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potential cost-effectiveness of rsv vaccination of infants and pregnant women in turkey: an illustration based on bursa data.worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is considered to be the most important viral cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality among infants and young children. although no active vaccine is available on the market yet, there are several active vaccine development programs in various stages. to assess whether one of these vaccines might be a future asset for national immunization programs, modeling the costs and benefits of various vaccination strategies is needed.201727689356
epidemiology, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and severity of respiratory syncytial virus acute lower respiratory infection in malaysian children, 2008-2013.the aim of this study is to describe epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory data and severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) acute lower respiratory infection (alri) in malaysian children and to determine risk factors associated with prolonged hospital stay, paediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission and mortality.201727704652
respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major public health burden worldwide. we aimed to review the current literature on the incidence and mortality of severe rsv in children globally.201727740723
detection of airborne respiratory syncytial virus in a pediatric acute care clinic.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of respiratory illness in infants and young children, but this virus is also capable of re-infecting adults throughout life. universal precautions to prevent its transmission consist of gown and glove use, but masks and goggles are not routinely required because it is believed that rsv is unlikely to be transmitted by the airborne route. our hypothesis was that rsv is present in respirable-size particles aerosolized by patients seen in a ...201727740722
the outpatient burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections in older children. 201727738053
clinical and socioeconomic burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.vaccines and antivirals against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are being developed, but there are scarce data on the full impact of rsv infection on outpatient children.201727738052
burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease among 33-35 weeks' gestational age infants born during multiple respiratory syncytial virus seasons.moderate-late preterm infants, 33-35 weeks' gestational age (wga), are at increased risk for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization (rsvh). the objective of this study is to quantify the burden of rsvh in moderate-late preterm infants.201727755464
risk factors for virus-induced acute respiratory tract infections in children younger than 3 years and recurrent wheezing at 36 months follow-up after discharge.we sought to know more about how 14 common respiratory viruses manifest clinically, and to identify risk factors for specific virus-induced acute respiratory tract infections (artis) in children younger than 3 years old and for wheezing at 36-month follow-up.201727798551
the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab in infants with cystic fibrosis in the canadian setting: a decision analysis model.children with cystic fibrosis (cf) are at higher risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, which can lead to a decline in lung function. a monoclonal antibody, palivizumab (pmb), effectively prevents rsv hospitalizations; however, the high cost of pmb, approximately c$10,000 per patient per rsv season, limits its widespread use. we assess the cost-effectiveness of pmb prophylaxis in cf children less than 2 y of age from the canadian healthcare payer's perspective.201727768505
chlorogenic compounds from coffee beans exert activity against respiratory viruses.chlorogenic acids are secondary metabolites in diverse plants. some chlorogenic acids extracted from traditional medicinal plants are known for their healing properties, e.g., against viral infections. also, green coffee beans are a rich source of chlorogenic acids, with 5-o-caffeoylquinic acid being the most abundant chlorogenic acid in coffee. we previously reported the synthesis of the regioisomers of lactones, bearing different substituents on the quinidic core. here, 3,4-o-dicaffeoyl-1,5-γ- ...201727806409
a simple screening approach to prioritize genes for functional analysis identifies a role for interferon regulatory factor 7 in the control of respiratory syncytial virus disease.greater understanding of the functions of host gene products in response to infection is required. while many of these genes enable pathogen clearance, some enhance pathogen growth or contribute to disease symptoms. many studies have profiled transcriptomic and proteomic responses to infection, generating large data sets, but selecting targets for further study is challenging. here we propose a novel data-mining approach combining multiple heterogeneous data sets to prioritize genes for further ...201727822537
characterizing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus in infants with older siblings: a population-based birth cohort study.from a population-based birth cohort of 245 249 children born in western australia during 1996-2005, we used linkage of laboratory and birth record datasets to obtain data including all respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) detections during infancy from a subcohort of 87 981 singleton children born in the perth metropolitan area from 2000 to 2004. using log binomial regression, we found that the risk of infant rsv detection increases with the number of older siblings, with those having ⩾3 older sib ...201727821195
vitamin d increases the antiviral activity of bronchial epithelial cells in vitro.by modulating the antiviral immune response via vitamin d receptor, the active form of vitamin d (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d, calcitriol) could play a central role in protection against respiratory virus infections. this in vitro study tested the hypothesis that respiratory viruses modulate vitamin d receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells and this modulation affects the antiviral response to exogenous vitamin d.201727838350
human newborn b cells mount an interferon-α/β receptor-dependent humoral response to respiratory syncytial virus. 201727931976
natural killer cells in asthma.this review article discusses current knowledge on natural killer (nk) cells in asthma.201727841766
