Publications

overproduction of gamma interferon in b/jas inbred rabbits with herpes simplex virus encephalitis.	inbred rabbits of the b/jas strain are highly susceptible to herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) encephalitis, developing seizures of encephalitis after intravenous injection of the kos strain of the virus. anti-viral interferon activity became detectable in the serum just prior to or at the onset of seizures, its level being lower in the serum than in the cerebrospinal fluid. the activity was of gamma interferon, as suggested by the acid instability and the inability of mx protein induction. an ...	1999	10385203
use of carrier cells to deliver a replication-selective herpes simplex virus-1 mutant for the intraperitoneal therapy of epithelial ovarian cancer.	epithelial ovarian cancer (eoc) remains localized within the peritoneal cavity in a large number of patients, lending itself to i.p. approaches of therapy. in the present study, we investigated the effect of replication-selective herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) used as an oncolytic agent against eoc and the use of human teratocarcinoma pa-1 as carrier cells for i.p. therapy. hsv-1716, a replication-competent attenuated strain lacking icp34.5, caused a direct dose-dependent oncolytic effect on eoc ...	1999	10389942
similar humoral and cellular immunological reactivities to human herpesvirus 6 in patients with multiple sclerosis and controls.	several studies have suggested an association between human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) and multiple sclerosis (ms). we have previously studied intrathecal production of antibody to lymphotropic herpesviruses in ms patients and the presence of human herpesvirus 1 to 7 dnas in cerebrospinal fluid (csf). in the present study anti-hhv-6 immunoglobulin m (igm) in serum and anti-hhv-6 igg subclasses in serum and csf were examined and the lymphoproliferative response to hhv-6 was analyzed. the pcr examinati ...	1999	10391860
liposomal encapsulation of ganciclovir enhances the efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase suicide gene therapy against hepatic tumors in rats.	suicide gene therapy based on ganciclovir (gcv) metabolism by transgene herpes simplex thymidine kinase (hsv-1 tk) has been used to selectively kill proliferating cells in clinical settings such as cancer, vascular restenosis, and immunological disorders. we investigated whether encapsulation of ganciclovir (gcv) into liposomes would improve its efficacy, especially against hepatic tumors. large unilamellar liposomes containing gcv were prepared by reversed-phase evaporation. pharmacokinetic stu ...	1999	10395379
human cytomegalovirus, mhc class i and inhibitory signalling receptors: more questions than answers.	the human cytomegalovirus ul18 protein, an mhc class i homologue, has been shown to bind to leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (lir)-1, a member of a family of nine closely related immunoglobulin superfamily receptors expressed on leucocytes. the lirs are related to the natural killer (nk)-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and to several other immunoreceptors. three groups of lir molecules have been defined: those containing cytoplasmic domain inhibitory signalling motifs, those with short ...	1999	10399074
[the significance of determining antibodies to viruses of the herpesviridae family in rheumatic diseases].	assay of antibodies to cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) in rheumatic patients. specification of their correlations with clinical symptoms.	1999	10399234
attenuated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant g207: safety evaluation of intracerebral injection in nonhuman primates.	this study examined the safety of intracerebral inoculation of g207, an attenuated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) recombinant, in nonhuman primates. sixteen new world owl monkeys (aotus nancymae [karyotype 1, formerly believed to be a. trivirgatus]), known for their exquisite susceptibility to hsv-1 infection, were evaluated. thirteen underwent intracerebral inoculation with g207 at doses of 10(7) or 10(9) pfu, two were vehicle inoculated, and one served as an infecte ...	1999	10400723
cell surface expression of h2 antigens on primary sensory neurons in response to acute but not latent herpes simplex virus infection in vivo.	cd8(+) t lymphocytes and class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc-i) molecules profoundly influence the severity of neuronal herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection in experimentally infected mice. paradoxically, neurons are classically regarded as mhc-i deficient. however, it is shown here that h2-encoded heavy chains (alphacs) and their associated light chain, beta2 microglobulin, are present on the surfaces of primary sensory neurons recovered from sensory ganglia within 1 to 2 weeks of hsv ...	1999	10400743
modified vp22 localizes to the cell nucleus during synchronized herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.	the ul49 gene product (vp22) of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) is a virion phosphoprotein which accumulates inside infected cells at late stages of infection. we previously (j. a. blaho, c. mitchell, and b. roizman, j. biol. chem. 269:17401-17410, 1994) discovered that the form of vp22 packaged into infectious virions differed from vp22 extracted from infected-cell nuclei in that the virion-associated form had a higher electrophoretic mobility in denaturing gels. based on t ...	1999	10400775
antimicrobial activity of extracts from the cell cultures of some turkish medicinal plants.	twenty-four callus, and eleven cell suspension, cultures were established from turkish medicinal plants, and crude extracts prepared from them tested against microorganisms to assess their antimicrobial activities in vitro. of the extracts tested, those belonging to the cell cultures of five of the plant species showed antibacterial activity against mainly three bacteria and a yeast. no activity was observed against herpes simplex viruses, hsv-i and ii, but an extract from hypericum capitatum sh ...	1999	10404549
cidofovir and experimental herpetic stromal disease.	to compare topical cidofovir with topical trifluridine for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex type 1 stromal keratitis in rabbits.	1999	10408458
cyclosporin a reduces the inflammatory response to a multi-mutant herpes simplex virus type-1 leading to improved transgene expression in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in hamsters.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) based vectors hold great promise for gene transfer to cns neurons. problems such as loss of transgene expression, vector-associated cytotoxicity and the immune response to the vector or encoded transgene still remain obstacles to success. we used a replication-defective, hsv-1 vector (14hdelta3vhsz) that was engineered to have reduced cytotoxicity and express recombinant beta-galactosidase. a previous study in our laboratory showed no evidence for cytotoxicity ...	1999	10414517
