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virulence in trypanosoma congolense savannah subgroup. a comparison between strains and transmission cycles.trypanosoma congolense strains have been shown to differ in their virulence both between subgroups and within the savannah subgroup between strains. this review revisits these findings and complements them with information on the virulence of t. congolense savannah subgroup strains isolated from cattle (domestic transmission cycle) in different geographical areas and of strains isolated in protected areas where trypanotolerant wildlife species are the reservoir of the trypanosomes (sylvatic tran ...201021204855
intradermal infections of mice by low numbers of african trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance but enhance susceptibility to reinfection.antibodies are required to control blood-stage forms of african trypanosomes in humans and animals. here, we report that intradermal infections by low numbers of african trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance but prime the adaptive immune response to increase susceptibility to a subsequent challenge. mice were found 100 times more resistant to intradermal infections by trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei than to intraperitoneal infections. b cell-deficient and rag2(-/-) mice a ...201021208931
prevalence of mixed trypanosoma congolense infections in livestock and tsetse in kwazulu-natal, south africa.trypanosoma congolense causes the most economically important animal trypanosomosis in africa. in south africa, a rinderpest pandemic of the 1890s removed many host animals, resulting in the near-eradication of most tsetse species. further suppression was achieved through spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt); however, residual populations of glossina austeni and g. brevipalpis remained in isolated pockets. a total of 506 of these tsetse flies were captured in the hluhluwe-imfolozi ...201021526736
the protease resistant surface (prs) glycoconjugate from trypanosoma congolense has an inositol-acylated glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, containing a significant proportion of myristate at the sn-2 position.in the tsetse fly, the surface of trypanosoma congolense parasites is covered by a dense layer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored molecules. these include epgengt procyclin and protease resistant surface molecule (prs), as well as congolense epimastigote-specific protein, cesp, and glutamic acid- and alanine-rich protein (garp). the gpi structures of epgengt and garp have been partially elucidated, but very little is known about prs. we now purified prs and analyzed its gpi lipid str ...201020138924
a cross-sectional study of trypanosomosis and its vectors in donkeys and mules in northwest ethiopia.a preliminary study was conducted in january 2009 in four peasant associations (pas) selected from two districts in benishangul gumuz regional state, northwest ethiopia to investigate the prevalence and species of trypanosomes infecting donkeys and mules and identify the fly vectors playing a role in the transmission of trypanosomosis. blood samples were collected from a total of 334 donkeys and 52 mules and examined by dark ground/phase contrast buffy coat technique and giemsa-stained blood sme ...201020143093
characterization of major surface protease homologues of trypanosoma congolense.trypanosomes encode a family of proteins known as major surface metalloproteases (msps). we have identified six putative msps encoded within the partially sequenced t. congolense genome. phylogenic analysis indicates that t. congolense msps belong to five subfamilies that are conserved among african trypanosome species. molecular modeling, based on the known structure of leishmania major gp63, reveals subfamily-specific structural variations around the putative active site despite conservation o ...201020145707
complete in vitro life cycle of trypanosoma congolense: development of genetic tools.animal african trypanosomosis, a disease mainly caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense, is a major constraint to livestock productivity and has a significant impact in the developing countries of africa. rna interference (rnai) has been used to study gene function and identify drug and vaccine targets in a variety of organisms including trypanosomes. however, trypanosome rnai studies have mainly been conducted in t. brucei, as a model for human infection, largely ignoring livest ...201020209144
tsetse ep protein protects the fly midgut from trypanosome establishment.african trypanosomes undergo a complex developmental process in their tsetse fly vector before transmission back to a vertebrate host. typically, 90% of fly infections fail, most during initial establishment of the parasite in the fly midgut. the specific mechanism(s) underpinning this failure are unknown. we have previously shown that a glossina-specific, immunoresponsive molecule, tsetse ep protein, is up regulated by the fly in response to gram-negative microbial challenge. here we show by kn ...201020221444
transmissibility, by glossina morsitans morsitans, of trypanosoma congolense strains during the acute and chronic phases of infection.in order to verify whether chronic trypanosomal infections can affect the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies, batches of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with the same level of parasitemia (10(8.1)trypanosomes/ml of blood) of two cloned low virulent t. congolense strains during the acute and the chronic phases of infection. results showed that the proportions of procyclic infections in flies that were fed during the acute phase (32.6% and 45.4% for i ...201019765543
from clonal to sexual: a step in t. congolense evolution?although clearly demonstrated in trypanosoma brucei, genetic exchange remains controversial in other trypanosome species. recently, morrison and co-workers applied a population-genetics analysis, and established the existence of mating in trypanosoma congolense. starting from this original discovery, we focus here on the important question of how mating is induced during the trypanosome life cycle and discuss the use of statistics to evidence this type of non-obligatory biological process.201020006549
prevalence and incidence of bovine trypanosomosis in an agro-pastoral area of southwestern burkina faso.the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and incidence of trypanosomosis and to investigate some factors influencing them in an agro-pastoral area of southwestern burkina faso. a total of 363 crossbred cattle (baoule-zebu peul), which were bred under natural trypanosomosis challenge, were monitored monthly for parasitaemia, packed cell volume (pcv) and serological analyses over 2years. the parasitological prevalence estimated at the beginning of the survey using the buffy coat ...201020044115
no gold standard estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of two molecular diagnostic protocols for trypanosoma brucei spp. in western kenya.african animal trypanosomiasis is caused by a range of tsetse transmitted protozoan parasites includingtrypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma congolense and trypansoma brucei. in western kenya and other parts of east africa two subspecies of t. brucei, t.b. brucei and the zoonotict.b. rhodesiense, co-circulate in livestock. a range of polymerase chain reactions (pcr) have been developed as important molecular diagnostic tools for epidemiological investigations of t. brucei s.l. in the animal reservoir a ...201020062795
