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deciphering early events involved in hyperosmotic stress-induced programmed cell death in tobacco by-2 cells.hyperosmotic stresses represent one of the major constraints that adversely affect plants growth, development, and productivity. in this study, the focus was on early responses to hyperosmotic stress- (nacl and sorbitol) induced reactive oxygen species (ros) generation, cytosolic ca(2+) concentration ([ca(2+)]cyt) increase, ion fluxes, and mitochondrial potential variations, and on their links in pathways leading to programmed cell death (pcd). by using by-2 tobacco cells, it was shown that both ...201424420571
mutation of the erwinia amylovora argd gene causes arginine auxotrophy, nonpathogenicity in apples, and reduced virulence in pears.fire blight is caused by erwinia amylovora and is the most destructive bacterial disease of apples and pears worldwide. in this study, we found that e. amylovora argd(1000)::tn5, an argd tn5 transposon mutant that has the tn5 transposon inserted after nucleotide 999 in the argd gene-coding region, was an arginine auxotroph that did not cause fire blight in apple and had reduced virulence in immature pear fruits. the e. amylovora argd gene encodes a predicted n-acetylornithine aminotransferase en ...201425172854
antimicrobial and genotoxicity effects of zero-valent iron nanoparticles.in a world of nanotechnology, the first concern is the potential environmental impact of nanoparticles. an efficient way to estimate nanotoxicity is to monitor the responses of bacteria exposed to these particles.201425147712
plant growth enhancement and associated physiological responses are coregulated by ethylene and gibberellin in response to harpin protein hpa1.the harpin protein hpa1 produced by the bacterial blight pathogen of rice induces several growth-promoting responses in plants, activating the ethylene signaling pathway, increasing photosynthesis rates and expansin (exp) gene expression levels, and thereby enhancing the vegetative growth. this study was attempted to analyze any mechanistic connections among the above and the role of gibberellin in these responses. hpa1-induced growth enhancement was evaluated in arabidopsis, tomato, and rice. a ...201424395199
acetylome analysis reveals diverse functions of lysine acetylation in mycobacterium tuberculosis.the lysine acetylation of proteins is a reversible post-translational modification that plays a critical regulatory role in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of tuberculosis. increasing evidence shows that lysine acetylation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of m. tuberculosis. however, only a few acetylated proteins of m. tuberculosis are known, presenting a major obstacle to understanding the ...201425180227
acetyl coenzyme a synthetase is acetylated on multiple lysine residues by a protein acetyltransferase with a single gcn5-type n-acetyltransferase (gnat) domain in saccharopolyspora erythraea.reversible lysine acetylation (rla) is used by cells of all domains of life to modulate protein function. to date, bacterial acetylation/deacetylation systems have been studied in a few bacteria (e.g., salmonella enterica, bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, erwinia amylovora, mycobacterium tuberculosis, and geobacillus kaustophilus), but little is known about rla in antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. here, we identify the gcn5-like protein acetyltransferase acua of saccharopolyspora erythraea ...201424957627
characterization of newly isolated lytic bacteriophages active against acinetobacter baumannii.based on genotyping and host range, two newly isolated lytic bacteriophages, myovirus vb_abam_acibel004 and podovirus vb_abap_acibel007, active against acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains, were selected from a new phage library for further characterization. the complete genomes of the two phages were analyzed. both phages are characterized by broad host range and essential features of potential therapeutic phages, such as short latent period (27 and 21 min, respectively), high burst size (1 ...201425111143
molecular method for detection of total coliforms in drinking water samples.this work demonstrates the ability of a bacterial concentration and recovery procedure combined with three different pcr assays targeting the lacz, wecg, and 16s rrna genes, respectively, to detect the presence of total coliforms in 100-ml samples of potable water (presence/absence test). pcr assays were first compared to the culture-based colilert and mi agar methods to determine their ability to detect 147 coliform strains representing 76 species of enterobacteriaceae encountered in fecal and ...201424771030
responses to elevated c-di-gmp levels in mutualistic and pathogenic plant-interacting bacteria.despite a recent burst of research, knowledge on c-di-gmp signaling pathways remains largely fragmentary and molecular mechanisms of regulation and even c-di-gmp targets are yet unknown for most bacteria. besides genomics or bioinformatics, accompanying alternative approaches are necessary to reveal c-di-gmp regulation in bacteria with complex lifestyles. we have approached this study by artificially altering the c-di-gmp economy of diverse pathogenic and mutualistic plant-interacting bacteria a ...201424626229
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas chlororaphis yl-1, a biocontrol strain suppressing plant microbial pathogens.pseudomonas chlororaphis yl-1 was isolated from soybean root tips and showed a broad range of antagonistic activities to microbial plant pathogens. here, we report the high-quality draft genome sequence of yl-1, which consists of a chromosome with an estimated size of 6.8 mb with a g+c value of 63.09%.201424482513
complete genome sequence of erwinia amylovora bacteriophage vb_eamm_ea35-70.the complete genome of an erwinia amylovora bacteriophage, vb_eamm_ea35-70 (ea35-70), is 271,084 bp, encodes 318 putative proteins, and contains one trna. comparative analysis with other myoviridae genomes suggests that ea35-70 is related to the phikzlikevirus genus within the family myoviridae, since 26% of ea35-70 proteins share homology to proteins in pseudomonas phage φkz.201425146132
draft genome sequence of a hypersensitive reaction-inducing pantoea agglomerans strain isolated from olive knots caused by pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi.pantoea agglomerans strains inducing a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves are frequently isolated inside olive knots caused by pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the italian p. agglomerans strain, which is able to increase olive knot disease severity when coinoculated with p. savastanoi pv. savastanoi.201425103763
phosphate enhances levan production in the endophytic bacterium gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus pal5.gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a gram-negative and endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium that has several beneficial effects in host plants; thus, utilization of this bacterium as a biofertilizer in agriculture may be possible. g. diazotrophicus synthesizes levan, a d-fructofuranosyl polymer with β-(2→6) linkages, as an exopolysaccharide and the synthesized levan improves the stress tolerance of the bacterium. in this study, we found that phosphate enhances levan production by g. diazotrophi ...201424717418