immunopathogenesis associated with formaldehyde-inactivated rsv vaccine in preclinical and clinical studies.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is responsible for one-third of deaths of acute lower respiratory infection in children less than one-year-old. the formaldehyde-inactivated rsv vaccine trial conducted in the 1960s predisposed the vaccinees to more serious rsv infection instead of protection. better understanding of the underlying mechanism is of critical importance for better designing of safe and effective rsv vaccines. areas covered: pubmed was searched to review immunopathology in ...201727841687
impact of the updated guidance for palivizumab prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection: a single center experience.to determine the differences in number of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalizations and outcomes in infants 29(0/7)-34(6/7) weeks' gestational age (wga) the season before (season 1 [s1]; 2013-2014) and after (season 2 [s2]; 2014-2015) implementation of the 2014 american academy of pediatrics revised guidance for palivizumab prophylaxis.201727855996
national evidence in israel supporting reevaluation of respiratory syncytial virus prophylactic guidelines.the american academy of pediatrics (aap) recently narrowed the indications for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis, while in israel the guidelines have not changed.201727898422
pulmonary dendritic cell subsets shape the respiratory syncytial virus-specific cd8+ t cell immunodominance hierarchy in neonates.young infants are generally more susceptible to viral infections and experience more severe disease than do adults. cd8(+) t cells are important for viral clearance, and although often ineffective in neonates they can be protective when adequately stimulated. using a murine cb6f1/j hybrid model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, we previously demonstrated that the cd8(+) t cell immunodominance hierarchy to two rsv-derived epitopes, k(d)m282-90 and d(b)m187-195, was determined by the ...201727895172
respiratory syncytial virus and influenza are the key viral pathogens in children <2 years hospitalized with bronchiolitis and pneumonia in islamabad pakistan.pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. comprehensive surveillance data are needed to review the prevention and control strategies. we conducted active surveillance of acute lower respiratory infections among children aged <2 years hospitalized at two hospitals of islamabad, pakistan. viral etiology was determined using real-time pcr on respiratory specimens collected during march 2011-april 2012. the overall mean age was 7.83 ± 5.25 months while no ...201727885562
predicting the relative impacts of maternal and neonatal respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine target product profiles: a consensus modelling approach.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major viral cause of infant and childhood lower respiratory tract disease worldwide. defining the optimal target product profile (tpp) is complicated due to a wide range of possible vaccine properties, modalities and an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of natural immunity. we report consensus population level impact projections based on two mathematical models applied to a low income setting.201727914740
factors predicting life-threatening infections with respiratory syncytial virus in adult patients.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant cause of acute respiratory illness with a clinical spectrum ranging from self-limiting upper respiratory infection to severe lower respiratory infection in elderly persons as well as young children. however, there are limited data on risk factors for life-threatening infections that could guide the appropriate use of antiviral agents in adult patients with rsv.201727911143
molecular detection and characterization of respiratory syncytial virus b genotypes circulating in pakistani children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but very little is known about its epidemiology and circulating genotypes in pakistan. this study analyzed the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of rsv b genotypes in pakistani children below 5years with acute respiratory tract infections (aris) during three consecutive winter seasons from 2010 to 2013. a total of 1941 samples were analyzed for rsv infection by real tim ...201727908797
a review on antiviral activity of the himalayan medicinal plants traditionally used to treat bronchitis and related symptoms.bronchitis is a common respiratory tract infection of humans mainly caused by influenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus. the aim of this review was to gather fragmented literature on ethnomedicinal plants used against bronchitis in the himalayan region and their in-vitro validation against bronchitis causing viral pathogens.201727905101
respiratory syncytial virus: infection, detection, and new options for prevention and treatment.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a significant cause of hospitalization of children in north america and one of the leading causes of death of infants less than 1 year of age worldwide, second only to malaria. despite its global impact on human health, there are relatively few therapeutic options available to prevent or treat rsv infection. paradoxically, there is a very large volume of information that is constantly being refined on rsv replication, the mechanisms of rsv-induced p ...201727903593
clinical characteristics and outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection among adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness in france.the aim of this study was to analyse characteristics and outcome of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness (ili).201727903461
genetic modification of the lung directed toward treatment of human disease.genetic modification therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases of the lung intractable to other treatments. lung gene therapy has been the subject of numerous preclinical animal experiments and human clinical trials, for targets including genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and α1-antitrypsin deficiency, complex disorders such as asthma, allergy, and lung cancer, infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and pseudomonas, as well as pulmonary arterial hypertens ...201727927014
