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the effects of different yeast extracts on secondary metabolite production in fusarium.yeast extract is an important constituent in several media used for metabolite profiling of filamentous fungi. the nutrient composition can vary between brands and thereby influence production of secondary metabolites, which can be regulated in response to nitrogen, carbon and ph. in the present study we examined the production of known secondary metabolites in fusarium pseudograminearum, fusarium graminearum, fusarium avenaceum and fusarium fujikuroi and in each species we identified several se ...201424291181
toxicity of abiotic stressors to fusarium species: differences in hydrogen peroxide and fungicide tolerance.stress sensitivity of three related phytopathogenic fusarium species (fusarium graminearum, fusarium oxysporum and fusarium verticillioides) to different oxidative, osmotic, cell wall, membrane, fungicide stressors and an antifungal protein (paf) were studied in vitro. the most prominent and significant differences were found in oxidative stress tolerance: all the three f. graminearum strains showed much higher sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and, to a lesser extent, to menadione than the other ...201424939687
infection of corn ears by fusarium spp. induces the emission of volatile sesquiterpenes.infection of corn (zea mays l.) ears with fungal pathogens of the fusarium genus might result in yield losses and in the accumulation of mycotoxins. the aim of this study was to investigate whether volatile profiles could be used to identify fusarium-infected corn ears. the volatiles released by corn ears infected by fusarium graminearum, fusarium verticillioides, and fusarium subglutinans were studied. volatile emission was recorded at 24 days postinoculation (dpi) and in a time series (from 4 ...201424816267
fgfim, a key protein regulating resistance to the fungicide js399-19, asexual and sexual development, stress responses and virulence in fusarium graminearum.fimbrin is an actin-bundling protein found in intestinal microvilli, hair cell stereocilia and fibroblast filopodia. its homologue sac6p has been shown to play a critical role in endocytosis and diverse cellular processes in saccharomyces cerevisiae. fgfim from the wheat scab pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum strain y2021a, which is highly resistant to the fungicide js399-19, was identified by screening a mutant library generated by hph-hsv-tk cassette-mediated integration. the functions of ...201424299032
trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase is required for development, virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis apart from trehalose biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum.trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (tps1) and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (tps2) are required for trehalose biosynthesis in yeast and filamentous fungi, including fusarium graminearum. three null mutants δtps1, δtps2 and δtps1-δtps2, each carrying either a single deletion of tps1 or tps2 or a double deletion of tps1-tps2, were generated from a toxigenic f. graminearum strain and were not able to synthesize trehalose. in contrast to its reported function in yeasts and filamentous fungi, tps1 ap ...201424291007
transcription factors spt3 and spt8 are associated with conidiation, mycelium growth, and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae), the dominant pathogen of fusarium head blight (fhb) on wheat, can cause substantial economic losses. the spt-ada-gcn5-acetyltransferase (saga) transcription coactivator plays multiple roles in regulating transcription because of the presence of functionally independent modules of subunits within the complex. the transcription factors spt3 and spt8 are components of the saga complex and they are important in yeasts and filamentous fungi includin ...201424289742
the mapkk fgmkk1 of fusarium graminearum regulates vegetative differentiation, multiple stress response, and virulence via the cell wall integrity and high-osmolarity glycerol signaling pathways.mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases play crucial roles in regulating fungal development, growth and pathogenicity, and in responses to the environment. in this study, we characterized a map kinase kinase fgmkk1 in fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of wheat head blight. phenotypic analyses of the fgmkk1 mutant (δfgmkk1) showed that fgmkk1 is involved in the regulation of hyphal growth, pigmentation, conidiation, deoxynivalenol biosynthesis and virulence of f. graminearum. δfgmkk1 also sh ...201424237706
benzofurazan derivatives as antifungal agents against phytopathogenic fungi.a series of benzofurazan derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their biological activities against four important phytopathogenic fungi, namely, rhizoctonia solani, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, fusarium graminearum and phytophthora capsici, using the mycelium growth inhibition method. the structures of these compounds were characterized by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, and hrms. n-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-amine (a3) displayed the maximum antifungal activity against r ...201424813881
fgkin1 kinase localizes to the septal pore and plays a role in hyphal growth, ascospore germination, pathogenesis, and localization of tub1 beta-tubulins in fusarium graminearum.the kin1/par-1/mark kinases regulate various cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. kin1 orthologs are well conserved in fungal pathogens but none of them have been functionally characterized. here, we show that kin1 is important for pathogenesis and growth in two phytopathogenic fungi and that fgkin1 regulates ascospore germination and the localization of tub1 β-tubulins in fusarium graminearum. the fgkin1 mutant and putative fgkin1(s172a) kinase dead (nonactivatable) transformants were ch ...201425078365
a novel single-stranded rna virus isolated from a phytopathogenic filamentous fungus, rosellinia necatrix, with similarity to hypo-like viruses.here we report a biological and molecular characterization of a novel positive-sense rna virus isolated from a field isolate (nw10) of a filamentous phytopathogenic fungus, the white root rot fungus that is designated as rosellinia necatrix fusarivirus 1 (rnfv1). a recently developed technology using zinc ions allowed us to transfer rnfv1 to two mycelially incompatible rosellinia necatrix strains. a biological comparison of the virus-free and -recipient isogenic fungal strains suggested that rnf ...201425101066
individual and combined roles of malonichrome, ferricrocin, and tafc siderophores in fusarium graminearum pathogenic and sexual development.intra- and extracellular iron-chelating siderophores produced by fungal non-ribosomal peptide synthetases have been shown to be involved in reproductive and pathogenic developmental processes and in iron and oxidative stress management. here we report individual and combined contributions of three of these metabolites to developmental success of the destructive cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. in previous work, we determined that deletion of the nps2 gene, responsible for intracellular side ...201425628608
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas sp. strain 2-92, a biological control strain isolated from a field plot under long-term mineral fertilization.pseudomonas sp. strain 2-92, isolated from a canadian field plot under long-term mineral fertilization, strongly inhibits the growth of fusarium graminearum, rhizoctonia solani, and gaeumannomyces graminis. here, we report the draft genome sequence of pseudomonas sp. strain 2-92.201424407636
