Publications

[aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) breeding in bromeliaceae in the outskirts of an urban area of the city of são paulo, brazil].	larvae of aedes albopictus from a plant of the bromeliaceae family on the outskirts of s. paulo, sp, brazil, were collected. this occurrence sheds new light on the attempt to determine the potential of this plants as a breeding site for this mosquito in brazil.	1997	9629731
basic surface properties of aedes albopictus cells: effect of mayaro virus infection on electrostatic charge and surface tension.	aedes albopictus cells possess a negative cell surface charge of -12.7 mv with an isoelectrophoretic point (iep) located between ph 3.0 and 4.0. infection with mayaro virus rendered the surface of a. albopictus cells less negative reaching a zeta-potential value of -9.7 mv after 100 h of infection. concomitantly, the iep of the infected cells were also altered from 3.0-4.0 to 4.0-5.0. furthermore, the contact angle measurements clearly showed qualitative alterations in the cell surface of infect ...	1997	9722418
performance of ulv formulations (pesguard 102/vectobac 12as) against three mosquito species.	adulticidal and larvicidal performances of a water-based pyrethroid microemulsion pesguard ps 102 (ai d-allethrin and d-phenothrin, both at 5.0% w/w) and vectobac 12as, an aqua-suspension bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (b.t.i.) formulation (ai 1,200 itu/mg) were assessed against mosquitoes aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and culex quinquefasciatus using a leco ulv fog generator model 1600 and a scorpion 20 ulv airblast sprayer. laboratory-cultured mosquito adults and larvae were used for ef ...	1997	9474567
field evaluation of vectobac g, vectobac 12as and bactimos wp against the dengue vector aedes albopictus in tires.	the efficacy of three formulations of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis was studied against aedes albopictus in discarded tires. the formulations were: vectobac g (corn cob formulation), vectobac 12as (aqueous suspension), and bactimos wp (wettable powder formulation). both vectobac g and vectobac 12as were effective for 24 hr with more than 80% mortality. both vectobac formulations were significantly more effective than bactimos wp for 24 hr after treatment (p < 0.0005). a week after trea ...	1997	9491362
[anthropophilic behavior of aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) in the vale do paraíba region, southeastern brazil].	the epidemiological role of aedes albopictus has been investigated in the state of s. paulo by the study of its biological and ecological characteristics. the biting activity of ae.albopictus taking stationary and moving collectors as parameters, is determined.	1997	9497558
hemagglutinins in mosquitoes and their role in the immune response to brugia malayi (filarioidea:nematoda) larvae.	hemagglutinins were determined in six species of mosquitoes that are susceptible and refractory to brugia malayi (filarioidea: nematoda). high titers of hemagglutinins were found in the salivary gland extract and in the body fluid of a completely refractory species, aedes taeniorhynchus, and in partially refractory species, anopheles quadrimculatus but low levels of hemagglutinins were also present in the body fluid of aedes aegypti (black-eye, liverpool strain), a susceptible species. hemagglut ...	1997	9505436
breeding habitats of aedes aegypti (l) and aedes. albopictus (skuse) in villages of barru, south sulawesi, indonesia.	the breeding habitats of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, were studied using larval collection method inside and outside houses in 6 villages of barru, south sulawesi, indonesia from july 1994 to august 1995. aedes aegypti was the dominant species, being abundant indoors especially in the coastal areas. aedes albopictus was breeding primarily in outdoor containers in the hill and mountain areas. earthen jar was the most common breeding habitat of aedes aegypti in all villag ...	1997	9656413
colonization of rock holes by aedes albopictus in the southeastern united states.	aedes albopictus was collected from water-holding rock holes along 3 streams in georgia and 1 in south carolina. to compare the occurrence of ae. albopictus and aedes atropalpus, rock holes were sampled for immature aedes at 2 sites where there were numerous rock holes harboring mosquitoes. at 1 of these sites, tree holes and various types of artificial containers were also sampled for immature aedes. at both sites, immature ae. albopictus occurred in rock holes much less frequently than the roc ...	1997	9383770
effect of sublethal doses of cadmium, inorganic mercury and methylmercury on the cell morphology of an insect cell line (aedes albopictus, c6/36).	the effect of cdcl2 (44 microm), hgcl2 (3.7 microm), and mehgcl (2 microm) on the morphology of aedes albopictus c6/36 cells was studied at the light microscopical level. treatment times and metal concentrations were in the sublethal range as determined by a fluorometric dye exclusion test. the three metal species had profound effects on the cell morphology. mehgcl treatment induced the development of a large number of short, actin-supported, tangled filopodia. both cdcl2 and hgcl2 induced long ...	1997	9812346
heavy-metal toxicity in an insect cell line. effects of cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride on cell viability and proliferation in aedes albopictus cells.	we evaluated the toxicity of cdcl2, hgcl2, and mehgcl on the c6/36 cell line of aedes albopictus. this cell line proved to be a suitable tool for studying heavy-metal toxicity in insect cells. since data on heavy-metal toxicity in invertebrate cell cultures are almost nonexistent, our results are discussed in relation to in vivo invertebrate and in vitro vertebrate studies. viability and proliferation were assessed by dye exclusion and dna quantification, respectively. viability tests were carri ...	1997	9352117
diel patterns of pupation, emergence, and oviposition in a laboratory population of aedes albopictus.	there was no apparent daily pattern of pupation in aedes albopictus in the laboratory [14:10 h (l:d); lights on: 0600 h, lights off: 2000 h], but diel patterns of emergence and oviposition were influenced by mosquito body size. emergence rate was highest in large-bodied male mosquitoes at 1600 h and in small males at 1000 h but was lowest in large and small males, respectively, at 2400 h and 0200 h. peak emergence of females was at 1600 h, regardless of body size; lowest emergence was at 0400 h. ...	1997	9249663
diel oviposition patterns of aedes albopictus (skuse) and aedes triseriatus (say) in the laboratory and the field.	the oviposition patterns of aedes albopictus and aedes triseriatus were observed in preliminary field experiments during the summer of 1995 and in the laboratory the following winter. aedes albopictus exhibited a diel periodicity of oviposition in the field, ovipositing a significantly greater number of eggs during the day than during the night (p = 0.0001). laboratory observations for 40 consecutive hours indicated that ae. albopictus oviposited only during the hours of light, with a broad peak ...	1997	9221740
synchronization of aedes albopictus mosquito cells using hydroxyurea.	we have established conditions for use of hydroxyurea, a reversible inhibitor of dna synthesis, to synchronize the division cycle of a continuous cell line from the mosquito, aedes albopictus. in the range of 0.15-0.25 mm hydroxyurea, an 18 h treatment, followed by removal of the drug, results in effective synchronization. when combined with the partial synchronization that occurs within 10 h of dilution and plating, more than 80% of cells treated with hydroxyurea could be recovered in the synth ...	1997	9099583