bovine trypanosomiasis risk in an endemic area on the eastern plateau of zambia.the control of bovine trypanosomiasis could be improved by using the available control tools during periods when the incidence of the disease is highest. the present study assessed the monthly risk of bovine trypanosomiasis in 85 sentinel cattle kept on the tsetse-infested eastern plateau of zambia during a period of 19 consecutive months. to avoid problems associated with persistence of infections because of trypanocidal drug resistance and/or the time lag between sampling and molecular analysi ...201120466392
trypanosoma congolense infections: induced nitric oxide inhibits parasite growth in vivo.wild-type (wt) c57bl/6 mice infected intraperitoneally with 5 × 10(6) trypanosoma congolense survive for more than 30 days. c57bl/6 mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos(-/-)) and infected with 10(3) or 5 × 10(6) parasites do not control the parasitemia and survive for only 14 ± 7 or 6.8 ± 0.1 days, respectively. bloodstream trypanosomes of inos(-/-) mice infected with 5 × 10(6)t. congolense had a significantly higher ratio of organisms in the s+g2+m phases of the cell cycle th ...201121584233
genetic and expression analysis of cattle identifies candidate genes in pathways responding to trypanosoma congolense infection.african bovine trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma sp., is a major constraint on cattle productivity in sub-saharan africa. some african bos taurus breeds are highly tolerant of infection, but the potentially more productive bos indicus zebu breeds are much more susceptible. zebu cattle are well adapted for plowing and haulage, and increasing their tolerance of trypanosomiasis could have a major impact on crop cultivation as well as dairy and beef production. we used three strategies to obtain ...201121593421
african trypanosoma infection in a dog in france. 201121622597
improved pcr-rflp for the detection of diminazene resistance in trypanosoma congolense under field conditions using filter papers for sample storage. 201121814586
il-10 limits production of pathogenic tnf by m1 myeloid cells through induction of nuclear nf-kb p50 member in trypanosoma congolense infection resistant c57bl/6 mice.a balance between parasite elimination and control of infection-associated pathogenicity is crucial for resistance to african trypanosomiasis. by producing tnf and no, cd11b(+) myeloid cells with a classical activation status (m1) contribute to parasitemia control in experimental trypanosoma congolense infection in resistant c57bl/6 mice. however, in these mice, il-10 is required to regulate m1-associated inflammation, avoiding tissue/liver damage and ensuring prolonged survival. in an effort to ...201121805465
epidemiological aspects of the transmission of the parasites causing human african trypanosomiasis in angola. 201121801505
biochemical characterization of trans-sialidase ts1 variants from trypanosoma congolense.abstract: background: animal african trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle, is a resurgent disease in africa caused by trypanosoma parasites. trans-sialidases expressed by trypanosomes play an important role in the infection cycle of insects and mammals. whereas trans-sialidases of other trypanosomes like the american t. cruzi are well investigated, relatively little research has been done on these enzymes of t. congolense. results: based on a partial sequence and an ...201121801439
characterisation of the wildlife reservoir community for human and animal trypanosomiasis in the luangwa valley, zambia.animal and human trypanosomiasis are constraints to both animal and human health in sub-saharan africa, but there is little recent evidence as to how these parasites circulate in wild hosts in natural ecosystems. the luangwa valley in zambia supports high densities of tsetse flies (glossina species) and is recognised as an historical sleeping sickness focus. the objective of this study was to characterise the nature of the reservoir community for trypanosomiasis in the absence of influence from ...201121713019
prevalence of trypanosoma sp. in cattle from tanzania estimated by conventional pcr and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).this study compared the prevalence of trypanosome infections estimated by pfr-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) with conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests. one hundred forty eight cattle blood samples were collected from robanda village, mara region, tanzania in april 2008. in conventional pcr, four sets of primers, specific for the detection of trypanosoma sp., trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, trypanosoma vivax, and trypanozoon, as well as a modified lamp were used. conv ...201121739311
trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense "forest type" and t. simiae: prevalence in domestic animals of sleeping sickness foci of cameroon.in order to better understand the epidemiology of human and animal trypanosomiasis that occur together in sleeping sickness foci, a study of prevalences of animal parasites (trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense "forest type", and t. simiae) infections was conducted on domestic animals to complete the previous work carried on t. brucei gambiense prevalence using the same animal sample. 875 domestic animals, including 307 pigs, 264 goats, 267 sheep and 37 dogs were sampled in the sleeping sickness foc ...201121678793
the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its-1), a controversial marker for the genetic diversity of trypanosoma evansi.seven trypanosoma evansi isolates from china and a trypanosoma congolense sp. gifted from kenya were characterized genetically by the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its-1) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna). the its-1 rdna with the length of 338-342 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced from individual isolates of t. evansi. although sequence variation between t. evansi isolates from china only was 0.3-3.8%, the constructed phylogenetic tree based on the its-1 rdna seque ...201121875582
Trypanosoma brucei brucei oligopeptidase B null mutants display increased prolyl oligopeptidase-like activity.African trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease in man and animals caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Nagana, the cattle form of the disease, is caused by Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. An option for developing vaccines and chemotherapeutic agents against trypanosomosis is to target pathogenic factors released by the parasite during infection, namely an "anti-disease" approach. One such pathogenic factor is oligopeptidase B (TbOPB), a ...201122123425
sialidases play a key role in infection and anaemia in trypanosoma congolense animal trypanosomiasis.animal african trypanosomiasis is a major constraint to livestock productivity and has an important impact on millions of people in developing african countries. this parasitic disease, caused mainly by trypanosoma congolense, results in severe anaemia leading to animal death. in order to characterise potential targets for an anti-disease vaccine, we investigated a multigenic trans-sialidase family (tcots) in t. congolense. sialidase and trans-sialidase activities were quantified for the first t ...201122136727