activation of the thymidine kinase promoter by herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early proteins.	the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) thymidine kinase (tk) gene promoter contains binding sites for the cellular transcription factors such as spl, ctf, and tfiid, each of which affects basal level expression of the tk gene. the transcription of the tk gene was induced by viral immediate early proteins, icp0 and icp4 in an additive manner, but was repressed by icp22 and icp27. to gain further insights into the role of icp0 and icp4 for expression of the tk gene during virus infection, several ...	1999	10420986
identification of a herpes simplex virus-induced dendrite in an eye-bank donor cornea.	to demonstrate the presence of an active herpetic dendrite in an eye-bank cornea.	1999	10422864
identification of type-specific domains within glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) recognized by the majority of patients infected with hsv-2, but not by those infected with hsv-1.	a combination of phage peptide display library mapping and pepscanning, with both murine monoclonal antibodies and a panel of well-characterized human sera, have been used in order to define type-specific epitopes of glycoprotein g of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) (gg2). both techniques revealed an immunodominant region of gg2, centred around amino acids 525-587 of the uncleaved gg2 molecule. a soluble peptide, equivalent to amino acids 551-570, when used as antigen in an elisa format was ...	1999	10423148
indolocarbazoles: potent, selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus replication.	in our search for new, safer anti-hcmv agents, we discovered that the natural product arcyriaflavin a (la) was a potent inhibitor of hcmv replication in cell culture. a series of analogues (symmetrical indolocarbazoles) was synthesised to investigate structure activity relationships in this series against a range of herpes viruses (hcmv, vzv, hsv1, and 2). this identified a number of novel, selective and potent inhibitors of hcmv, 12,13-dihydro-2,10-difluoro-5h-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazo ...	1999	10428375
synthesis and antiviral activity of l-2'-deoxy-2'-up-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides.	l-2'-deoxy-2'-up-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides were efficiently synthesized from d-xylose via l-4-thioarabitol derivative as a key intermediate and evaluated for antiviral activities against hiv-1, hsv-1,2 and hbv.	1999	10432648
chemical and enzymatic synthesis and antiviral properties of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine.	chemical and enzymatic methods were employed for the synthesis of the title compound, 2'f-guo 7. high antiviral activity of 2'f-guo was established in chick embryo cells infected with influenza virus fpv/rostock/34 (h7n1) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) type i (1c strain).	1999	10432666
the comparative effects of famciclovir and valacyclovir on herpes simplex virus type 1 infection, latency, and reactivation in mice.	infections by herpes simplex virus (hsv) cannot yet be eliminated, but the severity of the disease can be reduced. two newer drugs with established efficacy for such infections, famciclovir and valacyclovir, were tested in a mouse eye model of hsv infection. both drugs significantly reduced mortality and titers of virus shed from the eyes of mice infected with an otherwise lethal dose of hsv type 1 (hsv-1). similar titers of hsv-1 were found in the eyes, ganglia, and brains of treated animals. a ...	1999	10438344
the herpes simplex virus vhs protein induces endoribonucleolytic cleavage of target rnas in cell extracts.	the herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff (vhs) protein (ul41 gene product) is a component of the hsv virion tegument that triggers shutoff of host protein synthesis and accelerated mrna degradation during the early stages of hsv infection. previous studies have demonstrated that extracts from hsv-infected cells and partially purified hsv virions display vhs-dependent rnase activity and that vhs is sufficient to trigger accelerated rna degradation when expressed as the only hsv protein in an ...	1999	10438802
a duplex pcr assay for detection and genotyping of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid.	a duplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the detection and genotyping of herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and 2 from cerebrospinal fluid (cfs) of infants was developed. the glycoprotein d (gd) gene of hsv was selected as a target for amplification. the assay is highly specific, sensitive and reproducible. herpes simplex virus detection is performed by agarose gel electrophoresis and southern blot using a chemiluminescent probe. the probe hybridizes to sequences common to both hsv-1 and 2. ...	1999	10441204
molecular analysis of behavior by gene transfer into neurons with herpes simplex vectors.	one goal of neuroscience is to define the molecular and cellular basis for behavior and neurological diseases. a novel approach to this problem is based on the use of viral vectors to transfect specific genes into specific brain cell populations. this review focuses on herpes simplex-based vectors. major advances have recently been made to improve the characteristics of these vectors, in particular to reduce their toxicity, to modulate the greatness and the time-course of transgene expression, t ...	1999	10448194
serological evaluation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infections in pregnancy.	serological evaluation of herpes simplex virus infections during pregnancy.	1999	10448394
gene transfer into the mammalian inner ear using hsv-1 and vaccinia virus vectors.	the introduction of foreign genes into cells has become an effective means of achieving intracellular expression of foreign proteins, both for therapeutic purposes and for experimental manipulation. gene delivery to the nervous system has been extensively studied, primarily using viral vectors. however, to date less work has focused on gene delivery to the inner ear, and existing studies have primarily used adenovirus and adeno-associated virus. using two recombinant viral vectors, herpes simple ...	1999	10452370
natural killer (nk) cells prevent virus production in cell culture.	natural killer (nk) cells (cd3-/cd16+/cd56+ lymphocytes) play an important role in early immune defense against viral infection, a fact which is of prime significance for heavily immunosuppressed patients after bone marrow transplantation. in this study we demonstrate that nk cells preferentially lyse human colon adenocarcinoma (colo-205) tumor cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and vaccinia virus (vv) and autologous t cells infected with vv. this phenomenon was assessed by ...	1999	10455347
