Publications

evidence for the presence of hepatitis e virus in pigs in the united kingdom.	samples of serum, tissue and faeces from two pig herds in england were examined for hepatitis e virus by reverse-transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr), and a virus strain from each herd was partially sequenced. eleven of 42 faecal samples and 16 of 21 tissue samples from two pigs were positive for the virus by rt-pcr. analysis of two unique but closely related nucleotide sequences obtained from the two herds showed that the viruses clustered in genotype iii (6) with a human strain of the virus from an auto ...	2004	15005446
presence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in japanese pet cats.		2004	15007745
high prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses and viremia of hepatitis b, c, and d viruses among apparently healthy populations in mongolia.	the prevalence of infection with hepatitis a virus (hav), hbv, hcv, hdv, and hev was evaluated in 249 apparently healthy individuals, including 122 inhabitants in ulaanbaatar, the capital city of mongolia, and 127 age- and sex-matched members of nomadic tribes who lived around the capital city. overall, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was detected in 24 subjects (10%), of whom 22 (92%) had detectable hbv dna. surprisingly, hdv rna was detectable in 20 (83%) of the 24 hbsag-positive subjects. ...	2004	15013993
the orf3 protein of hepatitis e virus interacts with liver-specific alpha1-microglobulin and its precursor alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (ambp) and expedites their export from the hepatocyte.	hepatitis e virus (hev), a plus-stranded rna virus contains three open reading frames. of these, orf1 encodes the viral nonstructural polyprotein; orf2 encodes the major capsid protein and orf3 codes for a phosphoprotein of undefined function. using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen a human cdna liver library we have isolated, an n-terminal deleted protein, alpha(1) -microglobulin/bikunin precursor (ambp) that specifically interacts with the orf3 protein of hev. independently cloned, full-le ...	2004	15037615
prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus among apparently healthy humans and pigs in bali, indonesia: identification of a pig infected with a genotype 4 hepatitis e virus.	in indonesia where hepatitis e virus (hev) is believed to be highly endemic, only three outbreaks of hev transmission have been documented to date in restricted areas (west kalimantan and east java). a total of 1,115 serum samples collected from apparently healthy individuals in bali, lombok, and surabaya in indonesia in 1996 where epidemic hev transmissions have never been reported, were tested for igg class antibodies to hev (anti-hev). in bali, anti-hev was detected in 20% (54/276) of the tes ...	2004	15042646
[etiology and clinical characters of hepatitis caused by non-hepatotropic virus].	to explore the etiology and clinical characters of hepatitis caused by non-hepatotropic virus.	2004	15059291
[the primary comparative analysis between the host genetic factors and their relationships with clinical phenotype of hbv infected twins].	the primary comparative analysis between the host genetic factors and their relationships with clinical phenotype of 20 pairs of hbv infected and high risk twins.	2004	15059532
three male patients with sporadic acute hepatitis e in sendai, japan, who were domestically infected with hepatitis e virus of genotype iii or iv.	recent studies indicate that hepatitis e virus (hev) infection occurs not only in developing countries but also in industrialized nations. however, the characteristics of domestic infections of hepatitis e in japan are not fully understood. we analyzed serum samples from 34 patients who were seen at a city hospital in sendai, japan, between january 1997 and december 2002, and who had been given the diagnosis of sporadic acute hepatitis of non-a, non-b, non-c etiology. among these 34 patients, 3 ...	2004	15065009
molecular epidemiology of hepatitis b, c, d and e viruses among children in moscow, russia.	it is known that the prevalence of hbv and hcv infections vary according to geographical areas. however, in russia, an adequate level of information on the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis viruses has not been available so far.	2004	15072755
in vitro replication of hepatitis e virus (hev) genomes and of an hev replicon expressing green fluorescent protein.	hepatitis e virus (hev) rna replication occurred in seven of nine primate cell cultures transfected with in vitro transcripts of an infectious cdna clone. cell-to-cell spread did not occur in cell cultures, but rhesus monkeys inoculated with lysates of hev-transfected plc/prf/5 and huh-7 cells became infected with hev. a replicon with the orf2 and orf3 genes deleted and replaced with the green fluorescent protein gene also replicated in the same primate cells that supported the replication of th ...	2004	15078965
detection and quantitation of hepatitis e virus in human faeces by real-time quantitative pcr.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of an acute and self-limited form of hepatitis. the virus is transmitted by the faecal-oral route and is a major cause of viral hepatitis in much of the developing world where it causes sporadic infections and large-scale epidemics. a simple and rapid protocol for the measurement of hev faecal shedding by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with the sybr green method on a lightcycler instrument, is described. after only 3h the real-time quan ...	2004	15081602
consumption of wild boar linked to cases of hepatitis e.		2004	15094239
the hepatitis e virus open reading frame 3 protein activates erk through binding and inhibition of the mapk phosphatase.	the hepatitis e virus causes acute viral hepatitis endemic in much of the developing world and is a serious public health problem. however, due to the lack of an in vitro culture system or a small animal model, its biology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. we have shown earlier that the orf3 protein (porf3) of hepatitis e virus activates erk, a member of the mapk superfamily. here we have explored the mechanism of porf3-mediated erk activation and demonstrated it to be independent of the r ...	2004	15096509
