Publications

aids: knowledge, skills and attitudes among vocational trainees and their trainers.	in order to assess the adequacy of learning about the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in vocational training for general practice, a postal questionnaire survey was carried out among trainers and their trainees in seven health regions of england and scotland. a total of 616 trainers (62%) and 538 trainees (58%) responded to the questionnaire asking about their knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding hiv and aids. trainees' principal difficu ...	1991	1777293
diffusion of in-vitro fertilization in the netherlands and england. an exploratory study.	in-vitro fertilization (ivf) is a relatively recent approach to overcoming human fertility problems. this study explored factors in the diffusion of ivf in england and in the netherlands. many factors were common to the two countries. governments in both countries have been passive, apparently wishing to avoid entering a controversial field. technology assessment has played little part in the diffusion process in these two countries.	1991	1778702
autonomic dysfunction in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	autonomic function tests have been recorded in 40 male homosexual patients with serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and 12 male homosexuals without such antibodies. abnormalities of autonomic function were found in 15 of 31 patients without other recognized reasons for autonomic dysfunction. four patients had two or more test abnormalities. the profile of these abnormalities was found to be different from that of autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes and other disorder ...	1991	1782231
the elephant man.		1991	1795079
breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of mothers in rural zaire.	the breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of 12 mothers living in a poor, rural area of zaïre have been measured serially over 18 months of lactation. calcium concentrations remained steady for the first 3-4 months and then decreased by approximately 27%. phosphorus concentrations decreased by an average of 16% during the first 6 months and then reached a low plateau. the calcium:phosphorus ratio decreased from 1.7 in early lactation to 1.3 after 15 months. a wide range of mineral co ...	1991	1810721
history of clarke's stereotactic instrument.	the first original stereotactic instrument was designed by the turn of this century by the british surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist robert henry clarke. in 1905 james swift, in london, constructed the first machine, 'clarke's stereoscopic instrument employed for excitation and electrolysis'. it was first used in 1906 by clarke and victor horsley to create minute electrolytic lesions in the cns of animals. the stereotactic apparatus was patented by clarke in 1914 and cost 300 pounds. two furt ...	1991	1819133
[the visual process as a theological analog of roger bacon's eye anatomy and physiology].	the author presents roger bacon's conception of the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. the knowledge of ocular function is a precondition to understand the laws of the "perspectiva", the science of seeing. but bacon doesn't stress perspective per se. the physical laws of light, which are to be analysed in geometrical forms, are analogous to those of the infusion of divine grace. optics (in the middle ages synonymous with perspective) seemed to be the model by which god spread his grace to ...	1991	1836074
salivary and serum iga antibodies to the epstein-barr virus glycoprotein gp340: incidence and potential for virus neutralization.	human antibody responses to the epstein-barr virus (ebv) glycoprotein gp340 have been measured using purified preparations of the native molecule as the substrate in elisas. this glycoprotein is the dominant component of the ebv envelope and a major target for the virus-neutralizing antibody response. healthy virus carriers (both caucasian and chinese) regularly show detectable anti-gp340 igg in serum and, unexpectedly, 21-30% of these individuals are also serum anti-gp340 iga positive. chinese ...	1991	1850382
hiv/aids workshop for primary health care staff.	the purpose of this study was to develop and pilot a workshop to train general practitioners and other primary care workers to become competent in the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the development of the workshop took place at four venues in the south west thames region and involved 41 general practitioners and 33 primary care nurses. questionnaire evaluation before and immediately after each workshop showed a significant improvement in ...	1991	1857281
a short history of occupational fitness and health promotion.	the suggestion of a linkage between adequate exercise and occupational health dates back to ramazzini's classical observations on cobblers and tailors. however, excessive hours of work at too high an intensity were of greater concern than increase of fitness or health promotion in the early phases of the industrial revolution. loss of physical condition is a more recent phenomenon, and it can be traced to automation in industry and the home, progressive urbanization, and widespread use of the au ...	1991	1862064