mooren ulcer in south india: serology and clinical risk factors.	to investigate the rate of undiagnosed rheumatologic diseases and hepatitis c infection among patients with the clinical diagnosis of mooren ulcer seen at aravind eye hospital, madurai, south india.	1999	10458177
intranuclear delivery of an antiviral peptide mediated by the b subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.	we report an intracellular peptide delivery system capable of targeting specific cellular compartments. in the model system we constructed a chimeric protein consisting of the nontoxic b subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (etxb) fused to a 27-mer peptide derived from the dna polymerase of herpes simplex virus 1. viral dna synthesis takes places in the nucleus and requires the interaction with an accessory factor, ul42, encoded by the virus. the peptide, designated pol, is able t ...	1999	10220447
lymphocytes delay kinetics of hsv-1 reactivation from in vitro explants of latent infected trigeminal ganglia.	a persistent immune response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is evidenced by the expression of cytokine transcripts along with infiltrating mononuclear cells in the ganglia of latently infected mice. in trigeminal ganglion (tg) explant co-cultures, the presence of nonirradiated or irradiated primed splenocytes significantly reduced hsv-1 reactivation as defined by secreted infectious hsv-1 found in the supernatants of tg explant cultures. primed splenocytes depleted of cd4+ or cd8+ cells ...	1999	10229122
a new antiviral and antimicrobial sesquiterpene from glyptopetalum sclerocarpum.	sclerocarpic acid, a new sesquiterpene with a novel carbon skeleton, was isolated from the stem bark of glyptopetalum sclerocarpum laws. (celastraceae). the compound exhibited antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and a fungus.	1999	10232073
chronic herpes simplex virus type i glossitis in an immunocompromised man.	herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 (hsv-1) infection of the tongue commonly accompanies acute primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. however, recurrent infection of the tongue is exceptional and is restricted to immunocompromised individuals. a 57-year-old man with corticosteroid-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sciatica presented with a chronic median glossitis due to hsv-1. the main clinical and histological feature was massive necrosis of the entire mucosa. immunohistochemistry ...	1999	10233235
cellular expression of bovine herpesvirus 1 gd inhibits cell-to-cell spread of two closely related viruses without blocking their primary infection.	alphaherpesviral glycoprotein d (gd) is a critical component of the cell membrane penetration system. cells that express gd of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), pseudorabies virus (prv), or bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 (bhv1.1) resist infection by the homologous virus due to interference with viral entry at the level of penetration. bhv1.1 gd interferes with the distantly related viruses hsv1 and prv despite only a 30-40% sequence similarity and the complete absence of antigenic cross-reactivit ...	1999	9927571
disproportionate retrograde amnesia in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis.	we describe a patient who developed a severe but temporally limited retrograde amnesia coupled with a relatively mild anterograde amnesia following herpes simplex encephalitis. the patient showed a profound retrograde amnesia for autobiographical events extending for about 10 years prior to the disease onset. her knowledge about public events and famous persons was also impaired for this period. an mri and spect demonstrated bilateral medial temporal pathology. this case represents a further ins ...	1999	10656630
generation of a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 expressing the rat corticotropin- releasing hormone precursor: endoproteolytic processing, intracellular targeting and biological activity.	we describe the generation of a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) vector, tsk/crh10, derived from the temperature-sensitive mutant tsk, expressing rat pre-procorticotropin-releasing hormone (ppcrh). in hypothalamic neurons, within the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, this neuropeptide precursor is processed to mature crh (1-41), the key modulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response. we used the recombinant hsv1 tsk/crh10 to study posttranslational processing, ...	1999	10657737
a herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript mutant with increased virulence and reduced spontaneous reactivation.	the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latency-associated transcript (lat) gene is essential for efficient spontaneous reactivation of hsv-1 from latency. we previously reported that insertion of the lat promoter and just the first 1.5 kb of the 8. 3-kb lat gene into an ectopic location in the virus restored wild-type spontaneous reactivation to a lat null mutant. this mutant, lat3.3a (previously designated lat1.5a), thus showed that the expression of just the first 1.5 kb of lat is sufficient ...	1999	9882292
expression of the first 811 nucleotides of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (lat) partially restores wild-type spontaneous reactivation to a lat-null mutant.	the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latency-associated transcript (lat) gene is required for efficient spontaneous reactivation in the rabbit ocular model. we recently showed that insertion of 1.8 kb of the lat promoter and the first 1.5 kb of the 8.3-kb primary lat transcript into a novel, ectopic location in the virus unique long (ul) region restored wild-type spontaneous reactivation to a lat-null mutant. to further map the lat spontaneous reactivation function within the first 1.5 kb of ...	1999	9887322
herpes simplex virus vaccine in recurrent herpetic ocular infection.	to evaluate the efficacy of an antiherpetic vaccine in recurrent herpetic ocular infections.	1999	9894936
identical 371-base-pair deletion mutations in the lat genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 mckrae and 17syn+ result in different in vivo reactivation phenotypes.	the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) lat gene is the only viral gene abundantly transcribed during latency. lat null mutants created with strains mckrae and 17syn+ are impaired for both in vivo spontaneous and in vivo-induced reactivation. thus, lat is essential for efficient in vivo-induced and spontaneous reactivation. different investigators have studied two lat mutants containing a styi-styi region deletion corresponding to lat nucleotides 76 to 447. one mutant, dlat371 (parent strain, mc ...	1999	9847385
