Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| interferon-gamma deficiency reveals that 129sv mice are inherently more susceptible to anaplasma phagocytophilum than c57bl/6 mice. | immunocompetent mice 129sv (129) and c57bl/6 (b6) mice are similarly susceptible to anaplasma phagocytophilum. we now show that 129 mice lacking interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) develop more severe infection with a. phagocytophilum than ifn-gamma deficient b6 mice. these data demonstrate that there is an inherent increased susceptibility of 129 mice, compared with b6 mice, to a. phagocytophilum that can only be discerned in the absence of ifn-gamma. | 2004 | 15477043 |
| molecular and serologic evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cats in north america. | anaplasma phagocytophilum dna was detected in blood of clinically ill cats from massachusetts (n = 4) and connecticut (1) by use of polymerase chain reaction assay and dna sequencing. all 5 cats were allowed outdoors, and ixodes scapularis were found on 3 cats. clinical signs of fever, anorexia, and lethargy resolved quickly after treatment with doxycycline or tetracycline. serum samples from each cat reacted with a. phagocytophilum morulae via an indirect fluorescent antibody assay; positive an ... | 2004 | 15485049 |
| transfusion-transmitted tick-borne infections: a cornucopia of threats. | over the past several decades, the frequency of contact between humans and ticks has increased dramatically. concomitantly, several newly recognized tick-borne pathogens have emerged joining those already known to be transmitted by ticks. together these factors have led to an enhanced public health awareness of ticks, tick-borne agents, and their associated diseases. reports that several of these agents are transmitted by blood transfusion have raised concerns about blood safety. the primary age ... | 2004 | 15497129 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna in ixodes ticks (acari: ixodidae) from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal. | a total of 278 ixodes ticks, collected from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. six (4%) of 142 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected in madeira island and 1 nymph and 1 male (2%) of 93 i. ventalloi collected in setubal district tested positive for a. phagocytophilum msp2 genes or rrs. infection was not detected among 43 i. ricinus on mainland portugal. all pcr products were confirmed by ... | 2004 | 15498168 |
| high seroprevalence of granulocytic ehrlichiosis distinguishes sheep that were the source of an alimentary epidemic of tick-borne encephalitis. | a sheep herd from which contaminated cheese was produced, causing 21 cases of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in human beings, was tested serologically for the presence of specific antibodies against both the tbe virus (tbev) and anaplasma phagocytophilum, the cause of tick-borne fever (tbf) in ruminants, and compared with three other herds variously exposed to tick bites but without any tbe history. virus-neutralisation (vn) with the tbev strain hypr and cv-1 cells was used in tbe test ... | 2004 | 15515879 |
| sensitive and specific detection of proviral bovine leukemia virus by 5' taq nuclease pcr using a 3' minor groove binder fluorogenic probe. | sensitive assays are required to detect proviral bovine leukemia virus (blv) in donor cattle used for the in vivo preparation of australian tick fever vaccines. 5' taq nuclease assays using 3' minor groove binder dna probes (taqmanmgb) were developed and compared to conventional pcr assays for sensitive detection of australian blv. seven beef and dairy herds were screened using dna prepared by a variety of protocols to evaluate these tests. comparative sensitivities of pcr tests were determined ... | 2004 | 14667532 |
| a novel antigen from anaplasma marginale: characterization, expression and preliminary evaluation of the recombinant protein. | through a process of protein fractionation and vaccination we previously identified four native antigens that confer a degree of protection against challenge with anaplasma marginale. one of these, ana 29 has been successfully cloned and sequenced using degenerate primers designed to n-terminal and internal peptide sequences. the full-length gene codes for a protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 27 kda and pi 8.6. the sequence is highly conserved, showing 99% identity between two austra ... | 2004 | 14670322 |
| bacterial responses to neutrophil phagocytosis. | this review focuses on adaptive bacterial interactions with neutrophils, emphasizing information communicated within the past year about bacterial factors that respond to contact with or phagocytosis by pmn. | 2004 | 14676620 |
| the cd4+ t cell immunodominant anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 stimulates gammadelta t cell clones that express unique t cell receptors. | major surface protein 2 (msp2) of the bovine rickettsial pathogen anaplasma marginale is an abundant, serologically immunodominant outer membrane protein. immunodominance partially results from numerous cd4+ t cell epitopes in highly conserved amino and carboxy regions and the central hypervariable region of msp2. however, in long-term cultures of lymphocytes stimulated with a. marginale, workshop cluster 1 (wc1)+ gammadelta t cells and cd4+ alphabeta t cells proliferated, leading to a predomina ... | 2005 | 15522917 |
| seroprevalence estimation and risk factors for a. marginale on smallholder dairy farms in tanzania. | a cross-sectional serological survey of a. marginale was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms in each of the tanga and iringa regions of tanzania between january and april 1999. sera, from dairy cattle of all ages, sexes and breeds were tested for antibodies against a. marginale using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibodies to a. marginale were present in cattle throughout the study areas and the overall prevalence was 20% for tanga and 37% for iringa. the force ... | 2005 | 16619876 |
| [diagnostics of human granulocytic anaplasmosis]. | diagnostics of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. human granulocytic anaplasmosis is one of recently emerging tick-borne diseases. the paper summarizes current opinions on diagnostics of this zoonosis, including the recent recommendations of escar (european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases study group on coxiella, anaplasma, rickettsia and bartonella). | 2005 | 16838619 |
| anaplasma platys: an improved pcr for its detection in dogs. | this study compares two pcr assays for the detection of anaplasma platys in dog blood using primers based on the a. platys 16s rrna gene. the first approach utilized a "standard" pcr protocol composed of a "single-step" direct amplification using an ehrlichia genus-specific primer set. the second assay being a "nested" pcr screen that first involved a universal bacterial primer set that amplified the majority of the 16s rrna gene, followed by the nested round of pcr using an a. platys-specific p ... | 2005 | 15713449 |