anti-biofilm activity: a function of klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide.competition and cooperation phenomena occur within highly interactive biofilm communities and several non-biocides molecules produced by microorganisms have been described as impairing biofilm formation. in this study, we investigated the anti-biofilm capacities of an ubiquitous and biofilm producing bacterium, klebsiella pneumoniae. cell-free supernatant from k. pneumoniae planktonic cultures showed anti-biofilm effects on most gram positive bacteria tested but also encompassed some gram negati ...201424932475
detection, identification and differentiation of pectobacterium and dickeya species causing potato blackleg and tuber soft rot: a review.the soft rot enterobacteriaceae (sre) pectobacterium and dickeya species (formerly classified as pectinolytic erwinia spp.) cause important diseases on potato and other arable and horticultural crops. they may affect the growing potato plant causing blackleg and are responsible for tuber soft rot in storage thereby reducing yield and quality. efficient and cost-effective detection and identification methods are essential to investigate the ecology and pathogenesis of the sre as well as in seed c ...201425684775
detection, identification and differentiation of pectobacterium and dickeya species causing potato blackleg and tuber soft rot: a review.the soft rot enterobacteriaceae (sre) pectobacterium and dickeya species (formerly classified as pectinolytic erwinia spp.) cause important diseases on potato and other arable and horticultural crops. they may affect the growing potato plant causing blackleg and are responsible for tuber soft rot in storage thereby reducing yield and quality. efficient and cost-effective detection and identification methods are essential to investigate the ecology and pathogenesis of the sre as well as in seed c ...201425684775
induction of the viable but nonculturable state of ralstonia solanacearum by low temperature in the soil microcosm and its resuscitation by catalase.ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt on a wide variety of plants, and enters a viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state under stress conditions in soil and water. here, we adopted an artificial soil microcosm (asm) to investigate the vbnc state of r. solanacearum induced by low temperature. the culturability of r. solanacearum strains sl341 and gmi1000 rapidly decreased at 4°c in modified asm (masm), while it was stably maintained at 25°c in masm. we hypothesized that bacter ...201425296177
resistance inducers modulate pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 response in tomato plants.the efficacy of hexanoic acid (hx) as an inducer of resistance in tomato plants against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 was previously demonstrated, and the plant response was characterized. because little is known about the reaction of the pathogen to this effect, the goal of the present work was to determine whether the changes in the plant defence system affect the pathogen behaviour. this work provides the first demonstration of the response of the pathogen to the changes observed in ...201425244125
overexpression of the novel mate fluoroquinolone efflux pump fepa in listeria monocytogenes is driven by inactivation of its local repressor fepr.whereas fluoroquinolone resistance mainly results from target modifications in gram-positive bacteria, it is primarily due to active efflux in listeria monocytogenes. the aim of this study was to dissect a novel molecular mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in this important human pathogen. isogenic l. monocytogenes clinical isolates bm4715 and bm4716, respectively susceptible and resistant to fluoroquinolones, were studied. mics of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined in the presen ...201425188450
hrct is a key component of the type iii secretion system in xanthomonas spp. and also regulates the expression of the key hrp transcriptional activator hrpx.the type iii secretion system (t3ss), encoded by hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes in gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, delivers repertoires of t3ss effectors (t3ses) into plant cells to trigger the hypersensitive response (hr) in nonhost or resistant-host plants and promote pathogenicity in susceptible plants. the expression of hrp genes in xanthomonas is regulated by two key regulatory proteins, hrpg and hrpx. however, the interactions between hrp gene products in dir ...201424747909
development of a model to predict the primary infection date of bacterial spot (xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) on hot pepper.a population model of bacterial spot caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on hot pepper was developed to predict the primary disease infection date. the model estimated the pathogen population on the surface and within the leaf of the host based on the wetness period and temperature. for successful infection, at least 5,000 cells/ml of the bacterial population were required. also, wind and rain were necessary according to regression analyses of the monitored data. bacterial spot on t ...201425288995
scavenging iron: a novel mechanism of plant immunity activation by microbial siderophores.siderophores are specific ferric iron chelators synthesized by virtually all microorganisms in response to iron deficiency. we have previously shown that they promote infection by the phytopathogenic enterobacteria dickeya dadantii and erwinia amylovora. siderophores also have the ability to activate plant immunity. we have used complete arabidopsis transcriptome microarrays to investigate the global transcriptional modifications in roots and leaves of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants a ...201424501001
response of xylella fastidiosa to zinc: decreased culturability, increased exopolysaccharide production, and formation of resilient biofilms under flow conditions.the bacterial plant pathogen xylella fastidiosa produces biofilm that accumulates in the host xylem vessels, affecting disease development in various crops and bacterial acquisition by insect vectors. biofilms are sensitive to the chemical composition of the environment, and mineral elements being transported in the xylem are of special interest for this pathosystem. here, x. fastidiosa liquid cultures were supplemented with zinc and compared with nonamended cultures to determine the effects of ...201424271184
variable suites of non-effector genes are co-regulated in the type iii secretion virulence regulon across the pseudomonas syringae phylogeny.pseudomonas syringae is a phylogenetically diverse species of gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens responsible for crop diseases around the world. the hrpl sigma factor drives expression of the major p. syringae virulence regulon. hrpl controls expression of the genes encoding the structural and functional components of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and the type three secreted effector proteins (t3e) that are collectively essential for virulence. hrpl also regulates expression of an un ...201424391493
the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base): additions and future developments.rapidly evolving pathogens cause a diverse array of diseases and epidemics that threaten crop yield, food security as well as human, animal and ecosystem health. to combat infection greater comparative knowledge is required on the pathogenic process in multiple species. the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base) catalogues experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from bacterial, fungal and protist pathogens. mutant phenotypes are associated with gene informatio ...201425414340