improved titers for helper virus-free herpes simplex virus type 1 plasmid vectors by optimization of the packaging protocol and addition of noninfectious herpes simplex virus-related particles (previral dna replication enveloped particles) to the packaging procedure.	a helper virus-free herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) plasmid vector system has potential for both gene therapy and physiological studies, but relatively low titers have complicated use of this system. in this article, the packaging efficiency was improved by optimizing the packaging protocol and by adding noninfectious hsv-1-related particles, i.e., previral dna replication enveloped particles (preps), during the packaging procedure. preps contain many of the tegument proteins that are though ...	1999	10466634
herpes simplex virus type 1 infection has two separate modes of spread in three-dimensional keratinocyte culture.	this study describes the outcome of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection in an organotypic raft culture of spontaneously immortalized hacat keratinocytes and human fibroblasts, as related to the virus load and epithelial stratification and differentiation. in this model, a confluent monolayer of hacat keratinocytes was formed 60 h after seeding. inoculation of hsv-1 before induction of differentiation by lifting of the culture to the air-liquid interface always resulted in a productive ...	1999	10466814
the relationship between interleukin-6 and herpes simplex virus type 1: implications for behavior and immunopathology.	cytokines are hormones once thought to be restricted to the immune system produced solely by hematopoietic-derived cells and acting on receptors expressed by cells of the immune system. however, it is now clear that many cytokines are produced not only by lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and dendritic cells but are also synthesized by cells outside the realm of the immune system in response to stimuli that may not be associated with immune homeostasis. in fact, there is evidence supporting ...	1999	10469522
the differential impact of training stress and final examination stress on herpesvirus latency at the united states military academy at west point.	in this study, we searched for evidence for reactivation of three latent herpesviruses, epstein-barr virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1), and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), in west point cadets experiencing two different stressors. blood samples were obtained from cadets before and after a 6-week training period known as "cadet basic training" (cbt), at a baseline prior to final examinations, and then once again during the week of final examinations. antibody titers to latent hsv-1, e ...	1999	10469525
an efficient in vivo recombination cloning procedure for modifying and combining hsv-1 cosmids.	a helper virus-free herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) plasmid vector system developed recently may have applications in gene therapy and basic physiological studies. this system might be improved by mutating specific hsv-1 genes in the packaging system and by creating large vectors. an in vivo recombination cloning procedure is reported that supports the routine manipulation of relatively large dnas such as the five cosmids that comprise this helper virus-free hsv-1 packaging system. in vivo r ...	1999	10471022
assays for noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression.	repeated, noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression is emerging as a valuable tool for monitoring the expression of genes in animals and humans. monitoring of organ/cell transplantation in living animals and humans, and the assessment of environmental, behavioral, and pharmacologic modulation of gene expression in transgenic animals should soon be possible. the earliest clinical application is likely to be monitoring human gene therapy in tumors transduced with the herpes simplex virus typ ...	1999	10473186
no changes in paired viral antibody titers during the course of acute schizophrenia.	although there have been many studies surveying the prevalence of specific viral antibodies in a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia, changes in antibody levels during the course of acute illness have not been fully investigated. we conducted a preliminary study investigating levels of antibodies to 5 herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, varicella-zoster virus and human herpesvirus type 6) and 6 other viruses (measles, rubella, mumps, influenza ...	1999	10474057
mechanism and application of genetic recombination in herpesviruses.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that latently infects sensory ganglia and encodes over 80 genes in a 152 kbp dna genome. this well characterised virus provides a model for analysing genetic recombination in herpesviruses, a fundamental biological process by which new combinations of genetic materials are generated. the frequency of homologous recombination was estimated to be 0.0048-0.007 (0.48%-0.7%)/kb of the hsv-1 genome, determined using physical markers. t ...	1999	10479778
reactivation of herpes virus after lamellar keratoplasty.	to determine if lamellar keratoplasty in rabbits latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) would stimulate graft recipients to shed virus and induce viral-specific corneal lesions.	1999	10482469
herpes simplex keratitis in south india: clinico-virological correlation.	a retrospective cross-section study to analyze the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-induced keratitis (hsk) among 3,000 patients attending a corneal clinic in south india between 1995 and 1997, and to evaluate laboratory techniques for detecting hsk.	1999	10482477
the u(l)3 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 is translated predominantly from the second in-frame methionine codon and is subject to at least two posttranslational modifications.	the u(l)3 open reading frame (orf) has the coding capacity of 235 codons. the proteins reacting with the anti-u(l)3 antibody form in denaturing polyacrylamide gel bands with apparent m(r)s of 34,000, 35,000, 38,000, 40,000, 41,000, and 42,000 and designated 1 to 6, respectively. studies on their origins revealed the following. (i) the u(l)3 proteins forming all six bands were present in lysates of cells infected with wild-type virus and treated with tunicamycin or monensin or in cells infected w ...	1999	10482549
the first immunoglobulin-like domain of hvec is sufficient to bind herpes simplex virus gd with full affinity, while the third domain is involved in oligomerization of hvec.	the human herpesvirus entry mediator c (hvec/prr1) is a member of the immunoglobulin family used as a cellular receptor by the alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus (hsv), pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus type 1. we previously demonstrated direct binding of the purified hvec ectodomain to purified hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2 glycoprotein d (gd). here, using a baculovirus expression system, we constructed and purified truncated forms of the receptor containing one [hvec(143t)], two [ ...	1999	10482562