| prevalence of ehrlichia canis infection in thrombocytopenic dogs from rio de janeiro, brazil. | infection with ehrlichia canis causes a highly variable, multisystemic disease in dogs. nevertheless, many clinicians in rio de janeiro, brazil, use the presence of only thrombocytopenia to make a presumptive diagnosis of e canis infection. | 2005 | 15732017 |
| human granulocytic anaplasmosis and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tickborne rickettsial infection of neutrophils caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. the human disease was first identified in 1990, although the pathogen was defined as a veterinary agent in 1932. since 1990, us cases have markedly increased, and infections are now recognized in europe. a high international seroprevalence suggests infection is widespread but unrecognized. the niche for a. phagocytophilum, the neutrophil, indicates that the pathogen has unique ... | 2005 | 16485466 |
| [rickettsia helvetica: an emerging tick-borne pathogen in hungary and europe]. | rickettsia helvetica belonging to spotted fever group rickettsiae was recently detected by polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing in european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) from hungary. current knowledge on these rickettsiae and the clinical and diagnostic aspects of r. helvetica infection is summarized. in acute cases, r. helvetica is generally responsible for flu-like symptoms. nevertheless, recent data indicate that in chronic cases, these rickettsiae can be responsible for perimyoca ... | 2005 | 16440500 |
| detection of a non-pathogenic variant of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus from la rioja, spain. | our aim was to identify variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum 16s rrna gene sequences among products amplified from ixodes ricinus collected in la rioja, spain. a. phagocytophilum ap-variant 1, reported as non-pathogenic, was detected in 12 samples (two adults and ten nymphs). this finding could justify the low incidence of human anaplasmosis in our area, despite the high prevalence of a. phagocytophilum in ticks. | 2005 | 16481536 |
| anaplasma and ehrlichia infection. | human and animal infections by anaplasmataceae are increasingly recognized as important and potentially fatal arthropod-transmitted diseases. since the first recognition and implementation of diagnostic methods for human infection by ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum, the incidence of infections has linearly increased. moreover, diagnostic and epidemiological testing indicates that "ehrlichia" infections are globally distributed and suggests that additional agents of human and ... | 2005 | 16481544 |
| the interactions of anaplasma phagocytophilum, endothelial cells, and human neutrophils. | ixodes scapularis ticks transmit anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap), agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga). invasion of neutrophil granulocytes (pmn) by ap is the hallmark of the disease, but these short-lived phagocytes are not likely the sole cell type required for productive infection. we analyzed infection of microvascular endothelial cells during pathogenesis of anaplasmosis in vivo and in vitro. organs from ap-infected mice were processed for confocal microscopy 41 days p.i. fluoresce ... | 2005 | 16481545 |
| mechanisms of immunological control of anaplasma phagocytophilum in mice. | 2005 | 16481549 | |
| platelet dysfunction after association with anaplasma phagocytophilum in vitro. | granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tick-borne, zoonotic disease caused by an obligate intracellular granulocytotropic bacterium, anaplasma phagocytophilum. a. phagocytophilum and other anaplasma and ehrlichia spp. have been variably implicated with an associated hematologic alteration, platelet dysfunction, that can result in potentially serious clinical sequelae including hemorrhage. the objective of this work was to define an in vitro model to assess alterations in platelet function associated wit ... | 2005 | 16481550 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection reduces expression of phagocytosis-related receptors on neutrophils. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacterium of neutrophils that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. previous data confirm that in vitro infection by a. phagocytophilum modifies neutrophil functions, including a 50% or greater reduction in phagocytosis and shedding of neutrophil cell surface adhesion molecule receptors. if these receptors are downregulated or shed from the surface of neutrophils with a. phagocytophilum infection, it may prevent neutrophils ... | 2005 | 16481551 |
| innate immune tissue injury and murine hga: tissue injury in the murine model of granulocytic anaplasmosis relates to host innate immune response and not pathogen load. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular tick-borne bacterium that propagates within neutrophils and causes human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga). in the murine model of hga, host immune response plays a more important role in histopathologic lesions than does pathogen load. we examined the role of cybb, nos2, and tnfalpha as effectors of innate immune-related injury. our hypothesis is that the innate immune response to a. phagocytophilum results in inflammatory histopat ... | 2005 | 16481553 |
| prophylactic use of sustained-release doxycycline blocks tick-transmitted infection by anaplasma phagocytophilum in a murine model. | a sustained-release formulation of doxycycline hyclate was tested for its ability to block anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in mice. mice treated with sustained-release doxycycline showed no splenomegaly and their blood samples were negative by pcr on days 7, 14, and 21. control mice treated with either oral doxycycline or water had significant splenomegaly and were pcr positive at multiple time points. the sustained-release doxycycline formulation was shown to be efficacious for preventing t ... | 2005 | 16481556 |
| concentration of procalcitonin and c-reactive protein in patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis and the initial phase of tick-borne encephalitis. | the aim of this prospective study was to assess the value of procalcitonin (pct) level and serum concentration of c-reactive protein (crp) in differentiating viral from bacterial infection in selected groups of patients, including those with acute human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), which is caused by an intracellular bacteria anaplasma phagocytophilum, and patients with the initial phase of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), which is a viral disease caused by an rna virus belonging to the flaviv ... | 2005 | 16481557 |
| [prevalence of antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti i borrelia burgdorferi in adults in north-eastern poland]. | of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalance of antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in healthy north-eastern poland, adult population. | 2005 | 16521416 |