the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base): additions and future developments.rapidly evolving pathogens cause a diverse array of diseases and epidemics that threaten crop yield, food security as well as human, animal and ecosystem health. to combat infection greater comparative knowledge is required on the pathogenic process in multiple species. the pathogen-host interactions database (phi-base) catalogues experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from bacterial, fungal and protist pathogens. mutant phenotypes are associated with gene informatio ...201425414340
aspergiloid i, an unprecedented spirolactone norditerpenoid from the plant-derived endophytic fungus aspergillus sp. yxf3.an unusual c18 norditerpenoid, aspergiloid i (1), was isolated from the culture broth of aspergillus sp. yxf3, an endophytic fungus derived from ginkgo biloba. its structure was unambiguously established by analysis of hrms-esi and spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration was determined by low-temperature (100 k) single crystal x-ray diffraction with cu kα radiation. this compound is structurally characterized by a new carbon skeleton with an unprecedented 6/5/6 tricyclic ring system b ...201425550731
production of phytotoxic cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptides in plant cells using inducible promoters.synthetic linear antimicrobial peptides with cationic α-helical structures, such as bp100, have potent and specific activities against economically important plant pathogenic bacteria. they are also recognized as valuable therapeutics and preservatives. however, highly active bp100 derivatives are often phytotoxic when expressed at high levels as recombinant peptides in plants. here we demonstrate that production of recombinant phytotoxic peptides in transgenic plants is possible by strictly lim ...201425387106
genomic variants of genes associated with three horticultural traits in apple revealed by genome re-sequencing.the apple (malus × domestica borkh.) cultivar 'su shuai' exhibits greater disease resistance, shorter internodes and lighter fruit flavor compared with its parents 'golden delicious' and 'indo'. to obtain a comprehensive overview of the sequence variation in these three horticultural traits, the genomes of 'su shuai' and 'indo' were resequenced using next-generation sequencing and compared to the genome of 'golden delicious'. a wide range of genetic variations were detected, including 2 454 406 ...201426504548
genome features of the endophytic actinobacterium micromonospora lupini strain lupac 08: on the process of adaptation to an endophytic life style?endophytic microorganisms live inside plants for at least part of their life cycle. according to their life strategies, bacterial endophytes can be classified as "obligate" or "facultative". reports that members of the genus micromonospora, gram-positive actinobacteria, are normal occupants of nitrogen-fixing nodules has opened up a question as to what is the ecological role of these bacteria in interactions with nitrogen-fixing plants and whether it is in a process of adaptation from a terrestr ...201425268993
elucidating the molecular responses of apple rootstock resistant to ard pathogens: challenges and opportunities for development of genomics-assisted breeding tools.apple replant disease (ard) is a major limitation to the establishment of economically viable orchards on replant sites due to the buildup and long-term survival of pathogen inoculum. several soilborne necrotrophic fungi and oomycetes are primarily responsible for ard, and symptoms range from serious inhibition of growth to the death of young trees. chemical fumigation has been the primary method used for control of ard, and manipulating soil microbial ecology to reduce pathogen density and aggr ...201426504547
characterisation of salrab a salicylic acid inducible positively regulated efflux system of rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae 3841.salicylic acid is an important signalling molecule in plant-microbe defence and symbiosis. we analysed the transcriptional responses of the nitrogen fixing plant symbiont, rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae 3841 to salicylic acid. two mfs-type multicomponent efflux systems were induced in response to salicylic acid, rmrab and the hitherto undescribed system salrab. based on sequence similarity sala and salb encode a membrane fusion and inner membrane protein respectively. salab are positively reg ...201425133394
genome-wide identification of hfq-regulated small rnas in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora discovered small rnas with virulence regulatory function.erwinia amylovora is a phytopathogenic bacterium and causal agent of fire blight disease in apples and pears. although many virulence factors have been characterized, the coordination of expression of these virulence factors in e. amylovora is still not clear. regulatory small rnas (srnas) are important post-transcriptional regulatory components in bacteria. a large number of srnas require the rna chaperone hfq for both stability and functional activation. in e. amylovora, hfq was identified as ...201424885615
disruption of the ammonium transporter amt1.1 alters basal defenses generating resistance against pseudomonas syringae and plectosphaerella cucumerina.disruption of the high-affinity nitrate transporter nrt2.1 activates the priming defense against pseudomonas syringae, resulting in enhanced resistance. in this study, it is demonstrated that the high-affinity ammonium transporter amt1.1 is a negative regulator of arabidopsis defense responses. the t-dna knockout mutant amt1.1 displays enhanced resistance against plectosphaerella cucumerina and reduced susceptibility to p. syringae. the impairment of amt1.1 induces significant metabolic changes ...201424910636
analysis of the pantoea ananatis pan-genome reveals factors underlying its ability to colonize and interact with plant, insect and vertebrate hosts.pantoea ananatis is found in a wide range of natural environments, including water, soil, as part of the epi- and endophytic flora of various plant hosts, and in the insect gut. some strains have proven effective as biological control agents and plant-growth promoters, while other strains have been implicated in diseases of a broad range of plant hosts and humans. by analysing the pan-genome of eight sequenced p. ananatis strains isolated from different sources we identified factors potentially ...201424884520
chp8, a diguanylate cyclase from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, suppresses the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flagellin, increases extracellular polysaccharides, and promotes plant immune evasion.the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae causes disease in a wide range of plants. the associated decrease in crop yields results in economic losses and threatens global food security. competition exists between the plant immune system and the pathogen, the basic principles of which can be applied to animal infection pathways. p. syringae uses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver virulence factors into the plant that promote survival of the bacterium. the p. syringae t3ss is a ...201424846383
expression of the bacterial type iii effector dspa/e in saccharomyces cerevisiae down-regulates the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway leading to growth arrest.erwinia amylovora, the bacterium responsible for fire blight, relies on a type iii secretion system and a single injected effector, dspa/e, to induce disease in host plants. dspa/e belongs to the widespread avre family of type iii effectors that suppress plant defense responses and promote bacterial growth following infection. ectopic expression of dspa/e in plant or in saccharomyces cerevisiae is toxic, indicating that dspa/e likely targets a cellular process conserved between yeast and plant. ...201424828506
