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use of plant extracts as an effective manner to control clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in poultry.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. for decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (agps) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including clostridium perfringens (cp), the causative agent of ne. however, the use of agps in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of a ...201627747227
bacterial flagellar capping proteins adopt diverse oligomeric states.flagella are crucial for bacterial motility and pathogenesis. the flagellar capping protein (flid) regulates filament assembly by chaperoning and sorting flagellin (flic) proteins after they traverse the hollow filament and exit the growing flagellum tip. in the absence of flid, flagella are not formed, resulting in impaired motility and infectivity. here, we report the 2.2 å resolution x-ray crystal structure of flid from pseudomonas aeruginosa, the first high-resolution structure of any flid p ...201627664419
gastric adenocarcinoma in a patient with x-linked agammaglobulinemia and hiv: case report and review of the literature. 201627722150
multilocus sequence typing of campylobacter concisus from danish diarrheic patients.the emerging enteric pathogen campylobacter concisus is associated with prolonged diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease. previous studies have shown that c. concisus strains are very genetically diverse. nevertheless, c. concisus strains have been divided into two genomospecies, where gs1 strains have been isolated predominantly from healthy individuals, while the gs2 cluster consists of isolates primarily from diarrheic individuals. the aim of the present study was to determine the genetic di ...201627688814
cell-free spent media obtained from bifidobacterium bifidum and bifidobacterium crudilactis grown in media supplemented with 3'-sialyllactose modulate virulence gene expression in escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium.complex oligosaccharides from human milk (hmo) possess an antimicrobial activity and can promote the growth of bifidobacteria such as bifidobacterium bifidum and bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis. in addition, fermentation of carbohydrates by bifidobacteria can result in the production of metabolites presenting an antivirulence effect on several pathogenic bacteria. whey is rich in complex bovine milk oligosaccharides (bmo) structurally similar to hmo and b. crudilactis, a species of bovine ...201627713728
mortality in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition is related to intestinal and systemic inflammation: an observational cohort study.diarrhea affects a large proportion of children with severe acute malnutrition (sam). however, its etiology and clinical consequences remain unclear.201627655441
structure of the catalytic domain of the colistin resistance enzyme mcr-1.due to the paucity of novel antibiotics, colistin has become a last resort antibiotic for treating multidrug resistant bacteria. colistin acts by binding the lipid a component of lipopolysaccharides and subsequently disrupting the bacterial membrane. the recently identified plasmid-encoded mcr-1 enzyme is the first transmissible colistin resistance determinant and is a cause for concern for the spread of this resistance trait. mcr-1 is a phosphoethanolamine transferase that catalyzes the additio ...201627655155
the probiotic butyricicoccus pullicaecorum reduces feed conversion and protects from potentially harmful intestinal microorganisms and necrotic enteritis in broilers.probiotics which do not result in the development and spread of microbial resistance are among the candidate replacements for antibiotics previously used as growth promotors. in this study the effect of in-feed supplementation of the butyrate producing butyricicoccus pullicaecorum strain 25-3(t) on performance, intestinal microbiota and prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne), a disease caused by clostridium perfringens was evaluated in broilers. for the performance study, day old ross 308 chicks ...201627708624
beneficial effects of spices in food preservation and safety.spices have been used since ancient times. although they have been employed mainly as flavoring and coloring agents, their role in food safety and preservation have also been studied in vitro and in vivo. spices have exhibited numerous health benefits in preventing and treating a wide variety of diseases such as cancer, aging, metabolic, neurological, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. the present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the most relevant and recent findings on ...201627708620
antibacterial activities of wasabi against escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus.escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus are two of the major pathogens frequently involved in foodborne outbreaks. control of these pathogens in foods is essential to food safety. it is of great interest in the use of natural antimicrobial compounds present in edible plants to control foodborne pathogens as consumers prefer more natural "green" foods. allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) is an antimicrobial compound naturally present in wasabi (japanese horseradish) and several other edible pl ...201627708622
cytolethal distending toxin from campylobacter jejuni requires the cytoskeleton for toxic activity.campylobacter jejuni is one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea worldwide. the distending cytolethal toxin (cdt) of campylobacter spp. interferes with normal cell cycle progression. this toxic effect is considered a result of dnase activity that produces chromosomal dna damage. to perform this event, the toxin must be endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus.201627942359
mechanisms of outer membrane vesicle entry into host cells.bacterial outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are nano-sized compartments consisting of a lipid bilayer that encapsulates periplasm-derived, luminal content. omvs, which pinch off of gram-negative bacteria, are now recognized as a generalized secretion pathway which provides a means to transfer cargo to other bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic cells. compared with other secretion systems, omvs can transfer a chemically extremely diverse range of cargo, including small molecules, nucleic acids, pro ...201627529760