factors related to compliance with palivizumab prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection - data from poland.to evaluate compliance and health outcomes in children receiving palivizumab prophylaxis and to identify factors that could impact parental compliance with the recommended regimen of palivizumab immunoprophylaxis.201727941187
virus-like particle vaccine by intranasal vaccination elicits protective immunity against respiratory syncytial viral infection in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infection in infants and children, but there is still no licensed vaccine available. in this report, we developed virus-like particle (vlp) vaccines based on the bac-to-bac baculovirus expression system, consisting of an influenza virus matrix (m1) protein and the rsv fusion protein (f) or glycoprotein (g). these rsv vlps were identified by western blot analysis and electron microscopy. female balb/c mice immunized intrana ...201727974288
development of bioluminescence imaging of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in virus-infected live mice and its use for evaluation of therapeutics and vaccines.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the leading causes of pneumonia among infants with no human vaccine or efficient curative treatments. efforts are underway to develop new rsv vaccines and therapeutics. there is a dire need for animal models for preclinical evaluation and selection of products against rsv. herein, we developed a whole body bioluminescence imaging to follow replication of rsv a2 virus strain expressing firefly luciferase (rsva2-line19-ffl) in live balb/c mice that can b ...201727989627
respiratory syncytial virus-induced paediatric ards: why we should unpack the syndrome. 201728000595
prevalence of co-infection between respiratory syncytial virus and influenza in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza have varying degree of seasonal overlap.201728012809
nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage during childhood community-acquired alveolar pneumonia: relationship between specific serotypes and coinfecting viruses.respiratory viruses and streptococcus pneumoniae are known to be copathogens in childhood pneumonia. however, it is unclear whether all pneumococcal serotypes are equally prone to such interaction. we attempted to determine association between carried pneumococcal serotypes and respiratory viruses during childhood community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (caap).201728011920
development of a global respiratory severity score for respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infants has recognizable clinical signs and symptoms. however, quantification of disease severity is difficult, and published scores remain problematic. thus, as part of a rsv pathogenesis study, we developed a global respiratory severity score (grss) as a research tool for evaluating infants with primary rsv infection.201728011907
respiratory syncytial virus infection-associated hospitalization rates in infants and children with cystic fibrosis.infections with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are the leading cause for hospital admissions in infants and young children. the incidence of rsv-related hospitalizations in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) is unclear. to date, no effective treatment for rsv infections is available. thus, prophylaxis with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab is an important option.201728005688
respiratory syncytial virus. 201728030703
pulmonary hemorrhage as a complication of respiratory syncyntial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of bronchiolitis. although there are a number of recognized complications, pulmonary hemorrhage has not been reported previously. a retrospective case notes review was performed through an electronic search of a pediatric intensive care unit's medical records. seven patients with rsv infection and pulmonary hemorrhage were identified and included in this case series. six of the seven patients were born prematurely (30-36 weeks gestation). all p ...201728029754
conditioned medium from persistently rsv-infected macrophages alters transcriptional profile and inflammatory response of non-infected macrophages.cells susceptible to persistent viral infections undergo important changes in their biological functions as a consequence of the expression of viral gene products that are capable of altering the gene expression profile of the host cell. previously, we reported that persistence of the rsv genome in a mouse macrophage cell line induces important alterations in cell homeostasis, including constitutive expression of ifn-β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. here, we postulated that changes in the ...201728069520
c-jun n-terminal kinase activity is required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus production.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory infections in infants and the elderly, leading to more deaths than influenza each year worldwide. with no rsv antiviral or efficacious vaccine currently available, improved understanding of the host-rsv interaction is urgently required. here we examine the contribution to rsv infection of the host stress-regulated c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk), for the first time. peak jnk1/2 phosphoactivation is observed at ∼24 h post-infection, ...201728062184
estimating the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) on respiratory hospital admissions in children less than five years of age in england, 2007-2012.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of hospital admission in young children. with several rsv vaccines candidates undergoing clinical trials, recent estimates of rsv burden are required to provide a baseline for vaccine impact studies.201728058797
thymus activity measured by t-cell receptor excision circles in patients with different severities of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is an important cause of hospitalization in previously healthy infants. immunological mechanisms predisposing infants to severe disease are poorly understood. early biomarkers for disease severity may assist clinical decisions. we investigated t-cell receptor excision circles (trec), episomal dna made during thymic t-cell receptor rearrangement, and a marker for thymus activity, both during disease and in neonatal screening cards as a risk factor for r ...201728056841
compassionate use experience with high-titer respiratory syncytical virus (rsv) immunoglobulin in rsv-infected immunocompromised persons.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) may cause fatal lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in immunocompromised patients. ribavirin with or without standard intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) is frequently given although efficacy is debated. infusion of ivig with high levels of neutralizing antibody against rsv may offer benefit in these patients.201728054734