production of cecropin a antimicrobial peptide in rice seed endosperm.cecropin a is a natural antimicrobial peptide that exhibits rapid, potent and long-lasting lytic activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens, thus having great biotechnological potential. here, we report a system for producing bioactive cecropin a in rice seeds.201424755305
characterization of acrd, a resistance-nodulation-cell division-type multidrug efflux pump from the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora.multidrug efflux pumps are membrane translocases that have the ability to extrude a variety of structurally unrelated compounds from the cell. acrd, a resistance-nodulation-cell division (rnd) transporter, was shown to be involved in efflux of highly hydrophilic aminoglycosides and a limited number of amphiphilic compounds in e. coli. here, a homologue of acrd in the plant pathogen and causal agent of fire blight disease erwinia amylovora was identified.201424443882
the tail-associated depolymerase of erwinia amylovora phage l1 mediates host cell adsorption and enzymatic capsule removal, which can enhance infection by other phage.the depolymerase enzyme (dpol1) encoded by the t7-like phage l1 efficiently degrades amylovoran, an important virulence factor and major component of the extracellular polysaccharide (eps) of its host, the plant pathogen erwinia amylovora. mass spectrometry analysis of hydrolysed eps revealed that dpol1 cleaves the galactose-containing backbone of amylovoran. the enzyme is most active at ph 6 and 50°c, and features a modular architecture. removal of 180 n-terminal amino acids was shown not to af ...201423944160
alternative sigma factor rpon and its modulation protein yhbh are indispensable for erwinia amylovora virulence.in erwinia amylovora, ecf (extracytoplasmic functions) alternative sigma factor hrpl regulates the transcription of hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity)-type iii secretion system (t3ss) genes by binding to a consensus sequence known as the hrp box in hrp gene promoters. in turn, the expression of hrpl has been proposed to be positively controlled by alternative sigma factor 54 (σ(54)) (rpon) and hrps, a member of the σ(54) enhancer-binding proteins (ebps). however, the function of rpo ...201423937726
small-molecule inhibitors suppress the expression of both type iii secretion and amylovoran biosynthesis genes in erwinia amylovora.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and exopolysaccharide (eps) amylovoran are two essential pathogenicity factors in erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the serious bacterial disease fire blight. in this study, small molecules that inhibit t3ss gene expression in e. amylovora under hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity)-inducing conditions were identified and characterized using green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a reporter. these compounds belong to salicylidene acylhydrazides and ...201423915008
co-regulation of polysaccharide production, motility, and expression of type iii secretion genes by envz/ompr and grrs/grra systems in erwinia amylovora.the envz/ompr and grrs/grra systems, two widely distributed two-component systems in gamma-proteobacteria, negatively control amylovoran biosynthesis in erwinia amylovora, and the two systems regulate motility in an opposing manner. in this study, we examined the interplay of envz/ompr and grrs/grra systems in controlling various virulence traits in e. amylovora. results showed that amylovoran production was significantly higher when both systems were inactivated, indicating that the two systems ...201424218204
membrane-targeted hrpnea can modulate apple defense gene expression.fire blight caused by erwinia amylovora is the major bacterial disease of tribe maleae, including apple. among the proteins secreted by this bacterium, hrpnea, also called harpin, is known to induce hypersensitive response in nonhost plants and to form amyloid oligomers leading to pore opening in the plasma membrane and alteration of membrane homeostasis. to better understand the physiological effects of hrpnea in the host plant, we produced transgenic apple plants expressing hrpnea with or with ...201424156770
antimicrobial peptides against pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and erwinia amylovora: chemical synthesis, secondary structure, efficacy, and mechanistic investigations.we report on structurally modified dodecapeptide amides (kyklfkkilkfl-nh2) and two analogs of a hexapeptide amide (wrwycr-nh2) with antibacterial activity against the gram negative pathogens pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) and erwinia amylovora (ea). dodecapeptide minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) ranged from 3.2 to 15.4 µm, with the unmodified peptide being the most potent against both pathogens. the unmodified dodecapeptide also had 32-58% α-helicity in membrane mimetic enviro ...201424122768
phylogeography and population structure of the biologically invasive phytopathogen erwinia amylovora inferred using minisatellites.erwinia amylovora causes a major disease of pome fruit trees worldwide, and is regulated as a quarantine organism in many countries. while some diversity of isolates has been observed, molecular epidemiology of this bacterium is hindered by a lack of simple molecular typing techniques with sufficiently high resolution. we report a molecular typing system of e. amylovora based on variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) analysis. repeats in the e. amylovora genome were identified with comparative ...201424112873
using molecular tools to decipher the complex world of plant resistance inducers: an apple case study.exogenous application of plant resistance inducers (pris) able to activate plant defenses is an interesting approach for new integrated pest management practices. the full integration of pris into agricultural practices requires methods for the fast and objective upstream screening of efficient pris and optimization of their application. to select active pris, we used a molecular tool as an alternative to methods involving plant protection assays. the expressions of 28 genes involved in compleme ...201425372566
exploring new roles for the rpos gene in the survival and virulence of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora.erwinia amylovora causes fire blight in economically important plants of the family rosaceae. this bacterial pathogen spends part of its life cycle coping with starvation and other fluctuating environmental conditions. in many gram-negative bacteria, starvation and other stress responses are regulated by the sigma factor rpos. we obtained an e. amylovora rpos mutant to explore the role of this gene in starvation responses and its potential implication in other processes not yet studied in this p ...201425331301
[erwinia amylovora--the fire blight pathogen of trees in ukraine].niduses of fire blight of fruit and ornamental trees have been found in the kyiv and vinnitsa regions of ukraine. pathogen erwinia amylovora was isolated between april and october. the pathogen was often accompanied by bacteria pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. artificial infection with a mixture of bacteria e. amylovora and p. syringae pv. syringae accelerates and enhances the disease process in the laboratory.201425199342