[the history of the book, "the family horse doctor, or the art of healing one's own horse," by francis clater].	francis clater presumably was born in 1754 near nottingham. he became farrier after years of apprenticeships at newark and retford. in 1783 the first edition of his book "every man his own farrier" was published. within 50 years at least 30 editions were printed. this book was translated by pretot into french (1822), by s. von tennecker (1823) and by lentin (1834) into german and by turne (1838) into russian language. contents of some editions are compared and valued.	1991	1874137
penicillin's forgotten man: norman heatley.		1991	1876832
live donation of human body parts: a case for negotiability?		1991	1886501
harold king. a notable contributor to anaesthesia.	harold king was an analytical chemist of distinction, who worked with sir henry dale and his colleagues in the medical research institute, later the medical research council. he helped to quash the theory that the anaesthetic action of ether was attributable to its impurities. interest in alkaloids led to the elucidation of the structure of hyoscine, the synthesis of muscarine and the first isolation of crystalline tubocurarine for which he proposed a structural formula, work which influenced bo ...	1991	1887980
course of brittle diabetes: 12 year follow up.	to determine the course of brittle diabetes.	1991	1904287
a typhus-like illness caused by acute hiv seroconversion.	a patient is described in whom an acute human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion illness occurred following a trip to southern africa. the presentation was strikingly similar to that of african tick typhus and could only be distinguished by serological testing.	1991	1905405
incidence of numerical chromosome anomalies in human pregnancy estimation from induced and spontaneous abortion data.	induced abortion data provided an estimate of 4.7% numerical chromosome anomalies for women with a clinically recognized pregnancy at the end of the 7th week after the last menstrual period (lmp). this frequency requires that 51.9% of spontaneous abortions occurring after the 7th week should be chromosomally abnormal if the frequency of numerical chromosome anomalies at term (live and stillbirths combined) is 0.53%. cytogenetic data from surveys of spontaneous abortion suggested a lower incidenc ...	1991	1918307
the frequency of a common anti-dna antibody idiotype (16/6) in different populations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.	the 16/6 anti-dna idiotype (id) is a pathogenic idiotype first identified on a human hybridoma antibody derived from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). the sa-1 anti-dna, which antibody was established in a similar fashion from a patient with polymyositis, also carries the 16/6 id, although it has a greater reactivity with dsdna. the presence of the 16/6 id as defined by anti-16/6 and anti-sa-1 was determined in 3 distinct populations of patients with sle: 502 mexicans, 98 englis ...	1991	1920308
hla associations with autoimmune addison's disease.		1991	1926131
temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in a british skeletal population.	the potential role of dental function in tmj osteoarthritis is examined in an ancient british population. human skeletal remains from five archaeological sites in england (n = 369) were studied to assess the associations between the presence of osteoarthritis and dental function variables, in particular antemortem tooth loss and dental attrition. individuals aged over 17 years with at least a portion of either the left or right tmj were included in the study. each individual was scored for the o ...	1991	1928311
human listeriosis and paté: a possible association.	to study trends in human listeriosis and determine possible sources of infection.	1991	1932944
jackdaws and magpies as vectors of milkborne human campylobacter infection.	in 1990 we reported that milk bottles pecked by jackdaws and magpies were a probable source of human campylobacter infection. during april to june 1990 an extended study of campylobacter infections was carried out in the gateshead area. prior to the study a health education programme was undertaken in an attempt to reduce human infection. fifty-nine cases of human infection were recorded and 52 were interviewed. thirty were entered into a case control study which demonstrated a very strong assoc ...	1991	1936158
25 years of infectious diseases.		1991	1954487
dogs as predictors of human epilepsy.		1991	1957464
an unusual community outbreak of influenza a.	the hong kong h3n2 subtype of influenza a virus appeared in 1968 and since then has caused epidemics of varying degrees of severity. we describe a community outbreak of influenza a h3n2 which occurred in members of a bowls club in an english rural village in late april 1989. the explosive onset, high attack rate (34/41 = 83 per cent) in those exposed, and the clinical presentation initially suggested a toxic or allergic aetiology. twenty-three persons consulted their general practitioners; befor ...	1991	1958413