expression of the b subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli in tobacco mosaic virus-infected nicotiana benthamiana plants and its characterization as mucosal immunogen and adjuvant.	we have produced biologically active recombinant (r) ltb, the nontoxic b subunit of heat-labile toxin (lt) of escherichia coli in tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-infected nicotiana benthamiana plants. we amplified the ltb encoding sequence with its leader and introduced a hexahistidyl tag and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. the resulting product was ligated into a tmv-based plant viral expression vector that was used for the generation of recombinant viral rna. eighty-nine percent of n. be ...	2004	15099768
[prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus among residents of different climate and geographic zones of russia federation].	the detection frequency of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) was studied in residents of the south and of the middle european part of the russia federation as well as of siberia. antibodies to hev were most often found both in patients with hepatic pathologies and in subjects with diseases unrelated with a primary hepatic lesion, in particular, in patients with skin and venereal diseases and with hev. a higher concentration of antibodies to hev was noted also in blood donors, medical personn ...	2004	15106375
immunohistochemistry for the detection of swine hepatitis e virus in the liver.	swine hepatitis e virus (hev) antigen was detected immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hepatic tissue from 30 naturally infected pigs. thirty pigs from 30 different herds were selected on the basis of positive results for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. positive cells typically exhibited a red reaction product in the cytoplasm without any observable background staining. swine hev antigen was consistently detected in liver from all 30 pigs tested. a strong ...	2004	15117329
henipaviruses: recent observations on regulation of transcription and the nature of the cell receptor.	hendra virus (henv) and nipah virus (nipv) are classified in the new genus henipavirus, within the subfamily paramyxovirinae, family paramyxoviridae. the genetic and biological characteristics that differentiate henipaviruses from other members of the subfamily are summarized. although they do not display neuraminidase and hemagglutination activities and in that regard resemble viruses in the genus morbillivirus, several recent observations highlight similarities between henipaviruses and respir ...	2004	15119767
development of reverse transcriptase pcr and nested pcr to detect porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.	porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) causes encephalomyelitis, or vomiting and wasting disease, in suckling piglets. the mortality rate for piglets under 3 weeks old is 100%, but they are usually protected by maternal antibodies. recently, the risk of an hev outbreak has increased in the pig industry, because of widely using specific pathogen-free pigs that have no antibodies to hev. we developed reverse transcription (rt) pcr and nested pcr to detect hev. primer sets of polyme ...	2004	15133265
hepatitis e in pregnancy.	to study the spectrum and the clinical and biochemical course of viral hepatitis e during pregnancy.	2004	15145258
transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e caused by apparently indigenous hepatitis e virus strain in hokkaido, japan.	in industrialized countries, sporadic cases of hepatitis e have been reported in individuals who have never been in an endemic area. hepatitis e virus (hev) infection commonly occurs via the fecal-oral route but a potential risk of transfusion transmission route has been suggested.	2004	15157263
real-time quantification of hepatitis b virus core-promoter and pre-core mutants during hepatitis e antigen seroconversion.	detection of hepatitis b virus (hbv) core-promoter a(1762)t-g(1764)a and pre-core g(1896)a mutants has relied on qualitative assays. we tested the hypothesis that the quantity of a(1762)t-g(1764)a and g(1896)a mutants might have clinical impact, by quantifying these mutants before and after hbe antigen (hbeag) seroconversion in 58 patients.	2004	15158343
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the fusion core from two new zoonotic paramyxoviruses, nipah virus and hendra virus.	highly conserved heptad-repeat (hr1 and hr2) regions in class i viral fusion (f) proteins, including the f protein from paramyxovirus, interact with each other post-fusion to form a six-helix bundle called a fusion core. crystals of the fusion core of nipah virus have been grown at 291 k using peg 4000 as precipitant. the diffraction pattern of the crystal extends to 2.1 angstroms resolution at 100 k in-house. the crystals have unit-cell parameters a = 31.664, b = 31.725, c = 51.256 angstroms, a ...	2004	15159588
selection of a peptide mimicking neutralization epitope of hepatitis e virus with phage peptide display technology.	to select the peptide mimicking the neutralization epitope of hepatitis e virus which bound to non-type-specific and conformational monoclonal antibodies (mabs) 8c11 and 8h3 fromed 7-peptide phage display library, and expressed the peptide recombinant with hbcag in e.coli, and to observe whether the recombinant hbcag could still form virus like particle (vlp) and to test the activation of the recombinant polyprotein and chemo-synthesized peptide that was selected by mab 8h3.	2004	15162530
dna vaccine-encapsulated virus-like particles derived from an orally transmissible virus stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses by oral administration.	delivery of foreign genes to the digestive tract mucosa by oral administration of nonreplicating gene transfer vectors would be a very useful method for vaccination and gene therapy. however, there have been few reports on suitable vectors. in the present study, we found that plasmid dna can be packaged in vitro into a virus-like particle (vlp) composed of open reading frame 2 of hepatitis e virus, which is an orally transmissible virus, and that these vlps can deliver this foreign dna to the in ...	2004	14973544
basis for fusion inhibition by peptides: analysis of the heptad repeat regions of the fusion proteins from nipah and hendra viruses, newly emergent zoonotic paramyxoviruses.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel zoonotic members of the paramyxoviridae family and are the prototypes for a newly designated genus, genus henipavirus. recent studies have shown that paramyxovirus might adopt a similar mechanism of virus fusion-entry. under this mechanism, the two highly conserved heptad repeat (hr) regions, hr1 and hr2, in the fusion (f) protein, seem to show characteristic structure in the fusion core: the formation of a 6-helix coiled-coil bundle. the three ...	2004	14975752