a novel plasmid pea68 of erwinia amylovora and the description of a new family of plasmids.recent genome analysis of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease on rosaceae, has shown that the chromosome is highly conserved among strains and that plasmids are the principal source of genomic diversity. a new circular plasmid, pea68, was found in e. amylovora strain 692 (lmg 28361), isolated in poland from sorbus (mountain ash) with fire blight symptoms. annotation of the 68,763-bp incfiia-type plasmid revealed that it contains 79 predicted cds, among which two operons (t ...201425178659
optimising droplet digital pcr analysis approaches for detection and quantification of bacteria: a case study of fire blight and potato brown rot.here we report on the first assessment of droplet digital pcr (ddpcr) for detection and absolute quantification of two quarantine plant pathogenic bacteria that infect many species of the rosaceae and solanaceae families: erwinia amylovora and ralstonia solanacearum. an open-source r script was written for the ddpcr data analysis. analysis of a set of samples with known health status aided the assessment and selection of different threshold settings (quantasoft analysis, definetherain pipeline a ...201425173868
negative regulation of germination-arrest factor production in pseudomonas fluorescens wh6 by a putative extracytoplasmic function sigma factor.pseudomonas fluorescens wh6 secretes a germination-arrest factor (gaf) that we have identified previously as 4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine. gaf irreversibly inhibits germination of the seeds of numerous grassy weeds and selectively inhibits growth of the bacterial plant pathogen erwinia amylovora. wh6-3, a mutant that has lost the ability to produce gaf, contains a tn5 insertion in prtr, a gene that has been described previously in some strains of p. fluorescens as encoding a transmembrane regula ...201425165126
phytopathogenic bacteria phenotype conversion as a result of their lysogenisation by coliphage p1.a set of lysogenic strains of phytopathogenic bacteria erwinia "horticola" and erwinia amylovora associated with woody plants was obtained using bacteriophage p1 cmc1ts100. the phenotype conversion from cm(s) to cm(r) was shown to be connected with introducing of authentic prophage dna of 94.8 kb as a single-copy plasmid into the cells. prophage state is unstable: p1 plasmid is spontaneously lost with high frequency by the cells. in lysogenic cells the prophage genes of type iii restriction-modi ...201425000732
improvement of a dry formulation of pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e for fire blight disease biocontrol by combination of culture osmoadaptation with a freeze-drying lyoprotectant.to study the effect of lyoprotectants and osmoadaptation on viability of pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e during freeze-drying and storage and to evaluate the formulation in terms of efficacy in biocontrol and fitness on pear flowers.201424947806
phenotypic comparison of clinical and plant-beneficial strains of pantoea agglomerans.certain strains of pantoea are used as biocontrol agents for the suppression of plant diseases. however, their commercial registration is hampered in some countries because of biosafety concerns. this study compares clinical and plant-beneficial strains of p. agglomerans and related species using a phenotypic analysis approach in which plant-beneficial effects, adverse effects in nematode models, and toxicity were evaluated. plant-beneficial effects were determined as the inhibition of apple fru ...201426418852
engineering fire blight resistance into the apple cultivar 'gala' using the fb_mr5 cc-nbs-lrr resistance gene of malus × robusta 5.the fire blight susceptible apple cultivar malus × domestica borkh. cv. 'gala' was transformed with the candidate fire blight resistance gene fb_mr5 originating from the crab apple accession malus × robusta 5 (mr5). a total of five different transgenic lines were obtained. all transgenic lines were shown to be stably transformed and originate from different transgenic events. the transgenic lines express the fb_mr5 either driven by the constitutive camv 35s promoter and the ocs terminator or by ...201424618178
the genome of the erwinia amylovora phage phieah1 reveals greater diversity and broadens the applicability of phages for the treatment of fire blight.the enterobacterium erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight. this study presents the analysis of the complete genome of phage phieah1, isolated from the soil surrounding an e. amylovora-infected apple tree in hungary. its genome is 218 kb in size, containing 244 orfs. phieah1 is the second e. amylovora infecting phage from the siphoviridae family whose complete genome sequence was determined. beside phieah2, phieah1 is the other active component of erwiphage, the first bacteriophage ...201424551880
[electron microscopy and restriction analysis of bacteriophages isolated from quince and pear with symptoms of fire blight].phage populations of isolates from quince and pear affected with fire blight disease were studied using electron microscopy, restriction analysis and both agarose gel electrophoresis of particles and host range scoping method. the isolate from quince (pma1) comprises at least three phage populations and two phage variants that can be detected on different bacterial indicators. after titration of this isolate on erwinia amylovora the bacteriophage key of b1 morphotype with the genome size of 82.4 ...201424479316
cellular, physiological, and molecular adaptive responses of erwinia amylovora to starvation.erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, a destructive disease of rosaceous plants distributed worldwide. this bacterium is a nonobligate pathogen able to survive outside the host under starvation conditions, allowing its spread by various means such as rainwater. we studied e. amylovora responses to starvation using water microcosms to mimic natural oligotrophy. initially, survivability under optimal (28 °c) and suboptimal (20 °c) growth temperatures was compared. starvation induced a loss of cult ...201424476337
control of plant defense mechanisms and fire blight pathogenesis through the regulation of 6-thioguanine biosynthesis in erwinia amylovora.fire blight is a devastating disease of rosaceae plants, such as apple and pear trees. it is characterized by necrosis of plant tissue, caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia amylovora. the plant pathogen produces the well-known antimetabolite 6-thioguanine (6tg), which plays a key role in fire blight pathogenesis. here we report that ycfr, a member of the lttr family, is a major regulator of 6tg biosynthesis in e. amylovora. inactivation of the regulator gene (ycfr) led to dramatically ...201424449489
identification and genetics of 6-thioguanine secreted by erwinia species and its interference with the growth of other bacteria.we identified a compound in culture supernatants of erwinia species, such as erwinia amylovora, e. pyrifoliae, e. billingiae, e. tasmaniensis, e. persicina and e. rhapontici absorbing at 340 nm, which was associated before with the yellow pigment produced by e. amylovora on media containing copper ions. the compound was purified from e. tasmaniensis strain et1/99 supernatants by chromatography on dowex-1 and dowex-50 columns and identified by hplc/ms and nmr analysis as 6-thioguanine (6tg). its ...201424374865