high prevalence of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes without a history of drug exposure.trypanosomosis caused by trypanosoma congolense is a major constraint to animal health in sub-saharan africa. unfortunately, the treatment of the disease is impaired by the spread of drug resistance. resistance to diminazene aceturate (da) in t. congolense is linked to a mutation modifying the functioning of a p2-type purine-transporter responsible for the uptake of the drug. our objective was to verify if the mutation was linked or not to drug pressure.201122206039
Tandem repeat protein as potential diagnostic antigen for Trypanosoma evansi infection.Trypanosoma evansi infection (surra) causes significant losses in livestock production in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The current ELISA recommended by OIE for diagnosis of the disease is based on trypanosome lysate antigen. However, antigenic variation and unstable nature of cell lysate antigen make it difficult to standardize the assay. Thus, there are needs to develop recombinant antigen-based ELISA that improve stability, sensitivity, and specificity of the test. Since tandem repeat (TR) ...201121927872
experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts.in human african trypanosomosis (hat) endemic areas, there are a number of subjects that are positive to serological tests but in whom trypanosomes are difficult to detect with the available parasitological tests. in most cases and particularly in west africa, these subjects remain untreated, thus posing a fundamental problem both at the individual level (because of a possible lethal evolution of the disease) and at the epidemiological level (since they are potential reservoirs of trypanosomes). ...201122091459
field detection of resistance to isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate in trypanosoma vivax from the region of the boucle du mouhoun in burkina faso.a longitudinal study assessed the chemoresistance to isometamidium chloride (ism) and diminazene aceturate (da) in the region of the boucle du mouhoun in burkina faso. a preliminary cross-sectional survey allowed the identification of the 10 villages with the highest parasitological prevalences (from 2.1% to 16.1%). in each of these 10 villages, two herds of approximately 50 bovines were selected, one being treated with ism (1mg/kg b.w.) and the other remaining untreated as control group. all an ...201122264748
investigation of the antitrypanosomal activity of buchholzia coriacea seed extract against a field strain of trypanosoma congolense.the antitrypanosomal activity of the methanol extract of buchholzia coriacea seed against a field strain of trypanosoma congolense was investigated using experimentally infected mice of both sexes. monitoring of parasitaemia was by the rapid matching technique. when parasitaemia was approximately log 7.8 (63 × 10(6) parasites/ml), treatment with graded doses of the extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) was instituted for 5 consecutive days. diminazene diaceturate (dimivet skm pharma pvt. ltd.) was g ...201122754072
production of congopain, the major cysteine protease of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense, in pichia pastoris reveals unexpected dimerisation at physiological ph.african animal trypanosomosis (nagana) is arguably the most important parasitic disease affecting livestock in sub-saharan africa. since none of the existing control measures are entirely satisfactory, vaccine development is being actively pursued. however, due to antigenic variation, the quest for a conventional vaccine has proven elusive. as a result, we have sought an alternative 'anti-disease vaccine approach', based on congopain, a cysteine protease of trypanosoma congolense, which was show ...201120828616
differential protein expression throughout the life cycle of trypanosoma congolense, a major parasite of cattle in africa.trypanosoma congolense is an important pathogen of livestock in africa. to study protein expression throughout the t. congolense life cycle, we used culture-derived parasites of each of the three main insect stages and bloodstream stage parasites isolated from infected mice, to perform differential protein expression analysis. three complete biological replicates of all four life cycle stages were produced from t. congolense il3000, a cloned parasite that is amenable to culture of major life cyc ...201121354217
analysis of host genetic factors influencing african trypanosome species infection in a cohort of tanzanian bos indicus cattle.trypanosomosis caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma is a major health constraint to cattle production in many african countries. one hundred and seventy one bos indicus cattle from traditional pastoral maasai (87) and more intensively managed boran (84) animals in tanzania were screened by pcr for the presence of african animal trypanosomes (trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma brucei), using blood samples archived on fta cards. all cattle sc ...201121377802
structural characterization and epitope mapping of the glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein from trypanosoma congolense: defining assembly on the parasite cell surface.trypanosoma congolense is an african trypanosome that causes serious disease in cattle in sub-saharan africa. the four major life cycle stages of t. congolense can be grown in vitro, which has led to the identification of several cell-surface molecules expressed on the parasite during its transit through the tsetse vector. one of these, glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein (garp), is the first expressed on procyclic forms in the tsetse midgut and is of particular interest because it replaces the m ...201121471223
purification, crystallization and x-ray diffraction analysis of trypanosoma congolense insect-stage surface antigen (tccissa).trypanosoma congolense is a major contributor to the vast socioeconomic devastation in sub-saharan africa caused by animal african trypanosomiasis. these protozoan parasites are transmitted between mammalian hosts by tsetse-fly vectors. a lack of understanding of the molecular basis of tsetse-trypanosome interactions stands as a barrier to the development of improved control strategies. recently, a stage-specific t. congolense protein, t. congolense insect-stage surface antigen (tccissa), was id ...201223192033
cristaxenicin a, an antiprotozoal xenicane diterpenoid from the deep sea gorgonian acanthoprimnoa cristata.a new xenicane diterpenoid, cristaxenicin a (1), has been isolated from the deep sea gorgonian acanthoprimnoa cristata. the structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis including nmr and ms. the absolute configuration of 1 was determined on the basis of quantum chemical calculation of cd spectra. cristaxenicin a (1) showed antiprotozoal activities against leishmania amazonensis and trypanosoma congolense with ic(50) values of 0.088 and 0.25 μm, respectively.201223057655
the cd20 homolog ms4a8a integrates pro- and anti-inflammatory signals in novel m2-like macrophages and is expressed in parasite infection.recently, we identified the cd20 homolog ms4a8a as a novel molecule expressed by tumor-associated macrophages that directly enhances tumor growth. here, we analyzed ms4a8a(+) macrophages in m2-associated infectious pathologies. in late-stage trypanosoma congolense and taenia crassiceps infections, ms4a8a expression was detected in hepatic and peritoneal macrophages respectively. innate immunity in these infections is modulated by toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling and tlr2/4/7 agonists strongly ...201222806454
prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of east wollega zone, ethiopia.trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease that causes serious economic losses in livestock, especially in sub-saharan countries. this study was conducted from october 2010 to march 2011 in the diga and sasiga districts of the east wollega zone in western ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors. a total of 386 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals. packed cell volume (pcv) was determined and samples were examined for the presence of trypanos ...201223327311
vector competence of glossina austeni and glossina brevipalpis for trypanosoma congolense in kwazulu-natal, south africa.tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis (nagana) has been the cause of stock losses in the recent past and still presents a major problem to livestock owners in certain areas of kwazulu- natal, south africa. over 10 000 cattle mortalities were reported in the 1990 nagana outbreak. although information on the distribution and abundance of the tsetse flies glossina brevipalpis and glossina austeni in kwazulu-natal exists, data on their vector competence are lacking. this study aimed to determine the rat ...201223327306
identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the malanga (kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo.the malanga sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo has shown an epidemic evolution of disease during the last century. however, following case detection and treatment, the prevalence of the disease decreased considerably. no active survey has been undertaken in this focus for a couple of years. to understand the current epidemiological status of sleeping sickness as well as the animal african trypanosomiasis in the malanga focus, we undertook the identification of tsetse blo ...201222992486
comparative serum biochemical changes induced by experimental infection of t. brucei and t. congolense in pigs.a comparative evaluation of the serum biochemical parameters was carried out in groups of young pigs aged 3-5 months experimentally infected with single infection of trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense, and a mixed infection of the two species. all the parameters studied (alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and creatinine) with the exception of total protein and urea varied significantly (p<0.05) between the infected groups and uninfected ...201222858639
comparative serum biochemical changes in mongrel dogs following single and mixed infections of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei.the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ap), alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and the serum levels of conjugated bilirubin (cb), blood urea nitrogen (bun) and creatinine were studied following single and mixed infections of mongrel dogs with trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei. twenty mongrel dogs of both sexes aged between 3 and 6 months, and weighing between 2.5 and 5.9 kg were used for the study. the dogs were kept in clean metal cages in ...201222694831
biological and structural characterization of trypanosoma cruzi phosphodiesterase c and implications for design of parasite selective inhibitors.trypanosoma cruzi phosphodiesterase c (tcrpdec) is a potential new drug target for the treatment of chagas disease but has not been well studied. this study reports the enzymatic properties of various kinetoplastid pdecs and the crystal structures of the unliganded tcrpdec1 catalytic domain and its complex with an inhibitor. mutations of pdec during the course of evolution led to inactivation of pdec in trypanosoma brucei/trypanosoma evansi/trypanosoma congolense, whereas the enzyme is active in ...201222356915
antigenic diversity is generated by distinct evolutionary mechanisms in african trypanosome species.antigenic variation enables pathogens to avoid the host immune response by continual switching of surface proteins. the protozoan blood parasite trypanosoma brucei causes human african trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") across sub-saharan africa and is a model system for antigenic variation, surviving by periodically replacing a monolayer of variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) that covers its cell surface. we compared the genome of trypanosoma brucei with two closely related parasites trypano ...201222331916
atypical hyperpachymorph trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense forest-type in a dog returning from senegal.trypanosoma congolense forest-type was identified by pcr in france, in a dog returning from senegal. this paper describes the morphological features of the parasite on giemsa-stained smears. slender forms and "latent bodies" represent 30.4% and 20.4%, respectively. some rosettes have been observed (0.8%). the predominant form (48.4%) is stumpy, close to "montgomeryi-form", but it is unusually broad, with a width/length ratio (wlr) of 0.40-0.55, while that of "montgomeryi-forms" is close to 0.3. ...201222910666
regulatory t cells enhance susceptibility to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection independent of mouse genetic background.balb/c mice are highly susceptible while c57bl/6 are relatively resistant to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection. although regulatory t cells (tregs) have been shown to regulate the pathogenesis of experimental t. congolense infection, their exact role remains controversial. we wished to determine whether tregs contribute to distinct phenotypic outcomes in balb/c and c57bl/6 mice and if so how they operate with respect to control of parasitemia and production of disease-exacerbating pr ...201222860150
detection of multiple drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense populations in village cattle of south-east mali.tsetse fly-transmitted african animal trypanosomosis causes annual losses that run into billions of dollars. the disease is assumed to cause hunger and poverty in most sub-saharan countries since it represents a serious impediment to sustainable livestock production. both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study were carried out from november to december 2007 to evaluate trypanosomosis risk and susceptibility of trypanosomes to trypanocidal drug treatment in village cattle populations in south ...201222852796
effect of adjuvants on the humoral immune response to congopain in mice and cattle.we investigated several adjuvants for their effects on the humoral immune response in both mice and cattle using the central domain of congopain (c2), the major cysteine protease of trypanosoma congolense, as a model for developing a vaccine against animal trypanosomosis. the magnitude and sustainability of the immune response against c2 and the occurrence of a booster effect of infection, an indirect measure of the presence of memory cells, were determined by elisa, while spectrofluorometry was ...201222621378
ghibe river basin in ethiopia: present situation of trypanocidal drug resistance in trypanosoma congolense using tests in mice and pcr-rflp.a cross-sectional study was carried out in the ghibe valley from august to october 2010. 411 head of cattle were sampled in eight villages for buffy coat examination (bce) and blood spots were collected from each animal for trypanosomose diagnosis by 18s-pcr-rflp and diminazene aceturate (da) resistance by ade2-pcr-rflp. three villages were selected in a zone where trypanosomosis control operations are currently on-going whereas the other 5 villages were located outside these control operations. ...201222579499