epidemiology of hepatitis a and hepatitis e infection and their determinants in adult chinese community in hong kong.	current epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) in hong kong was evaluated in 936 adult chinese subjects recruited through a telephone interview in 2001. some 15% of the subjects had igg antibodies to both hav and hev while 665 (71.0%) and 176 (18.8%) had anti-hav and anti-hev, respectively. age was the most significant independent factor. six hundred thirty-eight (79.8%) and 165 (20.7%) subjects aged > or =30 had anti-hav and anti-hev, respectively, as compared with ...	2004	14981755
transfusion of plasma from a blood donor induced hepatitis e in rhesus monkey.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is normally transmitted via the faeco-oral route. the possibility that the infection might be transmissible by blood has been suggested. direct evidence of blood-borne transmission of hepatitis e infection is, however, absent.	2004	14984559
investigation of the incidence of hepatitis e virus among pregnant women in turkey.	the aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) among pregnant and non-pregnant women in middle anatolia, identify the factors that affect being hev positive and to study the effects of hev positivity on mother and fetus.	2004	14718021
identification of a new strain of hepatitis e virus from an outbreak in namibia in 1995.	endemic circulation of hepatitis e virus (hev) in namibia was suspected from serological data during an outbreak of non-a, non-b hepatitis in rundu in 1995. the source of the outbreak was suspected to be the water supply, which had been compromised approximately 6 months earlier. four hev isolates from four different persons in this outbreak were successfully amplified, sequenced and analysed over a 451 bp region of a subgenomic fragment from the 3' end of the genome in orf2. phylogenetic analys ...	2004	14718623
genetic changes in hepatitis e virus of subtype 1a in patients with sporadic acute hepatitis e in kathmandu, nepal, from 1997 to 2002.	to investigate the genetic changes in hepatitis e virus (hev) strains in the kathmandu valley of nepal, we compared the 412 nt sequence within open reading frame 2 of hev among hev isolates recovered from 16 patients in 1999, 14 patients in 2000 and 38 patients in 2002, and additional isolates recovered from 48 patients in 1997 whose nucleotide sequences have been previously published. all 116 hev-viraemic samples were genotyped as 1 and subtyped further as 1a (n=85, 73 %), 1c (n=29, 25 %) and m ...	2004	14718624
protective efficacy of hepatitis e virus dna vaccine administered by gene gun in the cynomolgus macaque model of infection.	the protective efficacy of a dna vaccine against hepatitis e virus (hev) infection was tested in cynomolgus macaques (cynos) vaccinated with a plasmid containing a full-length hev open-reading frame 2 (orf2) sequence (burmese strain) and subsequently challenged with a heterologous strain of hev (mexican strain). cynos administered vaccine by gene gun developed antibodies to hev (anti-hev), whereas cynos administered vaccine by intradermal injections and cynos administered a mock dna construct di ...	2004	14722891
hepatitis e superinfection produces severe decompensation in patients with chronic liver disease.	the adverse effect of acute hepatitis a in chronic liver disease is well known. the outcome of acute hepatitis e in chronic liver disease has not been extensively studied. the present study aimed to examine the clinical profile and outcome of patients with chronic liver disease and hepatitis e virus (hev) superinfection, and the seroprevalence of hepatitis a and e infections in patients with chronic liver disease and controls in india.	2004	14731121
porcine circovirus-2 and concurrent infections in the field.	porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is the necessary cause of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine; however, a variety of co-factors, including other infectious agents, are thought to be necessary in the full expression of disease. porcine parvovirus (ppv) was found in the inoculum used in the first experiments to reproduce pmws in gnotobiotic swine. retrospective and prospective studies in the field and laboratory have demonstrated pcv-2 can act synergistically with ppv to enhan ...	2004	14741128
isolation and identification of an enterovirus 77 recovered from a refugee child from kosovo, and characterization of the complete virus genome.	the complete nucleotide sequence of an enterovirus 77 isolate is reported. the virus designated fr/cf496-99 (france/clermont-ferrand 496-1999) was recovered from the feces of a 4-year-old child hospitalized for salmonella gastroenteritis. the virus was identified by a molecular typing assay based on the genomic sequence encoding the vp1 capsid protein. the phylogenetic analysis based on the vp1 sequence demonstrated that the enterovirus isolated in the child clustered with viruses included in th ...	2004	14749180
clinical and epidemiological features of patients with clonorchiasis.	to study the clinical and epidemiological features of patients with clonorchiasis so as to provide scientific evidences for the diagnosis and prevention of clonorchiasis.	2004	14760777
[studies on etiology and vaccines of hepatitis e].		2004	14761270
[significance of serological markers and virological marker for hepatitis e in rhesus monkey model].	to evaluate the serological markers and biological marker in the diagnosis of hepatitis e infection in a rhesus monkey model.	2004	14761271
[investigation of sub-clinical infection of hepatitis e virus in blood donors].	to understand the prevalence of sub-clinical infection of hepatitis e virus (hev) among blood donors.	2004	14761272
[detection of hepatitis e virus on a blood donor and its infectivity to rhesus monkey].	to understand the infectivity and pathogenicity of the plasma of hepatitis e virus (hev) viremia to primate animals.	2004	14761273
immunologically silent autochthonous acute hepatitis e virus infection in france.	hepatitis e is an acute and self-limiting hepatitis, and the causative agent, hepatitis e virus, is excreted in feces and orally transmitted. the disease is common in asia and africa, causing outbreaks or sporadic cases. in europe, the infection is generally observed after a history of travel in an area of endemicity. we report on an autochthonous case in southwestern france in which the diagnosis was based on molecular tools rather than serological testing.	2004	14766888