| the impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in limpopo province, south africa. | a 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the bushbuckridge region, limpopo province, south africa. the main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. to this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were ass ... | 2005 | 16642719 |
| [an epidemiological survey of equine anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum) in southern france]. | anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum and transmitted by ixodes spp. ticks. according to some reports the disease can be introduced into disease-free zones by migrating birds. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of a. phagocytophilum in horses in the camargue. data concerning 424 horses were gathered and the sera were tested for a. phagocytophilum and for piroplasmoses using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a complement fixation test, ... | 2005 | 16642760 |
| structural basis for segmental gene conversion in generation of anaplasma marginale outer membrane protein variants. | bacterial pathogens in the genus anaplasma generate surface coat variants by gene conversion of chromosomal pseudogenes into single-expression sites. these pseudogenes encode unique surface-exposed hypervariable regions flanked by conserved domains, which are identical to the expression site flanking domains. in addition, anaplasma marginale generates variants by recombination of oligonucleotide segments derived from the pseudogenes into the existing expression site copy, resulting in a combinat ... | 2005 | 15948961 |
| evaluation of the recombinant lipl32 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis. | the recombinant leptospiral protein lipl32 was evaluated for use in the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rlipl32 igg elisa). the microscopic agglutination test (mat) of 150 serum samples from cattle suspected of leptospirosis showed that 125 (83.3%) samples had positive reciprocal agglutination titres, which ranged from 100 to 1600. the highest titres were observed for the serovars hardjoprajitno and bratislava. in the rlipl32 igg elisa, 83.3% of the sample ... | 2005 | 15950404 |
| microscopic and clinical evidence for anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum infection in italian cats. | fifteen cats from italy with ehrlichia-like inclusion bodies in their neutrophils were studied. they were diagnosed with anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum infection on the basis of cytological observation of morulae within 1 to 21 per cent of their neutrophils, clinical signs characteristic of ehrlichiosis and their response to doxycycline. the predominant signs of disease were anorexia, lethargy, hyperaesthesia, muscle and joint pain, lameness, neck rigidity, lymphadenomegaly, gingivitis/pe ... | 2005 | 15951500 |
| molecular detection of a new anaplasma species closely related to anaplasma phagocytophilum in canine blood from south africa. | canine dna samples from south africa were found to contain 16s rrna gene nucleotide and citrate synthase gene nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences that were most similar to anaplasma phagocytophilum: 98%, 66%, and 69% similarity, respectively. this suggests that a new anaplasma species closely related to a. phagocytophilum occurs in africa. | 2005 | 15956424 |
| western gray squirrel (rodentia: sciuridae): a primary reservoir host of borrelia burgdorferi in californian oak woodlands? | in california, dense woodlands have been recognized as important biotopes where humans are exposed to the nymphal stage of the western blacklegged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls, the primary vector of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), in the far-western united states. to identify the principal reservoir host(s) of this spirochete, and of closely related spirochetes in the b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, in dense woodlands in mendocino county, ... | 2005 | 15962792 |
| relative encounter frequencies and prevalence of selected borrelia, ehrlichia, and anaplasma infections in amblyomma americanum and ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) ticks from central new jersey. | to evaluate their relative importance in tick-borne disease transmission in new jersey, host-seeking amblyomma americanum (l.) and ixodes scapularis say adults and nymphs were collected during spring activity periods in 2003 and 2004 to determine relative frequencies at which these ticks were encountered from an area known to be hyperendemic for lyme disease. although similar numbers of the two species were encountered during early spring of both years, a. americanum were encountered more often ... | 2005 | 15962799 |
| presence of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in southern kettle moraine state forest, wisconsin, and characterization of strain w97f51. | lyme disease, caused by borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner; babesiosis, caused by babesia microti franca; and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum bakken & dumler have been reported in wisconsin, mainly in the endemic areas of the northwestern part of the state. people exposed to blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, from this region can potentially contract one or all of these diseases concurrently. within the past several year ... | 2005 | 15962800 |
| detection of rickettsia, borrelia, and bartonella in carios kelleyi (acari: argasidae). | carios kelleyi (colley & kohls 1941), a tick associated with bats and bat habitats, has been reported to feed on humans, but there is little published data regarding the presence of vector-borne pathogens in these ticks. c. kelleyi nymphs and adults were collected from residential and community buildings in jackson county, iowa, and tested by polymerase chain reaction for rickettsia, borrelia, bartonella, coxiella, and anaplasma. rickettsia dna was detected in 28 of 31 live ticks. sequences of t ... | 2005 | 15962801 |
| [ehrlichiosis and human anaplasmosis]. | human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various species of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). to date, only cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly human granulocytic ehrlichia, ehrlichia phagocytophila, and e. equi) have been diagnosed in europe. hga and lyme borreliosis are closely related diseases that share vector and reservoirs. in addition to hga, human monocytic ehrlichiosis ... | 2005 | 15970171 |
| molecular detection of anaplasma platys in lice collected from dogs in australia. | 2005 | 15971830 | |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a dog: identifying the causative agent using pcr. | a diagnosis of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection was confirmed in a two-year-old male golden retriever displaying few clinical and haematological abnormalities. this was achieved by demonstrating ehrlichial organisms in circulating neutrophils, by indirect immunofluorescence assay using a phagocytophilum as an antigen, and by detecting dna specific for the 16s rrna gene of granulocytic anaplasma by pcr. after treatment with doxycycline for 10 days the dog showed improvement and the laboratory ... | 2005 | 15971902 |