perturbation of cell cycle progression and cellular gene expression as a function of herpes simplex virus icp0.	herpes simplex virus type 1 is capable of inhibiting host cell dna synthesis following lytic infection. however, the mechanism and nature of potential effects on cell cycle progression have not been described. in this report, we characterize the dysregulation of the cell cycle following infection with the replication-incompetent virus d106, where immediate-early gene expression is restricted to infected-cell polypeptide 0 (icp0) and the expression of all other viral genes is dramatically reduced ...	1999	10482575
treatment of hsv-1 infection with immunoglobulin or acyclovir: comparison of their effects on viral spread, latency, and reactivation.	we compared immunoglobulin (igg) and acyclovir (acv) therapies on the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency of hsv-1(mckrae) in a mouse ocular infection model. mice were given one intraperitoneal (ip) dose of human igg 24 h after infection (day 1 p. i.) or acv in the drinking water from days 1 to 7 p.i. both treatments allowed similar percentages of mice to survive the infection and decreased ocular virus shedding as compared with untreated controls. at most time points, ther ...	1999	10489356
herpes simplex virus mediated gene transfer to primate ocular tissues.	we evaluated the feasibility of delivering a gene into monkey eyes using a replication-competent herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 ribonucleotide reductase mutant (hrr3) expressing the escherichia coli lacz gene. to determine the efficiency of in vitro hsv-mediated gene transfer, cultured human trabecular meshwork (htm) and human ciliary muscle (hcm) cells were infected with hrr3 and beta-galactosidase activity was measured histochemically. six cynomolgus monkey eyes received viral injections in ...	1999	10504272
the multifunctional herpes simplex virus ie63 protein interacts with heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein k and with casein kinase 2.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), the prototype alpha-herpesvirus, causes several prominent diseases. the hsv-1 immediate early (ie) protein ie63 (icp27) is the only regulatory gene with a homologue in every mammalian and avian herpesvirus sequenced so far. ie63 is a multifunctional protein affecting transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes, and it can shuttle from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. to identify interacting cellular proteins, a hela cdna library was screened in the yeast ...	1999	10506147
bell's palsy and hsv-1 infection.		1999	10514225
development and evaluation of microbicidal hydrogels containing monoglyceride as the active ingredient.	a number of medium-chain saturated and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids and their monoglycerides were tested against herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) to determine which lipids were most active during a short incubation time. the aim was to find which lipid would be preferable as the active ingredient in a virucidal hydrogel formulation for the purpose of preventing transmission of pathogens to mucosal membranes, particularly sexually transmitted viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and human immu ...	1999	10514348
herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein vmw110 inhibits progression of cells through mitosis and from g(1) into s phase of the cell cycle.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) immediate-early protein vmw110 stimulates the onset of virus infection in a multiplicity-dependent manner and is required for efficient reactivation from latency. recent work has shown that vmw110 is able to interact with or modify the stability of several cellular proteins. in this report we analyze the ability of vmw110 to inhibit the progression of cells through the cell cycle. we show by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and/or confocal microscopy analysi ...	1999	10516054
antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1.	isoborneol, a monoterpene and a component of several plant essential oils, showed dual viricidal activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). first, it inactivated hsv-1 by almost 4 log10 values within 30 min of exposure, and second, isoborneol at a concentration of 0.06% completely inhibited viral replication, without affecting viral adsorption. isoborneol did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging between 0.016% and 0.08% when tested against human and monkey cell li ...	1999	10517310
accumulation of specific rnas encoding transcriptional factors and stress response proteins against a background of severe depletion of cellular rnas in cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1.	herpes simplex virus 1 encodes several functions to preclude the shutoff of host response to infection, including degradation of mrna immediately after infection. to determine whether any cellular mrnas accumulate in infected cells against a background of severe loss of host rna, we hybridized cdnas derived from three different cell lines infected with wild type and a mutant virus to a dna array containing probes for 588 human genes representing different functional groups. the results were that ...	1999	10518576
amplification of reiterated sequences of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) genome to discriminate between clinical hsv-1 isolates.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-related disease ranges from a localized, self-limiting illness to fatal disease in immunocompromised individuals. the corneal disease herpetic keratitis may develop after reactivation of a latent virus or reinfection with an exogenous herpesvirus. molecular analysis of the virus involved may allow distinction between these two options. the hsv-1 genome contains several hypervariable regions that vary in numbers of reiterating regions (reiterations i to viii [r ...	1999	10523545
herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of activated cytotoxic t cells: induction of fratricide as a mechanism of viral immune evasion.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1), a large dna-containing virus, is endemic in all human populations investigated. after infection of mucocutaneous surfaces, hsv1 establishes a latent infection in nerve cells. recently, it was demonstrated that hsv1 can also infect activated t lymphocytes. however, the consequences of t cell infection for viral pathogenesis and immunity are unknown. we have observed that in contrast to the situation in human fibroblasts, in human t cell lines antigen presentati ...	1999	10523608
bovine lactoferrin peptidic fragments involved in inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.	bovine lactoferrin (blf) prevents the infection of some enveloped and naked viruses. to identify blf sequences responsible for the antiviral activity, we tested 31 hplc fractions, derived from tryptic digestion of blf, toward herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). only a few hplc purified fragments were active against hsv-1, even if at lower extent than the native undigested blf. two large fragments, one corresponding to the c-lobe (amino acid sequence 345-689) and the other corresponding to a lar ...	1999	10527833