first total syntheses and antimicrobial evaluation of penicimonoterpene, a marine-derived monoterpenoid, and its various derivatives.the first total synthesis of marine-derived penicimonoterpene (±)-1 has been achieved in four steps from 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one using a reformatsky reaction as the key step to construct the basic carbon skeleton. a total of 24 new derivatives of 1 have also been designed and synthesized. their structures were characterized by analysis of their 1h nmr, 13c nmr and hresims data. some of them showed significant antibacterial activity against aeromonas hydrophila, escherichia coli, micrococcus lute ...201424897384
tawrky68 responses to biotic stresses are revealed by the orthologous genes from major cereals.wrky transcription factors have been extensively characterized in the past 20 years, but in wheat, studies on wrky genes and their function are lagging behind many other species. to explore the function of wheat wrky genes, we identified a tawrky68 gene from a common wheat cultivar. it encodes a protein comprising 313 amino acids which harbors 19 conserved motifs or active sites. gene expression patterns were determined by analyzing microarray data of tawrky68 in wheat and of orthologous genes f ...201424688294
secreted fungal effector lipase releases free fatty acids to inhibit innate immunity-related callose formation during wheat head infection.the deposition of the (1,3)-β-glucan cell wall polymer callose at sites of attempted penetration is a common plant defense response to intruding pathogens and part of the plant's innate immunity. infection of the fusarium graminearum disruption mutant δfgl1, which lacks the effector lipase fgl1, is restricted to inoculated wheat (triticum aestivum) spikelets, whereas the wild-type strain colonized the whole wheat spike. our studies here were aimed at analyzing the role of fgl1 in establishing fu ...201424686113
mutations in the arabidopsis homoserine kinase gene dmr1 confer enhanced resistance to fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum.mutation of arabidopsis dmr1, encoding homoserine kinase, leads to elevation in homoserine and foliar resistance to the biotrophic pathogens hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and oidium neolycopersici through activation of an unidentified defence mechanism. this study investigates the effect of mutation of dmr1 on resistance to the ascomycete pathogens fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, which cause fusarium ear blight (feb) disease on small grain cereals.201425432266
differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb) caused primarily by fusarium graminearum (fg) is one of the major diseases of small-grain cereals including bread wheat. this disease both reduces yields and causes quality losses due to the production of deoxynivalenol (don), the major type b trichothecene mycotoxin. don has been described as a virulence factor enabling efficient colonization of spikes by the fungus in wheat, but its precise role during the infection process is still elusive. brachypodium distachyon ( ...201425063396
the compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia atpases regulates disease resistance in barley to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.morc1 and morc2, two of the seven members of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia gyrase, heat shock protein90, histidine kinase, mutl (ghkl) atpases, were previously shown to be required in multiple layers of plant immunity. here, we show that the barley (hordeum vulgare) morcs also are involved in disease resistance. genome-wide analyses identified five morcs that are 37% to 48% identical on the protein level to atmor ...201424390392
defensins from the tick ixodes scapularis are effective against phytopathogenic fungi and the human bacterial pathogen listeria grayi.ixodes scapularis is the most common tick species in north america and a vector of important pathogens that cause diseases in humans and animals including lyme disease, anaplasmosis and babesiosis. tick defensins have been identified as a new source of antimicrobial agents with putative medical applications due to their wide-ranging antimicrobial activities. two multigene families of defensins were previously reported in i. scapularis. the objective of the present study was to characterise the p ...201425443032
structure and substrate specificity of a eukaryotic fucosidase from fusarium graminearum.the secreted glycoside hydrolase family 29 (gh29) α-l-fucosidase from plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum (fgfco1) actively releases fucose from the xyloglucan fragment. we solved crystal structures of two active-site conformations, i.e. open and closed, of apofgfco1 and an open complex with product fucose at atomic resolution. the closed conformation supports catalysis by orienting the conserved general acid/base glu-288 nearest the predicted glycosidic position, whereas the open confo ...201425086049
fgflbd regulates hyphal differentiation required for sexual and asexual reproduction in the ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungal plant pathogen that infects major cereal crops. the fungus produces both sexual and asexual spores in order to endure unfavorable environmental conditions and increase their numbers and distribution across plants. in a model filamentous fungus, aspergillus nidulans, early induction of conidiogenesis is orchestrated by the fluffy genes. the objectives of this study were to characterize fluffy gene homologs involved in conidiogenesis and their mechanism ...201425277408
similar is not the same: differences in the function of the (hemi-)cellulolytic regulator xlnr (xlr1/xyr1) in filamentous fungi.the transcriptional activator xlnr (xlr1/xyr1) is a major regulator in fungal xylan and cellulose degradation as well as in the utilization of d-xylose via the pentose catabolic pathway. xlnr homologs are commonly found in filamentous ascomycetes and often assumed to have the same function in different fungi. however, a comparison of the saprobe aspergillus niger and the plant pathogen magnaporthe oryzae showed different phenotypes for deletion strains of xlnr. in this study wild type and xlnr/x ...201425064064
weta is required for conidiogenesis and conidium maturation in the ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, a prominent fungal pathogen that infects major cereal crops, primarily utilizes asexual spores to spread disease. to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in f. graminearum, we functionally characterized the f. graminearum ortholog of aspergillus nidulans weta, which has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation. deletion of f. graminearum weta did not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but the weta del ...201424186953
mycotoxigenic potential of fungi isolated from freshly harvested argentinean blueberries.alternaria alternata, a. tenuissima, fusarium graminearum, f. semitectum, f. verticillioides, aspergillus flavus, and aspergillus section nigri strains obtained from blueberries during the 2009 and 2010 harvest season from entre ríos, argentina were analyzed to determine their mycotoxigenic potential. taxonomy status at the specific level was determined both on morphological and molecular grounds. alternariol (aoh), alternariol monomethyl ether (ame), aflatoxins (afs), zearalenone (zea), fumonis ...201425098914
ergosterol concentration and variability in genotype-by-pathogen interaction for grain mold resistance in sorghum.a lack of understanding of host-by-pathogen relations can hinder the success of breeding for resistance to a major disease. fungal strain pathogenicity has to be understood from the virulence it can cause on susceptible genotypes and host resistance indicates which genotypes have resistance genes. where the two worlds meet lies the place where researchers match the prevalent pathogen in the area of production with resistant varieties. this paper uses ergosterol concentration analysis as a measur ...201424817586