mosquito breeding and resting in treeholes in a forest ecosystem in orissa.	during a longitudinal study in the deciduous monsoon forest in northwest orissa, 16 species belonging to genera anopheles (2), culex (3), aedes (8), armigeres (1), orthopodomyia (1) and toxorhynchites (1) were found breeding in the treeholes, while 20 species including disease vectors an. culicifacies, cx. quinquefasciatus, ae. albopictus, cx. tritaeniorhynchus and cx. vishnui were found resting. the study showed that so far malaria vectors have not exploited the breeding potential of treeholes ...	1997	9291669
[epidemiologic significance of aedes albopictus breeding places in bromeliads].	a breeding place of immature stages of aedes albopictus in bromeliads is described. the epidemiological role of bromeliaceae as natural or artificial containers, is discussed. the ability of the mosquito to expand its habitat calls for attention especially as regards its adaptability as an invading species.	1998	9713126
effect of prostaglandin a1 in the induction of stress proteins in aedes albopictus cells.	prostaglandins are natural fatty acid derivatives with diverse physiological effects, including immune function and the control of cell growth. while the action of prostaglandins in the induction of stress proteins in vertebrate cells is well documented, their functions in invertebrate cells have been poorly investigated. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of prostaglandin a1 (pga1; 0.25, 1.25 and 12.5 micrograms/ml) on protein synthesis during the growth of aedes alb ...	1998	9698800
aedes albopictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988-1995: the shape of things to come?	in the decade since used tires were identified as the mode of introduction of aedes albopictus to the united states, similar infestations have been reported from 10 other countries in the americas and 2 in europe. millions of used tires are still being traded throughout the world and although a few governments have implemented inspection procedures to prevent further introductions, these are unlikely to be effective. further introductions of mosquitoes of potential public health significance are ...	1998	9599329
importation of aedes albopictus in townsville, queensland.		1998	9503742
effect of nutrient deprivation on ribosomal rna and ribosomal protein mrna in cultured mosquito cells.	the effect of nutrient deprivation on rna and protein synthesis in cultured aedes albopictus mosquito cells was investigated by replacing the culture medium with phosphate-buffered saline. after a 2 h starvation treatment, incorporation of radiolabeled precursor into total rna was inhibited by 50%, and after 4 h, incorporation of amino acids into protein was inhibited by 50%. to investigate directly the effects of starvation on rrna synthesis, ribosomal subunits were prepared from treated cells ...	1998	9465389
uptake of hgcl2 and mehgcl in an insect cell line (aedes albopictus c6/36).	we studied the uptake mechanism of mercuric chloride (hg) and methylmercuric chloride (mehg) in aedes albopictus c6/36 cells. the uptake kinetics, together with the effect of temperature and a metabolic inhibitor (2, 4-dinitrophenol) on the mercury accumulation, were examined. both amounts of internalized hg and mehg increased linearly with the extracellular concentration. initially, the influx rate was high for both metal species but mehg was found to accumulate seven times faster than hg. at l ...	1998	9756678
possible utilization of metallic copper to inhibit aedes albopictus (skuse) larval development.	the effect of metallic copper on development of aedes albopictus was studied in the laboratory. multiwire electric cable was used as a source of metallic copper in flower saucers colonized by ae. albopictus. a linear regression coefficient of 0.68 was obtained between copper concentration in the water during larval development and the relative production of adults. larval mortality was higher in earlier instars with less evident effect on 4th-instar larvae and pupae. the effect of copper on larv ...	1998	10084140
laboratory and field evaluations of oviposition responses of aedes albopictus and aedes triseriatus (diptera: culicidae) to oak leaf infusions.	organic infusions created by fermenting white oak (quercus alba l.) leaves in water were evaluated as sources of attractant odorants and contact oviposition stimulants for gravid aedes albopictus (skuse) and aedes triseriatus (say). infusions were bioassayed in the laboratory by giving single females a choice of ovipositing in 1 container with infusion and 7 containers with water. ae. albopictus laid significantly more eggs in containers with infusion, regardless of concentration (dilutions rang ...	1998	9835688
introduction and establishment of aedes (stegomyia) albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) in albania.	in august-october 1979, infestations of the mosquito aedes albopictus were discovered at a number of widely separated sites in albania. used tires were the principal larval habitat. the species was probably introduced from china in the mid-1970s. the initial infestation was probably at a rubber factory adjacent to the port of durrës (durazzo), from where the mosquito was shipped in tires to recapping plants in other parts of the country. this is the first recorded infestation of ae. albopictus o ...	1998	9813831
analysis of composition of sugar meals of wild mosquitoes by gas chromatography.	gas chromatography (gc) was successfully used for the first time to determine the components of natural sugar meals in individual mosquitoes and to determine whether carbohydrases are present in the crops of these insects. crops of wild mosquitoes collected from a 2-ha cypress swamp north of gainesville, fl, contained fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, turanose, melibiose, erlose, melezitose, raffinose, and a few unidentified carbohydrates. time course studies with male and female aedes albopi ...	1998	10084129
effects of extracellular calcium concentration on protein synthesis in aedes albopictus cells.	the influence of extracellular calcium concentration on mosquito cells was investigated in aedes albopictus cells cultured in a medium with different amounts of calcium. protein synthesis in cells incubated in low calcium culture medium was inhibited when compared to control cells. this inhibition was reversed by addition of calcium to the culture medium. two calcium-induced proteins of approximately 70,000 and 80,000 daltons were detected when calcium was added to the extracellular medium of ce ...	1998	9882103
chromosomal response of insect and mammalian cells to streptonigrin: a comparative study.	we assessed the chromosomal response of insect (mosquito, aedes albopictus) and mammalian (chinese hamster ovary, cho) cells to streptonigrin (sn). both types of cells were pulse-treated for 20 min with increasing doses of sn and the frequency of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (sces) for each sn dose was determined. our results show that the sn doses inducing remarkable chromosome damage (expressed as frequency of aberrations per cell and per chromosome) in cho cells fail ...	1998	9882007