| modulation of nb4 promyelocytic leukemic cell machinery by anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that persists within neutrophils. we assessed the impact of a. phagocytophilum infection in nb4 promyelocytic leukemic cells using high-density oligoarray, two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. our affymetrix data revealed that a. phagocytophilum altered the expression of transcription factors, cell adhesion molecules, signal transduction genes, and proinflammator ... | 2005 | 16005178 |
| clinical, epidemiologic, and environmental surveillance for ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in an endemic area of northern california. | two forms of tick-borne leukocytotropic rickettsioses have been recognized in california since the mid-1990s: human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme) caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. between 1997 and 1999, two cases of hme and four cases of hga were diagnosed in residents of southern humboldt county, california. environmental followup at case-patients' residences revealed dense populations of ixodes pacificus ticks, particu ... | 2005 | 16007950 |
| environmental factors associated with bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seropositivity in free-ranging coyotes from northern california. | bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is a newly recognized pathogen of domestic dogs and humans. coyotes (canis latrans) are considered an important reservoir of this bacterium in the western united states, but its vectors are still unknown. our objective was to identify environmental factors associated with bartonella antibody prevalence in 239 coyotes from northern california, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in addition, associations were evaluated between b. v. berkhoffii and two ... | 2005 | 16011426 |
| detection of ehrlichia spp. in raccoons (procyon lotor) from georgia. | raccoons (procyonis lotor) and opossums (didelphis virginianus) acquired from six contiguous counties in the piedmont physiographic region of georgia were investigated for their potential role in the epidemiology of ehrlichial and anaplasmal species. serum was tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assay for the presence of antibodies reactive to ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. canis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum (hga agent). nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was used to test whole ... | 2005 | 16011433 |
| survey of tickborne infections in denmark. | we conducted a study of the distribution and prevalence of tickborne infections in denmark by using roe deer as sentinels. blood samples from 237 roe deer were collected during the 2002-2003 hunting season. overall, 36.6% of deer were borrelia seropositive, while 95.6% were anaplasma phagocytophilum positive; all animals were negative for bartonella quintana and b. henselae by indirect immunofluorescence assay. when a hemagglutination-inhibition test was used, 8.7% of deer were found positive fo ... | 2005 | 16022780 |
| spatial and management factors associated with exposure of smallholder dairy cattle in tanzania to tick-borne pathogens. | a cross-sectional study of serum antibody responses of cattle to tick-borne pathogens (theileria parva, theileria mutans,anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) was conducted on smallholder dairy farms in tanga and iringa regions of tanzania. seroprevalence was highest for t. parva (48% in iringa and 23% in tanga) and b. bigemina (43% in iringa and 27% in tanga) and lowest for b. bovis (12% in iringa and 6% in tanga). we use spatial and non-spatial models, fitted using classical ... | 2005 | 16023121 |
| a case of sweet syndrome associated with human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, or sweet syndrome (ss), is a condition that is presumed to be triggered by infectious disease agents. we report a case of ss associated with human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), which is of interest because anaplasma phagocytophilum infects, multiplies in, and disrupts the function of neutrophils, the key infiltrating cell in ss. | 2005 | 16027306 |
| risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases among workers of roztocze national park (south-eastern poland). | the objective of the present study was to assess the risk of borreliosis and anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis) among the forestry workers of the roztocze national park (south-eastern poland) by examination of ixodes ricinus ticks living in park area with pcr method, and by the serological and clinical examination of the workers. in 406 examined ticks, the prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 11.5 %. the nested pcr reaction for determining the genospecies showed that the mos ... | 2005 | 16028877 |
| prevalence of infection with francisella tularensis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents from an endemic focus of tularemia in bulgaria. | the prevalence of francisella tularensis, borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents is a determinant for their role in maintaining pathogens in the environment. a total of 169 rodents, trapped in an endemic focus of tularemia, were examined by pcr to asses the frequency of infection with the etiological agents of tularemia, lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the overall prevalence of f. tularensis was 22 %. in 6 % of the black rats, f. tularensis was identi ... | 2005 | 16028881 |
| establishment of cloned anaplasma phagocytophilum and analysis of p44 gene conversion within an infected horse and infected scid mice. | diverse p44 alleles at the p44 expression locus (p44es) encoding surface-exposed major membrane proteins, p44s, of anaplasma phagocytophilum were hypothesized to be garnered by recombination to enact antigenic variation. however, this hypothesis has not been proven so far, due to inability to clone this obligate intragranulocytic rickettsia. to define the p44e recombination, we developed a novel method to clone a. phagocytophilum. this isogenic cloned population containing a defined p44e was use ... | 2005 | 16041027 |
| serologic and molecular characterization of anaplasma species infection in farm animals and ticks from sicily. | although anaplasma marginale was known to be endemic in italy, the diversity of anaplasma spp. from this area have not been characterized. in this study, the prevalence of anaplasma spp. antibodies in randomly selected farm animals collected on the island of sicily was determined by use of a msp5 celisa for anaplasma spp. and an immunofluorescence test specific for anaplasma phagocytophilum. genetic variation among strains of anaplasma spp. from animals and ticks was characterized using the a. m ... | 2005 | 16043300 |
| [tick-borne pathogens in central europe]. | 2005 | 16053190 | |