[multiple herpes simplex type 1 whitlow lesions].		1999	10530360
seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus in the female population in the autonomous region of madrid, spain.		1999	10534198
multiple infections in carotid atherosclerotic plaques.	chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and recently, periodontal disease, have been associated with human atherosclerosis. porphyromonas gingivalis and streptococcus sanguis are major pathogens associated with periodontitis, a common chronic inflammatory condition in adults. investigators have found that these infectious agents may influence vascular cell functions by inducing thrombus formation, vascular cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell death.	1999	10539867
inhibition of dendritic cell maturation by herpes simplex virus.	maturation of dendritic cells (dc), leading to migration and increased t cell stimulatory capacity, is essential for the initiation of immune responses. this process is triggered by a variety of stimuli, such as inflammatory cytokines, bacterial and viral products. using a recombinant disabled infectious single cycle herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) encoding green fluorescent protein, we show that the infected dc are defective in up-regulating co-stimulatory molecules, do not produce cytokines, an ...	1999	10540336
inflammatory thoughts about glioma gene therapy.	gene therapy for treatment of glioma often involves delivery of herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase gene. a new study shows that this approach can induce chronic inflammation, and raises important questions about current adenoviral-based clinical trials (pages 1256-1263).	1999	10545984
a prospective study of new infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. chiron hsv vaccine study group.	herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections are endemic, but the clinical characteristics of newly acquired hsv type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv type 2 (hsv-2) infections in adults have not been rigorously defined. we monitored 2393 sexually active hsv-2-seronegative persons for clinical and serologic evidence of new hsv infection. of the participants, 1508 were seropositive for hsv-1 and 885 were seronegative. charts were reviewed in a blinded manner for classification of those with genitourinary or oropharyng ...	1999	10547406
retrovirus-mediated transfer of a suicide gene into lens epithelial cells in vitro and in an experimental model of posterior capsule opacification.	the most common complication of cataract surgery is the development of posterior capsule opacification (pco). hyperplasia of the lens epithelium is one of the main cellular events following phacoemulsification and was found to be an important feature contributing to opacification of the posterior capsule. we investigated the feasibility of killing the residual lens epithelial cells by retroviral-mediated transfer of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (hsv-tk) gene, a well-studied suicide ...	1999	10550788
resveratrol inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication.	resveratrol, a phytoalexin, was found to inhibit herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) replication in a dose-dependent, reversible manner. the observed reduction in virus yield was not caused by the direct inactivation of hsv by resveratrol nor inhibition of virus attachment to the cell. the chemical did, however, target an early event in the virus replication cycle since it was most effective when added within 1 h of cell infection, less effective if addition was delayed until 6 ...	1999	10551373
cytopathic effect inhibition assay for determining the in-vitro susceptibility of herpes simplex virus to antiviral agents.	we compare a rapid dilution method for the determination of antiviral susceptibility of herpes simplex virus (hsv) with the plaque reduction assay. a total of 84 hsv clinical isolates were studied by both methods to detect in-vitro resistance to acyclovir and foscarnet. the rapid method showed for the detection of hsv isolates resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet, a sensitivity of 96. 8% and 100% and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively. this method provides an easy and accurate screening ...	1999	10552991
epstein-barr virus dna in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and central nervous system disorders.	routine search for herpesvirus types 1-5 by nested polymerase chain reaction revealed epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of ten out of seventy-nine patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and central nervous system (cns) disorders not associated with the presence of primary cns lymphomas. one out of the ten csf samples was positive for ebv dna only, six were also positive for microbial agents of recognised neurological pathogenicity while the remaini ...	1999	10555209
the major neutralizing antigenic site on herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d overlaps a receptor-binding domain.	herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry is dependent on the interaction of virion glycoprotein d (gd) with one of several cellular receptors. we previously showed that gd binds specifically to two structurally dissimilar receptors, hvea and hvec. we have continued our studies by using (i) a panel of baculovirus-produced gd molecules with various c-terminal truncations and (ii) a series of gd mutants with nonoverlapping 3-amino-acid deletions between residues 222 and 254. binding of the potent neutraliz ...	1999	10559300
single-step conversion of cells to retrovirus vector producers with herpes simplex virus-epstein-barr virus hybrid amplicons.	we report here on the development and characterization of a novel herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) amplicon-based vector system which takes advantage of the host range and retention properties of hsv-epstein-barr virus (ebv) hybrid amplicons to efficiently convert cells to retrovirus vector producer cells after single-step transduction. the retrovirus genes gag-pol and env (gpe) and retroviral vector sequences were modified to minimize sequence overlap and cloned into an hsv-ebv hybrid amplic ...	1999	10559361
identification of the marek's disease virus serotype 2 genes homologous to the glycoprotein b (ul27), icp18.5 (ul28) and major dna-binding protein (ul29) genes of herpes simplex virus type 1.	we determined the nucleotide sequence of non-pathogenic marek's disease virus serotype 2 (mdv2) strain hprs24 glycoprotein b (gb) (ul27), icp18.5 (ul28) and major dna-binding protein (mdbp) (ul29) genes homologous to herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). the sequence data revealed that important motives in the proteins are conserved in mdv2 icp18.5 and mdbp, however the sequence of viral dna replication origin which exists in the regions between the ul29 and ul30 genes of other alphaherpesviruses ...	1999	10563297