mycoflora and deoxynivalenol in whole wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) from southern brazil.the fungal species fusarium graminearum is related to deoxynivalenol (don) formation. the aim of this study was to evaluate mycoflora and don occurrence in 53 whole wheat grain samples collected in southern brazil during the 2012 crop. wheat grains showed adequate values of water activity ranging from 0.48 to 0.72, within the required limits of moisture content, ranging from 9.1% to 13.9%. in addition, low counts of fungal colonies, ranging from 10 to 8.2 × 10(2), were found. for fusarium genera ...201425029408
design and synthesis of some new 1,3,4-thiadiazines with coumarin moieties and their antioxidative and antifungal activity.a series of newly disubstituted (compounds 4a,b) and trisubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines 5a-l with various substituents was prepared utilizing different thiosemicarbazides and 3-α-bromoacetylcoumarins as starting compounds. the structures of the synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazines are elucidated and confirmed utilizing the corresponding analytical and spectroscopic data. all of the new thiadiazine derivatives were tested for their antioxidant activity, employing different antioxidant assays (dpph scave ...201424445343
zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in hypocreales and its evolutionary relationships within the epoxide hydrolase subset of a/b-hydrolases.zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several species of fusarium genus, most notably fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum. this resorcylic acid lactone is one of the most important toxins causing serious animal and human diseases. for over two decades it has been known that the mycoparasitic fungus clonostachys rosea (synonym: gliocladium roseum, teleomorph: bionectria ochroleuca) can detoxify zearalenone, however no such attributes have been described within the trichoderma genus.201424708405
dual function of a bee (apis cerana) inhibitor cysteine knot peptide that acts as an antifungal peptide and insecticidal venom toxin.inhibitor cysteine knot (ick) peptides exhibit ion channel blocking, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities, but currently, no functional roles for bee-derived ick peptides have been identified. in this study, a bee (apis cerana) ick peptide (acick) that acts as an antifungal peptide and as an insecticidal venom toxin was identified. acick contains an ick fold that is expressed in the epidermis, fat body, or venom gland and is present as a 6.6-kda peptide in bee venom. recombinant acick pept ...201425106915
anticancer and antimicrobial activities and chemical composition of the birch mazegill mushroom lenzites betulina (higher basidiomycetes).the anticancer properties, antibiotic activity, and chemical composition of lenzites betulina ethanol extract (ee) were evaluated. eight compounds including 5 sterols were isolated from l. betulina, and 7 compounds were isolated from l. betulina for the first time. the ee displayed strong anticancer activity against tumor cell line mda-mb-231, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 51.46 μg/ml, and there was 83.15% inhibition at a concentration of 200 μg/ml (mtt assay). the antimicrobia ...201425271861
antagonistic action of bacillus subtilis strain sg6 on fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease that leads to extensive yield and quality loss of wheat and barley. bacteria isolated from wheat kernels and plant anthers were screened for antagonistic activity against f. graminearum. based on its in vitro effectiveness, strain sg6 was selected for characterization and identified as bacillus subtilis. b. subtilis sg6 exhibited a high antifungal effect on the mycelium growth, sporulation and don production of f. gram ...201424651513
nutrient-induced spore germination of a bacillus amyloliquefaciens biocontrol agent on wheat spikes.in this study, we investigated the feasibility of applying nutrient germinants to plant surfaces to stimulate the spore germination of the plant disease biocontrol agent bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain trigocor.201424641281
biocontrol of fusarium graminearum growth and deoxynivalenol production in wheat kernels with bacterial antagonists.fusarium graminearum is the main causal pathogen affecting small-grain cereals, and it produces deoxynivalenol, a kind of mycotoxin, which displays a wide range of toxic effects in human and animals. bacterial strains isolated from peanut shells were investigated for their activities against f. graminearum by dual-culture plate and tip-culture assays. among them, twenty strains exhibited potent inhibition to the growth of f. graminearum, and the inhibition rates ranged from 41.41% to 54.55% in d ...201424441510
serine o-acetyltransferase is important, but not essential for cysteine-methionine synthesis in fusarium graminearum.o-acetyltransferase (sat) is a key enzyme converting serine into o-acetylserine in the synthesis of sulphur-containing amino acids. to characterize the function of fgsat in fusarium graminearum, three deletion mutants of fgsat (δfgsat-1, -2 and -18) were obtained using a gene replacement strategy. the three mutants did not show recognizable phenotypic changes on potato dextrose agar medium, but exhibited a very weak growth on fructose gelatin agar (fga) medium containing so₄²⁻ as sole sulfur sou ...201424197784
characterization of on-target generated tryptic peptides from giberella zeae conidia spore proteins by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.traditionally characterization of microbial proteins is performed by a complex sequence of steps with the final step to be either edman sequencing or mass spectrometry, which generally takes several weeks or months to be complete. in this work, we proposed a strategy for the characterization of tryptic peptides derived from giberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) proteins in parallel to intact cell mass spectrometry (icms) in which no complicated and time-consuming steps were needed. exp ...201424177199
effects of light on secondary metabolism and fungal development of fusarium graminearum.the objectives of this study were (i) to characterize white-collar (wc) orthologues of the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum, (ii) to investigate light-responsive phenotypes by the deletion of fgwc-1 and fgwc-2 genes and (iii) to examine the roles of those genes in constant light and darkness in relation to secondary metabolite synthesis and development.201424176027
fitness attributes of fusarium graminearum isolates from wheat in new york possessing a 3-adon or 15-adon trichothecene genotype.in all, 50 isolates of fusarium graminearum from wheat spikes in new york, including 25 isolates each of the 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-adon) and 3-adon genotype, were tested to determine whether 3-adon isolates are more fit for saprophytic survival and pathogenicity on wheat spikes than are 15-adon isolates. the isolates were characterized and compared for 14 different attributes of saprophytic fitness and pathogenic fitness on a susceptible wheat variety. isolates of the two genotypes could ...201424283539
