of 70 positive samples, 69 were subtyped as cpv-2a and one as ...201526031569
molecular epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses of canine parvovirus in domestic dogs and cats in beijing, 2010-2013.fifty-five samples (15.62%) collected from dogs and cats were identified as canine parvovirus (cpv) infection in beijing during 2010-2013. the nucleotide identities and aa similarities were 98.2-100% and 97.7-100%, respectively, when compared with the reference isolates. also, several synonymous and non-synonymous mutations were also recorded for the first time. new cpv-2a was dominant, accounting for 90.90% of the samples. two of the 16 samples collected from cats were identified as new cpv-2a ...201526028021
influence of clinical and laboratory variables on faecal antigen elisa results in dogs with canine parvovirus infection.false negative faecal canine parvovirus (cpv) antigen elisa results in dogs with cpv infection are common, but the factors that lead to these false negative results are still unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate whether dogs with a false negative faecal cpv antigen elisa result have milder clinical signs and laboratory changes, a lower faecal virus load, higher faecal and serum cpv antibody titres and a faster recovery than dogs with a positive result. eighty dogs with cpv infection ...201525920770
an insulated isothermal pcr method on a field-deployable device for rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus type 2 at points of need.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), including subtypes 2a, 2b and 2c, causes an acute enteric disease in both domestic and wild animals. rapid and sensitive diagnosis aids effective disease management at points of need (pon). a commercially available, field-deployable and user-friendly system, designed with insulated isothermal pcr (iipcr) technology, displays excellent sensitivity and specificity for nucleic acid detection. an iipcr method was developed for on-site detection of all circulating cp ...201525889355
molecular characterization of canine parvovirus (cpv) infection in dogs in turkey.this study provides data about canine parvovirus (cpv) types circulating among dogs in turkey. sixty-five samples from dogs with and without clinical signs of parvovirus infection were collected between april 2009 and february 2010. the samples were subsequently tested for cpv using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). twenty-five samples (38.4%) were positive; when positive samples were characterized by sequence analysis, results showed that both cpv-2a (17/25, 68%) and cpv-2b (8/25, 32%) strains a ...201525842212
the relationship between the southern oscillation index, rainfall and the occurrence of canine tick paralysis, feline tick paralysis and canine parvovirus in australia.the aim of this study was to describe the association between climate, weather and the occurrence of canine tick paralysis, feline tick paralysis and canine parvovirus in australia. the southern oscillation index (soi) and monthly average rainfall (mm) data were used as indices for climate and weather, respectively. case data were extracted from a voluntary national companion animal disease surveillance resource. climate and weather data were obtained from the australian government bureau of met ...201525841899
clinical canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a group of asian small-clawed otters (aonyx cinerea).despite the occurrence of clinical disease in a wide range of carnivore hosts, only vague accounts of clinical canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) in any otter species have been reported in the literature. over the course of 25 days, nine asian small-clawed otters (aonyx cinerea) presented for evaluation of inappetence, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea. a diagnosis of canine parvovirus type 2c was made based on electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and dna sequencing of group fecal sample ...201525831584
quantum dots encapsulated with canine parvovirus-like particles improving the cellular targeted labeling.quantum dots (qds) have a promising prospect in live-cell imaging and sensing because of unique fluorescence features. qds aroused significant interest in the bio-imaging field through integrating the fluorescence properties of qds and the delivery function of biomaterial. the natural tropism of canine parvovirus (cpv) to the transferrin receptor can target specific cells to increase the targeting ability of qds in cell imaging. cpv virus-like particles (vlps) from the expression of the cpv-vp2 ...201526398132
antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by canine parvovirus.canine parvovirus type 2 causes significant viral disease in dogs, with high morbidity, high infectivity, and high mortality. lithium chloride is a potential antiviral drug for viruses. we determined the antiviral effect of lithium chloride on canine parvovirus type 2 in feline kidney cells. the viral dna and proteins of canine parvovirus were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by lithium chloride. further investigation verified that viral entry into cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent ma ...201526315688