development of nested rt-pcr for the detection of swine hepatitis e virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and comparison with in situ hybridization.	swine hepatitis e virus (hev) was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from naturally infected pigs by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the results for seminested rt-pcr were compared with those determined by in situ hybridization. the results obtained show that use of xylene deparaffinization, digestion with proteinase k followed by nested rt-pcr is a reliable detection method. swine hev nucleic acid was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embed ...	2004	14656462
protection of cynomolgus monkeys against hev infection by oral administration of recombinant hepatitis e virus-like particles.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important causative agent of enterically-transmitted hepatitis. successful vaccine development is crucial in controlling global hev infection. hev capsid protein, with 111 amino acids truncated at the n-terminus, was efficiently expressed in the baculovirus expression system. expressed protein spontaneously assembled into virus-like particles (vlps) and was released into culture medium. when cynomolgus monkeys were orally inoculated with 10mg of purified rhev vlps, ...	2004	14670318
the orf2 protein of hepatitis e virus binds the 5' region of viral rna.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major human pathogen in much of the developing world. it is a plus-strand rna virus with a 7.2-kb polyadenylated genome consisting of three open reading frames, orf1, orf2, and orf3. of these, orf2 encodes the major capsid protein of the virus and orf3 encodes a small protein of unknown function. using the yeast three-hybrid system and traditional biochemical techniques, we have studied the rna binding activities of orf2 and orf3, two proteins encoded in the 3' struc ...	2004	14671114
acidic ph enhances structure and structural stability of the capsid protein of hepatitis e virus.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is enterically transmitted and endemic to tropical areas of the world. the major capsid protein of hev is porf2 ( approximately 74 kda), encoded by open reading frame 2 (orf2). when expressed in insect cells, it is processed into a approximately 55 kda form (n-porf2). we also generated a mutant, m-porf2, lacking a c-terminal hydrophobic region shown earlier to be required for its homo-oligomerization. circular dichroism was used to measure the secondary structure and stab ...	2004	14672699
neurotropism of swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (coronavirus) in mice depending upon host age and route of infection.	mice aged 1, 4 or 8 weeks were inoculated with haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), strain 67n, by the intracerebral (i.c.), intranasal (i.n.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c.), intravenous (i.v.) or oral route, with different doses. in 1-week-old mice, mortality and mean time to death were mostly the same regardless of the inoculation route, except for the oral route, which appeared to be the least effective. the virus killed 4-week-old mice readily by all routes of inocu ...	2004	14693125
monitoring for potentially xenozoonotic viruses in new zealand pigs.	shortage of human donor organs for transplantation has prompted evaluation of animals as an alternative donor source. pigs are the most acceptable candidate animals but issues of xenozoonozes remain. despite careful monitoring of high-health-status (hhs) pigs, there is still a risk that their tissues may carry infectious agents. furthermore, pathogens which are significant in xenotransplantation are not necessarily those of veterinary importance. the detection of these potentially transmissible ...	2004	14695679
should hev infected mothers breast feed?	the aim of this study was to determine by a prospective study: the presence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) and or hev rna in the colostrum of hev infected mothers; transmission of hev to infants from their mothers by breast-feeding.	2004	12698262
in vitro and in vivo mutational analysis of the 3'-terminal regions of hepatitis e virus genomes and replicons.	hepatitis e virus (hev) replication is not well understood, mainly because the virus does not infect cultured cells efficiently. however, huh-7 cells transfected with full-length genomes produce open reading frame 2 protein, indicative of genome replication (6). to investigate the role of 3'-terminal sequences in rna replication, we constructed chimeric full-length genomes with divergent 3'-terminal sequences of genotypes 2 and 3 replacing that of genotype 1 and transfected them into huh-7 cells ...	2005	15613330
acute hepatitis and renal function impairment related to infection by hepatitis e virus in a renal allograft recipient.	clinicians often are faced with an increase in liver enzyme levels. in the majority of cases, the cause is found rapidly. conversely, in a few cases, the etiologic agent remains unknown and requires either liver biopsy or drug-medication modification. we report a case of acute icteric hepatitis associated with renal function impairment related to infection caused by primary hepatitis e virus (hev) in a renal transplant recipient who lived in a nonclassic endemic area and had not traveled abroad. ...	2005	15696460
hepatitis e virus infection with nonimmune hemolytic anemia.		2005	15699702
serological markers of hepatitis b, c, and e viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infections in pregnant women in bali, indonesia.	except for hepatitis b virus (hbv), there have been few data on serological markers of hepatitis viruses such as hepatitis c virus (hcv) and e virus (hev), and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv) in bali, indonesia. during 5 months from april to august 2003, sera were collected from 2,450 pregnant women at eight jurisdictions in bali, and they were tested for markers of these viruses. only one (0.04%) was positive for antibody to hcv, but none for antibody to hiv. hepatitis b surface antig ...	2005	15714491
simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin a (iga) and igm antibodies against hepatitis e virus (hev) is highly specific for diagnosis of acute hev infection.	serum samples collected from 68 patients (age, mean +/- the standard deviation [sd], 56.3 +/- 12.8 years) at admission who were subsequently molecularly diagnosed as having hepatitis e and from 2,781 individuals who were assumed not to have been recently infected with hepatitis e virus (hev; negative controls; 52.9 +/- 18.9 years), were tested for immunoglobulin m (igm) and iga classes of antibodies to hev (anti-hev) by in-house solid-phase enzyme immunoassay with recombinant open reading frame ...	2005	15634950
mutational analysis of essential interactions involved in the assembly of hepatitis e virus capsid.	the hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid consists of a single structural protein, a portion of which is engaged in isosahedral contact to form a basal shell, and another portion in dimeric contact to form the homodimers protruding from the shell. previous studies revealed that homodimers of the truncated hev capsid proteins, e2 (amino acids 394-606) and p239 (amino acids 368-606), model dominant antigenic determinants of hev. immunization with these proteins protected rhesus monkeys against the virus, ...	2005	15557331
a novel rt-multiplex pcr for enteroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses and influenza a virus among infants and children with diarrhea in vietnam.	a novel reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (rt-multiplex pcr) assay that can detect enteroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses and influenza a virus from various hosts (avian species, human, swine and horse) was developed. the identification of that group of viruses was performed with the mixture of four pairs of published specific primers (f1 and r1, p3 and p4, 2s and 2as, mmu42 and mmu43) for amplifying viral genomes and specifically generated four different amplicon sizes ...	2005	15645373
capped rna transcripts of full-length cdna clones of swine hepatitis e virus are replication competent when transfected into huh7 cells and infectious when intrahepatically inoculated into pigs.	swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), the first animal strain of hev to be isolated, is a zoonotic agent. we report here the construction and in vitro and in vivo characterizations of infectious cdna clones of swine hev. eight overlapping fragments spanning the entire genome were amplified by reverse transcription-pcr and assembled into a full-length cdna clone, clone c, which contained 14 mutations compared to the consensus sequence of swine hev. rna transcripts from clone c were not infectious, ...	2005	15650181
prevalence of antibody to hepatitis e virus among haemodialysis patients in taiwan: possible infection by blood transfusion.	a higher prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) in non-endemic viral hepatitis such as in germany has been reported in our previous study. the aim of this study was to assess the seroepidemiology of hev among haemodialysis (hd) patients in shin-kong hospital, taiwan, and to evaluate whether there was an increased risk of infection and exposure to hev even in an area of endemic viral hepatitis.	2005	15722643
systematic pathogenesis and replication of avian hepatitis e virus in specific-pathogen-free adult chickens.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important human pathogen. due to the lack of a cell culture system and a practical animal model for hev, little is known about its pathogenesis and replication. the discovery of a strain of hev in chickens, designated avian hev, prompted us to evaluate chickens as a model for the study of hev. eighty-five 60-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were randomly divided into three groups. group 1 chickens (n=28) were each inoculated with 5 x 10(4.5) 50% chicken infe ...	2005	15731237
challenges in creating a vaccine to prevent hepatitis e.	recombinant hepatitis e virus capsid protein (hev cp) assembles orally immunogenic virus-like particles (vlp) when expressed in an insect cell system. we used plant expression cassettes, phev101 and phev110, for transformation of potato to express hev cp, and 10 independent transgenic lines of hev101 and 6 lines of hev110 were obtained. elisa for hev cp was performed on tuber extracts. accumulation of hev cp in tubers varied from about 5 to 30 microg/g fresh tuber depending on the transgenic pla ...	2005	15734058
nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis e infection in pakistan with possible parenteral transmission.		2005	15736034
[acute hepatitis during pregnancy: hepatitis e virus must be considered].		2005	15738906
[effects on health of water and food contamination by emergent human viruses].	the development of molecular technologies applied to environmental studies has shown that even in highly industrialized countries there is a high prevalence of viruses in the environment that represents an important impact on public health and substantial economic losses mainly related to the transmission of viruses through water and food. significant concentrations of viruses are detected in the water flowed to the environment and in the biosolids generated in wastewater treatment plants. this ...	2005	15913059
correlation between positivity for immunoglobulin a antibodies and viraemia of swine hepatitis e virus observed among farm pigs in japan.	to evaluate the usefulness of detection of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) to screen for viraemic pigs, serum samples obtained from 1425 1-6-month-old pigs in japan were tested for swine hev rna and igg, igm and iga classes of anti-hev antibody. fifty-five (5 %) of the 1071 2-5-month-old pigs were positive for swine hev rna, but none of 218 1-month-old pigs or 136 6-month-old pigs had detectable hev rna. the prevalence of anti-hev igg among the viraemic pigs (67 %, 37/55) was similar to th ...	2005	15914860
pcr screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis.	hepatitis, either acute or chronic, is a relatively common hepatic disease in dogs. several forms of canine hepatitis can occur, some with a defined cause, most cases have an unknown etiology. the similarities between canine hepatitis and human viral hepatitis suggest that canine hepatitis may have a viral etiology too.	2005	15917133