antiproliferative, antifungal, and antibacterial activities of endophytic alternaria species from cupressaceae.recent research has shown the bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from cupressaceae. here, we further uncover that the healthy cypress plants such as cupressus arizonica, cupressus sempervirens var. cereiformis, and thuja orientalis host highly bioactive endophytic alternaria fungal species. indeed, endophytic alternaria alternata, alternaria pellucida, and alternaria tangelonis were recovered from healthy cupressaceous trees. biodiversity and bioactivity of recovered endophytic alternaria specie ...201424801337
diverse and bioactive endophytic aspergilli inhabit cupressaceae plant family.aspergilli are filamentous, cosmopolitan and ubiquitous fungi which have significant impact on human, animal and plant welfare worldwide. due to their extraordinary metabolic diversity, aspergillus species are used in biotechnology for the production of a vast array of biomolecules. however, little is known about aspergillus species that are able to adapt an endophytic lifestyle in cupressaceae plant family and are capable of producing cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial metabolites. in this ...201424912659
honey bees avoid nectar colonized by three bacterial species, but not by a yeast species, isolated from the bee gut.the gut microflora of the honey bee, apis mellifera, is receiving increasing attention as a potential determinant of the bees' health and their efficacy as pollinators. studies have focused primarily on the microbial taxa that appear numerically dominant in the bee gut, with the assumption that the dominant status suggests their potential importance to the bees' health. however, numerically minor taxa might also influence the bees' efficacy as pollinators, particularly if they are not only prese ...201424466119
derepressed transfer properties leading to the efficient spread of the plasmid encoding carbapenemase oxa-48.the current emergence of the carbapenemase oxa-48 among enterobacteriaceae is related to the spread of a single incl/m-type plasmid, poxa-48a. this plasmid harbors the blaoxa-48 gene within a composite transposon, tn1999, which is inserted into the tir gene, encoding a transfer inhibition protein. we showed that the insertion of tn1999 into the tir gene was involved in a higher transfer frequency of plasmid poxa-48a. this may likely be the key factor for the successful dissemination of this plas ...201424189247
integrative conjugative elements of the icepan family play a potential role in pantoea ananatis ecological diversification and antibiosis.pantoea ananatis is a highly versatile enterobacterium isolated from diverse environmental sources. the ecological diversity of this species may be attributed, in part, to the acquisition of mobile genetic elements. one such element is an integrative and conjugative element (ice). by means of in silico analyses the ice elements belonging to a novel family, icepan, were identified in the genome sequences of five p. ananatis strains and characterized. pcr screening showed that icepan is prevalent ...201526106378
experimental approaches to identify small rnas and their diverse roles in bacteria--what we have learnt in one decade of mica research.nowadays the identification of small rnas (srnas) and characterization of their role within regulatory networks takes a prominent place in deciphering complex bacterial phenotypes. compared to the study of other components of bacterial cells, this is a relatively new but fast-growing research field. although reports on new srnas appear regularly, some srnas are already subject of research for a longer time. one of such srnas is mica, a srna best described for its role in outer membrane remodelin ...201525974745
the crystal structure of erwinia amylovora levansucrase provides a snapshot of the products of sucrose hydrolysis trapped into the active site.levansucrases are members of the glycoside hydrolase family and catalyse both the hydrolysis of the substrate sucrose and the transfer of fructosyl units to acceptor molecules. in the presence of sufficient sucrose, this may either lead to the production of fructooligosaccharides or fructose polymers. aim of this study is to rationalise the differences in the polymerisation properties of bacterial levansucrases and in particular to identify structural features that determine different product sp ...201526208466
natural phenolic metabolites from endophytic aspergillus sp. ifb-yxs with antimicrobial activity.prompted by the pressing necessity to conquer phytopathogenic infections, the antimicrobial compounds were characterized with bioassay-guided method from the ethanol extract derived from the solid-substrate fermentation of aspergillus sp. ifb-yxs, an endophytic fungus residing in the apparently healthy leave of ginkgo biloba l. the aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism(s) of these bioactive compounds against phytopathogens. among the compounds, xanthoascin (1) ...201526004581
infection processes of xylem-colonizing pathogenic bacteria: possible explanations for the scarcity of qualitative disease resistance genes against them in crops.disease resistance against xylem-colonizing pathogenic bacteria in crops. plant pathogenic bacteria cause destructive diseases in many commercially important crops. among these bacteria, eight pathogens, ralstonia solanacearum, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, x. campestris pv. campestris, erwinia amylovora, pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, and xylella fastidiosa, infect their host plants through different infe ...201525917599
pathogen surveillance in wild bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus.the number and prevalence of diseases is rapidly increasing in the marine ecosystem. although there is an increase in the number of marine diseases observed world-wide, current understanding of the pathogens associated with marine mammals is limited. an important need exists to develop and apply platforms for rapid detection and characterization of pathogenic agents to assess, prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. in this study, a broad-spectrum molecular detection technology capable of dete ...201526480911
secg is required for antibiotic activities of pseudomonas sp. yl23 against erwinia amylovora and dickeya chrysanthemi.strain yl23 was isolated from soybean root tips and identified to be pseudomonas sp. this strain showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens that are economically important in agriculture. to characterize the genes dedicated to antibacterial activities against microbial phytopathogens, a tn5-mutation library of yl23 was constructed. plate bioassays revealed that the mutant yl23-93 lost its antibacterial activities against erwinia amylovora and dickeya chrysanthemi as ...201525708938
virion morphology and structural organization of polyvalent bacteriophages tt10-27 and key.fine ultrastructure of polyvalent bacteriophages tt10-27 and key isolated from affected with fire blight disease plant tissues, was studied using electron microscopy. phages have isometric heads connected to short complex tail (tt10-27, c1-morphotype) or long non-contractile tail (key b-1 morphotype). maximum diameter of tt10-27 head, measured as the distance between opposite vertices, is 71.3 nm; tail tube of 22 nm in diameter and 9.0 nm in width is framed with 12 appendages that form flabellat ...201526214897
droplet digital pcr for absolute quantification of pathogens.the recent advent of different digital pcr (dpcr) platforms is enabling the expansion of this technology for research and diagnostic applications worldwide. the main principle of dpcr, as in other pcr-based methods including quantitative pcr (qpcr), is the specific amplification of a nucleic acid target. the distinctive feature of dpcr is the separation of the reaction mixture into thousands to millions of partitions which is followed by a real time or end point detection of the amplification. t ...201525981265