the economic implications of human salmonella infection.		1991	1960105
free trade in human sequence data?		1991	1961241
hepatitis a and travel abroad: a study of notifications in birmingham.	one hundred and seventy-two cases of viral hepatitis a (or 'infective hepatitis' or 'infective jaundice' judged to be viral hepatitis a) were notified in birmingham in the 15 months from january 1990 to march 1991. forty patients had travelled abroad in the three months prior to onset, 30 of whom had been to the indian subcontinent. a survey of general practitioners attending to patients going abroad indicated that human normal immunoglobulin (hnig) was rarely given to intending travellers, wher ...	1992	1285100
influenza surveillance in england and wales: november 1991-june 1992.		1992	1285133
influenza surveillance.		1992	1285163
swine influenza.		1992	1285165
influenza update.		1992	1285173
virological surveillance of influenza a.		1992	1285178
influenza.		1992	1285186
echovirus surveillance.		1992	1285234
schizophrenia following pre-natal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960.	we examined the relationship between the dates of births of schizophrenic patients admitted to hospitals for the first time in england and wales between 1970 and 1979, and the occurrence of influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. our results indicate that exposure to influenza epidemics between the third and seventh month of gestation is associated with schizophrenia in adult life. the hypothesis that maternal viral infection is an important cause of schizophrenia can explain many aspects of ...	1992	1294066
the medico-legal, social and ethical implications of surrogate parenthood.	infertility has existed for thousands of years and treatment has evolved with the advance of medical science. surrogate parenthood was effected previously by sexual intercourse, but aih, aid and gift have rendered this practice obsolete. the terms surrogate mother, partial and full surrogacy are defined. medico-legal, social and ethical arguments for and against surrogacy are discussed. references are made to varying national attitudes as to the desirability of legalizing surrogate parenthood an ...	1992	1302784
multistage carcinogenesis: population-based model for colon cancer.	recent laboratory work and previous models suggest that multiple mutations are associated with the development of colon cancer.	1992	1313509
the correct sequence of the porcine group c/cowden rotavirus major inner capsid protein shows close homology with human isolates from brazil and the u.k.	amino acid sequence alignments between the human group c/bristol and the published porcine group c/cowden vp6 proteins have revealed a region of extreme sequence divergence. we have been unable to confirm the nucleotide sequence of the cowden vp6 gene corresponding to this region of divergence. direct sequencing of a pcr-amplified cdna pool has revealed a frame shift, and three nucleotide changes, within the published sequence of the porcine (cowden) vp6 gene. the corrected sequence of the porci ...	1992	1326817
parvovirus b19 outbreak in a children's ward.	parvovirus b19 infection can cause severe complications in pregnant women, individuals with haemolytic anaemia, and those who are immunocompromised. in a hospital outbreak of this infection, a balance should be struck between protection of these individuals and the maintenance of medical services. the index case of an outbreak of parvovirus b19 infection among staff and patients of a paediatric ward was not identified. 58 members of staff were screened for b19 markers and 4 of the 6 susceptible ...	1992	1345828
betel-nut chewing and asthma.	two asian patients admitted to hospital with acute severe asthma had been chewing betel nut immediately before the attacks. arecoline, a cholinergic alkaloid, is a major constituent of areca catechu (betel) nut and causes the euphoric effects. we sought an association between betel-nut chewing and bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. in vitro, arecoline caused dose-related contraction of human bronchial smooth-muscle strips, with one-tenth the potency of methacholine. in a double-blind cha ...	1992	1349367
efficacy and effects on pulmonary function tests of weekly 600 mg aerosol pentamidine as prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	a prospective study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and effects on pulmonary function tests of weekly 600 mg aerosolised pentamidine as prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) amongst two groups of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. group 1 (primary prophylaxis) consisted of patients with either diseases indicative of aids other than pcp or whose absolute cd4 positive lymphocyte count was below 200/mm3, and group 2 (secondary prophylaxis) comprised pa ...	1992	1353750
risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding.	detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in breast milk by culture and polymerase chain reaction does not necessarily mean that breastfeeding is a route of transmission, although evidence from several case-reports points in that direction. we undertook a systematic review of published studies meeting criteria that allowed determination of quantitative risk of transmission via breastfeeding. based on four studies in which mothers acquired hiv-1 postnatally, the estimated risk of t ...	1992	1355163
analysis of three glucose transporter genes in a caucasian population: no associations with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and obesity.	the significance of variation within the genes coding for three glucose transporter proteins in the aetiology of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was assessed by analysing restriction fragment length polymorphisms in an english caucasian population. two polymorphisms at the hepg2/erythrocyte glucose transporter (glut1) locus, four at the liver/pancreatic glucose transporter (glut2) locus and one at the muscle/adipocyte glucose transporter (glut4) were analysed in a sample of diabetic and ...	1992	1362530
use of teaching methods within the lecture format.	a survey was carried out at dorset house school of occupational therapy, oxford, into the perceived effectiveness of different teaching methods used within the lecture format in the human biology courses for year 1 and year 2. results showed that the traditional, didactic lecture was perceived by the students as the least effective method used, yet by involving the students actively within the lecture time the format was enhanced and was regarded as a more effective teaching/learning tool. exper ...	1992	1376853
development, multiplexing, and application of arms tests for common mutations in the cftr gene.	the amplification refractory mutation system (arms) is a simple, rapid and reliable method for the detection of any mutation involving single base changes or small deletions. we have applied arms methodology to the detection of mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) gene. single arms tests have been developed for 11 cftr mutations found in the northwest of england. arms reactions for the most common mutations have been multiplexed to give a test which will de ...	1992	1379414
myelopathy associated with human t cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in a white european native to england.		1992	1392959
schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 a2 influenza epidemic.	"the birth dates of schizophrenic inpatients in eight health regions in england and wales were reviewed for any effect of the 1957 a2 influenza epidemic. 5 months after the peak infection prevalence, the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia was 88% higher than the average number of such births in the corresponding periods of the 2 previous and the next 2 years. this finding is in accordance with a study from helsinki and with clinical and neuropathological evidence o ...	1992	1393310
maternal viral infection hypothesis.		1992	1393351
a geostatistical approach to the analysis of pattern in rare disease.	the incidences of human disease vary from place to place, and some show distinct patterns. patterns in rare diseases, such as childhood cancer, are not readily discernible, however, and this makes it difficult to relate their distribution to factors in the environment in seeking possible causes of the disease. provided cases are geographically indexed, data on a disease can be analysed geostatistically. variograms can be computed to determine the strength and spatial scale of any pattern, and to ...	1992	1419206
the economic impact of poultry-borne salmonellosis: how much should be spent on prophylaxis?	foodborne salmonellosis constitutes a major health problem in many countries. moreover, the costs associated with salmonellosis could be considerable. there are thus strong arguments for preventive efforts. ambitious, often government-sponsored, programmes aimed at preventing and controlling salmonellosis in for instance, poultry production represent one alternative to lower salmonellosis-related illness and economic costs. on the other hand, such comprehensive programmes are rather resource-dem ...	1992	1419524
schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960.		1992	1422628
students' and lecturers' preferred teaching strategies.	a survey of lecturers (n = 47) and students (n = 110) was undertaken to explore their preferred teaching strategies, using a questionnaire based on heron's (1977) dimensions of facilitator styles (human potential research project, university of surrey, guildford). overall it was found that the students tended to prefer a teacher-centred approach to teaching, whilst the lecturers preferred a student-centred approach. these findings are discussed in the light of current educational trends in the n ...	1992	1428600