genetic relationships, carbendazim sensitivity and mycotoxin production of the fusarium graminearum populations from maize, wheat and rice in eastern china.members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) are important pathogens on wheat, maize, barley, and rice in china. harvested grains are often contaminated by mycotoxins, such as the trichothecene nivalenol (niv) and deoxynivalenol (don) and the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (zen), which is a big threat to humans and animals. in this study, 97 isolates were collected from maize, wheat, and rice in jiangsu and anhui provinces in 2013 and characterized by species- and chemotype-speci ...201425093387
metabolomics deciphers the host resistance mechanisms in wheat cultivar sumai-3, against trichothecene producing and non-producing isolates of fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum, reduces grain yield and contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins. host resistance to fhb is quantitatively inherited and more than 100 qtls have been mapped, but the host resistance mechanisms are poorly understood. non-targeted metabolic profiling was applied to elucidate the host resistance mechanisms to fhb spread through rachis of wheat cultivar sumai-3 against both trichothecene producing and non-producing isolate ...201425084325
a novel stable isotope labelling assisted workflow for improved untargeted lc-hrms based metabolomics research.many untargeted lc-esi-hrms based metabolomics studies are still hampered by the large proportion of non-biological sample derived signals included in the generated raw data. here, a novel, powerful stable isotope labelling (sil)-based metabolomics workflow is presented, which facilitates global metabolome extraction, improved metabolite annotation and metabolome wide internal standardisation (is). the general concept is exemplified with two different cultivation variants, (1) co-cultivation of ...201425057268
inhibition of fusarium graminearum growth and mycotoxin production by phenolic extract from spirulina sp.fusarium graminearum is a fungal species complex pathogenic occurring worldwide, mainly associated with cereal crops. the most important fusarium mycotoxins are fumonisins, zearalenone and trichothecenes. the availability of efficient control measures that are less harmful to both the environment and the consumers is urgent. for such, phenolic acids (pas) from natural sources are known to reduce fungal contaminations. this work aimed to identify the pas present in a culture extract of spirulina ...201424485311
transcription factor rfx1 is crucial for maintenance of genome integrity in fusarium graminearum.the survival of cellular organisms depends on the faithful replication and transmission of dna. regulatory factor x (rfx) transcription factors are well conserved in animals and fungi, but their functions are diverse, ranging from the dna damage response to ciliary gene regulation. we investigated the role of the sole rfx transcription factor, rfx1, in the plant-pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. deletion of rfx1 resulted in multiple defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, virulence, and sex ...201424465002
the camp-pka pathway regulates growth, sexual and asexual differentiation, and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.like many other filamentous ascomycetes, fusarium graminearum contains two genes named cpk1 and cpk2 that encode the catalytic subunits of cyclic amp (camp)-dependent protein kinase a (pka). to determine the role of camp signaling in pathogenesis and development in f. graminearum, we functionally characterized these two genes. in addition, we generated and characterized the cpk1 cpk2 double and fac1 adenylate cyclase gene deletion mutants. the cpk1 mutant was significantly reduced in vegetative ...201424450772
production, characterization, and identification using proteomic tools of a polygalacturonase from fusarium graminearum.since enzymatic degradation is a mechanism or component of the aggressiveness of a pathogen, enzymatic activities from a fusarium graminearum isolate obtained from infected wheat spikes of argentina pampa region were studied in order to understand the disease progression, tending to help disease control. in particular, the significance of the study of polygalacturonase activity is based on that such activity is produced in the early stages of infection on the host, suggesting a crucial role in t ...201424403124
recent advances in genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis, hyphal development, energy metabolism and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae).the ascomycete fungus, fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae), is the most common causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease for cereal crops worldwide. f. graminearum produces ascospores (sexual spores) and conidia (asexual spores), which can serve as disease inocula of fhb. meanwhile, fusarium-infected grains are often contaminated with mycotoxins such as trichothecenes (tris), fumonisins, and zearalenones, among which tris are related to the pathogenicity of ...201424389085
role of cholecystokinin in anorexia induction following oral exposure to the 8-ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon x, and nivalenol.cereal grain contamination by trichothecene mycotoxins is known to negatively impact human and animal health with adverse effects on food intake and growth being of particular concern. the head blight fungus fusarium graminearum elaborates five closely related 8-ketotrichothecene congeners: (1) deoxynivalenol (don), (2) 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon), (3) 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon), (4) fusarenon x (fx), and (5) nivalenol (niv). while anorexia induction in mice exposed intraperitoneally ...201424385417
the fusarium graminearum genome reveals more secondary metabolite gene clusters and hints of horizontal gene transfer.fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes are of major interest due to the pharmacological properties of their products (like mycotoxins and antibiotics). the genome of the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum codes for a large number of candidate enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. however, the chemical nature of most enzymatic products of proteins encoded by putative secondary metabolism biosynthetic genes is largely unknown. based on our analysis we present 67 ...201425333987
temporal dynamics and population genetic structure of fusarium graminearum in the upper midwestern united states.fusarium graminearum sensu stricto causes fusarium head blight (fhb) in wheat and barley, and contaminates grains with several trichothecene mycotoxins, causing destructive yield losses and economic impact in the united states. recently, a f. graminearum strain collected from minnesota (mn) was determined to produce a novel trichothecene toxin, called nx-2. in order to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of nx-2 producing strains in mn, north dakota (nd) and south dakota (sd), a total of ...201425312860
a putative transcription factor pcs1 positively regulates both conidiation and sexual reproduction in the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum.the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight in cereal crops and produces mycotoxins that are harmful to animals and humans. for the initiation and spread of disease, asexual and sexual reproduction is required. therefore, studies on fungal reproduction contribute to the development of new methods to control and maintain the fungal population. screening a previously generated transcription factor mutant collection, we identified one putative c2h2 zinc-finger transcription ...201425289009