examining reaction specificity in pvcb, a source of diversity in isonitrile-containing natural products.many bacteria produce isonitrile-containing natural products that are derived from aromatic amino acids. the synthetic clusters that control biosynthesis most commonly encode two enzymes, designated pvca and pvcb, as well as additional enzymes that direct synthesis of the natural product. the pvca enzyme installs the isonitrile moiety at the amino group of either tyrosine or tryptophan, as dictated by the particular pathway. the common pathway intermediate produced by pvca is directed toward dif ...201525866990
a comparative proteome analysis reveals flagellin, chemotaxis regulated proteins and amylovoran to be involved in virulence differences between erwinia amylovora strains.erwinia amylovora is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the destructive disease fire blight affecting most members of the rosaceae family, of which apple and pear are economically the most important hosts. e. amylovora has been considered as a homogeneous species in whole, although significant differences in virulence patterns have been observed. however, the underlying causes of the differences in virulence remain to be discovered. in a first-time comparative proteomic approach using e. amyl ...201525849252
role of the cell envelope stress regulators baer and cpxr in control of rnd-type multidrug efflux pumps and transcriptional cross talk with exopolysaccharide synthesis in erwinia amylovora.the purpose of this study was to identify the role of the cell envelope stress-sensing systems baesr and cpxarp in regulation of multidrug efflux and exopolysaccharide synthesis in erwinia amylovora. we have previously reported that baer activates transcription of the rnd-type efflux pumps acrd and mdtabc. in this study, we found that a cpxr-deficient mutant was highly susceptible to β-lactams, aminoglycosides and lincomycin, whereas a baer mutant showed no change in antimicrobial sensitivity. h ...201525837473
role of electron transport chain of chloroplasts in oxidative burst of interaction between erwinia amylovora and host cells.erwinia amylovora is a necrogenic bacterium, causing the fire blight disease on many rosaceous plants. triggering oxidative burst by e. amylovora is a key response by which host plants try to restrain pathogen spread. electron transport chain (etc) of chloroplasts is known as an inducible source of reactive oxygen species generation in various stresses. this research was performed to assess the role of this etc in e. amylovora-host interaction using several inhibitors of this chain in susceptibl ...201525820489
hrpg and hrpv proteins from the type iii secretion system of erwinia amylovora form a stable heterodimer.bacterial type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are specialized multicomponent nanomachines that mediate the transport of proteins either to extracellular locations or directly into eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm. erwinia amylovora, the main agent of rosaceous plants fireblight disease, employs an hrp/hrc1 t3ss to accomplish its pathogenesis. the regulatory network that controls the activation of this t3ss is largely unknown in e. amylovora. however, in pseudomonas syringae pathovars, the hrpg/hrpv ...201525790492
erwinia amylovora pyrc mutant causes fire blight despite pyrimidine auxotrophy.erwinia amylovora bacteria cause fire blight disease, which affects apple and pear production worldwide. the erw. amylovora pyrc gene encodes a predicted dihydroorotase enzyme involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis. here, we discovered that the erw. amylovora pyrc244::tn5 mutant was a uracil auxotroph. unexpectedly, the erw. amylovora pyrc244::tn5 mutant grew as well as the wild-type in detached immature apple and pear fruits. fire blight symptoms caused by the pyrc244::tn5 mutant in immature apple ...201525789570
characterization of a new vii-like erwinia amylovora bacteriophage phiea2809.erwinia amylovora is a gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria causing fire blight disease in many rosaceae species. a novel e. amylovora bacteriophage, phiea2809, was isolated from symptomless apple leaf sample collected in belarus. this phage was also able to infect pantoea agglomerans strains. the genome of phiea2809 is a double-stranded linear dna 162,160 bp in length, including 145 orfs and one trna gene. the phiea2809 genomic sequence is similar to the genomes of the serratia plymutica pha ...201525714551
conserved aspartate and lysine residues of rcsb are required for amylovoran biosynthesis, virulence, and dna binding in erwinia amylovora.in erwinia amylovora, the rcs phosphorelay system is essential for amylovoran production and virulence. to further understand the role of conserved aspartate residue (d56) in the phosphor receiver (pr) domain and lysine (k180) residue in the function domain of rcsb, amino acid substitutions of rcsb mutant alleles were generated by site-directed mutagenesis and complementation of various rcs mutants were performed. a d56e substitution of rcsb, which mimics the phosphorylation state of rcsb, compl ...201525577258
the impact of gaba in harpin-elicited biotic stress responses in nicotiana tabaccum.harpin is a bacterial elicitor protein that was first isolated from erwinia amylovora. infiltration of this elicitor into the leaves of plants activates systemic acquired resistance against a variety of plant pathogens via the salicyclic acid defense pathway. the non-protein amino acid, neurotransmission inhibitor molecule of mammals-gaba- is found in all organisms and is known to be an important component of stress responses in plants. we hypothesized a possible interaction between harpin-induc ...201526432406
characterization of streptomycin resistance in isolates of erwinia amylovora in california.in surveys from 2006 to 2014, streptomycin resistance in erwinia amylovora from pear-growing areas in california declined from very high incidence in 2006 and 2007 to very low incidence in 2013 and 2014. the majority of resistant strains were designated as moderately resistant-low (mr-l), and were almost exclusively found in sacramento county, whereas highly resistant (hr) strains were only recovered in sutter-yuba and san joaquin counties. resistance of hr strains was associated with a mutation ...201526413887
diversity and global distribution of incl/m plasmids enabling horizontal dissemination of β-lactam resistance genes among the enterobacteriaceae.antibiotic resistance determinants are frequently associated with plasmids and other mobile genetic elements, which simplifies their horizontal transmission. several groups of plasmids (including replicons of the incl/m incompatibility group) were found to play an important role in the dissemination of resistance genes encoding β-lactamases. the incl/m plasmids are large, broad host range, and self-transmissible replicons. we have identified and characterized two novel members of this group: par ...201526236726
my life with mu. 201526442190
draft genome sequence of the commercial biocontrol strain pantoea agglomerans p10c.we report here the draft genome sequence of the biocontrol strain pantoea agglomerans p10c, composed of a draft chromosome and two plasmids: the 559-kb large pantoea plasmid 1 (ppag3) and a 182-kb plasmid (ppag1). a genomic island containing pantocin a biosynthesis genes was identified.201526659685