sodomy and kingcraft in urania and antony and cleopatra.	despite his description of sodomy as a horrible crime that a king is "bound in conscience neuer to forgiue," james i pursued the affections of a string of young and handsome "favourites" on whom he lavished gifts, titles, and power. relying on the evidence of the king's own letters and frank comments from his puritan critics, most historians assume that his relations with some of these men were sexual. the king's friendship with robert carr (who was later made earl of somerset), coupled with his ...	1992	1431069
not since sappho: the erotic in poems of katherine philips and aphra behn.	the presentation of sexuality in poetry may be masked by the use of conventional literary devices that obscure as well as reveal the poems' erotic content. traditional readings of katherine philips' and aphra behn's poetry have ignored or denied the lesbian aspects of their verse by dismissing them as asexual representations of well-known literary conventions. this paper argues for a recognition of the ways in which these poetic conventions present a complex and sophisticated lesbian sexuality a ...	1992	1431070
verse letters to t.w. from john donne: "by you my love is sent".	relying on an audience of one for their impact, the verse letters of john donne are closer to autobiography than anything else in his poetry. among the most tender of these lyrics are the verse letters written to a young man named thomas woodward, whose older brother was one of donne's closest friends. using sexual metaphors, the poems reflect a homoerotic undercurrent and demonstrate affection that most readers of donne associate only with his heterosexual love poems.	1992	1431076
ru 486 in france and england: corporate ethics and compulsory licensing.	prospects for the introduction of ru-486 into the us in the foreseeable future are not good. the governments of france and england moved forward expeditiously with testing and approval of the drug. the legal developments surrounding the introduction of ru-486 in france and england as well as american, french, and english legal issues of corporate responsibility for licensing valuable drugs and compulsory licensing are outlined. the french government on october 28, 1988, ordered the company ro ...	1992	1434766
attitudes of elderly patients to medical students.	the attitudes of elderly patients towards clinical teaching of medical students was assessed by a structured interview carried out by a doctor unknown to the patient immediately prior to discharge. one hundred and thirty alert patients were approached on three acute geriatric medicine wards in the royal liverpool (teaching) hospital. a total of 106 (81.5%) patients were suitable for inclusion in the study (mean age, 80.2 years). twenty-nine per cent did not know what a medical student was despit ...	1992	1435374
[james douglas--the name and the man].		1992	1440076
evaluation of the obstetric significance of some pelvic characters in an 18th century british sample of known parity status.	the excavations at christ church, spitalfields (1984-86) produced a sample of 968 human skeletons which were interred between 1729 and 1859. of these, 387 were recovered in association with coffin plates stating name, age at death, and date of death. there are 138 adult females in the named sample and the obstetric histories of 94 have been reconstructed from historical documentation. such variables as birth spacing, number of children, and age at first and last births are known for the majority ...	1992	1463087
mapping of the darier's disease gene by serogenetic markers: results in two large british kindreds.	the authors have carried out genetic linkage studies in 57 subjects from two large kindreds of darier's disease, using a range of serological and biochemical polymorphisms of known chromosomal location. in these kindreds, about 7% of the genome has been excluded for close linkage to the darier's disease gene. however, one family showed positive lod scores for linkage with the duffy blood locus (1p13); lod scores were negative in the other family, but in the combined families the total score for ...	1992	1466564
operation wild dog.	'operation wild dog' was the title given to an incredible escapade by two army dental corps soldiers who decided to mount their own two-man raid on occupied france in 1942. in an attempt to forestall claims of desertion, they involved prime minister winston churchill and, when they ultimately faced a court martial, were lauded in the press for their daredevil exploits. inspired by raids carried out by special services units on norway, italy and france, sergeant peter king, a regular soldier and ...	1992	1467013
samuel pepys and his bladder stone.	samuel pepys, as a young man, developed a bladder stone and, by the age of 25 years, realised that only surgery could deliver him from his agony. the chances of success in an age that was ignorant of sepsis were slender, but he opted for surgery. the operation, carried out through the perineum without anaesthetic by a master barber surgeon, was successful and pepys survived. although left sterile, he was far from impotent and he went on to achieve fame and fortune as secretary to the navy and pr ...	1992	1467856