patterns of immune development in urban preschoolers with recurrent wheeze and/or atopy.disadvantaged urban children have high rates of allergic diseases and wheezing, which are diseases associated with type 2-biased immunity.201728089873
hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus and vaccine-preventable infections in the first 2 years after pediatric liver transplant.to examine in liver transplant recipients at centers participating in the pediatric health information system dataset the number of hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and vaccine-preventable infections (vpis) in the first 2 years after transplantation, morbidity and mortality associated with these hospitalizations, and costs associated with these hospitalizations.201728088400
respiratory syncytial virus infection. 201728084715
respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children.bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of this infection. rsv is transmitted through contact with respiratory droplets either directly from an infected person or self-inoculation by contaminated secretions on surfaces. patients with rsv bronchiolitis usually present with two to four days of upper respiratory tract symptoms such as fever, rhinorrhea, and congestion, followed by lower ...201728084708
respiratory syncytial virus associated hospitalizations in preterm infants of 29 to 32 weeks gestational age using a risk score tool for palivizumab prophylaxis.to evaluate the efficacy of palivizumab in infants of 29 to 32 weeks of gestational age (ga) based on a risk score tool developed for austria. retrospective single-center cohort study including all preterm infants of 29 (+0) to 32 (+6) weeks of ga born between 2004 and 2012 at a tertiary care university hospital. data on rsv-related hospitalizations over the first 2 years of life were analyzed and compared between those having received palivizumab and those without. the study population was comp ...201728078558
evaluation of alere i rsv for rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection.alere i rsv is a novel rapid test which applies a nicking enzyme amplification reaction to detect respiratory syncytial virus in point-of-care settings. in this study, we evaluated the alere i rsv assay by using frozen nasopharyngeal swab samples that were collected in viral transport medium from children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection during the 2015-2016 winter season. alere i rsv assay results were compared to those for altona realstar rsv real-time reverse transcription- ...201728077700
brd4 couples nf-κb/rela with airway inflammation and the irf-rig-i amplification loop in respiratory syncytial virus infection.the airway mucosa expresses protective interferon (ifn) and inflammatory cytokines in response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. in this study, we examine the role of bromodomain containing 4 (brd4) in mediating this innate immune response in human small airway epithelial cells. we observe that rsv induces brd4 to complex with nf-κb/rela. brd4 is functionally required for expression of the nf-κb-dependent inflammatory gene regulatory network (grn), including the ifn response factor ...201728077651
notch ligand delta-like 4 promotes regulatory t cell identity in pulmonary viral infection.regulatory t (treg) cells establish tolerance, prevent inflammation at mucosal surfaces, and regulate immunopathology during infectious responses. recent studies have shown that delta-like ligand 4 (dll4) was upregulated on apc after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, and its inhibition leads to exaggerated immunopathology. in the present study, we outline the role of dll4 in treg cell differentiation, stability, and function in rsv infection. we found that dll4 was expressed on cd11b( ...201728077598
effective use of oral ribavirin for respiratory syncytial viral infections in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a frequent cause of respiratory viral infections, increasing the morbidity and mortality in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipients. little is known about the best management strategy in this immunocompromised group and there are very few data on oral ribavirin treatment.201728077243
monoclonal antibody against g glycoprotein increases respiratory syncytial virus clearance in vivo and prevents vaccine-enhanced diseases.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, young children, and the elderly. the g glycoprotein plays a role in host cell attachment and also modulates the host immune response, thereby inducing disease pathogenesis. we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mabs; 5h6 and 3a5) against g protein core fragment (gcf), which consisted of amino acid residues 131 to 230 from rsv a2 g protein. epitope mapping study revealed that 5h6 specifically bind ...201728076422
defining the risk and associated morbidity and mortality of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants with congenital heart disease.the regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) series provide a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. this fourth publication covers the risk and burden of rsv infection in infants with congenital heart disease (chd).201728070870
[prediction of severe course in infants with rsv bronchiolitis under 6 months. spain].the need for mechanical ventilation (mv) in acute bronchiolitis (ab) by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) varies depending on the series (6-18%). our goal is to determine the admissions to picu for mv in patients under 6 months with ab and define the risk factors for building a prediction model.201728104904
spread and evolution of respiratory syncytial virus a genotype on1, coastal kenya, 2010-2015.in february 2012, the novel respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) group a, genotype on1, was detected in kilifi county, coastal kenya. on1 is characterized by a 72-nt duplication within the highly variable g gene (encoding the immunogenic attachment surface protein). cases were diagnosed through surveillance of pneumonia in children at the county hospital. analysis of epidemiologic, clinical, and sequence data of rsv-a viruses detected over 5 rsv seasons (2010/2011 to 2014/2015) indicated the follow ...201728098528
reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus directly from nasopharyngeal swabs.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young infants and a major cause of nosocomial infection in pediatric care. currently available rsv point-of-care tests are of limited sensitivity and relatively expensive. we developed and evaluated a novel rsv rapid test for use at point-of-care, based on reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for direct testing of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. rt-lamp can detect rsv with ...201728093275
rsv associated hospitalizations in children in karachi, pakistan: implications for vaccine prevention strategies.major progress is being made in vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), with multiple vaccine candidates currently in the clinical phase of development. making an investment case for public sector financing of rsv vaccine will require estimation of burden, cost-effectiveness, and impact. the aim of this study is to determine the proportion, age distribution and clinical spectrum of rsv associated hospitalizations in children in karachi, pakistan. a three years prospective study was c ...201728092107
thymic stromal lymphopoietin, il-33, and periostin in hospitalized infants with viral bronchiolitis.much attention has recently been focused on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp), il-33, and periostin in allergic disease, but less is known about their role in viral bronchiolitis.the aim of the study was to investigate whether infants exhibit enhanced nasal airway secretion of tslp, il-33, and periostin during natural respiratory viral bronchiolitis compared to healthy controls.in total, 213 infants < 2 years of age, hospitalized with bronchiolitis from october/2013 to april/2016 were enrolled ...201728471975
detection and differentiation of influenza viruses with glycan-functionalized gold nanoparticles.accurate diagnosis of influenza viruses is difficult and generally requires a complex process because of viral diversity and rapid mutability. in this study, we report a simple and rapid strategy for the detection and differentiation of influenza viruses using glycan-functionalized gold nanoparticles (ggnps). this method is based on the aggregation of ggnp probes on the viral surface, which is mediated by the specific binding of the virus to the glycans. using a set of ggnps bearing different gl ...201727987410
safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of medi8897, the respiratory syncytial virus prefusion f-targeting monoclonal antibody with an extended half-life, in healthy adults.prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness in infants is a major public health priority, but there is no approved vaccine. palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody that provides rsv prophylaxis but requires 5 monthly injections and is approved only for infants who experience the greatest morbidity and mortality from rsv. thus, there remains a significant unmet medical need for prevention of rsv disease in healthy infants. medi8897 is a recombinant human rsv monoclonal antibody with a mo ...201727956428
activation pathway of a nucleoside analog inhibiting respiratory syncytial virus polymerase.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a negative-sense rna virus and a significant cause of respiratory infection in infants and the elderly. no effective vaccines or antiviral therapies are available for the treatment of rsv. als-8176 is a first-in-class nucleoside prodrug inhibitor of rsv replication currently under clinical evaluation. als-8112, the parent molecule of als-8176, undergoes intracellular phosphorylation, yielding the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite. the host kinases respo ...201728103684
a single, low dose of a cgmp recombinant bcg vaccine elicits protective t cell immunity against the human respiratory syncytial virus infection and prevents lung pathology in mice.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major health burden worldwide, causing the majority of hospitalizations in children under two years old due to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. hrsv causes year-to-year outbreaks of disease, which also affects the elderly and immunocompromised adults. furthermore, both hrsv morbidity and epidemics are explained by a consistently high rate of re-infections that take place throughout the patient life. although significant efforts have been invested worldwi ...201728065474
genetic stability of genome-scale deoptimized rna virus vaccine candidates under selective pressure.recoding viral genomes by numerous synonymous but suboptimal substitutions provides live attenuated vaccine candidates. these vaccine candidates should have a low risk of deattenuation because of the many changes involved. however, their genetic stability under selective pressure is largely unknown. we evaluated phenotypic reversion of deoptimized human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine candidates in the context of strong selective pressure. codon pair deoptimized (cpd) versions of rsv w ...201728049853
expression and antigenicity of recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins having different affinity tags.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a main cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. glycoprotein (g) is major antigen on the viral surface, and plays a key role for virus entry. therefore, purification of the glycoprotein of hrsv is critical for the development of hrsv vaccine and serological diagnosis. in this study, we report the design and characterization of glycoprotein engineered rationally to enhance the protein solubility and to facilitate efficient ...201728042093
new insights into structural disorder in human respiratory syncytial virus phosphoprotein and implications for binding of protein partners.phosphoprotein is the main cofactor of the viral rna polymerase of mononegavirales it is involved in multiple interactions that are essential for the polymerase function. most prominently it positions the polymerase complex onto the nucleocapsid, but also acts as a chaperone for the nucleoprotein. mononegavirales phosphoproteins lack sequence conservation, but contain all large disordered regions. we show here that n- and c-terminal intrinsically disordered regions account for 80% of the phospho ...201728031463