long-chain n-alkanols and arachidonic acid interfere with the vm-sensitive gating mechanism of gap junction channels.	experiments were carried out on preformed cell pairs and induced cell pairs of an insect cell line (mosquito aedes albopictus, clone c6/36). the coupling conductance, gj, was determined with the dual voltage-clamp method. exposure of preformed cell pairs to lipophilic agents, such as long-chain n-alkanols (n-hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-nonanol, n-decanol) or arachidonic acid, provoked a decrease in gj. hyperpolarization of both cells led to a recovery of gj. systematic studies revealed tha ...	1998	9382947
dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever.	dengue fever, a very old disease, has reemerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increased epidemic activity, the development of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple serotypes), and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. in 1998 this mosquito-borne disease is the most important tropical infectious disease after malaria, with an estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever, 500,000 ca ...	1998	9665979
vectors vs. humans in australia--who is on top down under? an update on vector-borne disease and research on vectors in australia.	australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of ross river virus during 1991-1997. barmah forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. cases of murray valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern australia. ...	1998	9673928
field efficacy of a new repellent, kbr 3023, against aedes albopictus (skuse) and culex quinquefasciatus (say) in a tropical environment.	two new repellent formulations, kbr 3023 10% and 20% from bayer ag, germany, were evaluated together with deet 10% and 20% as standard repellent formulations. evaluation was based on two separate field studies: a daytime study (0900-1700 hr) in a forested orchard on penang island and a nighttime study (2100-0100 hr) in a squatter residential area on the adjacent mainland of peninsular malaysia. both studies were carried out by exposing humans with bare arms and legs to mosquitoes landing/biting ...	1998	9673931
identification of specific nucleotide sequences within the conserved 3'-sl in the dengue type 2 virus genome required for replication.	the flavivirus genome is a positive-stranded approximately 11-kb rna including 5' and 3' noncoding regions (ncr) of approximately 100 and 400 to 600 nucleotides (nt), respectively. the 3' ncr contains adjacent, thermodynamically stable, conserved short and long stem-and-loop structures (the 3'-sl), formed by the 3'-terminal approximately 100 nt. the nucleotide sequences within the 3'-sl are not well conserved among species. we examined the requirement for the 3'-sl in the context of dengue virus ...	1998	9696848
isolation of la crosse, cache valley, and potosi viruses from aedes mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected at used-tire sites in illinois during 1994-1995.	prospective studies were conducted at used-tire sites in illinois during 1994-1995 in an effort to isolate arboviruses from mosquitoes, particularly aedes albopictus (skuse) and aedes triseriatus (say). three isolates of potosi virus were obtained from ae. albopictus collected at a waste tire site in jasper county during 1994 and 1995. also, a single isolate of cache valley virus was obtained from ae. albopictus collected at the jasper county site during 1995. these are the first records of arbo ...	1998	9701947
typing of dengue viruses in clinical specimens and mosquitoes by single-tube multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr.	in recent years, dengue viruses (serotypes 1 to 4) have spread throughout tropical regions worldwide. in many places, multiple dengue virus serotypes are circulating concurrently, which may increase the risk for the more severe form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever. for the control and prevention of dengue fever, it is important to rapidly detect and type the virus in clinical samples and mosquitoes. assays based on reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr (rt-pcr) amplification of dengue viral rn ...	1998	9705406
peptide sequence of an antibiotic cecropin from the vector mosquito, aedes albopictus.	we have identified a 35-amino acid antibiotic cecropin secreted by an established mosquito cell line. c7-10 cells from the vector mosquito, aedes albopictus, were incubated with heat-killed escherichia coli, and materials secreted into the cell culture supernatant were recovered by acid precipitation. following batch elution from sep-pak c18 cartridges and further purification by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) a predominant peak of antibacterial activity was chara ...	1998	9712710
ultrastructural differentiation of the genogroups in the genus ehrlichia.	ultrastructural characteristics of 15 strains and isolates of ehrlichiae belonging to three genogroups, or clades of genetically related organisms united in the genera ehrlichia, cowdria, anaplasma, neorickettsia and a strain of wolbachia pipientis which represents a fourth genogroup in this cluster of species, were studied in continuous cell culture or in vivo: e. canis (oklahoma strain and vhe isolate), e. muris (as 145), e. chaffeensis (arkansas, 91he17 and sapulpa), human granulocytic ehrlic ...	1998	9511829
identification of a major determinant of mouse neurovirulence of dengue virus type 2 using stably cloned genomic-length cdna.	a genomic-length cdna clone corresponding to the rna of dengue virus type 2 (den-2) new guinea c strain (ngc) was constructed in a low copy number vector. the cloned cdna was stably propagated in escherichia coil and designated pdvws501. rna transcripts produced in vitro from the cdna using t7 rna polymerase yielded infectious virus (mon501) upon electroporation into bhk-21 cells. when compared with parental ngc virus, mon501 replicated to similar levels in aedes albopictus c6/36 cells and showe ...	1998	9519821
gene expression and regulation from the p7 promoter of aedes densonucleosis virus.	the nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 are thought to be expressed from the p7 promoter of aedes densonucleosis virus (aednv). to study gene expression from the p7 promoter, eight different plasmids were constructed by fusing beta-galactosidase or beta-glucuronidase into the genome so that the reporter gene was in different open reading frames and under the transcriptional control of the p7 promoter. after transfection into c6/36 aedes albopictus cells, constructs generated comparable amounts of ...	1998	9557726
monitoring of dengue viruses in field-caught aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes by a type-specific polymerase chain reaction and cycle sequencing.	virologic surveillance for dengue through the detection of the prevalent serotype(s) circulating in the human population during inter- and intra-epidemic periods constitutes a reliable sentinel system for dengue outbreaks. we have applied a rapid and sensitive, semi-nested, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay using nonstructural protein 3 gene primers for the type-specific-detection of dengue viruses in artificially infected and in field-caught adult aedes mosquitoes. ...	1998	9598444