disequilibrium of multiple dna markers on the human y chromosome.	we characterized four dna polymorphisms on the y chromosomes of 123 males from five caucasian populations. three markers on the male specific portion of the chromosome varied appreciably in frequency among the populations. when combined, these markers define a limited number of haplotypes compared with the maximum expected on the basis of random association. the associations found in the five groups are qualitatively similar and are thus considered to be relatively stable on an evolutionary time ...	1992	1492745
mycobacterium bovis in england and wales: past, present and future.	this report reviews the literature concerning tuberculosis resulting from infection with mycobacterium bovis in man and cattle and summarises data derived from surveillance of m. bovis in england and wales from 1986 to 1990. of the 228 isolates of m. bovis examined in this period, 122 (53%) were from patients aged over 60 years and are largely the result of reactivation of infection acquired prior to the institution of control measures. however, eight isolates (3.5%) were from patients aged less ...	1992	1499671
workplace upper limb disorders: a prospective study with intervention.	a prospective longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of upper limb disorders in an electromechanical plant between 1980 and 1988. it included clinical and epidemiological studies, measurement of vibration produced by the power tools used, ergonomic assessment of the works and time and motion studies. simultaneously during the same period remedial actions were taken through multidisciplinary interventions when the specific causal factors were known. the study shows the c ...	1992	1504296
assessing the effects of a health promotion programme for elderly people.	physical exercise is an increasingly popular health promotion activity for elderly people, although evidence of its effectiveness is limited. we aimed to evaluate the impact of the exercise component of the look after yourself (lay) package promoted by the health education authority in two groups of elderly people attending the 10 weekly sessions which make up the lay course. classes 1 and 2 comprised 13 and 18 subjects, aged from 65 to 89 years, and from 58 to 87 years respectively. class 1 sub ...	1992	1515204
the evolving knowledge of the physiopathology of the circulation in human limbs. from sympathectomy to molecular biology.		1992	1522356
the sexual behaviour of young gay men in england and wales.	much research has concluded that young gay men are at disproportionately higher risk of hiv infection through unsafe sexual behaviour. this paper is the first report on this particular group in the uk. as part of a larger cohort study, 111 young (less than 21) gay and bisexual men were interviewed about their sexual behaviour, knowledge of aids and hiv, particularly safer sexual practices and other factors. three per cent had not had sex and 13% had not had anal intercourse with a man at the tim ...	1992	1525199
early clinical pathologists 5: the man behind hassall's corpuscles.		1992	1541711
focus on trent: education. quality training for health care assistants.	the implementation of national vocational qualifications (nvqs) in health and social care is a major initiative in the achievement of quality training for unqualified careers. managers responsible for human resource development in the health service and in local authorities will be considering ways of developing training and assessment systems that meet the requirements of the joint awarding body. this article outlines the approach of the sheffield and north trent college and employers consortiu ...	1992	1547149
intergenerational studies of human birthweight from the 1958 birth cohort. 1. evidence for a multigenerational effect.	to investigate possible multigenerational influences on birthweight.	1992	1547177
cost benefits of low dose subcutaneous erythropoietin in patients with anaemia of end stage renal disease.	to assess the cost benefits of low dose subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in correcting the anaemia of end stage renal disease.	1992	1547417
early british discoveries in human genetics: contributions of r.a. fisher and j.b.s. haldane to the development of blood groups.		1992	1550114
plasmid profiles demonstrate that an upsurge in salmonella berta in humans in england and wales is associated with imported poultry meat.	sixteen plasmid profile types have been identified in drug-sensitive isolates of salmonella berta isolated from humans and human food in england and wales in the ten-year period 1981-1990. since 1988 six profile types of epidemiological importance have caused infections in widely-separated geographical areas and of these, four types have been identified in s. berta isolated from chicken carcasses imported from denmark. the findings suggest that imported danish poultry has substantially contribut ...	1992	1572428
human milk banking at sorrento maternity hospital, birmingham.		1992	1580693