diminazene aceturate (berenil) modulates the host cellular and inflammatory responses to trypanosoma congolense infection.trypanosoma congolense are extracellular and intravascular blood parasites that cause debilitating acute or chronic disease in cattle and other domestic animals. diminazene aceturate (berenil) has been widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for trypanosomiasis in livestock since 1955. as in livestock, treatment of infected highly susceptible balb/c mice with berenil leads to rapid control of parasitemia and survival from an otherwise lethal infection. the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of ...201223144931
the epimastigote stage-specific gene expression of cesp is tightly regulated by its 3' utr.it is known that gene expression in kinetoplastids is regulated post-transcriptionally. although previous studies have shown that stage-specific gene expression in trypanosomes is regulated by cis-elements located in the 3' untranslated region (utr) of mrna and also by rna binding proteins that use bloodstream and procyclic forms, no studies have been performed in the epimastigote form (emf) of african trypanosomes. this study shows that the cis-elements of the congolense epimastigote-specific p ...201223058928
shifting from wild to domestic hosts: the effect on the transmission of trypanosoma congolense to tsetse flies.the epidemiology and impact of animal african trypanosomosis are influenced by the transmissibility and the pathogenicity of the circulating trypanosome strains in a particular biotope. the transmissibility of 22 trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from domestic and wild animals was evaluated in a total of 1213 flies. multivariate mixed models were used to compare infection and maturation rates in function of trypanosome origin (domestic or sylvatic) and pathogenicity. both trypanosome patho ...201323000543
recombinant expression and biochemical characterisation of two alanyl aminopeptidases of trypanosoma congolense.trypanosoma congolense is a haemoprotozoan parasite that causes african animal trypanosomosis, a wasting disease of cattle and small ruminants. current control methods are unsatisfactory and no conventional vaccine exists due to antigenic variation. an anti-disease vaccine approach to control t. congolense has been proposed requiring the identification of parasitic factors that cause disease. immunoprecipitation of t. congolense antigens using sera from infected trypanotolerant cattle allowed th ...201324177338
biochemical diversity in the trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidase family.trans-sialidases are key enzymes in the life cycle of african trypanosomes in both, mammalian host and insect vector and have been associated with the disease trypanosomiasis, namely sleeping sickness and nagana. besides the previously reported tconts1, we have identified three additional active trans-sialidases, tconts2, tconts3 and tconts4, and three trans-sialidase like genes in trypanosoma congolense. at least tconts1, tconts2 and tconts4 are found in the bloodstream of infected animals. we ...201324340108
adenosine-uridine-rich element is one of the required cis-elements for epimastigote form stage-specific gene expression of the congolense epimastigote specific protein.it is known that gene expression in kinetoplastida is regulated post-transcriptionally. several previous studies have shown that stage-specific gene expression in trypanosomes is regulated by cis-elements located in the 3' untranslated region (utr) of each mrna and also by rna binding proteins. our previous study revealed that gene expression of congolense epimastigote specific protein (cesp) was regulated by cis-elements located in the 3'utr. in the present study, we identified the adenosine an ...201324041588
identification and genetic characterization of trypanosoma congolense in domestic animals of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon.to understand the circulation and the spread of trypanosoma congolense genotypes in animals of fontem in the southwest region of cameroon, t. congolense forest and t. congolense savannah were investigated in 397 domestic animals in eight villages. out of the 397 domestic animals, 86 (21.7%) were found infected by trypanosomes, using the capillary tube centrifugation test. the pcr with specific primers identified 163 (41.1%) and 81 (20.4%) animals infected by t. congolense forest and t. congolens ...201323624186
molecular regulation of trypanosoma congolense-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages.balb/c mice are highly susceptible while c57bl/6 mice are relatively resistant to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection. several reports show that an early interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) response in infected mice is critically important for resistance via the activation of macrophages and production of nitric oxide (no). no is a pivotal effector molecule and possesses both cytostatic and cytolytic properties for the parasite. however, the molecular mechanisms leading to t. congolense (tc)-indu ...201323536884
chemoprophylaxis and treatment of african canine trypanosomosis in french military working dogs: a retrospective study.african trypanosomosis is a major threat to livestock production in sub-saharan africa. although the disease mainly concerns cattle, dogs can also be infected by trypanosoma spp. transmitted by tsetse flies. between 1997 and 2003, the parasite trypanosoma congolense was identified in french military dogs sent to africa. on infected dogs, the diagnosis was made during the mission or just after the return to france, depending on when the symptoms appeared. the high incidence and mortality rate amo ...201323452503
baseline survey of animal trypanosomosis in the region of the boucle du mouhoun, burkina faso.in view of gathering baseline information about the prevalence of animal trypanosomosis, the pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (pattec) funded a cross sectional survey in the region of the boucle du mouhoun which constitutes the northern limit of the tsetse distribution in burkina. this cross sectional study was carried out in 53 villages located in the six provinces of the region. a total of 2002 cattle, 1466 small ruminants and 481 donkeys were sampled. this survey sh ...201323337746
a longitudinal survey of african animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the jos plateau, nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk factors.trypanosomiasis is a widespread disease of livestock in nigeria and a major constraint to the rural economy. the jos plateau, nigeria was free from tsetse flies and the trypanosomes they transmit due to its high altitude and the absence of animal trypanosomiasis attracted large numbers of cattle-keeping pastoralists to inhabit the plateau. the jos plateau now plays a significant role in the national cattle industry, accommodating approximately 7% of the national herd and supporting 300,000 pasto ...201323958205
expression, immunolocalization and serodiagnostic value of tc38630 protein from trypanosoma congolense.animal african trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to livestock sector development in sub-saharan africa. the disease, mainly caused by trypanosoma congolense, has a limitation in its diagnosis and treatment. there is urgent need for a simple, rapid detection technique to replace the few available serological tests that are of variable sensitivity and specificity. currently, there is a promising use of recombinant proteins to improve on the trypanosome lysate to detect antibodies. in this res ...201323820607