hev, ttv and gbv-c/hgv markers in patients with acute viral hepatitis.	the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of hev, ttv and gbv-c/gbv-c/hgv in patients with acute viral hepatitis a, b and non-a-c. we evaluated sera of 94 patients from a sentinel program who had acute hepatitis a (n = 40), b (n = 42) and non-a-c (n = 12); 71 blood donors served as controls. igm and anti-hev igg antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay using commercial kits. ttv and gbv-c/hgv were detected by nested pcr; genotyping was done by sequencing and phylogenetic ...	2005	15917959
a case of acute hepatitis with positive autoantibodies who actually had hepatitis e virus infection.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the major causative agents of acute hepatitis in many developing countries. on the other hand, recent intensive investigation has revealed the existence of non-imported cases in industrialized countries. we encountered a sporadic patient with hepatitis e in 1999, who had had no recent travel abroad. he was a 67-year-old japanese, and his laboratory data were negative for serum markers of hepatitis a, b and c virus infection and positive anti-nuclear antibody, an ...	2005	15923136
promoter and intron-1 region polymorphisms in the ifng gene in patients with hepatitis e.	allelic and genotype variations in the promoter region and the dinucleotide (ca)(n) repeat region in intron 1 of the interferon-g (ifng) gene were analysed by direct sequencing and simple sequence length polymorphism (sslp), respectively, in patients with acute hepatitis, and the prevalence was compared with that in healthy controls. our results showed a significant association of heterozygous genotypes (ca)12/(ca)14 and (ca)12/(ca)16 in intron 1 of the ifng gene in all categories of patients wi ...	2005	15932627
immunological alterations in pregnant women with acute hepatitis e.	infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in several developing countries. although usually self-limiting and benign, the disease is particularly severe among pregnant women, with mortality rates reaching 15-20%.	2005	15955220
viroporin activity of murine hepatitis virus e protein.	the viroporin activity of the e protein from murine hepatitis virus (mhv), a member of the coronaviruses, was analyzed. viroporins are a growing family of viral proteins able to enhance membrane permeability, promoting virus budding. initially, the mhv e gene was inducibly expressed in escherichia coli cells, leading to the arrest of bacterial growth, cell lysis and permeabilization to different compounds. thus, exit of labeled nucleotides from e. coli cells to the cytoplasm was apparent upon ex ...	2005	15963987
hepatitis e infections, victoria, australia.	in the first half of 2004, acute hepatitis e virus infections diagnosed in victoria, australia, increased 7-fold. of the interviewed patients with highly reactive serologic results, 90% reported recent clinically compatible illness and overseas travel. the increase is compared with a background of exposure in countries in which hepatitis e is endemic.	2005	15757573
epidemiology of hepatitis a and e virus infection in brazil.	this review has the objective to discuss the epidemiological aspects of the enterically transmitted hepatitis a and e in brazil. the prevalence of hepatitis a varies greatly in different brazilian regions, from 56% in south and southeast to 93% in north region (manaus, amazon). such differences are also found in different socioeconomic levels among age groups. a significantly higher prevalence was seen in the low socioeconomic group between 1-30 years. this difference is most striking in the fir ...	2005	15771857
prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in residents of a district in havana, cuba.	a seroepidemiological study of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection was conducted in a district of havana, where hepatitis a virus (hav) is considered endemic. the levels of anti-hev antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the recombinant protein gst-orf2.1. anti-hev antibodies were detected in 11 of 209 (5.3%) of serum samples, compared to 71.3% for anti-hav antibodies. no risk factors reported previously for hev infection showed a significant association wi ...	2005	15779049
analysis of hepatitis e virus neutralization sites using monoclonal antibodies directed against a virus capsid protein.	the dimeric form of the recombinant peptide (e2), comprising amino acid 394-606 of the capsid protein of hepatitis e virus (hev), is strongly recognized by hev reactive human serum, and when used as a vaccine, it protects rhesus monkeys against experimental hev infection. in this work, the relationship of e2 to hev has been probed using three murine monoclonal antibodies, 8c11, 13d8 and 8h3, all of which react predominantly against the e2 dimer, and can effect immune capture of the virus as well ...	2005	15780737
a bacterially expressed particulate hepatitis e vaccine: antigenicity, immunogenicity and protectivity on primates.	it was evaluated its antigenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate recombinant hepatitis e virus (hev) vaccine, referred hitherto as hev 239 vaccine. the vaccine peptide has a 26 amino acids extension from the n terminal of another peptide, e2, of the hev capsid protein, which has been shown to protect monkeys against hev infection previously. the vaccine peptide is similar as e2 in that: first, the vaccine peptide migrates predominantly as dimer in sds-page and it is dissociated into ...	2005	15780738
replication of a recombinant hepatitis e virus genome tagged with reporter genes and generation of a short-term cell line producing viral rna and proteins.	hepatitis e virus (hev) replication has been demonstrated in hepg2 cells transfected with full-length in vitro transcripts of an infectious cdna clone. this cdna clone was modified to generate several subgenomic hev replicons with fused reporter genes. in vitro-transcribed capped rnas generated from these were transfected into hepg2 cells. negative-strand rna was detected, indicating the occurrence of replication. the replicon containing an in-frame fusion of hev orf2 with enhanced green fluores ...	2005	15784913
acute hepatitis e of a man who consumed wild boar meat prior to the onset of illness in nagasaki, japan.	zoonotic infection of hepatitis e virus (hev) has been suggested. to date, pigs, deer, and wild boar have been implicated as reservoirs of hev in japan. however, it is not known to what extent zoonotic transmission of hev play roles of causing hev transmission. in the present report, we describe a case of acute hepatitis e in which a transmission of hev by a zoonotic transmission is strongly suggested. the patient had eaten grilled wild boar meat 59 days prior to onset of acute hepatitis. althou ...	2005	15792639