comparison of trichothecene biosynthetic gene expression between fusarium graminearum and fusarium asiaticum.nivalenol (niv) and deoxynivalenol (don) are predominant fusarium-producing mycotoxins found in grains, which are mainly produced by fusarium asiaticum and f. graminearum. niv is found in most of cereals grown in korea, but the genetic basis for niv production by f. asiaticum has not been extensively explored. in this study, 12 genes belonging to the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster were compared at the transcriptional level between two niv-producing f. asiaticum and four don-producing f. ...201425288983
a simple method for the assessment of fusarium head blight resistance in korean wheat seedlings inoculated with fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb; scab) caused mainly by fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of wheat and barley around the world. fhb causes yield reductions and contamination of grain with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don) which are a major health concern for humans and animals. the objective of this research was to develop an easy seed or seedling inoculation assay, and to compare these assays with whole plant resistance of twenty-nine korean winter wheat cultivars to f ...201425288982
specific 12α-hydroxylation of grandiflorenic acid by permeabilised fungus fusarium graminearum.biotransformation of grandiflorenic acid by permeabilised fungus fusarium graminearum to yield its hydroxylation derivative, 12α-hydroxygrandiflorenic acid, was studied. the biotransformed product was isolated by column chromatography and its structure was determined by mass spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. grandiflorenic acid was efficiently metabolised by the fungus. after 72 h, the substrate was almost completely converted into the product.201424650196
plant lignans inhibit growth and trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum.lignans are a group of diphenolic compounds with anticancer and antioxidant properties which are present in various grains, although their effect on toxigenic fungi has been poorly examined to date. in this study, the impact of the plant lignans pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol on growth and trichothecene biosynthesis by five fusarium graminearum strains of different chemotypes was examined in vitro. both tested lignans exhibited radial growth inhibition against the fungal strains. rt-qpcr a ...201424635164
relocation of genes generates non-conserved chromosomal segments in fusarium graminearum that show distinct and co-regulated gene expression patterns.genome comparisons between closely related species often show non-conserved regions across chromosomes. some of them are located in specific regions of chromosomes and some are even confined to one or more entire chromosomes. the origin and biological relevance of these non-conserved regions are still largely unknown. here we used the genome of fusarium graminearum to elucidate the significance of non-conserved regions.201424625133
the adenylyl cyclase plays a regulatory role in the morphogenetic switch from vegetative to pathogenic lifestyle of fusarium graminearum on wheat.cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (camp) is a nucleotide derived from adenosine triphosphate that acts as a second messenger throughout all kingdoms. intracellular camp levels are synthesized by a membrane-bound protein, the adenylyl cyclase. in order to analyze the function of this gene and the importance of camp in the life cycle of the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum, the adenylyl cyclase gene (fgsg_01234) was deleted by gene replacement (δfgac1). the δfgac1 mutant displayed a drastic ...201424603887
fusarium head blight control and prevention of mycotoxin contamination in wheat with botanicals and tannic acid.suspensions or solutions with 1% of chinese galls (galla chinensis, gc) or 1% of tannic acid (ta), inhibited germination of conidia or mycelium growth of fusarium graminearum (fg) by 98%-100% or by 75%-80%, respectively, whereas dried bark from buckthorn (frangula alnus, fa) showed no effect at this concentration. in climate chamber experiments where the wheat variety "apogee" was artificially inoculated with fg and f. crookwellense (fcr) and treated with 5% suspensions of ta, gc and fa, the deo ...201424577585
a new cyclopeptide with antifungal activity from the co-culture broth of two marine mangrove fungi.a new cyclic tetrapeptide, cyclo-(l-leucyl-trans-4-hydroxy-l-prolyl-d-leucyl-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline) (1), was isolated from the co-culture broth of two mangrove fungi phomopsis sp. k38 and alternaria sp. e33. the structure of 1 was determined by analysis of spectroscopic data and marfey's analytic method. primary bioassay demonstrated that compound 1 exhibited moderate to high inhibitory activity against four crop-threatening fungi including gaeumannomyces graminis, rhizoctonia cerealis, helm ...201424571709
deoxynivalenol and oxidative stress indicators in winter wheat inoculated with fusarium graminearum.this study comprises analyses of contents of mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, as well as the level of oxidative stress in ears of a susceptible wheat cultivar hanseat and cv. arina, resistant to a pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. starting from 48 h after inoculation, a marked increase was observed in the contents of these mycotoxins in ears of wheat; however, the greatest accumulation was recorded in the late period after inoculation, i.e., during development of disease ...201424514944
identification of the biosynthetic gene clusters for the lipopeptides fusaristatin a and w493 b in fusarium graminearum and f. pseudograminearum.the closely related species fusarium graminearum and fusarium pseudograminearum differ in that each contains a gene cluster with a polyketide synthase (pks) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) that is not present in the other species. to identify their products, we deleted pks6 and nrps7 in f. graminearum and nrps32 in f. pseudograminearum. by comparing the secondary metabolite profiles of the strains we identified the resulting product in f. graminearum as fusaristatin a, and as w493 a ...201425412204
development and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of the f167y mutation of carbendazim-resistant isolates in fusarium graminearum.resistance of fusarium graminearum to carbendazim is caused by point mutations in the β2-tubulin gene. the point mutation at codon 167 (ttt → tat, f167y) occurs in more than 90% of field resistant isolates in china. to establish a suitable method for rapid detection of the f167y mutation in f. graminearum, an efficient and simple method with high specificity was developed based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). a set of four primers was designed and optimized to specially disting ...201425403277
phytochemical profile and antimicrobial properties of lotus spp. (fabaceae).the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of cultivar (cv.) extracts of lotus uliginosus (cvs. trojan and serrano), l. tenuis (cv. larrañaga) and l. corniculatus (cv. são gabriel) were investigated. the phytochemical analysis revealed tannins, coumarins and flavonoids in all extracts, with variations among cultivars, showing genotypic variability. by high performance liquid chromatographic method, the cvs. larrañaga and são gabriel showed the highest percentage of catechin and epicate ...201425014916
fusarium graminearum pks14 is involved in orsellinic acid and orcinol synthesis.the available genome sequences show that the number of secondary metabolite genes in filamentous fungi vastly exceeds the number of known products. this is also true for the global plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum, which contains 15 polyketide synthase (pks) genes, of which only 6 have been linked to products. to help remedy this, we focused on pks14, which has only been shown to be expressed during plant infections or when cultivated on rice or corn meal (rm) based media. to enhance ...201425011010