reorganization of nuclear pore complexes and the lamina in late-stage parvovirus infection.canine parvovirus (cpv) infection induces reorganization of nuclear structures. our studies indicated that late-stage infection induces accumulation of nuclear pore complexes (npcs) and lamin b1 concomitantly with a decrease of lamin a/c levels on the apical side of the nucleus. newly formed cpv capsids are located in close proximity to npcs on the apical side. these results suggest that parvoviruses cause apical enrichment of npcs and reorganization of nuclear lamina, presumably to facilitate t ...201526311881
factors affecting the occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs.canine parvovirus (cpv) is the most important enteric virus infecting canids worldwide. the purpose of this study was to detect cpv in naturally infected dogs from several veterinary clinics distributed throughout portugal between 2012 and 2014 and to identify risk factors associated with cpv infection. from 209 dogs suspected of being infected with cpv, historical data and clinical signs were collected. fecal samples were screened for cpv by pcr assay and those positive were confirmed by sequen ...201526294318
are licensed canine parvovirus (cpv2 and cpv2b) vaccines able to elicit protection against cpv2c subtype in puppies?: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials.severe gastroenteritis caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv2) is a serious life-threatening disease in puppies less than 4-months of age. the emergence of new variants has provoked some concern about the cross-protection elicited by licensed canine parvovirus modified-live type 2 (cpv2) and type 2b (cpv2b) vaccines against the most recent subtype cpv2c. a systematic review was carried out to assess the efficacy of commercial vaccines. we conducted a literature search of pub med/medline from j ...201526249827
utility of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test in detecting canine parvovirus infection compared with polymerase chain reaction.the present study was undertaken to detect the presence of canine parvovirus (cpv) in fecal samples of diarrheic dogs by conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and immunochromatographic (ic) strip test and to compare the diagnostic potential of these tests.201527047127
co-circulation of the rare cpv-2c with unique gln370arg substitution, new cpv-2b with unique thr440ala substitution, and new cpv-2a with high prevalence and variation in heilongjiang province, northeast china.to trace evolution of canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2), a total of 201 stool samples were collected from dogs with diarrhea in heilongjiang province of northeast china from may 2014 to april 2015. the presence of cpv-2 in the samples was determined by pcr amplification of the vp2 gene (568 bp) of cpv-2. the results revealed that 95 samples (47.26%) were positive for cpv-2, and they showed 98.8%-100% nucleotide identity and 97.6%-100% amino acid identity. of 95 cpv-2-positive samples, types new2a (ser ...201526348721
demographic characteristics and infectious diseases of a population of american black bears in humboldt county, california.american black bears (ursus americanus) are common, widely distributed, and broad-ranging omnivorous mammals in northern california forests. bears may be susceptible to pathogens infecting both domestic animals and humans. monitoring bear populations, particularly in changing ecosystems, is important to understanding ecological features that could affect bear population health and influence the likelihood that bears may cause adverse impacts on humans. in all, 321 bears were captured between may ...201525700042
establishment of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection and differentiation of canine distemper virus infected and vaccinated animals.although widespread vaccination against canine distemper virus (cdv) has been conducted for many decades, several canine distemper outbreaks in vaccinated animals have been reported frequently. in order to detect and differentiate the wild-type and vaccine strains of the cdv from the vaccinated animals, a novel reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method was developed. a set of four primers-two internal and two external-were designed to target the h gene for the ...201525769803
serologic evidence for selected infectious diseases in marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in italy (2004-09).we tested 30 serum samples collected during 2004-09 from 22 free-ranging marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in the national park of abruzzo, lazio, and molise, italy, for antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), brucella spp., and eight leptospira interrogans sensu lato serovars. antibody to cdv was detected in 11 samples (37%); only two bears (10%) had detectable cav-2 and brucella spp. antibodies; three bea ...201525375945
concomitance and interactions of pathogens in the iberian wolf (canis lupus).with the aim of improving our understanding of their epidemiological features, exposure to or presence of canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), leishmania infantum and sarcoptes scabiei were studied in 88 wild wolves from asturias (northern spain) by means of long-term (2004-2010) serological and molecular data. individual and population factors and the possible interactions between them were also statistically analyzed for better understanding the contact/presence of studied pa ...201526267084
clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from hungary to switzerland.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a major pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. in switzerland, distemper in domestic dogs is rarely reported. in recent years, the import of dogs from eastern europe to switzerland has steadily increased. in the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from hungary to switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. the data on vaccination and medical history were recorded (14 dogs), and the samples were collected ...201526179635
epidemiology of canine distemper and canine parvovirus in domestic dogs in urban and rural areas of the araucanía region in chile.to assess whether the seroprevalence of canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) in domestic dogs is higher in urban versus rural areas of the araucanía region in chile and risk factors for exposure, a serosurvey and questionnaire survey at three, urban-rural paired sites was conducted from 2009 to 2012. overall, 1161 households were interviewed of which 71% were located in urban areas. a total of 501 blood samples were analysed. the overall cdv and cpv seroprevalences were 61% ( ...201526013417
circovirus in domestic and wild carnivores: an important opportunistic agent?circoviruses are relatively novel pathogens with increased importance in canids. in this study, we first screened the presence of dog circovirus (dogcv) by molecular methods from a total number of 389 internal organ samples originating from 277 individuals of domestic dogs and wild animals including wolves, foxes and badgers. all the animals originated from central-southern italy, specifically from abruzzi and molise regions, areas hosting several natural parks. dogcv was detected in 9/34 wolves ...201626848830
dog overpopulation and burden of exposure to canine distemper virus and other pathogens on santa cruz island, galapagos.dog overpopulation and diseases are hazards to native island species and humans on the galapagos. vaccination and importation of dogs are prohibited on the galapagos. risk management of these hazards requires the use of science-based risk assessment and risk communication. the objectives of the study reported here were (i) to estimate the human:dog ratio and (ii) the prevalence of and identify exposure factors associated with positive antibody titers to canine distemper virus (cdv) and other pat ...201626700426
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of canine kobuviruses in diarrhoetic dogs in northeast china.canine kobuviruses (cakvs) are newly recognized picornaviruses that have been recently detected in dogs in the u.s.a., italy, u.k., the republic of korea and tanzania. to trace the evolution of cakv strains, a total of 201 fecal samples from rectal swabs of diarrheic dogs, which were obtained from may 2014 to april 2015 in northeast china, were detected by reverse transcription-pcr targeting a partial (504 bp) fragment of the 3d gene. furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis of the cakv strains iden ...201626256044
prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses and parasites in introduced and endemic carnivores in western madagascar.introduced animals impact endemic populations through predation, competition, and disease transmission. populations of endemic carnivores in madagascar are declining, and pathogens transmitted from introduced species may further endanger these unique species. we assessed the exposure of introduced and endemic carnivores to common viral and parasitic pathogens in two national parks of madagascar (kirindy mitea national park and ankarafantsika national park) and their neighboring villages. we also ...201627195685
prevalence of antibodies for selected canine pathogens among wolves (canis lupus) from the alaska peninsula, usa.we collected blood samples from wolves ( canis lupus ) on the alaska peninsula, southwest alaska, us, 2006-11 and tested sera for antibodies to canine adenovirus (cav), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine herpesvirus (chv), canine parainfluenza (cpi), canine parvovirus (cpv), neospora caninum , and toxoplasma gondii . detected antibody prevalence was 90% for cav, 28% for ccv, 12% for cdv, 93% for chv, 0% for cpi, 20% for cpv, 0% for n. caninum, and 86% for t. gondii . ...201627195683
patterns of exposure of iberian wolves (canis lupus) to canine viruses in human-dominated landscapes.wildlife inhabiting human-dominated landscapes is at risk of pathogen spill-over from domestic species. with the aim of gaining knowledge in the dynamics of viral infections in iberian wolves (canis lupus) living in anthropized landscapes of northern spain, we analysed between 2010 and 2013 the samples of 54 wolves by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for exposure to four pathogenic canine viruses: canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus-2 (cpv), canine adenovirus 1 and 2 (cav ...201626589403
enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors.laboratory confirmation of the causative agent(s) of diarrhoea in puppies may allow for appropriate treatment. the presence of potential pathogens however, does not prove a causal relationship with diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to identify specific enteropathogens in ≤12 month old puppies with and without acute diarrhoea and to assess their associations with clinical signs, putative risk factors and pathogen co-occurrence. faecal samples from puppies with (n=113) and without (n=56) acute ...201627771056
occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs from henan province of china in 2009-2014.there is no information concerning the genotype of canine parvovirus (cpv) currently circulating in henan province, china. therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide insights into the epidemiology and molecular characterization of cpv circulating in henan province from 2009 to 2014.201627377264
prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure in rural dogs around protected areas of the atlantic forest.despite the crucial role of domestic dogs as reservoirs for zoonosis and some of the most threatening diseases for wild carnivores such as distemper and parvovirosis, little is known about the epidemiological features and the risk factors involved in pathogen exposure of dogs that live in human/wildlife interfaces and actually contacts wildlife. through a cross-sectional serological approach and questionnaire survey, we assessed the prevalence along with individual and environment-associated ris ...201626822375
co-circulation of canine coronavirus i and iia/b with high prevalence and genetic diversity in heilongjiang province, northeast china.to trace the evolution of canine coronavirus (ccov), 201 stool samples from diarrheic dogs in northeast china were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcrs) targeting the partial m and s genes of ccov, followed by an epidemiological analysis. m gene rt-pcrs showed that 28.36% (57/201) of the samples were positive for ccov; of the 57 positive samples, ccov-i and ccov-ii accounted for 15.79% (9/57) and 84.21% (48/57), respectively. a sequence comparison of the partial ...201626771312
full-length genomic characterization and molecular evolution of canine parvovirus in china.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) can cause acute haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs and myocarditis in puppies. this disease has become one of the most serious infectious diseases of dogs. during 2014 in china, there were many cases of acute infectious diarrhoea in dogs. some faecal samples were negative for the cpv-2 antigen based on a colloidal gold test strip but were positive based on pcr, and a viral strain was isolated from one such sample. the cytopathic effect on susceptible cells and the re ...201627038801
[application of paramunity inducers in small animal practice].paramunity inducers have been used to treat small animals for decades. paramunity inducers are based on attenuated and inactivated poxviruses (avipox virus and parapox virus). their applications include both therapeutic and prophylactic use in various diseases. despite their wide and variable use, only a very small number of placebo-controlled studies has been published. positive effects in preventing kitten mortality and in treating feline stomatitis have been reported, however, no statisticall ...201626998822
magnetic resonance imaging revealed splenic targeting of canine parvovirus capsid protein vp2.canine parvovirus (cpv) is a highly contagious infectious virus, whose infectious mechanism remains unclear because of acute gastroenteritis and the lack of an efficient tool to visualize the virus in real time during virology research. in this study, we developed an iron oxide nanoparticle supported by graphene quantum dots (gqd), namely, fegqd. in this composite material, gqd acts as a stabilizer; thus, vacancies are retained on the surface for further physical adsorption of the cpv vp2 protei ...201626996514
multiplex real-time pcr for identification of canine parvovirus antigenic types.canine parvovirus (cpv) is an important disease causing gastroenteritis and/or haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs. there are four antigenic types of cpv reported worldwide viz. cpv 2, cpv 2a, cpv 2b and cpv 2c. the diagnosis of cpv with the identification of the antigen type responsible remains problematic. in the present study, identification as well as antigenic typing of cpv was done using a de novo multiplex real time pcr to combat the problem of antigenic type identification. from the stu ...201626987970
phylogenetic analysis of vp2 gene of canine parvovirus and comparison with indian and world isolates.canine parvovirus (cpv) causes hemorrhagic enteritis, especially in young dogs, leading to high morbidity and mortality. it has four main antigenic types cpv-2, cpv-2a, cpv-2b and cpv-2c. virus protein 2 (vp2) is the main capsid protein and mutations affecting vp2 gene are responsible for the evolution of various antigenic types of cpv. full length vp2 gene from field isolates was amplified and cloned for sequence analysis. the sequences were submitted to the genbank and were assigned acc. nos., ...201626982475
canine parvovirus in vaccinated dogs: a field study.the authors report a field study that investigated the canine parvovirus (cpv) strains present in dogs that developed the disease after being vaccinated. faecal samples of 78 dogs that have been vaccinated against cpv and later presented with clinical signs suspected of parvovirus infection were used. fifty (64.1 per cent) samples tested positive by pcr for cpv. no cpv vaccine type was detected. the disease by cpv-2b occurred in older and female dogs when compared with that by cpv-2c. the clinic ...201626960988