associated factors in modulating aflatoxin b1-albumin adduct level in three chinese populations.	to elucidate the potential factors modulating exposure to aflatoxin b1 (afb1) in three chinese populations, an epidemiologic study was conducted in fusui county and nanning city of guangxi province and chengdu city of sichuan province. the incidence rates of hepatocelluar carcinoma (hcc) for males in these three regions were 92-97 per 100,000, 32-47 per 100,000, and 21 per 100,000, respectively. eighty-nine residents from fusui, 196 residents from nanning, and 118 residents from chengdu were scr ...	2005	15810636
identification of genotype 3 hepatitis e virus (hev) in serum and fecal samples from pigs in thailand and mexico, where genotype 1 and 2 hev strains are prevalent in the respective human populations.	hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, is an important public health concern in many developing countries. increasing evidence indicates that hepatitis e is a zoonotic disease. there exist four major genotypes of hev, and hev isolates identified in samples from pigs belong to either genotype 3 or 4. genotype 1 and 2 hevs are found exclusively in humans. to determine whether genotype 1 and 2 hevs also exist in pigs, a universal reverse transcription-pcr assay that is capable ...	2005	15814985
a truncated orf2 protein contains the most immunogenic site on orf2: antibody responses to non-vaccine sequences following challenge of vaccinated and non-vaccinated macaques with hepatitis e virus.	a candidate hepatitis e vaccine is composed of amino acids (aa) 112-607 of the 660-aa protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (orf2) of hepatitis e virus (hev). we have studied the antibody response to vaccine-associated epitopes and to epitopes excluded from the vaccine to determine if important epitopes were omitted from the vaccine and if antibody responses to these regions could be used to differentiate between infection and vaccination. elisas were developed based on genotype 1 orf2 peptide ...	2005	15837215
acute hepatitis e complicated by acute pancreatitis: a case report and literature review.	the coincidence of viral hepatitis and acute pancreatitis is well described. most of the cases are related to acute hepatitis a or b. hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are rare in europe, and very few reports describe hev as a causative agent of acute pancreatitis in areas of endemic hepatitis e prevalence. we report a case of acute pancreatitis in the course of acute hepatitis e in a 28-year-old male patient. the majority of reported cases, including our case, show several common epidemiologic ...	2005	15841052
prevention of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e by donor-initiated self exclusion.	safety in blood transfusion has all along been focused on blood borne viruses like hiv, hepatitis b and c. however, infective agents that are not usually transmitted through blood may also pose risk to transfusion if the donor gives blood in the early-viraemic phase. a case report of potential transfusion-transmitted hepatitis e (hev) is described. it shows the virus can be transmissible via blood because of the presence of hev rna in the blood donated. pre-donation health screening was unable t ...	2005	15859980
comparison of a new immunochromatographic test to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of immunoglobulin m antibodies to hepatitis e virus in human sera.	an immunochromatographic test for rapid detection of igm antibodies in patients with acute hepatitis e infection was developed utilizing the well-characterized recombinant protein ep2.1 and monoclonal antibody 4b2. the new rapid test based on a novel reverse-flow technology was able to generate a positive result within 2 to 3 min. our study showed that this test was able to detect anti-hev igm antibodies in 96.7% of the patient samples tested (n = 151) while maintaining an excellent specificity ...	2005	15879020
a patient with clinical features of acute hepatitis e viral infection and autoimmune hepatitis.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the major causative agents of acute hepatitis in many developing countries. recent intensive examination has revealed the existence of non-imported cases in industrialized countries. the patient was a 25-year-old japanese female with acute hepatitis. laboratory test demonstrated positive anti-nuclear antibody (ana), anti-smooth muscle antibody (asma) and high level of serum immunoglobulin g (igg). the patient was negative for serum markers of hepatitis a, b or c ...	2005	15888974
the open reading frame 3 gene of hepatitis e virus contains a cis-reactive element and encodes a protein required for infection of macaques.	an infectious cdna clone of hepatitis e virus was mutated in order to prevent synthesis of either open reading frame 2 (orf2) protein or orf3 protein. huh-7 cells transfected with an orf2-null mutant produced orf3, and those transfected with an orf3-null mutant produced orf2. silent mutations introduced into a highly conserved nucleotide sequence in the orf3 coding region eliminated the synthesis of both orf2 and orf3 proteins, suggesting that it comprised a cis-reactive element. a mutant that w ...	2005	15890906
receptor binding, fusion inhibition, and induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies by a soluble g glycoprotein of hendra virus.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the paramyxovirinae, which are distinguished by their ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. these viruses infect cells by a ph-independent membrane fusion event mediated by their attachment (g) and fusion (f) glycoproteins. previously, we reported on hev- and niv-mediated fusion activities and detailed their host-cell tropism characteristics. these studies al ...	2005	15890907
possible risk factors for the transmission of hepatitis e virus and for the severe form of hepatitis e acquired locally in hokkaido, japan.	hepatitis e in industrialized countries has not been well studied. to define the possible risk factors for transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) and for the severe form of hepatitis e in japan, we investigated the clinical and virological characteristics of hepatitis e in 32 patients who contracted the mild (n=23) or severe form (n=9) of domestically acquired hepatitis e between 1996 and 2004 in hokkaido, where hepatitis e is most prevalent in japan. nine patients with the severe form of hepat ...	2005	15902701