| experimental infection of white-tailed deer with anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | serologic and molecular evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum has been demonstrated in white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus), and deer are an important host for the tick vector ixodes scapularis. in this study, we describe experimental infection of wtd with a. phagocytophilum. we inoculated four wtd with a human isolate of a. phagocytophilum propagated in tick cells. two additional deer served as negative controls. all inoculated deer developed antibodies (titers, > or =64) to a. phago ... | 2005 | 16081884 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum, sardinia, italy. | 2005 | 16110587 | |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma marginale strains from cattle farms in the province of palermo, sicily. | bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia anaplasma marginale, is endemic in sicily and results in economic loss to the cattle industry. this study was designed to characterize strains of a. marginale at the molecular level from cattle in the province of palermo, sicily. seropositivity of cattle >or=1 year old for a. marginale in the study area ranged from 62% to 100%. the observed prevalence of a. marginale infections in cattle herds ranged from 25% to 100%. two predominant a. ma ... | 2005 | 16115096 |
| relative efficiency of biological transmission of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) by dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) compared with mechanical transmission by stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae). | anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen of cattle that also can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies. rickettsemia during the acute phase of infection may reach as high as 10(9) infected erythrocytes (ies) per milliliter of blood. animals that survive acute infection develop a life-long persistent infection that cycles between 10(2.5) and 10(7) ie/ ml of blood. we compared stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) -borne mechanical transmission during ... | 2005 | 16119558 |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. | the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. an understanding of the diversity of anaplasma major surface proteins (msps), including those msps that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. information concerning the genetic diversity of anaplasma spp. msps will likely influ ... | 2005 | 16164010 |
| serological evidence of infection of anaplasma and ehrlichia in domestic animals in xinjiang uygur autonomous region area, china. | serological methods were utilized to detect anaplasma and ehrlichia infection in domestic animals in xinjiang uygur autonomous region, china. by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), antibodies that reacted with anaplasmaphagocytophilum and ehrlichiachaffeensis were detected mainly in ruminants kept on pastureland in altai, ili and kashgar area. antibody titers up to 1:320 were recorded. these results indicate that ruminants kept in these areas may be infected with some species of an ... | 2005 | 16169663 |
| 70-year-old man with fever, shaking chills, and weakness. | 2005 | 16178501 | |
| tick species and tick-borne infections identified in population from a rural area of spain. | to determine the tick species that bite humans in the province of soria (spain) and ascertain the tick-borne pathogens that threaten people's health in that province, 185 tick specimens were collected from 179 patients who sought medical advice at health-care centres. the ticks were identified, and their dna examined by pcr for pathogens. most ticks were collected in autumn and spring (59 and 57 respectively). nine species of ticks were identified, the most frequent being dermacentor marginatus ... | 2005 | 16181517 |
| infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in a seronegative patient in sicily, italy: case report. | anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in humans, which has been recognized as an emerging tick-borne disease in the united states and europe. although about 65 cases of hga have been reported in europe, some of them do not fulfill the criteria for confirmed hga. confirmation of hga requires a. phagocytophilum isolation from blood, and/or identification of morulae in granulocytes and/or positive pcr results with subsequent sequencing of the amplicons to demonstrat ... | 2005 | 16202127 |
| distinctly different msp2 pseudogene repertoires in anaplasma marginale strains that are capable of superinfection. | lifelong persistent infection of cattle is a hallmark of the tick transmitted pathogen anaplasma marginale. antigenic variation of major surface protein 2 (msp2) plays an important role in evasion of the host immune response to allow persistence. antigenic variation of msp2 is achieved by gene conversion of pseudogenes into the single operon linked expression site and the diversity of variants is defined by the pseudogene repertoire. once an animal is persistently infected with one strain of a. ... | 2005 | 16202540 |
| equine and canine anaplasma phagocytophilum strains isolated on the island of sardinia (italy) are phylogenetically related to pathogenic strains from the united states. | the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted zoonotic pathogen, was investigated in sardinia using a molecular approach. phylogenetic analysis revealed that sardinian strains are genetically distinct from the two lineages previously described in europe and are closely related to strains isolated in different areas of the united states. | 2005 | 16204571 |
| [evaluation of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard using an anaplasma marginale field data set]. | the evaluation of newly developed diagnostic tests (tests) commonly involves the comparison of the test outcomes (pos/neg.) of a sample of animals to those of a reference test (gold standard) in order to derive sensitivity and specificity estimates. often, however, new tests have to be evaluated against an imperfect reference test since a true gold standard test is either too expensive or too costly to apply. this results in bias in the test characteristic estimates. to solve this problem, laten ... | 2005 | 16206931 |
| serologic cross-reactivity between anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | in the context of a serosurvey conducted on the anaplasma marginale prevalence in swiss cattle, we suspected that a serological cross-reactivity between a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum might exist. in the present study we demonstrate that cattle, sheep and horses experimentally infected with a. phagocytophilum not only develop antibodies to a. phagocytophilum (detected by immunofluorescent-antibody assay) but also to a. marginale (detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). ... | 2005 | 16210480 |