serology and anthrax in humans, livestock and etosha national park wildlife.	results are presented from a number of epidemiological studies using enzyme immunoassays (eia) based on the purified anthrax toxin antigens, protective antigen, lethal factor and oedema factor. studies on sera from a group of 62 human anthrax patients in turkey and from cattle in britain following two unrelated outbreaks of anthrax show that eia using protective antigen can be a useful diagnostic aid and will detect subclinical infections in appropriate circumstances. a serological survey on wil ...	1992	1582472
auditing a research ethics committee.	research ethics committees approve research on human subjects performed locally. they have been criticised for failing to perform this function adequately. i have, therefore, examined the structure and process of the committee for leicestershire and compared it with the guidelines for these committees produced by the royal college of physicians and the department of health. the structure and function of the committee are described and conform well with the recommendations of the royal college of ...	1992	1588529
the descriptive epizootiology of phocine distemper in the uk during 1988/89.	the 'time, place, individual' approach, widely used in characterising human epidemics, was applied to the 1988 phocine distemper virus (pdv) epizootic affecting north sea seals. estimates of time of death from 157 (69%) of the 228 dead seals necropsied in 1988 indicated that the number of carcasses which were found more than 14 days post mortem increased as the epizootic progressed. although information provided by epizootic curves based on when and where carcasses were reported are affected by ...	1992	1594933
influenza deaths in leicestershire during the 1989-90 epidemic: implications for prevention.	there is an association between excess winter mortality and epidemics of influenza and it has been suggested that annual influenza vaccination should be offered to all over 65 years old as in the united states. this paper identifies the number of people dying from influenza in leicestershire uk during the 1989-90 epidemic and the factors associated with a fatal outcome. the findings show that deaths attributed to influenza occur predominantly in very elderly people with underlying ill-health. th ...	1992	1601083
peter holland: a pioneer of occupational medicine.	the earliest recorded occupational health service in this country was that established in a cotton spinning factory at quarry bank mill in cheshire. the mill was built in 1784 by samuel greg and his partners. they employed local labour and also some parish apprentices. happily, samuel greg was a good christian and, having created a modern factory and a model village with a church and a school, he was equally concerned for the physical welfare of his employees. accordingly, he appointed a doctor ...	1992	1606023
is the child father of the man?		1992	1606447
concurrent phenomena of science and history in the 17th century and their essential interdependence.	the explanation for the explosion of science in the 17th century lies in history and medical historiography. without this approach, it becomes fantasy, accidents, or success stories. sigerist grasped the essential interdependence of science and history, and had no need for devised reasons or speculation. he realized that once the dark night of the middle ages was over, the sciences arose with undreamt of force and accelerated development. the advances in astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, and ex ...	1992	1608066
'how dangerous is it that this man goes loose!' (hamlet act 4 scene iii)		1992	1614304
[spongiform encephalopathies with special reference to bovine spongiform encephalopathy].	in switzerland bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was detected for the first time in november 1990. it is a transmissible disease of the central nervous system similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome (gss) and kuru in man, and, in animals, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in captive mule deer and elk of north america and transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) of farm reared mink. the infectious agent of the spongiform ence ...	1992	1615298
immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccine in residential homes for elderly people.	one hundred and seventy residents of 11 leicester city council homes for the elderly, with a total of 515 beds, were studied during a 30-week period from september 1988 to march 1989 to determine the use of influenza vaccine, the levels of influenza antibody, the incidence of influenza, and the protection afforded by vaccination. the study group of 133 women and 37 men had a mean age of 85 years and 59% had one or more chronic medical conditions. the immunization rates by home for the 170 sympto ...	1992	1615780
germ-line gene therapy: a new stage of debate.		1992	1630140
'the health of the nation': the impact of personality disorder on 'key areas'.	the purpose of this response paper is to document a form of mental illness, namely, personality disorder: (1) whose impact is far-reaching, impinging on different 'key areas' identified in 'the health of the nation' (the health of the nation: a consultative document. hmso, london, 1991), including: eating and drinking habits, smoking, prevention of accidents, human immunodeficiency (hiv)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and other mental illness itself; (2) which tends to be underdiagno ...	1992	1630979