development of a duplex rapid assay for immunoglobulins m and g to evaluate the parvoviral immune status of clinically healthy dogs.a duplex rapid assay for detection of serum antibodies to canine parvovirus (cpv) was developed. canine immunoglobulin (ig)m or igg were captured in immunotubes with anti-canine igm or igg and detected with parvovirus vp2 recombinant protein followed by an anti-vp2 monoclonal antibody. the assay was tested using a collection of sera from dogs that were vaccinated against cpv on arrival at an animal shelter in madrid, spain. results were compared with those of 2 commercial enzyme-linked immunosor ...201626951330
genetic analysis of feline panleukopenia virus full-length vp2 gene in domestic cats between 2006-2008 and 2012-2014, portugal.feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) are two closely related viruses, which cause acute gastroenteritis in carnivores, and cats may be infected by strains of both viruses. the viruses are found worldwide and may have changing host ranges and genetic variation that can be found around the world in some cases. here, we screened a portuguese population of cats by a conventional pcr assay for the presence of fpv/cpv viruses in faecal samples and tissues between 2006-2008 and ...201626924760
single-particle tracking shows that a point mutation in the carnivore parvovirus capsid switches binding between host-specific transferrin receptors.determining how viruses infect new hosts via receptor-binding mechanisms is important for understanding virus emergence. we studied the binding kinetics of canine parvovirus (cpv) variants isolated from raccoons-a newly recognized cpv host-to different carnivore transferrin receptors (tfrs) using single-particle tracking. our data suggest that cpv may utilize adhesion-strengthening mechanisms during tfr binding and that a single mutation in the viral capsid at vp2 position 300 can profoundly alt ...201626889026
promoter-targeted histone acetylation of chromatinized parvoviral genome is essential for the progress of infection.the association of host histones with parvoviral dna is poorly understood. we analyzed the chromatinization and histone acetylation of canine parvovirus dna during infection by confocal imaging andin situproximity ligation assay combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing. we found that during late infection, parvovirus replication bodies were rich in histones bearing modifications characteristic of transcriptionally active chromatin, i.e., histone h3 lysine 27 ace ...201626842481
epidemiological evolution of canine parvovirus in the portuguese domestic dog population.since its emergence, canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) has caused disease pandemics with severe gastroenteritis signs, infecting especially puppies. as a consequence of cpv rapid evolution a variety of genetic and antigenic variants have been reported circulating worldwide. the detection of additional variants of cpv circulating in the dog population in portugal suggests monitoring of the disease is useful. the objectives of this study were to further detect and characterize circulating field var ...201626790933
canine parvovirus type 2b is the most prevalent genomic variant strain found in parvovirus antigen positive diarrheic dog feces samples across canada. 201626740694
canine parvovirus ns1 protein exhibits anti-tumor activity in a mouse mammary tumor model.many viral proteins have the ability to kill tumor cells specifically without harming the normal cells. these proteins, on ectopic expression, cause lysis or induction of apoptosis in the target tumor cells. parvovirus ns1 is one of such proteins, which is known to kill high proliferating tumor cells. in the present study, we assessed the apoptosis inducing ability of canine parvovirus type 2 ns1 protein (cpv2.ns1) in vitro in 4t1 cells, and found it to cause significant cell death due to induct ...201626739427
rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus type 2 by recombinase polymerase amplification.a novel recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa)-based method for detection of canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) was developed. sensitivity analysis showed that the detection limit of rpa was 10 copies of cpv-2 genomic dna. rpa amplified both cpv-2a and -2b dna but did not amplify the template of other important dog viruses (ccov, prv or cdv), demonstrating high specificity. the method was further validated with 57 canine fecal samples. an outstanding advantage of rpa is that it is an isotherma ...201626729477
continuing evolution of canine parvovirus in china: isolation of novel variants with an ala5gly mutation in the vp2 protein.canine parvovirus (cpv) type 2c is a new antigenic variant of cpv-2. since the year 2000 it has spread to several countries, causing severe hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. in 2014 and 2015, 58 fecal samples were collected from dogs in beijing with suspected cpv infection. regardless of the vaccination status of the dogs, 43 samples were found positive for cpv according to pcr results; i.e., 18, 7, and 18 respectively belonged to antigenic types new cpv-2a, new cpv-2b, and cpv-2c. a phylogenetic t ...201626692471
high-yield production of canine parvovirus virus-like particles in a baculovirus expression system.an optimized vp2 gene from the current prevalent cpv strain (new cpv-2a) in china was expressed in a baculovirus expression system. it was found that the vp2 proteins assembled into virus-like particles (vlps) with antigenic properties similar to those of natural cpv and with an especially high hemagglutination (ha) titer (1:2(20)). dogs intramuscularly or orally immunized with vlps produced antibodies against cpv with >1:80 hemagglutination inhibition (hi) units for at least 3 months. the cpv v ...201626666439
