Publications

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anti-protozoan activities of harungana madagascariensis stem bark extract on trichomonads and malaria.the ethanolic stem bark extract of harungana madagascariensis (hypericaceae), (choisy) poir were evaluated for their activities on trichomonas gallinae (rivolta) stabler isolated from the pigeon (columba livia). it was also tested for their anti-malarial activity on n67 plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (in vivo) in mice and on plasmodium falciparum isolates in vitro.200818372133
molecular evolution and characterization of hepcidin gene products in vertebrates.antimicrobial peptides (amps) include a diverse group of gene-encoded molecules that play a role in innate defense in many organisms. evolutionary analyses of the amp genes can be challenging because of gene duplication and diversification. recently discovered, hepcidins are small, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that also function as hormonal regulators of iron homeostasis. in this paper we investigated the organization, expression and molecular evolution of hepcidin. from searches of the ...200818395368
herpesviral inclusion body disease in owls and falcons is caused by the pigeon herpesvirus (columbid herpesvirus 1).a herpesviral disease of rock pigeons (columba livia), called "inclusion body disease" or "inclusion body hepatitis," was first described in the 1940s. the disease involves hepatic and splenic necrosis with associated intranuclear inclusion bodies and occurs primarily in young squabs. a similar herpesviral disease occurs in falcons and owls. serologic and restriction endonuclease digestion studies indicate that herpesviruses from pigeons, falcons, and owls are very closely related and that most ...200818436674
experimental infection of newcastle disease virus in pigeons (columba livia): humoral antibody response, contact transmission and viral genome shedding.the aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral antibody response, the genome viral excretion and the contact transmission of pathogenic chicken origin newcastle disease virus (ndv) from experimentally infected pigeons (columba livia) to in-contact pigeon. the antibody response to infection was assessed by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and the genome viral excretion was detected by rt-pcr. viral strain induced high antibody levels, both in inoculated and in sentinel birds. the path ...200818166283
absolute and relational control of a sequential auditory discrimination by pigeons (columba livia).recent evidence indicates that pigeons can readily learn visual discriminations based on both absolute and relational stimulus factors. to examine how these two types of control function in their non-dominant auditory modality, we tested four pigeons in a go/no-go sequential auditory discrimination in which both absolute and relational cues were redundantly available. in this task, sequences of different sounds created from one set of pitches were reinforced, while different sequences created fr ...200818182214
fine structure of the visual dorsolateral anterior thalamic nucleus of the pigeon (columba livia): a hodological and gaba-immunocytochemical study.the ultrastructure of the lateroventral subcomponent of the visual dorsolateral anterior thalamic nucleus of the pigeon (dllv) was analyzed using hodological techniques and gaba-immunocytochemistry. two types of gaba-immunonegative hyperpalliopetal neurons and a single type of strongly gaba-immunoreactive (-ir) interneuron were identified, the latter displaying long dendrites with some containing synaptic vesicles (dcsv). ten types of axon terminal were identified and divided into two categories ...200818189307
preference of birds for zinc phosphide bait formulations.zinc phosphide baits are used for controlling pest rodents but are also highly toxic to other vertebrates. the base for rodent baits containing zinc phosphide is usually wheat kernels which are highly attractive to birds. in this study, wheat-based pellets of different shapes and colours without zinc phosphide were tested for their attractiveness for pigeons (columba livia gmelin) and japanese quails (coturnix japonica temm. & schleg.) in aviaries and for pigeons and corvids (corvus monedula l., ...200818189327
host defence mediates interspecific competition in ectoparasites.1. interspecific competition influences which, how many and where species coexist in biological communities. interactions between species in different trophic levels can mediate interspecific competition; e.g. predators are known to reduce competition between prey species by suppressing their population sizes. a parallel phenomenon may take place in host-parasite systems, with host defence mediating competition between parasite species. 2. we experimentally investigated the impact of host defenc ...200818194262
mosaic evolution and adaptive brain component alteration under domestication seen on the background of evolutionary theory.brain sizes and brain component sizes of five domesticated pigeon breeds including homing (racing) pigeons are compared with rock doves (columba livia) based on an allometric approach to test the influence of domestication on brain and brain component size. net brain volume, the volumes of cerebellum and telencephalon as a whole are significantly smaller in almost all domestic pigeons. inside the telencephalon, mesopallium, nidopallium (+ entopallium + arcopallium) and septum are smaller as well ...200818032887
a comparison of the protective action of added egg yolks from five avian species to the cryopreservation of bull sperm.cryopreservation of domestic animal sperm has been widely used for artificial insemination (ai), and egg yolk is one of the most commonly used cryoprotectants during the freezing-thawing process. the objectives of this study were to compare the effectiveness of egg yolk from five avian species (domestic chicken, domestic duck, domestic goose, japanese quail or domestic pigeon) and to optimize the concentration of egg yolk on the cryopreservation of bull sperm in terms of frozen-thawed sperm prog ...200817662543
matching and oddity relational learning by pigeons (columba livia): transfer from color to shape.relational learning, as opposed to perceptual learning, is based on the abstract properties of the stimuli. although at present there is no doubt that pigeons are capable of relational behavior, this study aims to further disclose the conditions under which it occurs. pigeons were trained in an outdoor cage on a matching-to-sample or an oddity-from-sample task, with colored cardboard stimuli presented horizontally. the apparatus involved three sliding lids on which the stimuli were drawn and whi ...200817516101
discrimination of moving video images of self by pigeons (columba livia).the ability to recognize self has been known to be limited to some animal species, but previous research has focused almost exclusively on the animal's reaction to a mirror. recent studies suggest that the temporal contingency between a subject's action and the corresponding visual scene reflected in a mirror plays an important role in self-recognition. to assess the roles of visual-proprioceptive contiguity in self-recognition, we explored whether pigeons are able to discriminate videos of them ...200818521633
persistent west nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement st. louis encephalitis virus in southeastern california, 2003-2006.west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) invaded the colorado desert biome of southern california during summer 2003 and seemed to displace previously endemic st. louis encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, slev, an antigenically similar flavivirus in the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex). western equine encephalomyelitis virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, weev), an antigenically distinct alphavirus, was detected during 2005 and 2006, ind ...200818533445
toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species.the objective of the present study was to investigate the toxico-pathological effects of diclofenac in different avian species including broiler chicks (gallus gallus, 15 days old), pigeons (columba livia, 3 months old), japanese quail (coturnix japonica, 4 weeks old) and mynah (acridotheres tristis, independent young). for each species, five groups each containing 10 birds were maintained and administered diclofenac sodium orally at dose rates of 0, 0.25, 2.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respe ...200818568659
evidence of avian metapneumovirus subtype c infection of wild birds in georgia, south carolina, arkansas and ohio, usa.metapneumoviruses (mpvs) were first reported in avian species (ampvs) in the late 1970s and in humans in 2001. although ampvs have been reported in europe and asia for over 20 years, the virus first appeared in the united states in 1996, leaving many to question the origin of the virus and why it proved to be a different subtype from those found elsewhere. to examine the potential role of migratory waterfowl and other wild birds in ampv spread, our study focused on determining whether population ...200818568663
first report of establishment of trypanosoma evansi infection in pigeon nestlings (columba livia).trypanosomosis (surra) caused by trypanosoma evansi is quite common among horses where the parasite is endemic. in the present study, t. evansi was isolated from an infected horse and maintained by subinoculation in swiss albino mice. at the peak of parasitemia (5 x 10(6) parasites per ml of blood), 0.25 ml of the tail blood from infected mice was inoculated intraperitoneally and subcutaneously to 2 groups of adult pigeons and 2 groups of pigeon nestlings. four days after inoculation, the trypan ...200818576831
epidemiological and genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in urban pigeons from the area of lisbon (portugal).circumstantial evidence suggests that birds may be a good indicator of soil contamination, since they feed from the ground. therefore a study was conducted to assess the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in urban pigeons (columba livia) from different areas of the city of lisbon and to genetically characterize t. gondii strains isolated from infected animals, in order to assess circulating genotypes. sera from 695 pigeons captured at 33 different localities of the city of lisbon were assayed by th ...200818722717
[interpretation of the epizootic outbreak among wild and domestic birds in the south of the european part of russia in december 2007].the paper presents the results of interpreting the epizootic outbreak etiologically associated with high-virulent influenza virus a/h5n1 among domestic and wild birds in the zernogradsky and tselinsky districts of the rostov region. epizooty was characterized by a high infection rate in the synanthropic birds of a ground-based complex. rt-pct revealed influenza virus a/h5 in 60% of pigeons and crows and in around 20% of starlings, and in 10% of tree sparrows. fifteen viral strains from chickens ...200818756811
comparison between co2 laser and 4.0 mhz radiosurgery for incising skin in white carneau pigeons (columba livia).to objectively evaluate the collateral damage associated with radiosurgical and carbon dioxide (co2) laser devices, a comparative surgical and histologic study was undertaken in white carneau pigeons (columba livia). ten pigeons were anesthetized, and a series of 3 skin incisions were made in the pectoral region by using a 4.0-mhz radiosurgical unit, a co2 laser, and a scalpel blade (control). a total of 90 skin incisions were microscopically evaluated, and their associated mechanical- and therm ...200818689070
columbid herpesvirus-1 in two cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperii) with fatal inclusion body disease.we report two separate naturally occurring cases of fatal herpesviral disease in cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperii). gross lesions included splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, with diffuse pale mottling or scattered small white foci. histologic lesions included splenic and hepatic necrosis associated with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies characteristic of herpesvirus. in one case, necrosis and inclusions were also noted in bone marrow, thymus, bursa of fabricius, thyroid gland, parathyroid ...200818689647
ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of the pigeon columba livia in response to 1,25oh2d3 administration.columba livia were given daily intraperitoneal injections of 100 pmol of 1,25(oh)(2)d(3)/100 g body wt. for 15 days. ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands were fixed on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th and 15th day of the experiment. following 1,25(oh)(2)d(3) treatment, the plasma calcium levels of pigeon remain unchanged on day 1. the levels increase significantly after day 3 which progresses up to day 10. the plasma calcium level becomes normal at day 15. the plasma inorganic phosphate levels of columba l ...200818767053
pathogenicity of chinese h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in pigeons.it has long been thought that pigeons are resistant against h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. recently, however, highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses have demonstrated distinct biological properties that may be capable of causing disease in pigeons. to examine the susceptibility of domestic pigeons to recent h5n1 viruses, we inoculated pigeons using h5n1 viruses isolated in china from 2002 to 2004. within 21 days following inoculation, all pigeons had survived and fu ...200818779923
modelling aspergillus fumigatus infections in racing pigeons (columba livia domestica).in vivo modelling of aspergillosis in birds allows the evaluation of control measures and the study of host-pathogen interactions. in this study the impact of the use of different inoculation routes and immunosuppression on the course of an infection with aspergillus fumigatus in racing pigeons (columba livia domestica) was examined. a. fumigatus conidia were inoculated in the thoracic air sac, lung or trachea in immunocompetent or immunosuppressed pigeon squabs. immunosuppression was induced by ...200818798031
responses of pigeon (columba livia) wulst neurons during acquisition and reversal of a visual discrimination task.the avian visual "wulst" is a target of the ascending thalamofugal visual pathway. in pigeons (columba livia), lesion damage to the wulst has little effect on simple visual discriminations, but impairs performance on tasks such as reversal learning. we recorded the responses of single wulst neurons as pigeons were trained on the acquisition and subsequent reversal of a visual discrimination. of the 64 units recorded, 54 (84%) displayed a significant difference in firing rate between some compone ...200818823169
[pseudolynchia canariensis (diptera:hippoboscidae) on buteogallus aequinoctialis (ciconiiformes: accipitridae) in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil].the record of pseudolynchia canariensis on two rufous crab-hawk in situ taken care of the hospital veterinarian of the riozoo foundation. the nineteen collected specimens had been identified in the laboratory of diptera, fundação instituto oswaldo cruz. the findings of p. canariensis out natural host (columba livia) it represents a contribution to the studies of the family hippoboscidae considering that it does not have records about native birds of the american continent parasitized by p. canar ...200818823580
organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in lanner falco biarmicus feldeggli schlegel chicks and lanner prey in sicily, italy.this paper reports on research conducted to elucidate the risk posed to the sicilian population of the endangered lanner falcon falco biarmicus feldeggii schlegel by organochlorine (oc) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), as part of a wider study on contaminant risk to the lanner. seventeen lanner nest sites were studied in northern and central sicily. sampling (in 2005) and analysis were carried out for selected oc pesticides and pcb congeners in lanner chick blood (15 chicks from ...200818833798
isolation of epithelial cells, villi and crypts from small intestine of pigeons (columba livia).the isolation of viable enterocytes, villi and crypts from the small intestine of a feral bird (columba livia) is important for performing physiological experiments in ecologically relevant processes of membrane transport. the effectiveness of mechanical disruption, enzymatic digestion and chelating agents were compared. the objectives were to isolate enterocytes, villi and crypts from the small intestine of young pigeons; to evaluate the viability of the isolated intestinal epithelial cells iso ...200819181184
distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and glutamate receptor 1 mrna in the central nervous system of the pigeon (columba livia).glutamate acts as the excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (cns) and is mediated largely by the vesicular glutamate transporters (vglut1-3) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (ampa) types of glutamate receptors (glur1-4) in mammals. in the present study, we determined the cdna sequences of pigeon vglut2 and glur1 and mapped the distribution of their mrna in the pigeon cns. the predicted amino acids of pigeon vglut2 and glur1 showed a 93% identity t ...200818855881
experimental infection of domestic pigeons with pigeon circovirus.pigeon circovirus (picv) infection and young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds), associated with high morbidity and mortality, have been recognized in young racing pigeons from large portions of central europe. there exist a number of data indicating that ypds is a consequence of picv infection and subsequent immunosuppression. in order to prove picv to be one of the crucial factors of ypds, an experimental infection with picv was performed under controlled conditions. twenty-four domestic pigeons ( ...200818939623
lesions associated with the plexus venosus subcutaneus collaris of pigeons with chlorophacinone toxicosis.we describe lesions in 29 adult domestic pigeons (columba livia) poisoned with chlorophacinone, an indandione anticoagulant rodenticide. birds were found dead in the field and in dovecotes after a wide-area treatment against common voles (microtus arvalis) based on the dispersion in the open field of wheat grain treated with 0.005% chlorophacinone. at necropsy, most pigeons showed crops full of red-colored wheat grain, extensive subcutaneous hematoma in neck and breast zones, and hemorrhages in ...200818939650
navigational experience affects hippocampus size in homing pigeons.homing (racing) pigeons (columba livia f.d.) are well-known for their homing abilities, which are thought to be based on a genetic predisposition, multimodal learning and spatial cognition. on average, the hippocampus, a forebrain structure that processes spatial information, is larger in homing pigeons compared to other non-homing pigeon breeds or their wild ancestor, the rock dove. here we show that this characteristic hippocampus volume is dependent on flying and navigational experience. twen ...200818946210
phylogenetic analysis of west nile virus isolated in italy in 2008.in italy the first occurrence of west nile virus (wnv) infection was reported in tuscany region during the late summer of 1998. in august 2008, the wnv infection re-emerged in italy, in areas surrounding the po river delta, and involving three regions lombardy, emilia romagna and veneto. wnv was isolated from blood and organs samples of one horse, one donkey, one pigeon (columba livia) and three magpies (pica pica). the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates, conducted on 255 bp in the region cod ...200819040827
categorical scaling of duration bisection in pigeons (columba livia), mice (mus musculus), and humans (homo sapiens).a fundamental assumption underlying research in translational neuroscience is that animal models represent many of the same neurocognitive mechanisms and decision processes used by humans. clear demonstrations of such correspondences will be crucial to the discovery of the neurobiological underpinnings of higher-level cognition. one domain likely to support fruitful comparisons is interval timing, because humans and other animals appear to share basic similarities in their ability to discriminat ...200819076481
dispersal of viable row-crop seeds of commercial agriculture by farmland birds: implication for genetically modified crops.to address some concerns about the expansion of genetically engineered pharmaceutical and industrial crops to outdoor plantings and potential impacts on the human food supply, we determined whether commercial agriculture seeds of maize or corn zea mays l., barley hordeum vulgare l., safflower carthamus tinctorius l. and rice oryza sativa l. are digested or pass viably through the digestive tract, or are transported externally, by captive mallard ducks anas platyrhynchos l., ring-necked pheasants ...200819081011
comparison of intraosseous and intramuscular drug administration for induction of anaesthesia in domestic pigeons.the aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of intraosseous anaesthetic drug administration in domestic pigeons and to compare this method with an intramuscular technique for clinical parameters (induction quality and recovery of anaesthesia), heart-respiratory rate and cloacal temperature. sixteen clinically healthy mature pigeons (7 male and 9 female) were included into the study. the birds were allocated into two groups as group i and ii. pigeons in group i received 50mg/kg ket ...200818028968
the comparison of assessment of pigeon semen motility and sperm concentration by conventional methods and the casa system (htm ivos).the aim of these experiments was to compare conventional, microscopic methods of evaluating pigeon sperm motility and concentration to those measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis (casa system). semen was collected twice a week from two groups of pigeons, each of 40 males (group i: meat-type breed; group ii: fancy pigeon) using the lumbo-sacral and cloacal region massage method. ejaculates collected in each group were diluted 1:100 in bpse solution and divided into two equal samples. one s ...200818423566
[correlation analysis between mc3r and mc4r gene polymorphism and growth traits in pigeon.].the snps in partial coding sequence of mc3r and mc4r genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction followed by single strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) analysis and dna sequencing in shack-kee and columba domestica from harbin area. correlation analysis between mc3r and mc4r polymorphism and growth and body composition traits was carried by the least square analysis. the genotypes of t91g mutation in mc3r gene and a903g mutation in mc4r gene proved to have significant association ...200818930895