| intrahaplotype and interhaplotype pairing of bovine leukocyte antigen dqa and dqb molecules generate functional dq molecules important for priming cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses. | antigen-specific cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses are restricted by major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules, which influence t-cell priming during infection. human leukocyte antigen (hla) and bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3 and dq genes are polymorphic, but unlike hla, many bola haplotypes have duplicated dq genes, and antibody-blocking studies indicated that bola-dq molecules present various pathogen epitopes. limited experimentation also suggested that bola-dq molecules formed by ... | 2005 | 16220347 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection (granulocytic anaplasmosis) in a dog from vancouver island. | a 7-year-old labrador retriever had nonspecific clinical signs that included lethargy, malaise, and difficult ambulation. the dog was native to vancouver island, british columbia, and had never left this area. morulae were identified in polymorphonuclear cells. serologic studies and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing confirmed canine anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. the dog recovered after treatment with tetracycline. | 2005 | 16231653 |
| detection of medically important ehrlichia by quantitative multicolor taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction of the dsb gene. | ehrlichia species are the etiological agents of emerging and life-threatening tick-borne human zoonoses, in addition to causing serious and fatal infections in companion animals and livestock. we developed the first tricolor taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction assay capable of simultaneously detecting and discriminating medically important ehrlichiae in a single reaction. analytical sensitivity of 50 copies per reaction was attained with templates from ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia ewi ... | 2005 | 16237220 |
| effects of anaplasma phagocytophilum on host cell ferritin mrna and protein levels. | ferritin is a major intracellular iron storage protein and also functions as a cytoprotectant by sequestering iron to minimize the formation of reactive oxygen species. anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that colonizes neutrophils. we have previously reported that human promyelocytic hl-60 cells infected with a. phagocytophilum demonstrate increased transcription of ferritin heavy chain and also that the bacte ... | 2005 | 16239567 |
| detection of ehrlichial dna in small rodents captured in a woodland area of hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan, where lyme disease is endemic. | the ehrlichial gene was detected in small rodents trapped in a lyme disease-endemic area in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. primer pairs of 16s rdna targeting the genus ehrlichia and other regions of the 16s rdna specific for e. chaffeensis and e. muris were used for identification. the dna fragment specific for 16s rdna of ehrlichia spp. was detected in 4 of 94 apodemus speciosus mice (positive rate: 4.3%) and 5 of 73 clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae mice (positive rate: 6.8%). th ... | 2005 | 16249629 |
| comparative study of anaplasma parasites in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle. | a comparative study on the prevalence of anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during february, march and april. thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had anaplasma marginale, anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively ... | 2005 | 16252338 |
| detection of babesia caballi in amblyomma variegatum ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from cattle in the republic of guinea. | a reverse line blot hybridisation (rlb) assay was applied to screen amblyomma variegatum adult ticks (n = 504) collected from n'dama cattle in the republic of guinea. in a pcr, the v1 hypervariable region of the 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene was amplified with a set of primers unique for species of the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia, and the v4 hypervariable region of the 18s rrna gene was amplified with primers specific for members of the genera theileria and babesia. amplified pcr products fro ... | 2005 | 16252481 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in north norway. the first laboratory confirmed case. | 2005 | 16261930 | |
| a real-time combined polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii. | a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay capable of the simultaneous detection and differentiation of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii was developed using the lightcyclertrade mark instrument (roche applied sciences, indianapolis, in). the assay targets the operon groel of the heat shock protein. base pair mismatches in amplified dna in regions of detection probe hybridization allowed organism differentiation by melting curve analysis. the an ... | 2005 | 16263231 |
| 16s rrna gene-based identification of midgut bacteria from field-caught anopheles gambiae sensu lato and a. funestus mosquitoes reveals new species related to known insect symbionts. | field-collected mosquitoes of the two main malaria vectors in africa, anopheles gambiae sensu lato and anopheles funestus, were screened for their midgut bacterial contents. the midgut from each blood-fed mosquito was screened with two different detection pathways, one culture independent and one culture dependent. bacterial species determination was achieved by sequence analysis of 16s rrna genes. altogether, 16 species from 14 genera were identified, 8 by each method. interestingly, several of ... | 2005 | 16269761 |
| early transcriptional response of human neutrophils to anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, an unusual obligate intracellular pathogen that persists within neutrophils, causes human anaplasmosis (previously known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis). to study the effects of this pathogen on the transcriptional profile of its host cell, we performed a comprehensive dna microarray analysis of the early (4-h) transcriptional response of human neutrophils to a. phagocytophilum infection. a. phagocytophilum infection resulted in the up- and down-regulation of 177 a ... | 2005 | 16299303 |
| identification of novel antigenic proteins in a complex anaplasma marginale outer membrane immunogen by mass spectrometry and genomic mapping. | immunization with purified anaplasma marginale outer membranes induces complete protection against infection that is associated with cd4+ t-lymphocyte-mediated gamma interferon secretion and immunoglobulin g2 (igg2) antibody titers. however, knowledge of the composition of the outer membrane immunogen is limited. recent sequencing and annotation of the a. marginale genome predicts at least 62 outer membrane proteins (omp), enabling a proteomic and genomic approach for identification of novel omp ... | 2005 | 16299305 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum delay of neutrophil apoptosis through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum. the bacterium avoids host innate defenses in part by infecting, surviving in, and propagating in neutrophils, as well as by inhibiting neutrophil apoptosis. however, the mechanisms of a. phagocytophilum survival in neutrophils and the inhibition of spontaneous apoptosis are not well understood. in this study, we demonstrated that antiapoptotic mcl-1 protein (bcl-2 family) expression is ma ... | 2005 | 16299317 |