engineered resistance in aedes aegypti to a west african and a south american strain of yellow fever virus.	double subgenomic sindbis (dssin) viruses were engineered to transduce mosquito cells with antisense rna derived either from the premembrane (prm) or polymerase (ns5) coding regions of the 17d vaccine strain of yellow fever virus (yfv). aedes albopictus c6/36 cells were infected at high multiplicities of infection (moi) with each dssin virus. forty-eight hours later, the transduced cells were challenged with an moi of 0.1 of the asibi strain of yfv. at 72-hr postchallenge, the cells were assayed ...	1998	9598458
identification of brazilian flaviviruses by a simplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method using flavivirus universal primers.	we report a simplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method for identification of brazilian flaviviruses based on the patterns of electrophoretic separation of the amplicons. the rt-pcr was done on the culture fluids of aedes albopictus c6/36 cells infected with brazilian flaviviruses, without previous extraction of viral rna, using flavivirus universal primers that anneal to highly conserved sequences within the nonstructural protein 5 and 3'- non translated region of ...	1998	9749625
similarities to a line element shared by anopheline and culicine mosquitos map to the distal end of dihydrofolate reductase amplicons in aedes albopictus mosquito cells.	to extend our understanding of amplicon structure in methotrexate-resistant mtx-5011-256 aedes albopictus mosquito cells, we examined a series of cosmids containing genomic dna corresponding to the unique 3'-end of the type 1 dihydrofolate reductase amplicon. cosmid pwed118 contained five ecori fragments ranging from 2 to 5 kb (a, b, c, f, g) that hybridized to cdna from methotrexate-resistant cells. of these, fragments b and f hybridized weakly to first-strand cdna from sensitive cells and shar ...	1998	9753771
an unusual ground larval habitat of aedes albopictus.		1998	9755568
electron microscopic examination of aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cells infected with dengue virus 2 at elevated incubation temperature.	morphological changes such as loss of cytoplasm, membrane destruction and vacuolar swelling in aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cells infected with dengue virus 2 (dv-2) new guinea b strain and incubated at 28 degrees c and 37 degrees c, were observed under electron microscope. both infected and uninfected cells showed significant damage at 37 degrees c in contrast to normal appearance at 28 degrees c. a higher number of virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm at 37 degrees c than at 28 degre ...	1998	9645241
rapid diagnosis of japanese encephalitis by using an immunoglobulin m dot enzyme immunoassay.	japanese encephalitis (je) occurs in rural settings in southern and eastern asia, where diagnostic facilities are limited. for the diagnosis of je virus (jev) infection, we developed a nitrocellulose membrane-based immunoglobulin m (igm) capture dot enzyme immunoassay (mac dot) that is rapid, simple to use, requires no specialized equipment, and can distinguish jev from dengue infection. in a prospective field study in southern vietnam, 155 cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and 341 serum samples were co ...	1998	9650956
nuclear import and the evolution of a multifunctional rna-binding protein.	la (ss-b) is a highly expressed protein that is able to bind 3'-oligouridylate and other common rna sequence/structural motifs. by virtue of these interactions, la is present in a myriad of nuclear and cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes in vivo where it may function as an rna-folding protein or rna chaperone. we have recently characterized the nuclear import pathway of the s. cerevisiae la, lhp1p. the soluble transport factor, or karyopherin, that mediates the import of lhp1p is kap108p/sxm ...	1998	9817748
rapid screening of embryonated chicken eggs for bluetongue virus infection with an antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.	the sensitivity and specificity of an antigen capture elisa have been compared with virus isolation in cell culture. bluetongue virus (blu) (serotype 23) from the blood of a sheep was titrated by inoculating embryonated chicken eggs (eces) and detecting viral antigen in chicken embryo livers using an antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (stanislawek et al., 1996. detection by elisa of bluetongue antigen directly in the blood of experimentally infected sheep. vet. microbiol. ...	1998	9820573
putative dengue virus receptors from mosquito cells.	dengue viruses are arthropod-borne, single-stranded rna viruses. aëdes aegypti and aëdes albopictus are the principal vectors. in order to understand the molecular basis of dengue virus infections we explored the biochemical identity of dengue-2 (den-2) virus receptors in the aëdes albopictus-derived cell line c6/36. we show here that den-2 interacts with two major polypeptides of 80 and 67 kda. polyclonal anti-c6/36 membrane antibodies block den-2 binding to intact c6/36 monolayers as well as t ...	1998	9835036
effect of salt concentration in larval rearing water on susceptibility of aedes mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to eastern equine and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses.	the effect of salt concentration in larval rearing water on the susceptibility of adult aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) and aedes sollicitans (skuse) to infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus was tested in the laboratory. ae. sollicitans was more susceptible to infection (79%, n = 82) and viral dissemination (16%) with eee virus than was ae. taeniorhynchus (42%, n = 184) and (5%), respectively, when fed on a chick with a viremia of 10(7) +/- 0.1 plaque-forming units/ml; how ...	1998	9775590
density dependence in larval aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).	aedes albopictus (skuse) is expanding its distribution in the united states and elsewhere, and a better understanding of its population regulation is needed. a field experiment under seminatural conditions determined that density had a negative effect and food level a positive effect on immature survival, duration of development, and female size at emergence. a summary index (r') indicated that population growth also depended on density and food availability. these data can be used to estimate t ...	1998	9775616
structural localization of the e3 glycoprotein in attenuated sindbis virus mutants.	we have determined the three-dimensional structures of the wild-type sindbis virus and two of its mutants that retain the e3 sequence within pe2. using difference imaging between these mutants and the wild-type virus, we have assigned a location for the 64-amino-acid sequence corresponding to e3 in the mutant spike complex. in the wild-type virus, the spike is composed of an e1-e2 heterotrimer. the e3 protein was found to protrude midway between the center of the spike complex and the tips. base ...	1998	9445057
genetic determinants responsible for acquisition of dengue type 2 virus mouse neurovirulence.	studies conducted some 50 years ago showed that serial intracerebral passage of dengue viruses in mice selected for neurovirulent mutants that also exhibited significant attenuation for humans. we investigated the genetic basis of mouse neurovirulence of dengue virus because it might be directly or indirectly associated with attenuation for humans. analysis of the sequence in the c-prem-e-ns1 region of the parental dengue type 2 virus (den2) new guinea c (ngc) strain and its mouse-adapted, neuro ...	1998	9445071