comparative transmission dynamics of competing parasite species.competition-colonization trade-off models explain the coexistence of competing species in terms of a trade-off between competitive ability and the ability to colonize competitor-free patches of habitat. a simple prediction of these models is that inferior competitors will be superior dispersers. this prediction has seldom been tested in natural populations because measuring dispersal is difficult. host-parasite systems are promising in this regard, especially those involving "permanent" parasite ...200831766819
application of indicator kriging to the complementary use of bioindicators at three trophic levels.the use of biological indicators is widespread in environmental monitoring, although it has long been recognised that each bioindicator is generally associated with a range of potential limitations and shortcomings. to circumvent this problem, this study adopted the complementary use of bioindicators representing different trophic levels and providing different type of information, in an innovative approach to integrate knowledge and to estimate the overall health state of ecosystems. the approa ...200919477568
the influence of experience in orientation: gps tracking of homing pigeons released over the sea after directional training.flight experience is one of the factors that influences initial orientation of displaced homing pigeons (columba livia). prior studies showed a systematic dependence of initial orientation on previously flown direction. using gps data loggers, this study sought to examine the effect of previous directional training of 40 homing pigeons when they were released over the sea, in the absence of proximal landmarks, in a direction almost perpendicular to that of previous training flights. our results ...200919112136
influence of calcitonin administration on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of pigeon, columba livia.pigeons were divided into two numerically equal groups (a and b) containing 30 specimens each. birds from group a were intraperitoneally injected daily with 0.1 ml/100 g body wt of vehicle (0.1 m acetate buffer, ph 4.3 containing 0.1% gelatin). specimens from group b were intraperitoneally injected daily with 1 microg/100 g body wt of salmon calcitonin. six birds were sacrificed from each group 2 h after the last injection on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th, and 15th day of the experiment. after collection ...200919115331
long-term astroglial reaction and neuronal plasticity in the subcortical visual pathways after a complete ablation of telencephalon in pigeons (columba livia).this paper analyzes the astroglial and neuronal responses in subtelencephalic structures, following a bilateral ablation of the telencephalon in the columba livia pigeons. control birds received a sham operation. four months later the birds were sacrificed and their brains processed for glial fibrillary acid protein (gfap) and neurofilament immunohistochemistry, markers for astrocytes and neurons, respectively. computer-assisted image analysis was employed for quantification of the immunoreactiv ...200919116845
collection and analysis of breath and breath condensate exhaled by feral pigeons (columba livia) and chickens (gallus domesticus).samples of exhaled breath and breath condensate were collected from 20 feral pigeons (columba livia) while they were anaesthetised and intubated, and when they were kept unanaesthetised in an acrylic box. samples were also collected from six chickens (gallus domesticus) while they were kept in an acrylic box. the samples were analysed for ph, nitric oxide (no), hydrogen peroxide and leukotriene b4. the volume of condensate collected from the pigeons was independent of bodyweight and significantl ...200919850854
three-dimensional reconstruction of the pigeon inner ear.three-dimensional reconstructions of the inner ear of the pigeon (columba livia domestica), from two-dimensional images, obtained with (conventional) light microscopy or orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning (opfos), are presented. the results are compared with available information on the dimensions and orientation of the semicircular canals.200919893193
avian hippocampal role in space and content memory.the present study examined whether the hippocampal formation of homing pigeons (columba livia) was necessary for learning the contents of different goal locations in an open-field, laboratory environment. results showed that, although control animals were able to distinguish between two goal locations that contained food items of different quality, pigeons with bilateral hippocampal lesions were impaired in goal-quality discrimination, even though non-spatial cues could have been used to disting ...200919895563
a comparative analysis of the categorization of multidimensional stimuli: i. unidimensional classification does not necessarily imply analytic processing; evidence from pigeons (columba livia), squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), and humans (homo sapiens).pigeons (columba livia), gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), and undergraduates (homo sapiens) learned discrimination tasks involving multiple mutually redundant dimensions. first, pigeons and undergraduates learned conditional discriminations between stimuli composed of three spatially separated dimensions, after first learning to discriminate the individual elements of the stimuli. when subsequently tested with stimuli in which one of the dimensions took an anomalous value, the majority of ...200919929108
a comparative analysis of the categorization of multidimensional stimuli: ii. strategic information search in humans (homo sapiens) but not in pigeons (columba livia).pigeons and undergraduates learned conditional discriminations involving multiple spatially separated stimulus dimensions. under some conditions, the dimensions were made available sequentially. in 3 experiments, the dimensions were all perfectly valid predictors of the response that would be reinforced and mutually redundant; in 2 others, they varied in validity. in tests with stimuli in which 1 of the 3 dimensions took an anomalous value, most but not all individuals of both species categorize ...200919929109
chlamydial infections in feral pigeons in europe: review of data and focus on public health implications.feral pigeons (columba livia domestica), which thrive in most european towns and cities, are commonly infected with the zoonotic bacterium chlamydophila psittaci, the agent of psittacosis (also known as ornithosis) in humans. a number of surveys carried out over the last thirty years across europe have detected high seropositivity values and high percentages of infection in feral pigeon populations. overall, when considering data from 11 european countries, seropositivity values to c. psittaci i ...200918977610
pigeons' (columba livia) hierarchical organization of local and global cues in touch screen tasks.redundant encoding of local and global spatial cues is a common occurrence in many species. however, preferential use of the each type of cue seems to vary across species and tasks. in the current study, pigeons (columba livia) were trained in three experiments on a touch screen task which included redundant local positional cues and global spatial cues. specifically, pigeons were required to choose the middle out of three choice squares, such that the position within the array provided local in ...200919022355
pigeons (columba livia) are a suitable experimental model for neospora caninum infection in birds.neospora caninum infections in chickens have been recently described by epidemiological and experimental approaches, and these birds may be considered natural intermediate hosts of the parasite. it has been postulated that other bird species might perform this role in wildlife as well. to better understand the sylvatic life cycle of n. caninum, further studies are required. in that sense, this work aimed to observe infection kinetics in pigeons experimentally infected with n. caninum. experiment ...200919027237