variations for fusarium head blight resistance associated with genomic diversity in different sources of the resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3'.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) associated with contamination by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). the fhb-resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3' has been used extensively around the world. the existence of variation in fhb resistance among 'sumai 3' accessions has been discussed. in this study, genetic variation among 'sumai 3' accessions collected from six countries were identified using ssr markers; our results dem ...201424987294
identification and differential induction of abcg transporter genes in wheat cultivars challenged by a deoxynivalenol-producing fusarium graminearum strain.fusarium head blight (fhb), predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production worldwide. a suppression subtractive hybridization cdna library was constructed from f. graminearum infected spikes of a resistant belgian winter wheat, centenaire, exhibiting type ii resistance to fhb in order to identify differentially expressed members of full-size abcg family. members of the abcg family are pleiotropic drug ...201424973883
automated lc-hrms(/ms) approach for the annotation of fragment ions derived from stable isotope labeling-assisted untargeted metabolomics.structure elucidation of biological compounds is still a major bottleneck of untargeted lc-hrms approaches in metabolomics research. the aim of the present study was to combine stable isotope labeling and tandem mass spectrometry for the automated interpretation of the elemental composition of fragment ions and thereby facilitate the structural characterization of metabolites. the software tool fragextract was developed and evaluated with lc-hrms/ms spectra of both native (12)c- and uniformly (1 ...201424965664
a comparison of transcriptional patterns and mycological phenotypes following infection of fusarium graminearum by four mycoviruses.many fungi-infecting viruses, which are termed mycoviruses, have been identified, and most do not cause any visible symptoms. some mycoviruses, however, can attenuate the virulence of the infected fungi, a phenomenon referred to as hypovirulence. to study fungus responses to virus infection, we established a model system composed of fusarium graminearum and four mycoviruses including fgv1 (fusarium graminearum virus 1), fgv2, fgv3, and fgv4. fgv1 and fgv2 infections caused several phenotypic alt ...201424964178
transcriptome profiling of wheat differentially expressed genes exposed to different chemotypes of fusarium graminearum.the study is an overview of the behavior of the wheat transcriptome to the fusarium graminearum fungus using two different chemotypes. the transcriptome profiles of seven putative differentially expressed defense-related genes were identified by ssh and further examined using qpcr. fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), caused by several species of the fungus fusarium, is important in all wheat growing regions worldwide. the most dominant species in canada is fusarium gramin ...201424893796
screening and monitoring zearalenone-producing fusarium species by pcr and zearalenone by monoclonal antibodies in feed from china.screening of zearalenone (zen)-producing species and monitoring of zen in feed were performed by using anti-zearalenone monoclonal antibodies. elisa recoveries of zen from corn distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) feed, corn feed, rice bran, soybean meal, wheat bran and rapeseed dregs were between 78.6% and 88.6%. zen recovery from culture media was 96.3% at the spiked level of 500 µg/kg. eighty-three samples of ddgs feed, corn feed and other fee ingredients were collected from 11 provin ...201424867386
enzymatic cocktails produced by fusarium graminearum under submerged fermentation using different lignocellulosic biomasses.fusarium graminearum was grown on four lignocellulosic substrates (corn cobs, wheat bran, hop cell walls, and birchwood) and glucose as the sole carbon source. proteomic studies performed on the resulting enzymatic cocktails highlighted a great diversity in the number and type of proteins secreted. the cell wall-degrading enzymes (cwde) proportion varied greatly from 20% to 69%. only one of the 57 cwdes detected in this study was common to the five proteomes. in contrast, 35 cwdes were specific ...201424828340
resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. we recently showed that the secreted lipase fgl1, a virulence factor of f. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. this effector-like function is based on a fgl1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ffa) that can inhibit callose synthase ...201424781155
fusarium graminearum possesses virulence factors common to fusarium head blight of wheat and seedling rot of soybean but differing in their impact on disease severity.fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic fungal pathogen that causes fusarium head blight (fhb) and crown rot on cereal crops worldwide. this fungus also causes damping-off and crown and root rots at the early stage of crop development in soybean cultivated in north and south america. several f. graminearum genes were investigated for their contribution to fhb in cereals but no inherent study is reported for the dicotyledonous soybean host. in this study we determined the disease severity on soybean ...201424779355
components of priming-induced resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat revealed by two distinct mutants of fusarium graminearum.two mutants (tri6δ and noxabδ) of the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum were assessed for their ability to prime immune responses in wheat (cv. roblin) against challenge with pathogenic f. graminearum. priming treatments generated fusarium head blight (fhb)-resistant wheat phenotypes and reduced the accumulation of fungal mycotoxins in infected tissues. microarray analysis identified 260 transcripts that were differentially expressed during the priming period. expression changes were observed ...201424751103
genome sequence of fusarium graminearum isolate cs3005.fusarium graminearum is one of the most important fungal pathogens of wheat, barley, and maize worldwide. this announcement reports the genome sequence of a highly virulent australian isolate of this species to supplement the existing genome of the north american f. graminearum isolate ph1.201424744326
systemic growth of f. graminearum in wheat plants and related accumulation of deoxynivalenol.fusarium head blight (fhb) is an important disease of wheat worldwide caused mainly by fusarium graminearum (syn. gibberella zeae). this fungus can be highly aggressive and can produce several mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don), a well known harmful metabolite for humans, animals, and plants. the fungus can survive overwinter on wheat residues and on the soil, and can usually attack the wheat plant at their point of flowering, being able to infect the heads and to contaminate the kernels at ...201424727554
trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from barley cultivated in argentina.fusarium graminearum is one of the most important pathogens isolated from small cereal grains with fusarium head blight symptoms. the presence of this fungus is often linked to the occurrence of several mycotoxins in barley and wheat. the aim of our study was to characterize trichothecene genotypes and production profiles of f. graminearum sensu stricto isolates obtained from barley grains in argentina. a total of 110 f. graminearum s.s. isolates were analyzed by pcr assays to predict deoxynival ...201424727383