comparison of sindbis virus-induced pathology in mosquito and vertebrate cell cultures.	we have compared sindbis virus-induced cytopathology in vertebrate and mosquito (aedes albopictus) cell cultures. it has been shown that vertebrate cells undergo apoptosis when infected by sindbis virus and this was confirmed here using hamster cells (bhk). the occurrence of cell death in sindbis virus-infected a. albopictus cells is a cell clone-specific phenomenon and, unlike in bhk cell cultures, mosquito cell death does not correlate with a large induction of apoptosis, as determined by assa ...	1998	9454692
a single point mutation controls the cholesterol dependence of semliki forest virus entry and exit.	membrane fusion and budding are key steps in the life cycle of all enveloped viruses. semliki forest virus (sfv) is an enveloped alphavirus that requires cellular membrane cholesterol for both membrane fusion and efficient exit of progeny virus from infected cells. we selected an sfv mutant, srf-3, that was strikingly independent of cholesterol for growth. this phenotype was conferred by a single amino acid change in the e1 spike protein subunit, proline 226 to serine, that increased the cholest ...	1998	9425157
results of a survey to detect the mosquito aedes albopictus in the french riviera.	a programme of surveillance was initiated in 1992, in the french riviera, to detect a possible introduction of aedes albopictus from italy and to prevent nuisances caused by mosquitoes in the touristic localities of the côte d'azur. in five years, numerous mosquito breeding places have been located. nine species have been collected: anopheles claviger, an. plumbeus, aedes geniculatus, ae. vittatus, culex hortensis, cx. impudicus, cx. pipiens, culiseta fumipennis, cs. longiareolata but no ae. alb ...	1998	10376290
reinvasion of calcutta city by aedes albopictus: the proven vector of dengue in suburban areas.	dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease transmitted by aedes aegypti in cities and a. albopictus in suburban and rural areas. dengue outbreaks occur almost regularly and sometimes reach epidemic proportions in cities and towns. dengue endemicity in calcutta was established for the first time in 1960, then re-established by another serosurvey in 1966. an outbreak of dengue was recently reported in the bankura district of the city, where it has not previously been reported. with the literatur ...	1998	10389503
[the density and larval habitats of dengue vectors in chungho city].	a survey was conducted to understand larval habitats and density of dengue vectors in chungho city during the period of august 12 to september 13, 1996. most villages (41 in the total of 93) were found to have the density figures of three for aedes albopictus skuse. the second common density figures were found at 2nd and 4th levels. the most common breeding containers found were less than 5 cm in water depth and less than 100 cm2 in water area. the number of breeding containers reduced when the ...	1998	9887644
presence of dirofilaria repens and an insect immunocyte (plasmatocyte) in a human subcutaneous nodule, induced by a mosquito bite.	it is well known that the nematode dirofilaria repens is transmitted to humans by vector mosquito bite. examination of a fine needle aspiration biopsy drawn from a month-old nodule on the chest of a woman, residing in garlasco, province of pavia, northern italy, revealed the presence of not only one immature female of d. repens, but also some scattered cells that we believe to be mosquito's blood cells, plasmatocytes (immunocytes). we presume that plasmatocytes were carried into the bite wound w ...	1998	10376295
introduction of aedes albopictus into a la crosse virus--enzootic site in illinois.	in late summer and fall 1997, aedes albopictus mosquitoes were found in peoria, illinois, a long recognized focus of la crosse virus transmission. larvae were found in tires and other artificial containers, biting adults were recovered, and eggs were collected in oviposition traps within a 25-ha area. one chipmunk trapped < 0.25 km from the infested area tested positive for neutralizing antibodies against la crosse virus.	1998	9866739
inhibition of mayaro virus replication by cerulenin in aedes albopictus cells.	the antibiotic cerulenin, an inhibitor of lipid synthesis, was shown to suppress mayaro virus replication in aedes albopictus cells at non-cytotoxic doses. cerulenin blocked the incorporation of [3h]glycerol into lipids when present at any time post infection (p.i.). cerulenin added at the beginning of infection inhibited the synthesis of virus proteins. however, when this antibiotic was added at later stages of infection, it had only a mild effect on the virus protein synthesis. the possibility ...	1998	10358744
[an etiological and serological study on dengue epidemic in guangdong province].	in 1978-1995, dengue fever epidemics(serotype 1-4) occurred in guangdong province. among 9 species of mosquitoes found in the epidemic areas, the positive rate of virus isolation in aedes albopictus was 20.69%, in aedes aegypti 18.95%, in culex quinquefasciatus 10.29%, dengue viruses were not isolated in other 6 species of mosquitoes. the positive rate of virus isolation in the three species showed no significant differences (chi 2 = 2.77 p > 0.05). aedes aegypti was the main transmitting vector ...	1998	12515199
analysis of a ribosomal dna intergenic spacer region from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	we have sequenced the 1.8 kb intergenic spacer (igs) region from an aedes aegypti ribosomal dna repeat and have identified conserved functional motifs shared with the related mosquito, aedes albopictus. despite the shorter length and greater homogeneity of the ae. aegypti igs region, the sequences of two potential rna polymerase i core promoters and closely associated terminator elements were highly conserved. primer extension analysis indicated that the predominant transcription initiation site ...	1998	9459426
ribosomal protein s6 cdna from two aedes mosquitoes encodes a carboxyl-terminal extension that resembles histone h1 proteins.	ribosomal protein s6 (rps6) is the major phosphorylated protein on the eukaryotic ribosome. because electrophoretic evidence suggested that the homolog of rps6 from the mosquitoes aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti was measurably larger than drosophila rps6, we have now isolated full-length cdnas encoding aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti rps6. the mosquito rps6 cdnas encoded a 100 amino acid extension at the carboxyl-terminus, relative to rps6 from humans and drosophila. this region had homolo ...	1999	10897799
use of a funnel trap for collecting immature aedes aegypti and copepods from deep wells in yogyakarta, indonesia.	during the course of a "dry" season dengue vector survey, indoor and outdoor household wells were sampled for the possible presence of immature mosquitoes and copepods. with a simple floating funnel trap, aedes aegypti immature stages were captured in over 33% of the sampled wells (n = 93) during a 24-h trapping period per well. average number of larvae (all instars) per positive well was 8.8 (range 1-63). positive wells varied in depth from 2.7 to 14.7 m (8.8-48.2 ft), with a mean of 7.9 +/-se ...	1999	10612624