a hitchhiker's guide to parasite transmission: the phoretic behaviour of feather lice.transmission to new hosts is a fundamental challenge for parasites. some species meet this challenge by hitchhiking on other, more mobile parasite species, a behaviour known as phoresis. for example, feather-feeding lice that parasitise birds disperse to new hosts by hitchhiking on parasitic louse flies, which fly between individual birds. oddly, however, some species of feather lice do not engage in phoresis. for example, although rock pigeon (columba livia) "wing" lice (columbicola columbae) f ...200919038259
[determination of the helminths of wild pigeons (columba livia gmelin, 1789 columbiformes) in the bursa region].the helminth fauna of 113 wild pigeons, (columba livia gmelin, 1789), in the bursa province was investigated. as a result of the investigation 3 helminth species were detected. these were capillaria columbae (gmelin, 1789), ascaridia columbae (gmelin, 1790) (nemathelminthes) and raillietina echinobothrida (megnin, 1881) (cestoda).200920101586
local rather than global processing of visual arrays in numerosity discrimination by pigeons (columba livia).a series of experiments investigated which stimulus properties pigeons use when they discriminate pairs of visual arrays that differ in numerosity. transfer tests with novel stimuli confirmed that the birds' choices were based on relative differences in numerosity. however, pigeons differed from other species in the non-numerical cues that affected their choices. in human and non-human primates, numerical discrimination is often influenced by continuous variables such as surface area or overall ...200919184137
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies on avian haemoglobin from pigeon (columba livia).haemoglobin is a physiologically significant metalloprotein that is involved in the exchange of gases for sustaining life. the respiratory system of birds is unique and complex compared with that of mammals. many investigations of avian haemoglobins have revealed the presence of inositol pentaphosphate (ip5), a principal allosteric effector that is involved in regulation of their function. structural investigations of avian haemoglobins are presently not adequate to explain their function. effor ...200919194000
geometry and landmark representation by pigeons: evidence for species-differences in the hemispheric organization of spatial information processing?in this study, we investigated how pigeons (columba livia) represent environmental geometry and landmark information. birds learned to locate the centre of a square arena by means of geometric cues alone, or by means of both geometric and landmark cues. by manipulating the type of information available at training and testing, we assessed which cues the birds had encoded, and through the use of monocular occlusion we examined how the information was represented by the two brain hemispheres. our ...200919200073
abstract-concept learning carryover effects from the initial training set in pigeons (columba livia).three groups of pigeons were trained in a same/different task with 32, 64, or 1,024 color-picture stimuli. they were tested with novel transfer pictures. the training-testing cycle was repeated with training-set doublings. the 32-item group learned the same/different task as rapidly as a previous 8-item group and transferred better than the 8-item group at the 32-item training set. the 64- and 1,024-item groups learned the task only somewhat slower than other groups, but their transfer was bette ...200919236147
learning of absolute and relative distance and direction from discrete visual landmarks by pigeons (columba livia).in an open-field search task, pigeons (columba livia) were trained to search for a goal located at the midpoint of the hypothetical line connecting two discrete visual landmarks positioned 60 cm apart. in experiment 1, global orienting cues were absent. after reaching training criteria, pigeons were tested with novel interlandmark distances. search location and error on test trials suggested pigeons learned relative distance. in experiment 2, a global orienting cue was present. after reaching tr ...200919236148
protection levels of vaccinated pigeons (columba livia) against a highly pathogenic newcastle disease virus strain.the purposes of this study were to model a vaccination regimen for newcastle disease virus (ndv) in pigeons, and to evaluate the susceptibility and behavior of vaccinated birds against a highly pathogenic ndv brazilian strain. antibody response was assessed by means of hemagglutination inhibition test (hi), and viral genome excretion by means of rt-pcr. vaccinal strains (la sota and ulster) induced high antibody titers without any adverse effects, both in inoculated and in sentinel birds. a vira ...200919253000
a novel sarcocystis-associated encephalitis and myositis in racing pigeons.sarcosporidian cysts in the skeletal muscle of domestic pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) have previously been attributed to infection with sarcocystis falcatula, which is shed in the faeces of the opossum (didelphis virginiana). here, we describe fatal spontaneous encephalitis and myositis associated with sarcocystis infections in three flocks of racing pigeons with 47 of 244 animals affected. the clinical course was characterized by depression, mild diarrhoea, torticollis, opisthotonus, par ...200919322710
cloning and expression of a truncated pigeon circovirus capsid protein suitable for antibody detection in infected pigeons.infections with pigeon circovirus (picv) (also termed columbid circovirus) occur in meat and racing pigeons (columba livia) of all ages and have been reported worldwide. a picv infection is associated with immunosuppression and the development of young pigeon disease syndrome. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of virus-specific serum antibody was developed for research purposes. in the absence of a method to propagate picv in cell culture, the assay was base ...200919322712
testosterone has a long-term effect on primary sex ratio of first eggs in pigeons--in search of a mechanism.despite accumulating evidence that birds, in which females are the heterogametic sex, are able to manipulate primary offspring sex ratio, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. steroid hormones, which govern female reproduction and are also accumulated by the developing follicle could potentially affect primary sex ratio by differential follicle development in relation to future sex and meiotic drive, or by sex specific influence on oocyte abortion or fertilization. so far, experimental resul ...200919344666
identification of apolipoprotein a-i in the alpha-globulin fraction of avian plasma.plasma protein electrophoresis is frequently used in birds as a tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. identification of proteins in individual peaks can help improve our understanding of changes in protein concentration in physiologic and pathologic conditions.200919351330
do pigeons (columba livia) study for a test?in 4 experiments, the authors asked whether pigeons (columba livia) would show metamemory by choosing to study a sample stimulus before taking a memory test. in experiments 1a-1c, pigeons chose between cues that led either to exposure to a sample stimulus or directly to the comparison test stimuli without seeing the sample in a delayed matching-to-sample task. the same choice was used in experiment 2 to see whether pigeons would take a reminder when memory of the sample was weak. in experiments ...200919364222