isolation and sequence analysis of the complete ns1 and vp2 genes of canine parvovirus from domestic dogs in 2013 and 2014 in china.canine parvovirus (cpv) can cause severe disease in animals and continuously generates new variant and recombinant strains in dogs that have a strong impact on sanitation. it is therefore necessary to investigate epidemic cpv strains to improve our understanding of cpv transmission and epidemic behavior. however, most studies have focused on the analysis of vp2, and therefore, information about recombination and relationships between strains is still lacking. here, 14 strains of cpv were isolate ...201626573526
transcriptome profiling indicating canine parvovirus type 2a as a potential immune activator.canine parvovirus type 2a (cpv-2a) is a variant of cpv-2, which is a highly contagious pathogen causing severe gastroenteritis and death in young dogs. however, how cpv-2 participates in cell regulation and immune response remains unknown. in this study, persistently infected mdck cells were generated through culture passage of the cpv-2a-infected cells for ten generations. our study showed that cpv-2a induces cell proliferation arrest and cell morphology alternation before the fourth generation ...201627339228
poly (i:c) enhances the anti-tumor activity of canine parvovirus ns1 protein by inducing a potent anti-tumor immune response.the canine parvovirus ns1 (cpv2.ns1) protein selectively induces apoptosis in the malignant cells. however, for an effective in vivo tumor treatment strategy, an oncolytic agent also needs to induce a potent anti-tumor immune response. in the present study, we used poly (i:c), a tlr3 ligand, as an adjuvant along with cpv2.ns1 to find out if the combination can enhance the oncolytic activity by inducing a potent anti-tumor immune response. the 4t1 mammary carcinoma cells were used to induce mamma ...201627209409
direct typing of canine parvovirus (cpv) from infected dog faeces by rapid mini sequencing technique.canine parvovirus (cpv) is a non-enveloped single stranded dna virus with an icosahedral capsid. mini-sequencing based cpv typing was developed earlier to detect and differentiate all the cpv types and fpv in a single reaction. this technique was further evaluated in the present study by performing the mini-sequencing directly from fecal samples which avoided tedious virus isolation steps by cell culture system. fecal swab samples were collected from 84 dogs with enteritis symptoms, suggestive o ...201627659245
first detection of canine parvovirus type 2b from diarrheic dogs in himachal pradesh.the present study was conducted to detect the presence of canine parvovirus (cpv) among diarrheic dogs in himachal pradesh and to identify the most prevalent antigenic variant of cpv based on molecular typing and sequence analysis of vp2 gene.201627733797
seroprevalence of canine parvovirus in dogs in lusaka district, zambia.canine parvovirus (cpv) enteritis is a highly contagious enteric disease of young dogs. limited studies have been done in zambia to investigate the prevalence of cpv in dogs. blood was collected from dogs from three veterinary clinics (clinic samples, n = 174) and one township of lusaka (field samples, n = 56). each dog's age, sex, breed, and vaccination status were recorded. a haemagglutination assay using pig erythrocytes and modified live parvovirus vaccine as the antigen was used. antibodies ...201627699205
identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c in taiwan.taiwan has been considered free from canine parvovirus type 2c (cpv-2c) based on the last report of canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) surveillance. however, since january 2015, the first report of cpv-2c in a puppy has occurred in taiwan. there is currently limited information about the cpv-2c variant in taiwan. in the present study, we characterized the previously unidentified cpv-2c variant and investigated the distribution of cpv-2 variants in taiwan.201627663840
near-atomic resolution structure of a highly neutralizing fab bound to canine parvovirus.canine parvovirus (cpv) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes severe disease in dogs and wildlife. previously, a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mab) raised against cpv was characterized. an antibody fragment (fab) of mab e was found to neutralize the virus at low molar ratios. using recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-em), we determined the structure of cpv in complex with fab e to 4.1 å resolution, which allowed de novo building of the fab structure. the footpr ...201627535057
molecular characterisation of parvoviruses from domestic cats reveals emergence of newer variants in india.the present study was undertaken to characterise the viral polypeptide 2 (vp2) gene of parvovirus from domestic cats in india.201627502089
two potential recombinant rabies vaccines expressing canine parvovirus virion protein 2 induce immunogenicity to canine parvovirus and rabies virus.both rabies virus (rabv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) cause lethal diseases in dogs. in this study, both high egg passage flury (hep-flury) strains of rabv and recombinant rabv carrying double rabv glycoprotein (g) gene were used to express the cpv virion protein 2 (vp2) gene, and were designated rhep-vp2 and, rhep-dg-vp2 respectively. the two recombinant rabvs maintained optimal virus titration according to their viral growth kinetics assay compared with the parental strain hep-flury. western bl ...201627449079