antiviral effects of synthetic membrane-active peptides on herpes simplex virus, type 1.	magainins are cationic peptides with antimicrobial activity which were originally isolated from the skin of the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis). several synthetic derivatives of this class of peptides were evaluated for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus, type 1 (hsv). some of the peptides (msi-102, -248, -420, -499/500 combination, -591, -594, and -1251) showed significant reduction of hsv plaque-forming units. the antiviral effect was enhanced when hsv was pretreated with the ...	1999	10563406
mutations in the conserved carboxy-terminal hydrophobic region of glycoprotein gb affect infectivity of herpes simplex virus.	glycoprotein gb is the most highly conserved glycoprotein in the herpesvirus family and plays a critical role in virus entry and fusion. glycoprotein gb of herpes simplex virus type 1 contains a hydrophobic stretch of 69 aa near the carboxy terminus that is essential for its biological activity. to determine the role(s) of specific amino acids in the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic region, a number of amino acids were mutagenized that are highly conserved in this region within the gb homologues of ...	1999	10567651
bromohypericins are potent photoactive antiviral agents.	several hypericin derivatives, previously shown to have interesting light-mediated biological activities, were evaluated for antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus and influenza virus. three brominated hypericins, the dibromo- and tetrabromo-derivatives and the natural compound gymnochrome b were all very active against both viruses, particularly herpes simplex virus, although light was required in all cases for maximum activity. the dibromohypericin was the most potent, under standar ...	1999	10568175
squid axoplasm supports the retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus.		1999	10573844
novel 6-azapyrimidine-2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides: synthesis, biological evaluation and conformational analysis.	we report the synthesis of novel 1-(2'-deoxy-4'-thio-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-(6-azapyrimidine) nucleosides and the subsequent preparation of a series of n3-substituted analogues. all the novel compounds were evaluated against a range of viruses, however they lacked any measurable activity. the lack of anti-herpetic activity may be a result of the parent nucleoside having poor affinity for herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. conformational analysis of the parent nucleoside showed ...	1999	10574179
perforin pathway is essential for protection of mice against lethal ocular hsv-1 challenge but not corneal scarring.	perforin (cytolysin; pore-forming protein) is expressed in both cd8(+) cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) and natural killer (nk) cells, and is a major factor responsible for the cytolytic activities of these cells. both cd8(+) t-cells and nk cells are important in eliminating cells infected with certain viruses. we examined the role of perforin in a mouse model of hsv-1 infection using perforin-deficient mice. naïve perforin knockout (perforin(0/0)) mice were more susceptible to lethal hsv-1 ocular ...	1999	10581382
treatment of primary herpes simplex virus infection in guinea pigs by imiquimod.	imiquimod (also known as r-837 and s-26308) is an imidazoquinoline immune response modifier and is available in the us and several other countries for the treatment of external genital warts. imiquimod has no direct antiviral activity but demonstrates efficacy in several animal models of virus infection. the drug is recognized by antigen presenting cells including monocytes, macrophages, b-cells and dendritic cells and induces these cells to produce cytokines including interferon-alpha (ifn-alph ...	1999	10588331
isolation and characterization of an anti-hsv polysaccharide from prunella vulgaris.	a water soluble substance was isolated from a chinese herb, prunella vulgaris, by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation and gel permeation column chromatography. chemical tests showed that the substance was an anionic polysaccharide. using a plaque reduction assay, the polysaccharide at 100 microg/ml was active against the herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2), but was inactive against cytomegalovirus, the human influenza virus types a and b, the poliovirus type 1 or the ves ...	1999	10588332
effect of recombinant human interferon alpha b/d (rhu-ifn-alpha b/d) in combination with acyclovir in experimental hsv-1 encephalitis.	the efficacy of recombinant human interferon alpha b/d in experimental hsv-1 encephalitis was investigated in the murine system. recombinant hu-ifn-alpha b/d significantly reduced the mortality in a mouse encephalitis model (about 30%, p = 0.021), whereas natural mouse interferon was inactive. combination of acyclovir with hu-ifn-alpha b/d had an additive effect.	1999	10588335
detection of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus by the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers.	varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) are human pathogens of significance involved in multiple diseases with either typical or atypical clinical features. in neonates and immunocompromised patients these alphaherpesviruses may cause life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis. detection of vzv by virus culture is difficult. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is quicker and more sensitive and applicable in most clinical microbiological laboratories. using degenerate primers, ...	1999	10598093
herpes simplex virus type 1 and alzheimer's disease.	until recently, the only risk factors implicated in noninherited cases of alzheimer's disease were increasing age, down's syndrome, and probably, head injury. having found that herpes simplex type 1 virus (hsv1) is present in the brain of many elderly people, we discovered that it is a risk factor for alzheimer's disease when in the central nervous system of apoe-epsilon4 allele carriers. on the basis of this result and our finding that apoe-epsilon4 is a risk factor for herpes labialis, we sugg ...	1999	10604441
stereoisomeric selectivity of human deoxyribonucleoside kinases.	deoxynucleoside kinases catalyze the 5'-phosphorylation of 2'-deoxyribonucleosides with nucleoside triphosphates as phosphate donors. one of the cellular kinases, deoxycytidine kinase (dck), has been shown to phosphorylate several l-nucleosides that are efficient antiviral agents. in this study we investigated the potentials of stereoisomers of the natural deoxyribonucleoside to serve as substrates for the recombinant cellular deoxynucleoside kinases. the cytosolic thymidine kinase exhibited a s ...	1999	10606535