[effect of sleep deprivation on characteristics of febrile reaction and process of restoration of the somato-visceral functions during endotoxaemia].using electrophysiological methods, the effects of total sleep deprivation on thermoregulatory characteristics of the febrile reaction (brain temperature, peripheral vasomotor reaction, contractile activity of the pectoral muscle), the process of rehabilitation of somatic functions, and temporal characteristics of wakefulness and sleep during the endotoxaemia caused by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (lps) in pigeons (columba livia) were studied. it was shown that sleep deprivation du ...200919368314
porphyrin pattern and methemoglobin levels in columba livia applied to assess toxicological risk by air pollution in urban areas.the study has explored two conservative biomarkers, porphyrin pattern in guano and methemoglobin levels in blood of columba livia, in order to assay their potential use for monitoring toxic effects induced by exposure to urban air pollution. fieldwork was conducted between october 2003 and june 2005 in the city of milan, italy, by sampling the pigeons in different areas almost twice a week. six air contaminants, co, pm10, no(2), o(3), so(2), and c(6)h(6), plus polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p ...200919377841
when one hemisphere takes control: metacontrol in pigeons (columba livia).vertebrate brains are composed of two hemispheres that receive input, compute, and interact to form a unified response. how the partially different processes of both hemispheres are integrated to create a single output is largely unknown. in some cases one hemisphere takes charge of the response selection--a process known as metacontrol. thus far, this phenomenon has only been shown in a handful of studies with primates, mostly conducted in humans. metacontrol, however, is even more relevant for ...200919390578
further analysis of perception of reversed müller-lyer figures for pigeons (columba livia).nakamura, et al. recently showed that pigeons experience the standard müller-lyer illusion but not the reversed illusion induced by detaching the arrowheads from the target line. this study re-examined pigeons' perception of this reversed figure by using the stimuli known to induce the maximal contrast effect in humans (fellows, 1967). pigeons were retrained to classify six lengths of target lines into "long" and "short" categories by pecking two keys on the monitor, ignoring the two brackets so ...200919425465
behavioural and electroencephalographic effects of systemic injections of 8-oh-dpat in the pigeon (columba livia).the effects of systemic injections of the 5ht(1a) receptor agonist 8-oh-dpat on the spontaneous ingestive, maintenance, locomotor and sleep-like behaviours, and the sleep/waking-related hippocampal electrographic activity were investigated in pigeons. 8-oh-dpat (0.06, 0.2, 0.6 or 2.0mg/kg) was found to dose-dependently reduce food and water intake, acutely (in the first 3h) and 24h after treatment, during both low-activity morning hours (starting at 10:00 h) and high-activity evening hours (star ...200919428641
pigeon (columba livia) encoding of a goal location: the relative importance of shape geometry and slope information.the ability to use the geometric shape of an environment as an orienting cue for goal location has been shown in many vertebrate groups. experimentally, however, geometric spatial tasks are typically carried out on horizontal surfaces. the present study explored how learning a geometry task is affected by training on a surface extending in the vertical dimension-a slope. in a reference memory task, pigeons (columba livia) were trained to locate a goal in an isosceles trapezoid arena. learning on ...200919450027
prevalence and genotyping of trichomonas gallinae in pigeons and birds of prey.avian trichomonosis is a world-wide parasitic disease caused by the protozoan trichomonas gallinae. although several degrees of pathogenicity have been described on the basis of the clinical signs in birds, there are few reports concerning the genetic characterization of the parasite and its relationship with pathogenicity. the parasite usually appears apathogenic but is occasionally responsible for outbreaks of the disease in avian populations, particularly affecting nestlings of ornithophagous ...200919468936
distribution of glutamate transporter 1 mrna in the central nervous system of the pigeon (columba livia).glutamate transporter 1 (glt1) in glial cells removes glutamate that diffuses from the synaptic cleft into the extracellular space. previously, we have shown the distribution of glutamatergic neurons in the central nervous system (cns) of the pigeon. in the present study, we identified cdna sequence of the pigeon glt1, and mapped the distribution of the mrna-expressing cells in cns to examine whether glt1 is associated with glutamatergic terminal areas. the cdna sequence of the pigeon glt1 consi ...200919481008
diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains recovered from urban pigeons (columba livia) in brazil and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.urban pigeons (columba livia) come into close contact with humans and animals, and may contribute to the spread of infectious agents. these may include human pathogens such as diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains, which are able to survive in pigeon feces, thus creating potential for human exposure and infection. our objectives were to determine the occurrence of diarrheagenic e. coli strains in fresh feces from urban pigeons and their drug susceptibility patterns. e. coli strains were isolate ...200919504156
tetrameriosis in feral pigeons from murcia, southeastern spain.a total of 165 adult feral pigeons (columba livia) were captured in 7 different parks of the municipality of murcia, southeastern spain. birds were evaluated clinically and subsequently necropsied. all birds appeared to be in good physical condition and no apparent signs of disease were observed. however, 17.6% of the pigeons were parasitized by tetrameres (petrowimeres) fissispina. the nematode burden in the proventriculus ranges from 5 to 64 specimens (median: 19); the median of female and mal ...200919505736
relevance and treatment of coccidiosis in domestic pigeons (columba livia forma domestica) with particular emphasis on toltrazuril.coccidia are common pathogenic parasites in pigeons (columba livia). coccidiosis is most commonly seen in young pigeons and only rarely in adult birds. infections in domestic pigeons are typically mixed and commonly include eimeria columbarum and eimeria labbeana. the reported prevalence of infection is 5.1%-71.9%, and worldwide mortality in juvenile pigeons varies from 5% to 70%, with most deaths occurring in the third and fourth month of life. this article summarizes the life cycle of e. colum ...200919530399
do release-site biases reflect response to the earth's magnetic field during position determination by homing pigeons?how homing pigeons (columba livia) return to their loft from distant, unfamiliar sites has long been a mystery. at many release sites, untreated birds consistently vanish from view in a direction different from the home direction, a phenomenon called the release-site bias. these deviations in flight direction have been implicated in the position determination (or map) step of navigation because they may reflect local distortions in information about location that the birds obtain from the geophy ...200919556255
distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem and diencephalon of the pigeon (columba livia).the distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase (tph)-containing perikarya and processes in the brainstem and diencephalon of the pigeon (columba livia) were investigated using single-labeling chromogenic and double-labeling fluorescence immunohistochemical methods for tph and 5-ht. tph-immunoreactive (tph-ir) perikarya were seen extending from the caudal medulla to mid-hypothalamic levels, located in brainstem regions previously described as containing 5-ht-ir somata. brainstem tph-ir cell clusters ...200919559984