| molecular evidence of tick-transmitted infections in dogs and cats in the united kingdom. | pcr analysis was used to determine the prevalence of tick-transmitted infections in 120 systemically ill dogs and 60 cats recruited over a period of three months from 52 veterinary practices in the uk. the animals had not travelled outside the uk and had one or more of the following clinical criteria: acute or recurrent pyrexia, anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia, polyarthritis/muscle pain, splenomegaly/lymphadenopathy, and intraocular inflammation with systemic signs. blood samples from the animal ... | 2005 | 16299364 |
| immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia associated with anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog. | a 10-year-old, crossbreed dog was presented with a history of severe lethargy, pyrexia and inappetence of several days' duration. clinical examination revealed pallor of the mucous membranes, petechiae, generalised lymphadenopathy and effusions in multiple joints. laboratory evaluation showed severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia, with positive in-saline agglutination and the presence of antiplatelet antibodies. the dna of anaplasma phagocytophilum, an endemic granulocytic rickettsial parasite, wa ... | 2005 | 16300116 |
| immunity to the ehrlichiae: new tools and recent developments. | discusses recent developments in the study of immunity and host defense against the monocytic ehrlichiae in 2003 and 2004. the review does not address anaplasmoses, as the anaplasmae were recently re-classified into the genus anaplasma, and are distinct in cell tropism from the ehrlichiae. | 2005 | 15864098 |
| insights into pathogen immune evasion mechanisms: anaplasma phagocytophilum fails to induce an apoptosis differentiation program in human neutrophils. | polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns or neutrophils) are essential to human innate host defense. however, some bacterial pathogens circumvent destruction by pmns and thereby cause disease. anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, survives within pmns in part by altering normal host cell processes, such as production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and apoptosis. to investigate the molecular basis of a. phagocytophilum survival within neutrophils, we used affymetrix ... | 2005 | 15879137 |
| antigenicity of ovine strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum grown in tick cells and ovine granulocytes. | antigens prepared from ovine granulocytes and tick cells infected with ovine strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne fever, were tested in respect of their suitability for the assay of antibodies in ovine sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). antigens prepared from tick cells were as sensitive and specific as those expressed in ovine granulocytes for the detection of specific antibodies by elisa, ... | 2005 | 15893990 |
| rapid and long-term disappearance of cd4+ t lymphocyte responses specific for anaplasma marginale major surface protein-2 (msp2) in msp2 vaccinates following challenge with live a. marginale. | in humans and ruminants infected with anaplasma, the major surface protein 2 (msp2) is immunodominant. numerous cd4(+) t cell epitopes in the hypervariable and conserved regions of msp2 contribute to this immunodominance. antigenic variation in msp2 occurs throughout acute and persistent infection, and sequentially emerging variants are thought to be controlled by variant-specific ab. this study tested the hypothesis that challenge of cattle with anaplasma marginale expressing msp2 variants to w ... | 2005 | 15905510 |
| coinfection with anaplasma phagocytophilum alters borrelia burgdorferi population distribution in c3h/hen mice. | borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, and anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis, are both transmitted by ixodes sp. ticks and may occasionally coinfect a host. the population distributions of tick-transmitted b. burgdorferi infection were assessed using quantitative pcr targeting the flab gene of b. burgdorferi in the ear, heart base, quadriceps muscle, skin, and tibiotarsal joint tissue of c3h mice previously infected with a. phagocytophilum. population distribut ... | 2005 | 15908372 |
| lyme disease: point/counterpoint. | lyme disease represents a growing public health threat. the controversial science and politics of lyme disease have created barriers to reliable diagnosis and effective treatment of this protean illness. two major clinical hurdles are the absence of a therapeutic end point in treating borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of lyme disease, and the presence of tickborne coinfections with organisms such as babesia, anaplasma, ehrlichia and bartonella that may complicate the course of the dise ... | 2005 | 15918774 |
| identification and prevalence of ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from korea by pcr, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene. | genomic dnas extracted from 1,288 haemaphysalis longicornis ticks collected from grass vegetation and various animals from nine provinces of korea were subjected to screening by genus-specific (ehrlichia spp. or anaplasma spp.) real-time taqman pcr and speciesspecific (e. chaffeensis) nested-pcr based on amplification of 16s rrna gene fragments. in all, 611 (47.4%) ticks tested positive for genus-specific amplification of 116 bp fragment of 16s rrna of ehrlichia spp. or anaplasma spp. subsequent ... | 2005 | 15933436 |
| identification of functional promoters in the msp2 expression loci of anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | organisms in the family anaplasmataceae are important tick-borne pathogens of livestock worldwide and cause recently emergent infections in humans. despite their medical importance, very little is known about how these organisms regulate gene expression in the mammalian host, the tick vector, or during transition between the host and vector. however, it is clear that gene regulation, in addition to recombinatorial mechanisms, is essential for these small genome pathogens to adapt to distinctly d ... | 2005 | 15935572 |
| ticks and tick-borne disease in guatemalan cattle and horses. | blood samples and ticks were collected from 48 cattle and 74 horses from seven sites in the peten region of guatemala. data on body condition, mucous membrane capillary refill time and tick infestation levels were recorded for each animal in the study. horses had significantly higher levels of tick infestation than cattle, as well as poorer body condition scores. seroprevalence of babesia spp. was 95.8% for b. bovis in cattle, 89.6% for b. bigemina in cattle, and 92.7% for b. equi in horses. ser ... | 2005 | 15936147 |