detection of herpesvirus dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skin lesions of patients with pemphigus by polymerase chain reaction.	pemphigus is an autoimmune disease where both endogenous (genetic) and exogenous (environmental) factors play a part. viral infections, in particular herpesvirus infections, have been identified as a possible triggering factor for pemphigus. in this study, using the polymerase chain reaction, we studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and skin biopsies from patients with pemphigus, and in some of these were able to demonstrate the presence of dna sequences of herpes simplex virus 1/2 ( ...	1999	10606848
clinical management of selected oral fungal and viral infections during hiv-disease.	the purpose of this review is to describe current possibilities of management of selected fungal and viral oral opportunistic infections including oral candidiasis, herpes simplex type 1 and 2-related lesions (hsv1,2), oral hairy leukoplakia (ohl) and oral lesions associated with human papilloma viruses (hpv). less common diseases such as cytomegalovirus infection or human herpes virus type 8 associated with kaposi's sarcoma and others are not considered. in a number of instances lifelong therap ...	1999	10858761
[the mechanism of bystander effect in herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-mediated gene therapy].	to study the mechanism of bystander effect in herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsv-tk)/ganciclovir (gcv)-mediated gene therapy.	1999	11869559
[antiviral action of combined use of rhizoma polygoni cuspidati and radix astragali on hsv-1 strain].	the clinical action of combined use of rhizoma polygoni cuspidati and radix astragali on hsv-1 was investigated with a view to developing a new antiviral drug.	1999	12242802
generation of recombinant herpes simplex virus ampiicons.	the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) amphcon has been developed as a novel eukaryotic expression vector, which contains an hsv-1 ori for dna replication and a pac signal for cleaving/packaging genomes into viral capsids (1-4). as shown in fig. 1, amplicon vector can be amplified into head-to-tail concatemers and then packaged into defective hsv-1 viral particles up to one genome size (~150 kb) in the presence of hsv-1 helper viruses. the helper viruses provide all necessary proteins and enzym ...	1999	21374396
[study on the etiology of herpes viral encephalitis in changsha area].	to study the relationship between herpes viral infection and viral encephalitis.	2000	12212203
immunomodulatory therapy in the management of viral infections in patients with hiv infection.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) causes disease by infecting lymphocytes and progressively destroying critical regulatory and effector cells of the immune system, leaving patients vulnerable to a number of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. facial herpes (herpes simplex virus-1 [hsv-1]), genital herpes (hsv-2), herpes zoster (varicella zoster virus), oral hairy leukoplakia (epstein-barr virus), kaposi's sarcoma (hhv-8), molluscum contagiosum, condyloma acuminata (human papillomavirus [hp ...	2000	10861104
[selective inhibition of hsv-1 dna and protein synthesis by antiviral antibiotic 17997].	to study the effects of 17997 on the hsv-1 dna and protein synthesis.	2000	11498689
combined suicide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene therapy induces complete tumor regression and generates antitumor immunity.	the use of prodrug-activated ("suicide") gene therapy has been shown to be effective in inducing tumor regression when only a small proportion of tumor cells contains the suicide gene. these experiments were designed to test whether additional therapeutic benefit may be obtained by stimulating the immune response. murine mc26 colon carcinoma cells, either untransduced or transduced with genes for herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (hsv1-tk) or human gm-csf, were injected subcutaneously into ...	2000	11228530
the relationship between spontaneous telomere loss and chromosome instability in a human tumor cell line.	chromosome instability plays an important role in cancer by promoting the alterations in the genome required for tumor cell progression. the loss of telomeres that protect the ends of chromosomes and prevent chromosome fusion has been proposed as one mechanism for chromosome instability in cancer cells, however, there is little direct evidence to support this hypothesis. to investigate the relationship between spontaneous telomere loss and chromosome instability in human cancer cells, clones of ...	2000	11228547
modest increases in the titers of helper virus-free herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) vectors by packaging in a cell line with inducible expression of hsv-1 vp16 or by treatment with n,n'-hexamethylene-bis-acetamide.	a recently developed helper virus-free hsv-1 vector system has potential for both gene therapy and physiological studies, but relatively low vector titers have complicated use of this system. in this report, we explored improving the vector titers by isolating a vero cell line that uses the tetracycline-regulated promoter system to induce hsv-1 vp16 at the beginning of the packaging procedure. we isolated the required cell line and demonstrated that it supports enhanced expression from a hsv-1 i ...	2000	11332280
molecular mechanisms of replication of herpes simplex virus 1.	the present review focuses on recent development in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of dna replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). progress made in the characterization of the early events of viral dna synthesis and of virus-host cell interactions, especially in the context with the formation of viral dna replication sites, is highlighted. an up-dated overview is presented on important stages of lytic infection cycle, such as virion entry, viral dna synthesis, viral dna clea ...	2000	11252674
[the efficacy of antiviral antibiotic 17997 on treatment of hsv-1 infected guinea pig skin infection].	to study the treatment efficacy of antiviral antibiotic 17997 against hsvl infected guinea pig skin infection.	2000	11503040
olf-1, a neuron-specific transcription factor, can activate the herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cell protein 0 promoter.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) establishes a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons of infected individuals. infected cell protein 0 (icp0) is important for productive infection and reactivation from latency. thus, activation of icp0 expression in neurons is likely to be important for reactivation from latency. in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, icp0 promoter activity is high compared with other strong viral promoters. in contrast, promoter activity is low in non-neuronal cells. dna ...	2000	10617588