infectious and lethal doses of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for house sparrows (passer domesticus) and rock pigeons (columbia livia).terrestrial wild birds commonly associated with poultry farms have the potential to contribute to the spread of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus within or between poultry facilities or between domesticated and wild bird populations. this potential, however, varies between species and is dependent on several virus and host factors, including habitat utilization, susceptibility, and viral shedding patterns. to provide data on susceptibility and shedding patterns of house sparrow ...200919564491
designing a treatment protocol with voriconazole to eliminate aspergillus fumigatus from experimentally inoculated pigeons.to investigate the efficacy of voriconazole for the treatment of aspergillosis, three groups of six racing pigeons (columba livia domestica) were inoculated in the apical part of the right lung with 2x10(7) conidia of an avian derived aspergillus fumigatus strain. the minimal inhibitory concentration of voriconazole for this strain was 0.25 microg/ml. in two groups, voriconazole treatment was started upon appearance of the first clinical signs and continued for fourteen days. the third group was ...200919574001
a cross-sectional survey of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in israeli pigeons.a cross-sectional prevalence study was performed for anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (mat) in 495 wild pigeons (columba livia) captured from various locations in israel. seropositivity was found in 20/495 (4%) of the birds. pigeon samples in regions of semi-arid climate had higher t. gondii seropositivity (p=0.033), amount of precipitation was inversely proportional to seropositivity (p=0.005), seropositivity was inversely related to the size of the neares ...200919619946
protective antibody response following oral vaccination of feral pigeons (columba livia) with newcastle disease vaccine (strain i-2) coated on oiled rice.the novel vaccination technique for feral pigeons was developed in the present study. multi-age feral pigeons were vaccinated orally with newcastle disease (nd) strain i-2 vaccine coated on oiled rice. the results showed that 14 days after vaccination 40% of pigeons seroconverted with hi gmt of ≥3 log₂ whereas 28 days after vaccination the seroconversion rate of these birds reached 100%. moreover, all vaccinated pigeons survived the challenge of virulent newcastle disease virus (ndv). the findin ...200919626453
tonic serotonergic control of ingestive behaviours in the pigeon (columba livia): the role of the arcopallium.this study examined the acute changes in feeding and drinking behaviours of free-feeding and free-drinking pigeons, in response to local injections of metergoline (met, 5-ht(1/2) receptor antagonist; 7 and 20 nmol), gr46611 (gr, 5-ht(1b/1d) agonist; 2 and 6 nmol) or vehicle, into two components of the arcopallium: the nucleus taeniae of the amygdala (tna) and the arcopallium intermedium (ai). in the tna, the highest met dose elicited a short-lived hyperphagy, without affecting drinking or non-in ...200919632276
dietary incorporation of feedstuffs naturally high in organic selenium for racing pigeons (columba livia): effects on plasma antioxidant markers after a standardised simulation of a flying effort.selenium is a trace element of importance for animal health. it is essential for adequate functioning of many enzymes such as, the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, which protects the cell against free radicals. a muscular effort induces a rise in reactive oxygen species production which, in turn, can generate an oxidative stress. two groups of eight racing pigeons were fed respectively with a diet containing 30.3 (control group) and 195.3 (selenium group) microg selenium/kg diet. the ...200919646107
high resistance to lipid peroxidation of bird heart mitochondria and microsomes: effects of mass and maximum lifespan.the aim of this investigation was to study the connection between body size, fatty acid composition and sensitivity to lipid peroxidation of heart mitochondria and microsomes isolated from different size bird species: manon (lonchura striata), quail (coturnix coturnix var japonica), pigeon (columba livia), duck (cairina moschata) and goose (anser anser), representing a 372-fold range of body mass. fatty acids of total lipids were determined using gas chromatography and lipid peroxidation was eva ...200919651227
effects of dietary milk thistle on blood parameters, liver pathology, and hepatobiliary scintigraphy in white carneaux pigeons (columba livia) challenged with b1 aflatoxin.milk thistle (silybum marianum) has been used in humans for the treatment of liver disease because of its antioxidant properties and its ability to stabilize cell membranes and regulate cell permeability. to investigate possible hepatoprotective effects in birds, standardized extracts (80%) of silymarin from milk thistle were tested in white carneaux pigeons (columba livia). pigeons were separated into 3 groups and fed diets formulated to provide milk thistle at a level of 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg bo ...200919673458
physiological and biochemical aspects of the avian uropygial gland.this review discusses different aspects of the uropygial gland of birds. the gland exhibits a striking morphological diversity in size, shape and presence/absence of tufts of feathers. it was shown that acidic mucins, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids are normal components of secretion. several morphological and physiological aspects of the gland were studied on rock pigeon columba livia gmelin, 1879. the amount of the uropygial gland secretion, its lipid content and fatty acids prof ...200919675950
establishing the mitochondrial dna d-loop structure of columba livia.the complete mitochondrial dna d-loop structure of pigeon (columba livia) was established in this study. a strategy of amplifying three partial fragments of the d-loop and then combing the three fragments to cover the full length of the d-loop was adopted. ten samples from pigeons were collected and were successfully amplified and sequenced. repetitive sequences of a vntr and an str were both observed at the 3'-end of d-loop region. dna sequence data revealed polymorphic sequences including inde ...200919676092
further analysis of perception of the standard müller-lyer figures in pigeons (columba livia) and humans (homo sapiens): effects of length of brackets.nakamura, fujita, ushitani, & miyata (2006) have shown that pigeons perceive the standard müller-lyer illusion. in this report, the authors examined effects of bracket sizes on perception of this illusion in pigeons (columba livia) and humans (homo sapiens). in experiment 1, three pigeons were retrained to classify six lengths of target lines into "long" and "short" by pecking two keys on the monitor, ignoring the two brackets oriented toward the same direction. in the tests that followed, the s ...200919685970
slope-based encoding of a goal location is unaffected by hippocampal lesions in homing pigeons (columba livia).using the same procedures as nardi and bingman (2009) [22], bilateral hippocampal lesions were found to have no detectable effect on the capacity of homing pigeons to use the slope of an inclined surface to encode a goal location. hippocampal lesioned pigeons, like controls, also preferentially relied on slope over geometry when the two sources of information were set in conflict. as such, slope resembles visual features as a source of goal recognition information that is hippocampal independent ...200919703498