a rapid, simple, and accurate plaque assay for human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv).plaque assays of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) are time-consuming, requiring 4 to 7 days for plaque formation and several hours for dye staining. here, we describe a simple method by which rsv plaques can be visualized and counted with the naked eye only 2 days after infection of hep-2 cells. in this assay, the infected cells are stained with monoclonal antibodies and the plaques are developed using diaminobenzidine (dab). we tested the accuracy of this new plaque assay by comparing t ...201728373028
a single dose recombinant piv5 expressing respiratory syncytial virus f and g proteins protected cotton rats and african green monkeys from rsv challenge.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of severe respiratory disease among infants, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. no licensed vaccine is currently available. in this study, we evaluated two parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5)-vectored vaccines expressing rsv f (piv5/f) or g (piv5/g) proteins in the cotton rat and african green monkey models for their replication, immunogenicity and efficacy of protection against rsv challenge. following a single intranasal inoculatio ...201728298602
broadly reactive anti-rsv g antibodies from exposed individuals effectively inhibit infection of primary airway epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe respiratory disease in young children. antibodies specific for the rsv prefusion f protein have guided rsv vaccine research and in human serum these antibodies attribute to >90% of the neutralization response, however detailed insight in the composition of the human b cell repertoire against rsv is still largely unknown. in order to study the b cell repertoire of 3 healthy donors for specificity against rsv, cd27(+) memory b cells were isolated and ...201728275185
immunological features of respiratory syncytial virus-caused pneumonia-implications for vaccine design.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the causative agent for high rates of hospitalizations due to viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia worldwide. such a disease is characterized by an infection of epithelial cells of the distal airways that leads to inflammation and subsequently to respiratory failure. upon infection, different pattern recognition receptors recognize the virus and trigger the innate immune response against the hrsv. further, t cell immunity plays an important role for v ...201728273842
novel recombinant dna vaccine candidates for human respiratory syncytial virus: preclinical evaluation of immunogenicity and protection efficiency.the development of safe and potent vaccines for human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is still a challenge for researchers worldwide. dna-based immunization is currently a promising approach that has been used to generate human vaccines for different age groups. in this study, novel hrsv dna vaccine candidates were generated and preclinically tested in balb/c mice. three different versions of the codon-optimized hrsv fusion (f) gene were individually cloned into the ppoe vector. the new recom ...201728272978
enhanced humoral and cd8+ t cell immunity in mice vaccinated by dna vaccine against human respiratory syncytial virus through targeting the encoded f protein to dendritic cells.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised population. there is no licensed vaccine against rsv until now. it has been reported that targeting antigen to dec205, a phagocytosis receptor on dendritic cells (dcs), could induce enhanced cd4+ and cd8+ t cell responses in mice. to develop rsv dna vaccine and target the encoded antigen protein to dcs, the ectodomain of fusion glycop ...201728259002
development of taqman rt-qpcr for the detection of type a human respiratory syncytial virus.the human respiratory syncytial virus is a common respiratory pathogen in children. improved diagnosis of the virus is dependent on the development of tools for the rapid detection and estimation of the viral loads. in the current study, rt-qpcr using taqman hydrolysis probe based on the f gene detection was developed to identify and quantify hrsv in clinical samples. the assay was validated by comparing the results with a commercially available rt-qpcr kit. the newly developed assay was sensiti ...201728223170
molecular characterization and clinical epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) a and b in hospitalized children, southern brazil.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major etiologic agent of pediatric respiratory infections. genetic variability of its glycoprotein g enables hrsv to evade the immune response and determines its seasonal dissemination. this study reports genetic variability and clinical profiles of hrsv-infected patients from southern brazil. seventy positive samples, 78% type a and 22% type b, were analyzed. of the patients (median age, 6 months; interquartile range, 2-11 years), 16% had co-morbidi ...201728213974
potent single-domain antibodies that arrest respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in its prefusion state.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children. the rsv fusion protein (f) is highly conserved and is the only viral membrane protein that is essential for infection. the prefusion conformation of rsv f is considered the most relevant target for antiviral strategies because it is the fusion-competent form of the protein and the primary target of neutralizing activity present in human serum. here, we describe two llama-derived sin ...201728194013
inclusion body fusion of human parainfluenza virus type 3 regulated by acetylated α-tubulin enhances viral replication.viral inclusion bodies (ibs), or replication factories, are unique structures generated by viral proteins together with some cellular proteins as a platform for efficient viral replication, but little is known about the mechanism underlying ib formation and fusion. our previous study demonstrated that the interaction between the nucleoprotein (n) and phosphoprotein (p) of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), an enveloped virus with great medical impact, can form ibs. in this study, we found ...201727881643
prevailing genotype distribution and characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus in northeastern china.although human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common viruses inducing respiratory tract infections in young children and the elderly, the genotype distribution and characteristics of rsv in northeastern china have not been investigated. here, we identified 25 rsv-a and 8 rsv-b strains from 80 samples of patients with respiratory infections between february 2015 and may 2015. all 25 rsv-a viruses were classified as the on1 genotype, which rapidly spread and became the domina ...201727448044