epidemiological and clinical profile of adult patients with blastocystis sp. infection in barcelona, spain.blastocystis spp. are among the most frequently observed intestinal parasites in humans. despite the discovery of blastocystis approximately 100 years ago, limited information is available regarding its pathogenesis, genetic diversity, and available treatment options. the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with blastocystis sp. infections diagnosed at vall d'hebron university hospital (barcelona, spain).201627741951
virulence and genomic feature of multidrug resistant campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler chicken.the aim of this study was to reveal the molecular mechanism involved in multidrug resistance and virulence of campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler chickens. the virulence of six multidrug resistant c. jejuni was determined by in vitro and in vivo methods. the de novo whole genome sequencing technology and molecular biology methods were used to analyze the genomic features associated with the multidrug resistance and virulence of a selected isolate (c. jejuni 1655). the comparative genomic ...201627790202
bacterial intra-species gene loss occurs in a largely clocklike manner mostly within a pool of less conserved and constrained genes.gene loss is a major contributor to the evolution of bacterial gene content. gene loss may occur as a result of shifts in environment leading to changes in the intensity and/or directionality of selection applied for the maintenance of specific genes. gene loss may also occur in a more neutral manner, when gene functions are lost that were not subject to strong selection to be maintained, irrespective of changes to environment. here, we used a pangenome-based approach to investigate patterns of ...201627734920
spyb, a small heme-binding protein, affects the composition of the cell wall in streptococcus pyogenes.streptococcus pyogenes (group a streptococcus or gas) is a hemolytic human pathogen associated with a wide variety of infections ranging from minor skin and throat infections to life-threatening invasive diseases. the cell wall of gas consists of peptidoglycan sacculus decorated with a carbohydrate comprising a polyrhamnose backbone with immunodominant n-acetylglucosamine side-chains. all gas genomes contain the spyba operon, which encodes a 35-amino-acid membrane protein spyb, and a membrane-bo ...201627790410
comparison of proteomics profiles of campylobacter jejuni strain bf under microaerobic and aerobic conditions.campylobacter jejuni accounts for one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial enteritis in humans. despite being considered an obligate microaerobic microorganism, c. jejuni is regularly exposed to oxidative stress. however, its adaptive strategies to survive the atmospheric oxygen level during transmission to humans remain unclear. recently, the clinical c. jejuni strain bf was singled out for its unexpected ability to grow under ambient atmosphere. here, we aimed to understand better the ...201627790195
spatial and temporal shifts in bacterial biogeography and gland occupation during the development of a chronic infection.gland colonization may be one crucial route for bacteria to maintain chronic gastrointestinal infection. we developed a quantitative gland isolation method to allow robust bacterial population analysis and applied it to the gastric pathobiont helicobacter pylori after infections in the murine model system, h. pylori populations multiply both inside and outside glands in a manner that requires the bacteria to be motile and chemotactic. h. pylori is able to achieve gland densities averaging 25 to ...201627729513
the type b flagellin of hypervirulent clostridium difficile is modified with novel sulfonated peptidylamido-glycans.glycosylation of flagellins is a well recognized property of many bacterial species. in this study, we describe the structural characterization of novel flagellar glycans from a number of hypervirulent strains of c. difficile we used mass spectrometry (nano-lc-ms and ms/ms analysis) to identify a number of putative glycopeptides that carried a variety of glycoform substitutions, each of which was linked through an initial n-acetylhexosamine residue to ser or thr. detailed analysis of a lldgsstei ...201627758867
the gut microbiome as therapeutic target in central nervous system diseases: implications for stroke.research on commensal microbiota and its contribution to health and disease is a new and very dynamically developing field of biology and medicine. recent experimental and clinical investigations underscore the importance of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and course of stroke. importantly, microbiota may influence the outcome of cerebral ischemia by modulating central nervous system antigen-specific immune responses. in this review we summarize studies linking gut microbiota with physiologic ...201627714645
complete genomic sequence of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni hs:19 strain rm1285 isolated from packaged chicken.poultry products serve as the main source of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni infections in humans. c. jejuni subsp. jejuni infections are a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis and are a prevalent antecedent to guillain-barré syndrome. this study describes the genome of c. jejuni subsp. jejuni hs:19 strain rm1285, isolated from packaged chicken in california.201627795263
identification of ompa-like protein of tannerella forsythia as an o-linked glycoprotein and its binding capability to lectins.bacterial glycoproteins are associated with physiological and pathogenic functions of bacteria. it remains unclear whether bacterial glycoproteins can bind to specific classes of lectins expressed on host cells. tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative oral anaerobe that contributes to the development of periodontitis. in this study, we aimed to find lectin-binding glycoproteins in t. forsythia. we performed affinity chromatography of wheat germ agglutinin, which binds to n-acetylglucosamine (glc ...201627711121
the bacterial mfd protein prevents dna damage induced by the host nitrogen immune response in a ner-independent but recbc-dependent pathway.production of reactive nitrogen species is an important component of the host immune defence against bacteria. here, we show that the bacterial protein mfd (mutation frequency decline), a highly conserved and ubiquitous bacterial protein involved in dna repair, confers bacterial resistance to the eukaryotic nitrogen response produced by macrophage cells and during mice infection. in addition, we show that recbc is also necessary to survive this stress. the inactivation of recbc and mfd genes is ...201627711223