myt3, a myb-like transcription factor, affects fungal development and pathogenicity of fusarium graminearum.we previously characterized members of the myb protein family, myt1 and myt2, in fusarium graminearum. myt1 and myt2 are involved in female fertility and perithecium size, respectively. to expand knowledge of myb proteins in f. graminearum, in this study, we characterized the functions of the myt3 gene, which encodes a putative myb-like transcription factor containing two myb dna-binding domains and is conserved in the subphylum pezizomycotina of ascomycota. myt3 proteins were localized in nucle ...201424722578
resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. we recently showed that the secreted lipase fgl1, a virulence factor of f. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. this effector-like function is based on a fgl1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ffa) that can inhibit callose synthase ...201425763484
toxigenic capacity and trichothecene production by fusarium graminearum isolates from argentina and their relationship with aggressiveness and fungal expansion in the wheat spike.at least 20 epidemics of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat have been registered in the last 50 years in argentina, with variable intensity. damage induced by the disease is further aggravated by the presence of mycotoxins in affected grains that may cause health problems to humans and animals. the trichothecene chemotype was analyzed for 112 isolates of fusarium graminearum from argentina by polymerase chain reaction and two field trials were conducted to study the aggressiveness of a subsampl ...201424168045
lycorine: a potential broad-spectrum agent against crop pathogenic fungi.a screening test showed that lycorine exhibited significant antifungal activity against 24 pathogenic crop fungi at concentrations of 500 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml, respectively. fusarium graminearum was selected for antifungal mechanism studies by observing its mycelial morphology and investigating the variations in its conductivity. in addition, the substance absorption and metabolism of f. graminearum were explored. the mechanism was revealed as being one by which lycorine destroyed the cellular me ...201424346469
functional characterization of sucrose non-fermenting 1 protein kinase complex genes in the ascomycete fusarium graminearum.sucrose non-fermenting 1 (snf1) protein kinase complex is a heterotrimer that functions in energy homeostasis in eukaryotes by regulating transcription of glucose-repressible genes. our previous study revealed that snf1 of the homothallic ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum plays important roles in vegetative growth, sexual development, and virulence. in this study, we further identified the components of the snf1 complex in f. graminearum and characterized their functions. we found that the ...201424057127
crystal structures, vibrational spectra, and fungicidal activity of 1,5-diaryl-3-oxypyrazoles.the aryloxypyrazole structure is present in a number of bioactive molecules. four 1,5-diaryl-3-oxypyrazoles containing benzoyl (i), thiazolidinethione (ii and iii) or per-o-acetylated glucopyranosyl (iv) moieties were characterized by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. compounds i and ii crystallize in a triclinic p-1 system, whereas iii and iv crystallize in an orthorhombic pbca and a monoclinic p21 space groups, respectively. the dihedral angles between the two benzene rings of the pyrazole are ...201424451250
detection and dynamics of different carbendazim-resistance conferring β-tubulin variants of gibberella zeae collected from infected wheat heads and rice stubble in china.carbendazim has been used in the control of fusarium head blight (fhb) for more than 30 years in china. thus, carbendazim-resistant (car(r) ) populations of gibberella zeae have developed in some areas. in this study, 9341 g. zeae isolates were collected from the ten main wheat-producing regions of china in the period from 2008 to 2012, and sensitivity to carbendazim was detected.201424302656
quantifying the effects of fusarium head blight on grain yield and test weight in soft red winter wheat.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum, is known to negatively affect wheat grain yield (yld) and test weight (tw). however, very little emphasis has been placed on formally quantifying fhb-yld and fhb-tw relationships. field plots of three soft red winter wheat cultivars-'cooper' (susceptible to fhb), 'hopewell' (susceptible), and 'truman' (moderately resistant)-were grown during the 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 seasons, and spray inoculated with spore suspensions o ...201525317842
functional analysis of the fusarium graminearum phosphatome.phosphatases are known to play important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes in eukaryotes. however, systematic characterization of the phosphatome has not been reported in phytopathogenic fungi. the wheat scab fungus fusarium graminearum contains 82 putative phosphatases. the biological functions of each phosphatase were investigated in this study. although 11 phosphatase genes appeared to be essential, deletion mutants of the other 71 phosphatase genes were obtained and chara ...201525758923
host-induced gene silencing of an essential chitin synthase gene confers durable resistance to fusarium head blight and seedling blight in wheat.fusarium head blight (fhb) and fusarium seedling blight (fsb) of wheat, caused by fusarium pathogens, are devastating diseases worldwide. we report the expression of rna interference (rnai) sequences derived from an essential fusarium graminearum (fg) virulence gene, chitin synthase (chs) 3b, as a method to enhance resistance of wheat plants to fungal pathogens. deletion of chs3b was lethal to fg; disruption of the other chs gene family members generated knockout mutants with diverse impacts on ...201525735638
a wheat abc transporter contributes to both grain formation and mycotoxin tolerance.the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) acts as a disease virulence factor for fusarium fungi, and tolerance of don enhances wheat resistance to fusarium head blight (fhb) disease. two variants of an atp-binding cassette (abc) family c transporter gene were cloned from don-treated wheat mrna, namely taabcc3.1 and taabcc3.2. these represent two of three putative genes identified on chromosomes 3a, 3b, and 3d of the wheat genome sequence. variant taabcc3.1 represents the don-responsive transcript previ ...201525732534
chromosome engineering, mapping, and transferring of resistance to fusarium head blight disease from elymus tsukushiensis into wheat.this manuscript describes the transfer and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a novel source of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum schwabe [telomorph = gibberella zeae (schwein. fr.) petch] is an important disease of bread wheat, triticum aestivum l. (2n = 6x = 42, aabbdd) worldwide. wheat has limited resistance to fhb controlled by many loci and new sources of resistance are urgently needed. the perennial grass e ...201525726000
fgk3 glycogen synthase kinase is important for development, pathogenesis, and stress responses in fusarium graminearum.wheat scab caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease. in a previous study, the fgk3 glycogen synthase kinase gene orthologous to mammalian gsk3 was identified as an important virulence factor. although gsk3 orthologs are well-conserved, none of them have been functionally characterized in fungal pathogens. in this study, we further characterized the roles of fgk3 gene. the δfgk3 mutant had pleiotropic defects in growth rate, conidium morphology, germination, and perithecium formatio ...201525703795