immunity proteins from mosquito cell lines include three defensin a isoforms from aedes aegypti and a defensin d from aedes albopictus.	an aedes aegypti mosquito cell line, aag-2, exhibits a response to immune stimulation that is qualitatively similar to that of c7-10 cultured cells from the related mosquito, aedes albopictus. using sds polyacrylamide gels, we found that a small peptide was preferentially induced by the treatment of growing cells with heat-killed, gram-positive bacteria. by an analogy with other studies, this small peptide was postulated to be a member of the defensin family of insect immunity peptides. a differ ...	1999	10469248
an updated checklist of the mosquitoes of new jersey.	the last checklist of new jersey mosquitoes was published in 1983 and contained 59 species from 10 genera. since that time 4 additional species have been collected in new jersey: aedes thibaulti, aedes infirmatus, aedes aegypti, and aedes albopictus. aedes aegypti was not able to overwinter and is not part of new jersey's mosquito fauna. as a result, the addition of 3 species brings the updated checklist of new jersey mosquitoes to 62.	1999	10412107
role of habitat components on the dynamics of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) from new orleans.	monthly sampling of tire pile populations of aedes albopictus (skuse) in orleans parish, new orleans, la, was done in 1995 to determine prevalence of ascogregarine parasites and changes in wing length. prevalence of ascogregarina taiwanensis (lien & levine) infection was 100% in midsummer and decreased in the fall and spring (60-70%). wing lengths were longest in the spring and fall and shortest in midsummer. we evaluated the effect of a. taiwanensis infections under high and deficient levels of ...	1999	10337101
dengue virus type 1 nonstructural glycoprotein ns1 is secreted from mammalian cells as a soluble hexamer in a glycosylation-dependent fashion.	nonstructural glycoprotein ns1, specified by dengue virus type 1 (den-1), is secreted from infected green monkey kidney (vero) cells in a major soluble form characterized by biochemical and biophysical means as a unique hexameric species. this noncovalently bound oligomer is formed by three dimeric subunits and has a molecular mass of 310 kda and a stokes radius of 64.4 a. during protein export, one of the two oligosaccharides of ns1 is processed into an endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase f-resis ...	1999	10364366
humoral response in toscana virus acute neurologic disease investigated by viral-protein-specific immunoassays.	the toscana virus (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus) is the only sandfly-transmitted virus that demonstrates neurotropic activity. clinical cases ranging from aseptic meningitis to meningoencephalitis caused by toscana virus are yearly observed in central italy during the summer, and several cases have been reported among tourists returning from zones of endemicity (italy, portugal, spain, and cyprus). in toscana virus patients, immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies, usually present at the ons ...	1999	9874664
isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in northern taiwan between 1995 and 1996.	mosquito collections were carried out from may to october in 1995 and 1996 at yingko and sanhsia of taipei county and chunan of miaoli county. a grand total of 13,576 mosquitoes consisting of 13 species in 407 pools were processed and inoculated into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell cultures. one hundred thirty seven pools of these showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected c6/36 cell lysates which were identified by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using a monoclonal antibody ...	1999	11561572
synthesis and methyltransferase activity of nonstructural protein nsp1 in sindbis virus-infected aedes albopictus cells.	to investigate the synthesis and turnover of the nonstructure protein, nsp1, in aedes albopictus cells, we labeled infected cells with [35s]-methionine and immunoprecipitated nsp1 with a polyclonal monospecific rabbit antibody. synthesis of nsp1 in mosquito cells could be detected 2 hr after infection and continued as long as 24 hr post-infection, regardless whether the infected cells were maintained at 28 degrees c , 34.5 degrees c , or 37 degrees c. whereas the time pattern of nsp1 synthesis v ...	1999	11561581
production of viral antigens in culture fluid of c6/36 mosquito cell line infected with dengue type 4 virus strains isolated from patients with different clinical severities.	viral antigen production was examined in the culture fluid of aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell line incubated at 28 degrees c and 37 degrees c after infection with four strains of dengue type 4 (den-4) virus which were isolated from patients with different clinical severities. during the observation period from day 1 to day 18, the number of infected cells at each day for all four strains did not show any significant difference (p >0.05). antigen production as determined by the hemagglutination ...	1999	10749366
mosquito fauna in water-holding containers with emphasis on dengue vectors (diptera: culicidae) in chungho, taipei county, taiwan.	a survey was conducted to characterize the mosquito fauna in water-holding containers in residential and open areas with emphasis on aedes albopictus skuse, and to determine the prevalence of mosquito-positive containers to obtain background information for a source reduction program. seven container-inhabiting mosquito species were collected in residential areas, including ae. albopictus, culex quinquefasciatus say, c. pallidothorax theobald, c. neomimulus lien, c. bicornutus theobald, c. fusca ...	1999	10467775
dengue virus infection during post-epidemic period in delhi, india.	dengue fever (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) are major public health problems in india. during the period following an epidemic, a study was carried out using virological and serological tests for confirmation of suspected cases of dengue virus infection in fever cases presenting to the all india institute of medical sciences. serum samples of suspected df/dhf cases were processed from january to december 1997. in 37 samples from patients with fever of less than 5-day duration, received ...	1999	10774660
potential for evolution of california serogroup bunyaviruses by genome reassortment in aedes albopictus.	aedes albopictus was introduced into the united states in used tires in 1985. its successful colonization of the upper midwest has potential to alter the current epidemiology of bunyaviruses that circulate in the region. it is permissive for the replication of several arboviruses, including la crosse (lacv) and jamestown canyon (jcv) bunyaviruses. in this study, we demonstrate the ability of lacv and jcv to coinfect ae. albopictus mosquitoes and to form all six possible reassortant genotypes. al ...	1999	10466972
biophysical properties of mouse connexin30 gap junction channels studied in transfected human hela cells.	1. human hela cells expressing mouse connexin30 (cx30) were used to study the electrical properties of cx30 gap junction channels. experiments were performed on cell pairs with the dual voltage-clamp method. 2. the gap junction conductance (gj) at steady state showed a bell-shaped dependence on junctional voltage (vj; boltzmann fit: vj,0 = 27 mv, gj,min = 0.15, z = 4). the instantaneous gj decreased slightly with increasing vj. 3. the gap junction currents (ij) declined with time following a sin ...	1999	10457079