preliminary investigation of trypanosomosis in exotic dog breeds from zambia's luangwa and zambezi valleys using lamp.abstract. canine african trypanosomosis (cat) is rarely reported in the literature. in this preliminary study, we evaluated the performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) against microscopy to detect cat in six exotic dog breeds naturally infected with trypanosomes from zambia's south luangwa national park and chiawa game management area. to our knowledge, this is the first report of cat in zambia. the patients exhibited a variety of aspecific clinical signs. the lamp did not o ...201323716412
livestock trypanosomosis in uganda: parasite heterogeneity and anaemia status of naturally infected cattle, goats and pigs.the prevalence and pathogenic effects of trypanosomosis were determined in cattle, goats and pigs reared in kasese, jinja and rakai districts, uganda; presence of trypanosomes was detected by buffy coat technique (bct). the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle was 7.6% (144/1,891), 0.7% in goats (4/573) and 2.3% in pigs (9/386). internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) of ribosomal dna polymerase chain reaction was utilised to identify trypanosomes to species level and revealed infections ...201323344247
structure of the trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor and implications for nutrient uptake and innate immunity.african trypanosomes are protected by a densely packed surface monolayer of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg). a haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor (hphbr) within this vsg coat mediates heme acquisition. hphbr is also exploited by the human host to mediate endocytosis of trypanolytic factor (tlf)1 from serum, contributing to innate immunity. here, the crystal structure of hphbr from trypanosoma congolense has been solved, revealing an elongated three α-helical bundle with a small membrane distal h ...201323319650
molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected nigerian cattle.microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were used to survey pathogenic trypanosome infection in naturally infected nigerian cattle. in 411 animals sampled, microscopy detected 15.1% positive infection of at least one of trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma vivax, while pcr detected 63.7% positive infections of at least one of those species and trypanosoma evansi. pcr detected 4.4%, 48.7%, 26.0% and 0.5% respectively of t. brucei, t. congolense, t. vivax and t. evansi ...201323245680
functional expression of tcoat1 reveals it to be a p1-type nucleoside transporter with no capacity for diminazene uptake.it has long been established that the trypanosoma brucei tbat1/p2 aminopurine transporter is involved in the uptake of diamidine and arsenical drugs including pentamidine, diminazene aceturate and melarsoprol. accordingly, it was proposed that the closest trypanosoma congolense paralogue, tcoat1, might perform the same function in this parasite, and an apparent correlation between a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) in that gene and diminazene tolerance was reported for the strains examined. ...201324533295
a comparative evaluation of pcr- based methods for species- specific determination of african animal trypanosomes in ugandan cattle.in recent years, pcr has been become widely applied for the detection of trypanosomes overcoming many of the constraints of parasitological and serological techniques, being highly sensitive and specific for trypanosome detection. individual species-specific multi-copy trypanosome dna sequences can be targeted to identify parasites. highly conserved ribosomal rna (rrna) genes are also useful for comparisons between closely related species. the internal transcribed spacer regions (its) in particu ...201324499678
domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in northern tanzania.pig keeping is becoming increasingly common across sub-saharan africa. domestic pigs from the arusha region of northern tanzania were screened for trypanosomes using pcr-based methods to examine the role of pigs as a reservoir of human and animal trypanosomiasis.201324499540
molecular detection of equine trypanosomes in the sudan.equine trypanosomosis (et) is a protozoan disease affecting equines in many parts of the world. we examined 509 samples collected from geographically distinct regions in eastern, central and western sudan to estimate the endemicity of et using the generic its1-pcr diagnostic methods. results revealed that horses and donkeys were infected by trypanosoma brucei subgroup, trypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. the prevalence of trypanosoma spp. was higher in horses (12.7% ...201424439848
determination of the prevalence of african trypanosome species in indigenous dogs of mambwe district, eastern zambia, by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.dogs have been implicated to serve as links for parasite exchange between livestock and humans and remain an important source of emerging and re-emerging diseases including trypanosome infections. yet, canine african trypanosomosis (cat), particularly in indigenous dogs (mongrel breed) remains under- reported in literature. this study evaluated the performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) in detecting trypanosomes in blood from indigenous dogs of tsetse-infested mambwe distri ...201424411022
proteomic selection of immunodiagnostic antigens for trypanosoma congolense.animal african trypanosomosis (aat) presents a severe problem for agricultural development in sub-saharan africa. it is caused by several trypanosome species and current means of diagnosis are expensive and impractical for field use. our aim was to discover antigens for the detection of antibodies to trypanosoma congolense, one of the main causative agents of aat. we took a proteomic approach to identify potential immunodiagnostic parasite protein antigens. one hundred and thirteen proteins were ...201424922510
bovine trypanosomosis and its fly vectors in three selected settlement areas of hawa-gelan district, western ethiopia.a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the species diversity of fly vectors and estimating the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was carried out from october 2009 to may 2010 in selected settlement areas of the hawa-gelan district in the western wollega zone of ethiopia. standard methods of sampling and identification were employed for both entomological and parasitological examination. three species of the genus glossina (glossina pallidipes, glossina morsitans submorsitans and glossi ...201425686018
identification and characterization of a trypanosoma congolense 46 kda protein as a candidate serodiagnostic antigen.trypanosoma congolense is a major livestock pathogen in africa, causing large economic losses with serious effects on animal health. reliable serodiagnostic tests are therefore urgently needed to control t. congolense infection. in this study, we have identified one t. congolense protein as a new candidate serodiagnostic antigen. the 46.4 kda protein (tcp46, gene id: tcil3000.0.25950) is expressed 5.36 times higher in metacyclic forms than epimastigote forms. the complete nucleotide sequences of ...201424492330
the susceptibility of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei to isometamidium chloride and its synthetic impurities.since the 1950s, the chemotherapy of animal african trypanosomosis in cattle has essentially relied on only two compounds: isometamidium chloride (ism), a phenanthridine, and diminazene aceturate, an aromatic diamidine. the commercial formulations of ism, including veridium(®) and samorin(®), are a mixture of different compounds: ism is the major component, mixed with the red isomer, blue isomer and disubstituted compound. to investigate the pharmacological effects of these individual compounds ...201424836423