hepatitis e virus infection in hemodialysis patients: a seroepidemiological survey in iran.	the hepatitis e virus (hev) has a global distribution and is known to have caused large waterborne epidemics of icteric hepatitis. transmission is generally via the fecal-oral route. some reports have suggested parenteral transmission of hev. anti-hev prevalence data among chronic hemodialysis (hd) patients are few and give conflicting results.	2005	15904504
evidence of recombination between divergent hepatitis e viruses.	phylogenetic and recombination analysis was performed on 32 complete hepatitis e virus (hev) genomes from infected humans and pigs. for the first time, evidence for recombination between divergent hev strains was obtained, with at least two strains being found to have discordant phylogenetic relationships consistent with the occurrence of intragenotype recombination. this finding confirms that humans can be dually infected with divergent hev strains and has implications for the emergence and evo ...	2005	15994825
a subunit vaccine against hemorrhagic enteritis adenovirus.	hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) is an adenovirus that infects turkeys and causes immunosuppression and mortality. the virus used for the inactivated vaccine is extracted from spleens of infected turkeys, since its propagation in tissue cultures or embryonated eggs is unsuitable for mass production. the aim of this study was to develop a subunit vaccine based on a capsid protein of the virus. the knob protein, together with an adjacent part of the shaft domain pertaining to the fiber protein of ...	2005	15998555
ephrin-b2 ligand is a functional receptor for hendra virus and nipah virus.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) belong to the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae and are unique in that they exhibit a broad species tropism and cause fatal disease in both animals and humans. they infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fusion process mediated by their fusion and attachment glycoproteins. previously, we demonstrated identical cell fusion tropisms for hev and niv and the protease-sensitive nature of their unknown cell receptor and identified a human ...	2005	15998730
identification of novel human hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates and determination of the seroprevalence of hev in korea.	hepatitis e virus (hev) was originally identified as the causative agent of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis. recently, hev isolates were subsequently identified in humans and swine in many countries, including korea. also, public concerns regarding hev as a potential zoonotic agent have been increasing. therefore, we attempted to identify hev from korean sera and compare the nucleotide sequences with those of previously identified hev isolates from other countries. in our study, v ...	2005	16000413
u.s. military sponsored vaccine trials and la resistance in nepal.		2005	16006352
serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in different animal species from the southeast of brazil.	serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection (hev) has been observed in both humans and different animal species living in non-endemic areas, suggesting that animals could be important reservoir for virus transmission to man. antibodies to hev have been detected in some brazilian population groups. nevertheless, sporadic cases of acute hev infection have never been reported. we collected 271 serum samples from several domestic animals and also from pig handlers from southeast of brazil in ...	2005	16021297
[a new pcr-based in vitro neutralization assay of hepatitis b virus].	to establish a pcr-based neutralization assay of hepatitis b virus (hbv), which may be applied for detecting neutralizing antibodies against hbv and used as an in vitro model to screen new hbv vaccines.	2005	16027790
[genotyping of hepatitis e virus by pcr combining with single restriction endonuclease analysis].	to develop a simple method for genotyping of hepatitis e virus (hev) and to investigate hev genotype distribution in nanjing area.	2005	16027792
acute viral hepatitis in third trimester of pregnancy.		2005	16041115
[detection of igm antibodies against hepatitis e virus].	hepatitis e virus is the main enterically transmitted non a non b hepatitis agent. the host igm response in the acute infection phase is short lived. therefore, only igg antibodies against e virus are usually investigated.	2005	16075127
[viral hepatitis e. the problems of its study].	the paper presents the results of investigations of hepatitis e (he), which have been made at the department of viral hepatitides, m. p. chumakov institute of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitides, russian academy of medical sciences. m. s. balayan's discovery of hepatitis e virus permitted etiological interpretation of the cases of so-called non-a, non-b hepatitis with its fecal and oral transmission. the detection of antibodies to he virus among different groups of the population of russia (i ...	2005	16078429
sequence motif upstream of the hendra virus fusion protein cleavage site is not sufficient to promote efficient proteolytic processing.	the hendra virus fusion (hev f) protein is synthesized as a precursor, f(0), and proteolytically cleaved into the mature f(1) and f(2) heterodimer, following an hdlvdgvk(109) motif. this cleavage event is required for fusogenic activity. to determine the amino acid requirements for processing of the hev f protein, we constructed multiple mutants. individual and simultaneous alanine substitutions of the eight residues immediately upstream of the cleavage site did not eliminate processing. a chime ...	2005	16083935
thermal stability of hepatitis e virus.	the thermal stability of virulent hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) was compared. fecal suspensions of virus were heated to temperatures between 45 degrees c and 70 degrees c, and residual infectivity was determined in a cell culture system that was permissive for both viruses. although hev was less stable than was hav, some hev would most likely survive the internal temperatures of rare-cooked meat.	2005	16088844
[igm to recombinant antigen e2 of hev envelope protein is a sensitive and specific serological marker in diagnosis of acute hepatitis e].	to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of igm to recombinant antigen e2 of hev envelope protein in the diagnosis of acute sporadic hepatitis e.	2005	16092982