field efficacy of fipronil 3g, lambda-cyhalothrin 10%cs, and sumithion 50ec against the dengue vector aedes albopictus in discarded tires.	the efficacy of three insecticides, fipronil 3g, lambda-cyhalothrin 10%cs, and sumithion 50ec were evaluated against the dengue vector aedes albopictus in discarded tires in kuala lumpur, malaysia. the dosage given for each insecticide was 0.01 g of active ingredient/m2. fipronil 3g was the most effective larvicide with a residual activity of up to two weeks, causing 88% mortality in aedes albopictus. lambda-cyhalothrin 10%cs was effective for one week causing 92% larval mortality and two weeks ...	1999	10672544
effects of partial blood engorgement and pretest carbohydrate availability on the repellency of deet to aedes albopictus.	the pretest availability of 10% sucrose solution and/or partial blood engorgement in aedes albopictus skuse significantly influenced mosquito attack rates and the time of repellent protection in laboratory bioassays. in 46 cm l x 38 cm w x 37 cm h cages used in usda repellent tests, non-blood-fed and partially blood-fed mosquitoes attempted to bite at similar rates. in small cages (5 cm dia. x 4 cm h), holding individual females, mean mosquito attack rates were reduced when females were partiall ...	1999	10672540
culture-amplified detection of dengue virus from serum in an outbreak of dengue fever.	an outbreak of dengue type 2 occurred in north queensland, australia, between december 1996 and april 1997. culture of serum in the aedes albopictus c6/36 cell line with detection using immunofluorescent staining was compared with a culture-amplified detection system using an immunoperoxidase staining method in a microtiter plate format. a total of 374 serum specimens from individuals during the outbreak were tested. ninety-five specimens were positive using immunofluorescence and ninety-two wer ...	1999	9892410
newly recognized focus of la crosse encephalitis in tennessee.	la crosse virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus that causes encephalitis in children. only nine cases were reported in tennessee during the 33-year period from 1964-1996. we investigated a cluster of la crosse encephalitis cases in eastern tennessee in 1997. medical records of all suspected cases of la crosse virus infection at a pediatric referral hospital were reviewed, and surveillance was enhanced in the region. previous unreported cases were identified by surveying 20 hospitals in the surroun ...	1999	10028077
sodalis gen. nov. and sodalis glossinidius sp. nov., a microaerophilic secondary endosymbiont of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	a secondary intracellular symbiotic bacterium was isolated from the haemolymph of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans and cultured in aedes albopictus cell line c6/36. pure-culture isolation of this bacterium was achieved through the use of solid-phase culture under a microaerobic atmosphere. after isolation of strain m1t, a range of tests was performed to determine the phenotypic properties of this bacterium. considering the results of these tests, along with the phylogenetic position o ...	1999	10028272
effects of heptanol on the neurogenic and myogenic contractions of the guinea-pig vas deferens.	1. the effects of the putative gap junction uncoupler, 1-heptanol, on the neurogenic and myogenic contractile responses of guinea-pig vas deferens were studied in vitro. 2. superfusion of 2.0 mm heptanol for 20-30 min produced the following reversible changes in the biphasic neurogenic contractile response (8 trials): (i) suppression of both phases; (ii) delayed development of both the first as well as the second phase, accompanied by complete temporal separation of the two phases; (iii) promine ...	1999	10051140
effect of nutrient levels and ascogregarina taiwanensis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) infections on the vector competence of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) for dirofilaria immitis (filarioidea: onchocercidae).	the effect of habitat nutrients and ascogregarina taiwanensis (lein & levine) infection on the vector competence of a new orleans strain of aedes albopictus (skuse) for dirofilaria immitis (leidy) were evaluated. larvae were infected with a. taiwanensis oocysts and reared under high and deficient nutrient conditions using leaf litter as a food source. ascogregarine-infected and uninfected females were fed on d. immitis-infected blood and examined after 15 d for filariae. susceptibility to infect ...	1999	10071493
selection of rna replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells.	the natural life cycle of alphaviruses, a group of plus-strand rna viruses, involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes. chronic infections are established in mosquitoes (and usually in mosquito cell cultures), but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mrna translation and cell death. using engineered sindbis virus rna replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker, we identified mutations allowing pers ...	1999	10196280
the cholesterol requirement for sindbis virus entry and exit and characterization of a spike protein region involved in cholesterol dependence.	semliki forest virus (sfv) and sindbis virus (sin) are enveloped alphaviruses that enter cells via low-ph-triggered fusion in the endocytic pathway and exit by budding from the plasma membrane. previous studies with cholesterol-depleted insect cells have shown that sfv requires cholesterol in the cell membrane for both virus fusion and efficient exit of progeny virus. an sfv mutant, srf-3, shows efficient fusion and exit in the absence of cholesterol due to a single point mutation in the e1 spik ...	1999	10196324
genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells.	the alternating host cycle and persistent vector infection may constrain the evolution of arboviruses. to test this hypothesis, eastern equine encephalitis virus was passaged in bhk or mosquito cells, as well as in alternating (both) host cell passages. high and low multiplicities were used to examine the effect of defective interfering particles. clonal bhk and persistent mosquito cell infections were also evaluated. fitness was measured with one-step growth curves and competition assays, and m ...	1999	10196330
packaging of aednv-gfp transducing virus by expression of densovirus structural proteins from a sindbis virus expression system.	genetic recombination resulting in the production of wild-type infectious virus is an obstacle in the current system for producing densovirus transducing particles. in order to eliminate this problem, a double subgenomic sindbis virus (te/3'2j/vp) was engineered that expresses the structural proteins (vps) of aedes densonucleosis virus (aednv) from the second subgenomic promoter. expression of aednv vps from te/3'2j/vp was confirmed by northern analysis of rna from infected c6/36 (aedes albopict ...	1999	10208920
antagonism between cry1ac1 and cyt1a1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis	most strains of the insecticidal bacterium bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. in this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of b. thuringiensis. in vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated cry1ac1 proteins from b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, cyt1a1 from b. thuri ...	1999	10223999