structural, antigenic and immunogenic features of respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins relevant for vaccine development.extraordinary progress in the structure and immunobiology of the human respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins has been accomplished during the last few years. determination of the fusion (f) glycoprotein structure folded in either the prefusion or the postfusion conformation was an inspiring breakthrough not only to understand the structural changes associated with the membrane fusion process but additionally to appreciate the antigenic intricacies of the f protein. furthermore, these develop ...201727692522
genetic variability of respiratory syncytial virus a in hospitalized children in the last five consecutive winter seasons in central spain.human respiratory syncytial virus group a (rsv-a) was detected in symptomatic hospital attended children in central spain for a continuous time period, september 2010 to april 2015. in order to accurately describe the epidemiology of this virus, the genetic diversity of the complete g gene and the clinical manifestations observed were jointly analyzed. out of 3,011 respiratory specimens taken from 2,308 children, 640 were positive to rsv (21.3%) and 405 were rsv-a (63.2%). complete g gene sequen ...201727696460
occurrence of human respiratory syncytial virus in summer in japan.in temperate zones, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) outbreaks typically occur in cold weather, i.e. in late autumn and winter. however, recent outbreaks in japan have tended to start during summer and autumn. this study examined associations of meteorological conditions with the numbers of hrsv cases reported in summer in japan. using data from the hrsv national surveillance system and national meteorological data for summer during the period 2007-2014, we utilized negative binomial log ...201727682641
alternate circulation and genetic variation of human respiratory syncytial virus genotypes in chengdu, west china, 2009-2014.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major pathogen that causes worldwide seasonal epidemic disease in infants due to its genetic variations. however, published information on the molecular epidemiology of hrsv was never reported particularly in chengdu of west china. during five consecutive seasons (from 2009 to 2014), 433 (23.7%) of 1827 samples from hospitalized patients were identified as hrsv positive. epidemiological characteristics of hrsv revealed that subtype a viruses (62.7%) ...201727322084
conidial heads (fruiting bodies) as a hallmark for histopathological diagnosis of angioinvasive aspergillosis.aspergillosis is a mycosis that afflicts immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts; among the former it exhibits different clinical pictures, and among the latter the infection renders an invasive form of the disease. the histologic diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is somewhat challenging mostly because of some morphological similarities between other fungi. however, when present, the conidial heads are pathognomonic of aspergillosis. the authors present the case of a 68-year-old woman who ...201726894041
defective innate immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection in ovalbumin-sensitized mice.respiratory viral infections have frequently been reported to closely correlate with asthma exacerbations. distinctive expression of cytokine/chemokine and anomalous responses of innate immunity induced by respiratory viral infections were suggested to play a key role. this study further evaluates the effects of airway sensitization on innate immunity in response to different viruses.201725708602
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine vectored by a stable chimeric and replication-deficient sendai virus protects mice without inducing enhanced disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe respiratory infections in children and elderly people and no marketed vaccine exists. in this study, we generated and analyzed a subunit vaccine against rsv based on a novel genome replication-deficient sendai virus (sev) vector. we inserted the rsv f protein, known as a genetically stable antigen, into our vector in a specific way to optimize the vaccine features. exchanging the ectodomain of the sev f protein with its counterpart fro ...201728250126
etiology of acute respiratory infections in infants: a prospective birth cohort study.there is paucity of studies on etiology of acute respiratory infections (ari) in infants. the objective of this study is to document incidence and etiology of ari in infants, their seasonal variability and association of clinical profile with etiology.201727753796
a neonatal murine model of mrsa pneumonia.pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants particularly following lower respiratory tract viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). however, the mechanisms by which co-infection of infants by mrsa and rsv cause increased lung pathology are unknown. because the infant immune system is qualitatively and quantitatively different from adults we developed a model of infant mrsa pneumonia which will ...201728060871
strategies to develop vaccines of pediatric interest.the success of the vaccines available on the market has significantly increased interest in vaccine development. areas covered: the main aim of this paper is to discuss the most important vaccines of pediatric interest that are currently being developed. new pneumococcal vaccines and vaccines against group b streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus and respiratory syncytial virus are analyzed in detail. expert commentary: advances in understanding human immunology, including human monoclonal antibod ...201727653455
intranasal administration of rsv antigen-expressing mcmv elicits robust tissue-resident effector and effector memory cd8+ t cells in the lung.cytomegalovirus vectors are promising delivery vehicles for vaccine strategies that aim to elicit effector cd8+ t cells. to determine how the route of immunization affects cd8+ t-cell responses in the lungs of mice vaccinated with a murine cytomegalovirus vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus matrix (m) protein, we infected cb6f1 mice via the intranasal or intraperitoneal route and evaluated the m-specific cd8+ t-cell response at early and late time points. we found that intranasal v ...201727220815