| a longitudinal study of sero-conversion to tick-borne pathogens in smallholder dairy youngstock in tanzania. | a longitudinal study of sero-conversion of youngstock to the tick-borne pathogens theileria parva, t. mutans, anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and b. bovis was conducted over two years on smallholder dairy farms in tanga region, tanzania. there was evidence of maternal antibodies to all tick-borne pathogens in animals less than 18 weeks of age. seroprevalence increased as expected with age in animals older than this but seroprevalence profiles underestimated the force of infection due to wa ... | 2005 | 15936149 |
| evidence of tick-borne organisms in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from the western united states. | free-ranging mule deer (md; odocoileus hemionus) from arizona and california were tested for evidence of infection with several tick-borne pathogens, including species of ehrlichia, anaplasma, babesia, and borrelia. of 125 mule deer tested from arizona, 29 (23%) and 11 (9%) had antibodies reactive to e. chaffeensis and a. phagocytophilum by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing, respectively; none of the six md tested from california were seropositive. using a commercial competitive elisa ... | 2005 | 16417431 |
| potential vertebrate reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors of anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum in central spain. | organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, a. marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and only infects ticks and ruminants. a. phagocytophilum causes human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis, and genetically closely related strains show a wide host range, including ticks, ruminants, rodents, equids, canids, birds, and humans. recent reports demonstrated that a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum c ... | 2005 | 16417435 |
| serological survey of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle from the semi-arid region of the state of bahia, brazil, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | the objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale detecting antibodies in cattle raised in the semi-arid region of the state of bahia, brazil, through indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and to compare the performances of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with crude (i-elisa-cranaag) and recombinant major surface protein-5 (i-elisa-msp-5ag), as antigens to detect antibodies against a. marginale. an s ... | 2005 | 16302060 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-tailed deer. | we examined the reservoir potential of white-tailed deer for anaplasma phagocytophilum. results suggest that white-tailed deer harbor a variant strain not associated with human infection, but contrary to published reports, white-tailed deer are not a reservoir for strains that cause human disease. these results will affect surveillance studies of vector and reservoir populations. | 2005 | 16318705 |
| tickborne pathogen detection, western siberia, russia. | ixodes persulcatus (n = 125) and dermacentor reticulatus (n = 84) ticks from western siberia, russia, were tested for infection with borrelia, anaplasma/ehrlichia, bartonella, and babesia spp. by using nested polymerase chain reaction assays with subsequent sequencing. i. persulcatus ticks were infected with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (37.6% +/- 4.3% [standard deviation]), anaplasma phagocytophilum (2.4% +/- 1.4%), ehrlichia muris (8.8% +/- 2.5%), and bartonella spp. (37.6% +/- 4.3%). d. re ... | 2005 | 16318722 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected ticks, japan. | we report anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of ixodes persulcatus and i. ovatus ticks in japan. unique p44/msp2 paralogs (and/or 16s rrna genes) were detected in tick tissues, salivary glands, and spleens of experimentally infected mice. these findings indicate the public health threat of anaplasmosis in japan. | 2005 | 16318739 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in cats. | to determine whether cats in the northeastern united states develop serum antibodies against antigens of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum and whether coinfection with the 2 organisms occurs. | 2005 | 16334946 |
| unidirectional suppression of anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes in infected lambs. | five-month-old lambs were simultaneously infected with different doses of two 16s rrna genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum and thereafter followed for clinical observation and blood sampling. the result of the study indicates a unidirectional suppression of genotypes in infected lambs, at least during a certain period of an a. phagocytophilum infection. | 2005 | 16339070 |
| capillary tube feeding system for studying tick-pathogen interactions of dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae) and anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae). | a capillary tube feeding (ctf) system was adapted for studying the interaction between dermacentor variabilis (say) and the rickettsial cattle pathogen anaplasma marginale theiler. a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks that begins in midguts and ends by transmission from salivary glands. in this ctf system, male d. variabilis were fed a. marginale-infected blood or cultured tick cells. ticks that fed on highly rickettsemic calves developed midgut and salivary gland infect ... | 2005 | 16366000 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum inhibits human neutrophil apoptosis via upregulation of bfl-1, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential and prevention of caspase 3 activation. | the inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis plays a central role in human granulocytic anaplasmosis. intracellular signalling pathways through which the obligatory intracellular bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum inhibits the spontaneous apoptosis of human peripheral blood neutrophils were investigated. bfl-1 mrna levels in uninfected neutrophils after 12 h in culture were reduced to approximately 5-25% of 0 h levels, but remained high in infected neutrophils. the eukaryotic rna synthesis inhibitor, ... | 2005 | 15617521 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum modulates gp91phox gene expression through altered interferon regulatory factor 1 and pu.1 levels and binding of ccaat displacement protein. | infection of neutrophil precursors with anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, results in downregulation of the gp91(phox) gene, a key component of nadph oxidase. we now show that repression of gp91(phox) gene transcription is associated with reduced expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (irf-1) and pu.1 in nuclear extracts of a. phagocytophilum-infected cells. loss of pu.1 and irf-1 correlated with increased binding of the repressor, ccaat disp ... | 2005 | 15618156 |
| human cyclic thrombocytopenia and anaplasma spp. infection. | 2005 | 15654914 |