genetic interaction of flavivirus nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns4a as a determinant of replicase function.	nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) of yellow fever virus (yf) is a glycoprotein localized to extracytoplasmic compartments within infected cells. we have previously shown that ns1 can be supplied in trans and is required for viral rna replication, a process thought to occur in membrane-bound cytoplasmic complexes. here we report that the ns1 gene from a related virus, dengue virus (den), is unable to function in the process of yf rna replication. this virus-specific incompatibility leads to a lack of ...	1999	10233920
dengue virus structural differences that correlate with pathogenesis.	the understanding of dengue virus pathogenesis has been hampered by the lack of in vitro and in vivo models of disease. the study of viral factors involved in the production of severe dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), versus the more common dengue fever (df), have been limited to indirect clinical and epidemiologic associations. in an effort to identify viral determinants of dhf, we have developed a method for comparing dengue type 2 genomes (reverse transcriptase pcr in six fragments) dir ...	1999	10233934
construction of modular and versatile plasmid vectors for the high-level expression of single or multiple genes in insects and insect cell lines.	we have constructed a series of plasmid vectors for the expression of foreign genes in insects or insect cell lines. we incorporated the drosophila hsp70 and actin 5c promoters, as well as the hr5 enhancer-driven baculovirus ie1 promoter, into plasmids that allow convenient cloning of heterologous genes into multiple cloning sites. we combined these promoters with either a short, double poly-adenylation site derived from the heliothis virescens p63 chaperonin gene, or with a fusion of the small ...	1999	10329122
a male accessory gland protein that modulates female mosquito (diptera: culicidae) host-seeking behavior.	the male accessory gland product that modulates the host-seeking behavior of female aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes was found to be a peptide of 7,600 mw. this peptide also prevented subsequent mating behavior and weakly stimulated oviposition. neither whole glands nor gland fractions from anopheles gambiae had any effect on ae. aegypti females, but those from aedes albopictus were active.	1999	10342262
[mosquitoes potential vectors of canine heartworm in the northeast region from brazil].	in some coastal districts of são luís, capital of the state of maranhão, brazil, the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis is more than 40% in house dogs. natural potential vectors, as found in other areas of northeastern brazil, are unknown. the aim of this study was to identify probable vectors of the disease.	1999	10689372
the furin protease cleavage recognition sequence of sindbis virus pe2 can mediate virion attachment to cell surface heparan sulfate.	cell culture-adapted sindbis virus strains attach to heparan sulfate (hs) receptors during infection of cultured cells (w. b. klimstra, k. d. ryman, and r. e. johnston, j. virol. 72:7357-7366, 1998). at least three e2 glycoprotein mutations (e2 arg 1, e2 lys 70, and e2 arg 114) can independently confer hs attachment in the background of the consensus sequence sindbis virus (tr339). in the studies reported here, we have investigated the mechanism by which the e2 arg 1 mutation confers hs-dependen ...	1999	10400721
detection of dengue virus rna in patients after primary or secondary dengue infection by using the taqman automated amplification system.	in consecutive serum samples from 25 tourists with acute dengue fever, virus-specific rna was detected by using fully automated taqman reverse transcriptase pcr. for this amplification technique new primers and special fluorochrome-labeled probes had to be synthesized. during amplification the increasing amount of viral dna could simultaneously be measured in the tightly sealed tubes. dengue virus rna was found in almost all patients (17 of 18), if the samples had been taken soon after the onset ...	1999	10405398
sequencing of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region for strain identification of porphyromonas gingivalis.	the ribosomal intergenic spacer regions (isrs) of 19 laboratory strains and 30 clinical samples of porphyromonas gingivalis were amplified by pcr and sequenced to provide a strain identifier. the isr is a variable region of dna located between the conserved 16s and 23s rrna genes. this makes it an ideal locus for differentiation of strains within a species: primers specific for the conserved flanking genes were used to amplify the isr, which was then sequenced to identify the strain. we have con ...	1999	10405432
buoyancy and diving behavior in mosquito pupae.	mosquito pupal diving behavior has been studied mostly in aedes aegypti and in this species pupal buoyancy varies relative to several factors. the research reported herein addresses the 2 following questions. does diving behavior vary among different mosquito genera and species? how is diving behavior influenced by variation in buoyancy? depth and duration of dive, and dive pattern, were compared among ae. aegypti, culex pipiens, anopheles stephensi, aedes albopictus, and aedes triseriatus. in r ...	1999	10412114
aedes albopictus in the united states: current status and prospects for further spread.	since its initial discovery in the continental usa in 1985, the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, has spread rapidly throughout the eastern part of the country. infestations of ae. albopictus now have been reported to the centers for disease control and prevention from 919 counties in 26 states in the continental usa. this species is believed to be established in 911 counties in 25 states. single individuals or small numbers of ae. albopictus have been intercepted and destroyed in 3 additi ...	1999	10412117
[aedes albopictus in rural zone of brazil and its implication in the wild yellow fever transmission].	larvae and adult forms of aedes albopictus were found during ecological study of anopheline mosquitos in the rural zone of the state of mato grosso do sul in brazil. this occurrence was registered, for the first time in brazil, in an enzoootic area if sylvatic yellow fever virus. this implies a potential risk of the transfer of this virus to an urban area infested with aedes aegypti.	1999	10436626
aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae): an experimental and natural host of dirofilaria immitis (filarioidea: onchocercidae) in florida, u.s.a.	females of an aedes albopictus (skuse) colony from southeastern florida, u.s.a., ingested low (22.9 +/- 3.2 mg/female) and high (243.2 +/- 37.6 mf/female) numbers of microfilariae from a dog infected with dirofilaria immitis (leidy). high mortality of females occurred during the first 4 d after infection regardless of the number of microfilariae ingested; daily mortality was almost negligible during 5-15 d after infection. percentage of survival 15 d after infection was higher (63%) in females t ...	1999	10467770
semliki forest virus as an expression vector in insect cell lines.	studies were undertaken to determine if replication-deficient semliki forest virus expression vectors could be successfully used to express foreign gene constructs in insect cell lines. using green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a marker we recorded infection levels of nearly 100% in the aedes albopictus cell lines c6/36 and aa23t, as well as in the ae. aegypti cell line mos20. the virus was capable of infecting an anopheles gambiae cell line mos55. the amount of gfp protein produced in each cell ...	1999	10469258