different bacterial communities in heat and gamma irradiation treated replant disease soils revealed by 16s rrna gene analysis - contribution to improved aboveground apple plant growth?replant disease (rd) severely affects apple production in propagation tree nurseries and in fruit orchards worldwide. this study aimed to investigate the effects of soil disinfection treatments on plant growth and health in a biotest in two different rd soil types under greenhouse conditions and to link the plant growth status with the bacterial community composition at the time of plant sampling. in the biotest performed we observed that the aboveground growth of apple rootstock m26 plants afte ...201526635733
comparative effectiveness of potential elicitors of plant resistance against spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in four crop plants.feeding by insect herbivores activates plant signaling pathways, resulting in the enhanced production of secondary metabolites and other resistance-related traits by injured plants. these traits can reduce insect fitness, deter feeding, and attract beneficial insects. organic and inorganic chemicals applied as a foliar spray, seed treatment, or soil drench can activate these plant responses. azelaic acid (aa), benzothiadiazole (bth), gibberellic acid (ga), harpin, and jasmonic acid (ja) are thou ...201526332833
pseudomonas syringae effector avirulence protein e localizes to the host plasma membrane and down-regulates the expression of the nonrace-specific disease resistance1/harpin-induced1-like13 gene required for antibacterial immunity in arabidopsis.many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals deliver effector proteins into host cells to promote infection. elucidation of how pathogen effector proteins function not only is critical for understanding bacterial pathogenesis but also provides a useful tool in discovering the functions of host genes. in this study, we characterized the pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 effector protein avirulence protein e (avre), the founding member of a widely distributed, yet functionally enigmatic, bac ...201526206852
virulence factors of erwinia amylovora: a review.erwinia amylovora, a gram negative bacteria of the enterobacteriaceae family, is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating plant disease affecting a wide range of host species within rosaceae and a major global threat to commercial apple and pear production. among the limited number of control options currently available, prophylactic application of antibiotics during the bloom period appears the most effective. pathogen cells enter plants through the nectarthodes of flowers and other natur ...201526057748
vacuolar processing enzyme in plant programmed cell death.vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe) is a cysteine proteinase originally identified as the proteinase responsible for the maturation and activation of vacuolar proteins in plants, and it is known to be an ortholog of animal asparaginyl endopeptidase (aep/vpe/legumain). vpe has been shown to exhibit enzymatic properties similar to that of caspase 1, which is a cysteine protease that mediates the programmed cell death (pcd) pathway in animals. although there is limited sequence identity between vpe an ...201525914711
phylogenetic spectrum and analysis of antibacterial activities of leaf extracts from plants of the genus rhododendron.plants are traditionally used for medicinal treatment of numerous human disorders including infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. due to the increasing resistance of many pathogens to commonly used antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial compounds. plants of the genus rhododendron belong to the woody representatives of the family ericaceae, which are typically used in a range of ethno-medical applications. there are more than one thousand rhododendron specie ...201525879877
the interaction of arabidopsis with piriformospora indica shifts from initial transient stress induced by fungus-released chemical mediators to a mutualistic interaction after physical contact of the two symbionts.piriformospora indica, an endophytic fungus of sebacinales, colonizes the roots of many plant species including arabidopsis thaliana. the symbiotic interaction promotes plant performance, growth and resistance/tolerance against abiotic and biotic stress.201525849363
perturbation of maize phenylpropanoid metabolism by an avre family type iii effector from pantoea stewartii.avre family type iii effector proteins share the ability to suppress host defenses, induce disease-associated cell death, and promote bacterial growth. however, despite widespread contributions to numerous bacterial diseases in agriculturally important plants, the mode of action of these effectors remains largely unknown. wtse is an avre family member required for the ability of pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii (pnss) to proliferate efficiently and cause wilt and leaf blight symptoms in maize (z ...201525635112
oleanolic acid induces the type iii secretion system of ralstonia solanacearum.ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, can naturally infect a wide range of host plants. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a major virulence determinant in this bacterium. studies have shown that plant-derived compounds are able to inhibit or induce the t3ss in some plant pathogenic bacteria, though no specific t3ss inhibitor or inducer has yet been identified in r. solanacearum. in this study, a total of 50 different compounds were screened and almost half of them (22 ...201526732647
complete genome of pseudomonas chlororaphis strain ufb2, a soil bacterium with antibacterial activity against bacterial canker pathogen of tomato.strain ufb2 was isolated from a soybean field soil in mississippi and identified as a member of pseudomonas chlororaphis. strain ufb2 has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common soil-borne pathogens. plate assays showed that strain ufb2 was especially efficient in inhibiting the growth of clavibacter michiganensis 1-07, the causal agent of the devastating bacterial canker of tomato. here, the complete genome sequence of p. chlororaphis strain ufb2 is reported and described. the st ...201526634018
surveying the potential of secreted antimicrobial peptides to enhance plant disease resistance.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are natural products found across diverse taxa as part of the innate immune system against pathogen attacks. some amps are synthesized through the canonical gene expression machinery and are called ribosomal amps. other amps are assembled by modular enzymes generating nonribosomal amps and harbor unusual structural diversity. plants synthesize an array of amps, yet are still subject to many pathogen invasions. crop breeding programs struggle to release new cultivars ...201526579150
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...201526476449
phytopath: an integrative resource for plant pathogen genomics.phytopath (www.phytopathdb.org) is a resource for genomic and phenotypic data from plant pathogen species, that integrates phenotypic data for genes from phi-base, an expertly curated catalog of genes with experimentally verified pathogenicity, with the ensembl tools for data visualization and analysis. the resource is focused on fungi, protists (oomycetes) and bacterial plant pathogens that have genomes that have been sequenced and annotated. genes with associated phi-base data can be easily id ...201526476449
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