profiling of host cell response to successive canine parvovirus infection based on kinetic proteomic change identification.canine parvovirus (cpv) reproduces by co-opting the resources of host cells, inevitably causing cytotoxic effects to the host cells. feline kidney f81 cells are sensitive to cpv infection and show disparate growing statuses at different time points post-infection. this study analysed the response of f81 cells to cpv infection at successive infection time points by itraq-based quantitative proteomics. differentially expressed proteins (deps) during 60 h of infection and at selected time points po ...201627406444
canine parvovirus study. 201627389753
canine parvovirus: the worldwide occurrence of antigenic variants.the most important enteric virus infecting canids is canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2). cpv is the aetiologic agent of a contagious disease, mainly characterized by clinical gastroenteritis signs in younger dogs. cpv-2 emerged as a new virus in the late 1970s, which could infect domestic dogs, and became distributed in the global dog population within 2 years. a few years later, the virus's original type was replaced by a new genetic and antigenic variant, called cpv-2a. around 1984 and 2000, vir ...201627389721
influence of breed size, age, fecal quality, and enteropathogen shedding on fecal calprotectin and immunoglobulin a concentrations in puppies during the weaning period.fecal calprotectin and immunoglobulin a (iga) are markers of intestinal inflammation and immunity in adult dogs.201627279352
scientific rebuttal to a published article "multiplex real-time pcr for identification of canine parvovirus antigenic types". 201627185565
canine circovirus 1 (cacv-1) and canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2): recurrent dual infections in a papillon breeding colony.recurrent outbreaks of sudden death and bloody diarrhea were reported in march 2013 and february 2014 in a breeding colony of papillon dogs. during the first outbreak, 1 adult dog and 2 eight-month-old puppies died. during the second outbreak, 2 ten-week-old puppies died. one puppy from the first outbreak and 2 puppies from the second outbreak were examined at necropsy. histologically, all 3 puppies had severe segmental crypt necrosis of the small intestine and marked lymphoid follicle depletion ...201627154544
phylogenetic characterization of canine parvovirus vp2 partial sequences from symptomatic dogs samples.the aim of the present study was to detect canine parvovirus (cpv) from faecal samples of clinically ill domestic dogs by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by vp2 gene partial sequencing and molecular characterization of circulating strains in lithuania. eleven clinically and antigen-tested positive dog faecal samples, collected during the period of 2014-2015, were investigated by using pcr. the phylogenetic investigations indicated that the lithuanian cpv vp2 partial sequences (3025-3706 ...201627096803
molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus in morocco.since it first emergence in the mid-1970's, canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) has evolved giving rise to new antigenic variants termed cpv-2a, cpv-2b and cpv-2c, which have completely replaced the original strain and had been variously distributed worldwide. in africa limited data are available on epidemiological prevalence of these new types. hence, the aim of the present study was to determine circulating variants in morocco. through taqman-based real-time pcr assay, 91 samples, collected from sympt ...201627083072
parvoviral myocarditis in a 5-week-old dachshund.to describe a case of myocarditis associated with naturally occurring canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2).201626220397
multiplex amplification refractory mutation system pcr (arms-pcr) provides sequencing independent typing of canine parvovirus.canine parvovirus-2 antigenic variants (cpv-2a, cpv-2b and cpv-2c) ubiquitously distributed worldwide in canine population causes severe fatal gastroenteritis. antigenic typing of cpv-2 remains a prime focus of research groups worldwide in understanding the disease epidemiology and virus evolution. the present study was thus envisioned to provide a simple sequencing independent, rapid, robust, specific, user-friendly technique for detecting and typing of presently circulating cpv-2 antigenic var ...201627989813
palatability and clinical effects of an oral recuperation fluid during the recovery of dogs with suspected parvoviral enteritis.dogs infected with canine parvovirus (cpv) can develop severe enteritis that requires supportive care until voluntary food and water consumption return. an oral recuperation fluid (orf) may assist in the overall recovery from cpv. the hypotheses of the study were that dogs with naturally infected cpv would prefer the orf to water and that dogs consuming the orf would have a more rapid return to voluntary appetite and improved caloric intake during the initial recovery period compared with dogs c ...201627968756
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