rage deficiency predisposes mice to virus-induced paucigranulocytic asthma.asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. although many patients with asthma develop type-2 dominated eosinophilic inflammation, a number of individuals develop paucigranulocytic asthma, which occurs in the absence of eosinophilia or neutrophilia. the aetiology of paucigranulocytic asthma is unknown. however, both respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and mutations in the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (rage) are risk factors for asthma development. here, we show that rage def ...201728099113
diagnostic value of nasopharyngeal aspirates in children with lower respiratory tract infections.the accuracy of nasopharyngeal aspirate (npa) specimens in detecting lower respiratory pathogens remains controversial. the objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of aspirates (npas) specimen in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in children.201728303845
meteorological factors on the incidence of mp and rsv pneumonia in children.pneumonia is common in children and mostly caused by many pathogens. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the incidence of pediatric mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) pneumonia and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia was associated with meteorological factors in hangzhou, china.201728282391
utility of assessing cytokine levels for the differential diagnosis of pneumonia in a pediatric population.although pneumonia is easily diagnosed, determining the causative agent is difficult due to low pathogen detection rates. we performed a prospective observational study to evaluate the utility of measuring inflammatory cytokine levels to discriminate between pneumonia caused by typical bacteria, respiratory syncytial virus, or mycoplasma pneumoniae in a pediatric population.201728198756
a new hexahydrobenzopyran derivative from the gorgonian-derived fungus eutypella sp.a new hexahydrobenzopyran derivative cytosporin l (1), and another eight known compounds were isolated from the gorgonian-derived fungus eutypella sp. collected from the south china sea. the structure of 1 was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data. the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by a chemical reaction and the modified mosher's method. the isolated secondary metabolites were evaluated for their antibacterial activities. compound 1 showed antibacterial activity towards mic ...201728278631
lactobacillus johnsonii supplementation attenuates respiratory viral infection via metabolic reprogramming and immune cell modulation.regulation of respiratory mucosal immunity by microbial-derived metabolites has been a proposed mechanism that may provide airway protection. here we examine the effect of oral lactobacillus johnsonii supplementation on metabolic and immune response dynamics during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. l. johnsonii supplementation reduced airway t helper type 2 cytokines and dendritic cell (dc) function, increased regulatory t cells, and was associated with a reprogrammed circulating meta ...201728295020
[rapid diagnostic test for respiratory infections].acute respiratory infections are the second cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide, being viruses, bacteria and fungi involved in their etiology. the rapid diagnosis allows for a better clinical management of the patient, for adopting public health measures and for controlling possible outbreaks. the main etiologic agents can be diagnosed within the first hours after the onset of symptoms with antigen detection techniques, primarily immunochromatography. results are ob ...201728062161
influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses: efficacy of different diagnostic assays.to determine the efficacy of cell culture, immunoflourescence assay (ifa) and real time polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) in relation to diagnosis of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).201726430404
diagnostic performance and clinical feasibility of a point-of-care test for respiratory viral infections in primary health care.inappropriately high levels of antibiotics are still prescribed in primary health care for respiratory tract infections (rtis). access to diagnostic point-of-care tests (pocts) for rtis might reduce this over-prescription.201728369370
apoptosis, toll-like, rig-i-like and nod-like receptors are pathways jointly induced by diverse respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens.lower respiratory tract infections are among the top five leading causes of human death. fighting these infections is therefore a world health priority. searching for induced alterations in host gene expression shared by several relevant respiratory pathogens represents an alternative to identify new targets for wide-range host-oriented therapeutics. with this aim, alveolar macrophages were independently infected with three unrelated bacterial (streptococcus pneumoniae, klebsiella pneumoniae, an ...201728298903
[the interactions between microorganisms and the small airways. a paediatric focus].the spectrum of respiratory viruses is expanding and emerging diseases have been described regularly over the last fifteen years. the origin of these emerging respiratory viruses may be zoonotic (by crossing species barrier, after changes to rna viruses such as avian influenza virus type a or coronaviruses), or related to the use of new identification techniques (metapneumovirus, bocavirus). the relationship between bronchiolitis and asthma is now better understood thanks to prospective follow u ...201728262277
glucocorticoid insensitivity in virally infected airway epithelial cells is dependent on transforming growth factor-β activity.asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) exacerbations are commonly associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), rhinovirus (rv) and influenza a virus (iav) infection. the ensuing airway inflammation is resistant to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (gcs). viral infection elicits transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) activity, a growth factor we have previously shown to impair gc action in human airway epithelial cells through the activation of activin-like kin ...201728046097
surveillance for respiratory infectious diseases caused by 6 common viruses in a recruit training site in the northern region of china.recruit training sites are places with a high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. effective surveillance for acute respiratory infectious diseases in a recruit training site is an important way to prevent disease outbreaks.201728373908
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