analysis of peptidase activities of a cathepsin b-like (tcocbc1) from trypanosoma congolense.the substrate specificity of tcocbc1 was evaluated using two internally quenched fluorescent peptide libraries with randomized sequences designed to detect carboxydipeptidase (abz-gxxzxk(dnp)-oh) and endopeptidase (abz-gxxzxxq-eddnp) activities at acidic and neutral phs, respectively. all the data obtained with tcocbc1 were compared with those of human cathepsin b, including the ph profiles of the hydrolytic reactions. the most relevant observation is the preference of tcocbc1 for substrates wit ...201424726393
anemia amelioration by lactose infusion during trypanosomosis could be associated with erythrocytes membrane de-galactosylation.african trypanosomosis is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by extracellular parasitic protists known as african trypanosomes. these parasites inhabit the blood stream of their mammalian hosts and produce a number of pathological features, amongst which is anemia. etiology of the anemia has been partly attributed to an autoimmunity-like mediated erythrophagocytosis of de-sialylated red blood cells (dsrbcs) by macrophages. lactose infusion to infected animals has proven effective at dela ...201424238624
diminazene aceturate (berenil) modulates lps induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting phosphorylation of mapks and stat proteins.although diminazene aceturate (berenil) is widely used as a trypanolytic agent in livestock, its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. we previously showed that berenil treatment suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production by splenic and liver macrophages leading to a concomitant reduction in serum cytokine levels in mice infected with trypanosoma congolense or challenged with lps. here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which berenil alters pro-inflammatory cytokine ...201424179040
virulence of trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle and african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) in kwazulu-natal, south africa.trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax are major species that infect cattle in north-eastern kwazulu-natal (kzn), south africa. of the two genetically distinct types of t. congolense, savannah and kilifi sub-groups, isolated from cattle and tsetse flies in kzn, the former is more prevalent and thought to be responsible for african animal trypanosomosis outbreaks in cattle. furthermore, variation in pathogenicity within the savannah sub-group is ascribed to strain differences and seems to b ...201425685920
virulence of <i>trypanosoma congolense</i> strains isolated from cattle and african buffaloes (<i>syncerus caffer</i>) in kwazulu-natal, south africa.trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax are major species that infect cattle in north-eastern kwazulu-natal (kzn), south africa. of the two genetically distinct types of t. congolense, savannah and kilifi sub-groups, isolated from cattle and tsetse flies in kzn, the former is more prevalent and thought to be responsible for african animal trypanosomosis outbreaks in cattle. furthermore, variation in pathogenicity within the savannah sub-group is ascribed to strain differences and seems to b ...201428235282
population genetics of forest type of trypanosoma congolense circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon.genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms. to improve our knowledge on the population genetics of trypanosomes, trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah types were identified in the mid-guts of glossina palpalis palpalis caught in five villages of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. from the positive samples of trypanosoma congolense forest, the genetic diversity and the population genetic str ...201425142136
establishment of atp-based luciferase viability assay in 96-well plate for trypanosoma congolense.animal african trypanosomosis (aat), caused by trypanosoma congolense, is widespread throughout sub-saharan africa. there are significant concerns related to the current drugs available for the treatment of aat due to their limited effectiveness across species and their adverse effects. moreover, drug resistant trypanosomes have recently been reported in the field. high throughput screening (hts) of large chemical compound library collections is a promising approach for identifying novel drug ca ...201425056575
effect of crude extracts of moringa stenopetala and artemisia absinthium on parasitaemia of mice infected with trypanosoma congolense.treatment of trypanosomosis is currently facing a number of problems including toxicity of trypanocidal drugs and development of resistance by the parasites. these limitations have prompted the search for alternative active substances (such as of natural origin). the purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of extracts of moringa stenopetala and artemisia absinthium on trypanosoma congolense in mice.201424962241
diminazene aceturate (berenil), a new use for an old compound?diminazene aceturate or berenil has been the drug of choice for treatment of animal trypanosomiasis. although the compound has been in the market since 1955, its mechanisms of action have remained poorly understood. while some earlier reports show that berenil possesses trypanolytic and trypanostatic properties, some studies show it may also indirectly affect the host immune system. our recent extensive studies show that treatment with berenil reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine (il-6, il-12 and t ...201424893117
detection of african animal trypanosomes: the haematocrit centrifugation technique compared to pcr with samples stored on filter paper or in dna protecting buffer.the present study aimed at comparing the trypanosome specific 18s-pcr-rflp using samples stored either on whatman filter papers (pcr-rflp-fp) or in a commercial cell lysis and dna protecting buffer (pcr-rflp-pb) with the haematocrit centrifugation technique (hct), a method widely used for the diagnosis of african animal trypanosomosis. out of 411 head of cattle, 49 (11.92%) (ci=8.95-15.45) scored positive for the presence of trypanosomes by hct whereas 75 (18.25%) (ci=14.63-22.33) and 124 (30.17 ...201424836424
development and evaluation of an its1 "touchdown" pcr for assessment of drug efficacy against animal african trypanosomosis.animal african trypanosomoses (aat) are caused by flagellated protozoa of the trypanosoma genus and contribute to considerable losses in animal production in africa, latin america and south east asia. trypanosoma congolense is considered the economically most important species. drug resistant t. congolense strains present a threat to the control of aat and have triggered research into discovery of novel trypanocides. in vivo assessment of trypanocidal efficacy relies on monitoring of treated ani ...201424685024
evaluation of in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of crude extracts of artemisia abyssinica against atrypanosoma congolense isolate.african trypanosomiasis is a major disease of economic and public health importance affecting agricultural and human development. the search for alternative compounds against african trypanosomiasis is justified by various limitations of existing chemotherapeutic agents. this study was aimed at screening the hydromethanolic and dichloromethane (dcm) crude extracts of aerial parts of artemisia abyssinica for in vivo antitrypanosomal activity against trypanosoma congolense isolate in mice.201424684992