assessment of novel avian renal disease markers for the detection of experimental nephrotoxicosis in pigeons (columba livia).renal disease is a major cause of illness in captive and wild avian species. current renal disease markers (e.g., uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) are insensitive. two endogenous markers, creatine and n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (nag), were selected for study in the pigeon (columba livia). representative organs from four pigeons were surveyed to determine those exhibiting the highest level of each marker. in a separate study, nag and creatine from plasma and urine were assayed ...200919746864
afferent and efferent projections of the central caudal nidopallium in the pigeon (columba livia).the central caudal nidopallium (ncc) is a large subdivision of the nidopallium in the pigeon brain, but its connectional anatomy is unknown. here, we examined the connections of ncc by using tract-tracing methods. injections of cholera toxin b-chain (ctb) in ncc labeled many neurons within ncc. outside ncc, many labeled neurons were found in the dorsal intermediate mesopallium and medialmost part of the medial intermediate nidopallium, with a few in the intermediate (ai) and medial (am) arcopall ...200919760740
pigeons (columba livia) approach nash equilibrium in experimental matching pennies competitions.the game of matching pennies (mp), a simplified version of the more popular rock, papers, scissors, schematically represents competitions between organisms with incentives to predict each other's behavior. optimal performance in iterated mp competitions involves the production of random choice patterns and the detection of nonrandomness in the opponent's choices. the purpose of this study was to replicate systematic deviations from optimal choice observed in humans when playing mp, and to establ ...200919794832
eimeria livialis sp.n. (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from the domestic pigeon, columba livia domestica in saudi arabia.eimeria livialis sp.n. is described from the intestine of the domestic pigeon, columba livia domestica (columbiformes: columbidae) from riyadh, central region, saudi arabia. sporulated oocysts are elongate ellipsoid, 21 x 15 (19.5-23.2 x 14.3 - 16.5) microm, with a smooth, greenish-yellow bilayered wall, 1.2 (1.0-1.3) microm. micropyle and polar granule are absent. an oocyst residuum is present, consisting of 4-7 globules that are irregular in shape and size. the sporocysts are ellipsoid, 10.6 x ...200919795745
crows break off live camphor twigs: an avian disturbance effect on plants.birds are usually considered beneficial partners for plants, acting as predators on herbivorous insects, pollinators and seed dispersal agents. however, in an urban area of central japan, birds break off large quantities of live camphor tree (cinnamomum camphora) twigs in winter. this loss of vegetative parts was examined quantitatively to estimate the impact on the trees. i also observed bird foraging behaviour to determine the species involved and the possible reasons underlying this destructi ...200919796368
waiting time before release increases the motivation to home in homing pigeons (columba livia).when performing homing experiments with individual releases, pigeons have to wait in a transport box for a certain amount of time before being released and hence perceive the departure of companions. quite often, the last pigeons disappear straightforward from the release site. the question is whether this reflects improved orientation because of prolonged exposure to the release place or whether it reflects increased homing motivation. by releasing pigeons from a familiar site, we investigated ...200919801440
localization of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 mrna in the dorsal root ganglion of the pigeon (columba livia).our previous study showed localization of glutamate receptor 1 (glur1) mrna in neurons of the pigeon spinal cord, suggesting glutamatergic input from intrinsic and extrinsic origins. the present study examined localization of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vglut2) mrna to confirm an extrinsic origin of glutamatergic neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (drg). glur1 and glur2 mrnas were examined in drg and spinal cord to seek projection regions from vglut2 mrna-expressing neurons. vglut2 mrna ...200919821818
photoreceptor and ganglion cell topographies correlate with information convergence and high acuity regions in the adult pigeon (columba livia) retina.the fovea and area dorsalis are high acuity vision regions in the pigeon retina. however, the degree of neural convergence (an important determinant of acuity) has not been quantified consistently in this bird. the purpose of the study was to determine the topographic density changes and degree of photoreceptor to ganglion cell convergence in the fovea and the area dorsalis. total photoreceptor and ganglion cell densities were calculated on the horizontal and vertical meridia. in four eyes, reti ...200919827162
[phoretic association of the mites myialges spp. (astigmata: epidermoptidae) and ornitocheyletia hallae volgin (prostigmata: cheyletidae) with the fly pseudolynchia canariensis (macquart) (diptera: hippoboscidae)].this study evaluated aspects of population ecology and community component of mites in pseudolynchia canariensis (macquart) of domestic pigeons columba livia in juiz de fora, minas gerais, brazil. a total of 236 forest mites were found in 74 out of 156 fl ies (47.4% infestation). the prevalence for myialges anchora sergent & trouessart was 23.7%, with average intensity 1.5 +/- 0.90 and average abundance 0.4 +/- 0.76, mostly (94.4%) located on the abdomen; 75.9% of the mites (n = 41) surrounded b ...200919943003
differential impact of west nile virus on california birds.the strain of west nile virus (wnv) currently epidemic in north america contains a genetic mutation elevating its virulence in birds, especially species in the family corvidae. although dead american crows (corvus brachyrhynchos) have been the hallmark of the epidemic, the overall impact of wnv on north america's avifauna remains poorly understood and has not been addressed thoroughly in california. here, we evaluate variation by species in the effect of wnv on california birds from 2004 to 2007 ...200920589226
diversity of birds at panipat refinery, haryana (india).avifaunal study was carried out in panipat refinery area before and after commissioning. a total of 63 birds were observed during the study, of which 39 and 49 birds were present during 1992 and 2001 respectively. of these, 25 birds were common during both the study period. blue rock pigeon was most dominant during 1992 whereas house sparrow was dominant during 2001. species diversity index was found to be 5.26 and 6.64 in respective years. jaccard's and sorenson similarity indices were 0.40 and ...200918850287
the peeping response of pigeons (columba livia) to isolation from conspecifics and exposure to a novel environment.the present study examined the acute behavioral responses of pigeons to separation from conspecifics and exposure to an unfamiliar environment (ue). the effects of (1) repeated exposure to the ue; (2) visual isolation from surroundings, or saline injections; and (3) diazepam treatment (i.p., 0.25, 0.75, 2.5 or 7.5mg/kg) before the trial were also examined. ue exposure evoked intense ballistic head movements (peeping), gradually replaced with angular head movements (ahm), both associated with imm ...200919150396
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