osteochondroma in a british neolithic skeleton.	the skeletal remains of past populations provide an important source of information on the natural history of disease. relatively few cases of bone tumours have been reported in archaeological material. this paper describes one of the oldest occurrences of osteochondroma to have been identified in a human skeleton.	1992	1737190
salmonella bacteraemia in england and wales, 1981-1990.	to report the incidence of nontyphoidal salmonellas in england and wales and identified in the division of enteric pathogens, london between 1981 and 1990.	1992	1740511
gene therapy: no new ethical issues.	this letter was drafted as a result of a dayschool sponsored by the human reproduction study group of the british sociological association. the meeting considered the findings of the report of the committee on the ethics of gene therapy, the clothier report (see bulletin 75). held at manchester town hall on 9th may, the meeting was attended by participants representing various professions and academic disciplines.	1992	16144145
the recognition of proprietary rights in human tissue in common law jurisdictions.	human tissue is used in an increasing number of medical and scientific contexts. despite this, the law has traditionally regarded such tissue as having no status in law. this paper provides an overview of the issue of property rights in human corpses, cadaveric specimens, donated living tissue, and human tissue used in biotechnology and human reproductive technology. it discusses australian common law and legislation, and reviews developments in england and the united states from an australian p ...	1992	16523581
[economic theory and the environment].	the environment, on the eve of a new century, has become a major theme for reflection and action in both developed and developing countries. economists and economic theory have until recently neglected the environment and have implicitly assumed that nature offers unlimited space for expansion and an inexhaustible supply of resources. among natural resources, economists have always distinguished between those whose supply is in no way related to human labor and which are therefore common proper ...	1992	12343881
the human fertilisation and embryology act 1990 -- a british case history for legislation on bioethical issues.	dr. virginia bolton, sir john osborn, and denise servante present an account of the process whereby legislation was enacted in britain. each is a member of progress (the campaign for research into human reproduction), which was established in 1985 to present the case regulating research using human embryos to the british parliament and public.	1992	11651386
the new right and family politics.	political concern for the family has historically been intermittent; the present context is that there are considerable consequences for individuals, families, and personal life. socioeconomic and cultural changes brought the rise of the new right; the thatcher (uk) and reagan (us) administrations were committed to strengthening the traditional family. the emergence of the family as a social problem and the political agenda are discussed. the costs of liberalism were felt in a recessionary ec ...	1992	12317778
attorney general v. x.	in this case in which a 14-year-old girl said she had become pregnant after being raped by her friend's father, the attorney general of ireland had enjoined the girl and her parents from traveling to england for an abortion. a psychologist had testified that in her present state of mind, the girl was suicidal. the supreme court of ireland held that the right to life supersedes all other rights, including the right to travel. however, if there is a real and substantial risk to the life of the mot ...	1992	12041095
migration and the metropolis: recent research on the causes of migration to southeast england.	"the paper focuses on one main issue: the relative importance of housing and labour market forces in explaining the volume and nature of migration to the southeast region [of england]." the author reviews recent literature in an attempt to determine "why people migrated to [and from] the southeast...[and] what the consequences of these in-migration and out-migration streams were for their respective origin and destination regions."	1993	12286780
consent form for paediatric research.		1993	11659716
should deaths of neonates in trial have been more openly reported?		1993	11659718
r v. canons park mental health review tribunal, ex parte a.	england's high court of justice, queen's bench division, quashed the decision of a mental health tribunal to detain for treatment an involuntary patient. her refusal of appropriate treatment essentially made her untreatable, thus voiding any legal ground for commitment. the patient, a woman identified as a, had been involuntarily committed to a mental hospital for reactive depression in an impulsive personality. about seven months later, she sought release. prior to the tribunal decision, her co ...	1993	11648636