antitrypanosomal activity of aloin and its derivatives against trypanosoma congolense field isolate.there is an urgent need for the development of new, cheap, safe and highly effective drugs against african trypanosomiasis that affects both man and livestock in sub-saharan africa including ethiopia. in the present study the exudate of aloe gilbertii, an endemic aloe species of ethiopia, aloin, aloe-emodin and rhein were tested for their in vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activities against trypanosoma congolense field isolate. aloin was prepared from the leaf exudate of a. gilbertii by acid ...201424612613
in vitro effect of aqueous extract and fraction iv portion of ximenia americana stem bark on trypanosoma congolense dna.trypanosomosis is a debilitating disease affecting mainly livestock and humans in tropical africa. chemically synthesized drugs and medicinal plants have been used in the treatment and control of this disease. in this study, the in vitro effect of aqueous extracts and fraction iv extract of ximenia americana stem bark on trypanosoma congolense dna was investigated. the extracts were incubated with the parasites in vitro at 300 mg/ml aqueous extract and 25 mg/ml fraction iv portion for 30, 60, an ...201424587898
congopain genes diverged to become specific to savannah, forest and kilifi subgroups of trypanosoma congolense, and are valuable for diagnosis, genotyping and phylogenetic inferences.trypanosoma congolense is the most important agent of nagana, a wasting livestock trypanosomosis in sub-saharan africa. this species is a complex of three subgroups (savannah, forest and kilifi) that differ in virulence, pathogenicity, drug resistance, vectors, and geographical distribution. congopain, the major cathepsin l-like cysteine protease (cp2) of t. congolense, has been extensively investigated as a pathogenic factor and target for drugs and vaccines, but knowledge about this enzyme is ...201424480052
chronic trypanosoma congolense infections in mice cause a sustained disruption of the b-cell homeostasis in the bone marrow and spleen.trypanosoma congolense is one of the main species responsible for animal african trypanosomosis (aat). as preventive vaccination strategies for aat have been unsuccessful so far, investigating the mechanisms underlying vaccine failure has to be prioritized. in t. brucei and t. vivax infections, recent studies revealed a rapid onset of destruction of the host b-cell compartment, resulting in the loss of memory recall capacity. to assess such effect in experimental t. congolense trypanosomosis, we ...201424451010
trypanosomosis, its risk factors, and anaemia in cattle population of dale wabera district of kellem wollega zone, western ethiopia.cross-sectional study was conducted in dale wabera district of kellem wollega zone, western ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to evaluate association of bovine trypanosomosis to anaemia. blood samples collected from 384 randomly selected cattle were subjected to parasitological and haematological analysis. for the parasitological survey, blood samples were examined using a buffy coat technique. the packed cell volume (pcv) value of each animal was also measured u ...201426464928
low-dose intradermal infection with trypanosoma congolense leads to expansion of regulatory t cells and enhanced susceptibility to reinfection.balb/c mice are highly susceptible to experimental intraperitoneal trypanosoma congolense infection. however, a recent report showed that these mice are relatively resistant to primary intradermal low-dose infection. paradoxically, repeated low-dose intradermal infections predispose mice to enhanced susceptibility to an otherwise noninfectious dose challenge. here, we explored the mechanisms responsible for this low-dose-induced susceptibility to subsequent low-dose challenge infection. we found ...201424343657
correction: carbohydrate recognition specificity of trans-sialidase lectin domain from trypanosoma congolense. 201526727257
prevalence of pathogenic trypanosomes in anaemic cattle from trypanosomosis challenged areas of itezhi-tezhi district in central zambia.the measure of anaemia status using packed cell volume (pcv) can be a reliable indicator of african trypanosomosis (at) in the absence of other anaemia-causing conditions. however, studies that have estimated prevalence of anaemia in cattle from at endemic areas have rarely reported the prevalence of the disease in the anaemic cattle. therefore we investigated the prevalence of at in anaemic cattle at sites that had recently reported the disease in itezhi tezhi district of central zambia.201526669306
carbohydrate recognition specificity of trans-sialidase lectin domain from trypanosoma congolense.fourteen different active trypanosoma congolense trans-sialidases (tconts), 11 variants of tconts1 besides tconts2, tconts3 and tconts4, have been described. notably, the specific transfer and sialidase activities of these tconts differ by orders of magnitude. surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis of the catalytic domains (cd) grouped each of the highly active tconts together with the less active enzymes. in contrast, when aligning lectin-like domains (ld), the highly active tconts grouped togethe ...201526474304
studies of trypanosomiasis in the luangwa valley, north-eastern zambia.the present study, conducted in zambia's luangwa valley where both animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) and human african trypanosomiasis (hat) are endemic, combined the use of microscopy and molecular techniques to determine the presence of trypanosome species in cattle, goats and tsetse flies.201526419347
a study on african animal trypanosomosis in four areas of senegal.in senegal, several areas provide great potential for agriculture and animal production, but african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is one of the major constraints to the development of more effective livestock production systems. a study was conducted to assess the current situation of aat in this country. surveys were carried out between june 2011 and september 2012 in four different areas: dakar, sine saloum, kedougou region and basse casamance in several animal species: dogs (152), donkeys (23) ...201526370150
in vivo anti-trypanosomal activity of dichloromethane and methanol crude leaf extracts of dovyalis abyssinica (salicaceae) against trypanosoma congolense.african trypanosomiasis affects both humans and livestock in sub-saharan countries including ethiopia. due to limitations to current chemotherapy, there is an urgent need for the development of new, safe, cheap and effective drugs. in the present study, the leaf of dovyalis abyssinica was tested for its in vivo antitrypanosomal activity against trypanosoma congolense field isolate on mice.201526271481
ly6c- monocytes regulate parasite-induced liver inflammation by inducing the differentiation of pathogenic ly6c+ monocytes into macrophages.monocytes consist of two well-defined subsets, the ly6c+ and ly6c- monocytes. both cd11b+ myeloid cells populations have been proposed to infiltrate tissues during inflammation. while infiltration of ly6c+ monocytes is an established pathogenic factor during hepatic inflammation, the role of ly6c- monocytes remains elusive. mice suffering experimental african trypanosome infection die from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) that is initiated by phagocytosis of parasites by liver myel ...201526020782
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