altered gene expression profiles of wheat genotypes against fusarium head blight.fusarium graminearum is responsible for fusarium head blight (fhb), which is a destructive disease of wheat that makes its quality unsuitable for end use. to understand the temporal molecular response against this pathogen, microarray gene expression analysis was carried out at two time points on three wheat genotypes, the spikes of which were infected by fusarium graminearum. the greatest number of genes was upregulated in nobeokabouzu-komugi followed by sumai 3, whereas the minimum expression ...201525690694
deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fusarium graminearum contamination of cereal straw; field distribution; and sampling of big bales.sampling of straw bales from wheat, barley, and oats was carried out after harvest showing large variations in deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zen) levels. in the wheat field, don was detected in all straw samples with an average don concentration of 976 μg/kg and a median of 525 μg/kg, while in four bales, the concentrations were above 3000 μg/kg. for zen, the concentrations were more uniform with an average concentration of 11 μg/kg. the barley straw bales were all positive for don with ...201525665688
a proteomics survey on wheat susceptibility to fusarium head blight during grain development.the mycotoxigenic fungal species fusarium graminearum is able to attack several important cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. by causing fusarium head blight (fhb) disease, f. graminearum induces yield and quality losses and poses a public health concern due to in planta mycotoxin production. the molecular and physiological plant responses to fhb, and the cellular biochemical pathways used by f. graminearum to complete its infectious process remain still unknown. in this study, a proteomics ...201525663750
trichothecene genotype composition of fusarium graminearum not differentiated among isolates from maize stubble, maize ears, wheat spikes, and the atmosphere in new york.in order to test the hypothesis that the trichothecene genotype composition of local populations of fusarium graminearum is structured by specific habitats, a collection of 1,407 isolates was obtained from overwintered maize stubble, mature maize ears and wheat spikes, and the atmosphere 1.5 m aboveground during the flowering stage of these crops. these isolates were sampled at three diverse agricultural locations in new york state: namely, aurora (sampled in 2012 and 2013) in central new york, ...201525651052
whole-genome sequencing reveals that mutations in myosin-5 confer resistance to the fungicide phenamacril in fusarium graminearum.to determine the mechanism of resistance to the fungicide phenamacril (js399-19) in fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight, we sequenced and annotated the genome of the resistant strain yp-1 (generated by treating the f. graminearum reference strain ph-1 with phenamacril). of 1.4 million total reads from an illumina-based paired-end sequencing assay, 92.80% were aligned to the f. graminearum reference genome. compared with strain ph-1, strain yp-1 contained 1,989 single-n ...201525648042
synchrotron based phase contrast x-ray imaging combined with ftir spectroscopy reveals structural and biomolecular differences in spikelets play a significant role in resistance to fusarium in wheat.fusarium head blight (fhb), a scab principally caused by fusarium graminearum schw., is a serious disease of wheat. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of combining synchrotron based phase contrast x-ray imaging (pci) with fourier transform mid infrared (ftir) spectroscopy to understand the mechanisms of resistance to fhb by resistant wheat cultivars. our hypothesis is that structural and biochemical differences between resistant and susceptible cultivars play a significant ro ...201525628148
fss1 is involved in the regulation of an ena5 homologue for sodium and lithium tolerance in fusarium graminearum.sodium is an abundant cation required for protein function and maintenance of cellular osmotic homeostasis. high concentrations of sodium are toxic, and fungi have evolved efficient sodium efflux systems. in this study, we characterized a novel sodium tolerance mechanism in the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum. fusarium graminearum sodium sensitive 1 (fss1) is a nuclear transcription factor with a zn(ii)2 cys6 fungal-type dna-binding domain required for sodium tolerance. rna-seq and genetic s ...201525627458
cell wall traits as potential resources to improve resistance of durum wheat against fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, one of the causal agents of fusarium head blight (fhb, scab), leads to severe losses in grain yield and quality due to the production of mycotoxins which are harmful to human and livestock. different traits for fhb resistance in wheat were identified for common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) while the sources of fhb resistance in durum wheat (triticum turgidum ssp. durum), one of the cereals most susceptible to f. graminearum infection, have not been found. new lines of evide ...201525597920
deoxynivalenol induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in animal primary cell culture.deoxynivalenol (don), a mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum, is widely found as a contaminant of food. don is responsible for a wide range of toxic activities, including gastro-intestinal, lymphoid, bone-marrow and cardiotoxicity. but, the complete explorations of toxicity in terms of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as well have not been documented well. again, the mechanisms through which don damages the dna and promotes cellular toxicity are not well establ ...201525578892
fusarium head blight symptom discrimination: a useful tool in the field evaluation of fungicide treatments.fusarium head blight (fhb) is one of the major diseases affecting wheat. it is caused by a complex of fungal species, resulting in yield losses and health problems due to mycotoxin production. the presence of multiple fungal species on wheat ears, with varying responses to active fungicide ingredients used in the field, makes the disease difficult to manage. in order to evaluate the efficacy of the timing of applications (at gs 39, gs 61 and gs 39+61) of a prothioconazole + fluoxastrobin-based f ...201527141745
biogeography of fusarium graminearum species complex and chemotypes: a review.differences in the geographic distribution of distinct trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat and barley were first recorded two decades ago. the different toxicological properties of deoxynivalenol (don), nivalenol (niv) and their acetylated derivatives require careful monitoring of the dynamics of these mycotoxins and their producers. the phylogenetic species concept has become a valuable tool to study the global occurrence of mycotoxin-producing fusarium species. this has revolutionised our views ...201525530109
deoxynivalenol-sulfates: identification and quantification of novel conjugated (masked) mycotoxins in wheat.we report the identification of deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate and deoxynivalenol-15-sulfate as two novel metabolites of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat. wheat ears which were either artificially infected with fusarium graminearum or directly treated with the major fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (don) were sampled 96 h after treatment. reference standards, which have been chemically synthesized and confirmed by nmr, were used to establish a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionizat ...201525492089
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