gut microbiota-brain axis.to systematically review the updated information about the gut microbiota-brain axis.201627647198
role of glycosyltransferases modifying type b flagellin of emerging hypervirulent clostridium difficile lineages and their impact on motility and biofilm formation.clostridium difficile is the principal cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea worldwide. the pathogen modifies its flagellin with either a type a or type b o-linked glycosylation system, which has a contributory role in pathogenesis. we study the functional role of glycosyltransferases modifying type b flagellin in the 023 and 027 hypervirulent c. difficile lineages by mutagenesis of five putative glycosyltransferases and biosynthetic genes. we reveal their roles in the biosynthesis of the flag ...201627703012
fitness cost of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa differs by type iii secretion genotype.fluoroquinolone (fq) resistance is highly prevalent among clinical strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa, limiting treatment options. we have reported previously that highly virulent strains containing the exou gene of the type iii secretion system are more likely to be fq-resistant than strains containing the exos gene, as well as more likely to acquire resistance-conferring mutations in gyra/b and parc/e. we hypothesize that fq-resistance imposes a lower fitness cost on exou compared to exos strai ...201627757111
early electrodiagnostic features of upper extremity sensory nerves can differentiate axonal guillain-barré syndrome from acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.serial nerve conduction studies (ncss) are recommended for differentiating axonal and demyelinating guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), but this approach is not suitable for early diagnoses. this study was designed to identify possible ncs parameters for differentiating gbs subtypes.201627819421
unique and universal features of epsilonproteobacterial origins of chromosome replication and dnaa-dnaa box interactions.in bacteria, chromosome replication is initiated by the interaction of the initiator protein dnaa with a defined region of a chromosome at which dna replication starts (oric). while dnaa proteins share significant homology regardless of phylogeny, oric regions exhibit more variable structures. the general architecture of orics is universal, i.e., they are composed of a cluster of dnaa binding sites, a dna-unwinding element, and sequences that bind regulatory proteins. however, detailed structure ...201627746772
complete genome sequences of campylobacter jejuni strains od267 and wp2202 isolated from retail chicken livers and gizzards reveal the presence of novel 116-kilobase and 119-kilobase megaplasmids with type vi secretion systems.genome sequences of campylobacter jejuni strains od267 and wp2202, isolated from chicken livers and gizzards, showed the presence of novel 116-kb and 119-kb megaplasmids, respectively. the two megaplasmids carry a type vi secretion system and tetracycline resistance genes. these are the largest sequenced campylobacter plasmids to date.201627688318
cell resistance to the cytolethal distending toxin involves an association of dna repair mechanisms.the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), produced by many bacteria, has been associated with various diseases including cancer. cdt induces dna double-strand breaks (dsbs), leading to cell death or mutagenesis if misrepaired. at low doses of cdt, other dna lesions precede replication-dependent dsb formation, implying that non-dsb repair mechanisms may contribute to cdt cell resistance. to address this question, we developed a proliferation assay using human cell lines specifically depleted in each ...201627775089
endophytes: a treasure house of bioactive compounds of medicinal importance.endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms that colonize in plants and microbes that can be readily isolated from any microbial or plant growth medium. they act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids that serve as a potential candidate for antimicrobial, anti-insect, anticancer and many more properties. while plant sources are being extensively explored for new chemical entities ...201627746767
inhibitory effect of lactobacillus plantarum and lb. fermentum isolated from the faeces of healthy infants against nonfermentative bacteria causing nosocomial infections.nosocomial infection constitutes a major public health problem worldwide. increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens associated with nosocomial infections has also become a major therapeutic challenge for physicians. thus, development of alternative treatment protocols, such as the use of probiotics, matters. the aim of this research was to determine the antagonistic properties of lactobacillus plantarum and lb. fermentum isolated from the faeces of healthy infants against nonfermentative bac ...201627830081
inhibitory effect of lactobacillus plantarum and lb. fermentum isolated from the faeces of healthy infants against nonfermentative bacteria causing nosocomial infections.nosocomial infection constitutes a major public health problem worldwide. increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens associated with nosocomial infections has also become a major therapeutic challenge for physicians. thus, development of alternative treatment protocols, such as the use of probiotics, matters. the aim of this research was to determine the antagonistic properties of lactobacillus plantarum and lb. fermentum isolated from the faeces of healthy infants against nonfermentative bac ...201627830081
clinical heterogeneity of guillain-barré syndrome in the emergency department: impact on clinical outcome.guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is mainly classified into acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (aidp) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (aman). although diagnosis of gbs requires progressive weakness and universal areflexia or hyporeflexia, cases of gbs with preserved or increased deep tendon reflexes (dtrs) have been increasingly recognized. we report three cases of gbs, presenting at a single unit in six months. our first case presented with pure sensory symptoms. the second case had ...201627761272
non food-related risk factors of campylobacteriosis in canada: a matched case-control study.campylobacteriosis is a prominent bacterial gastrointestinal infection worldwide with several transmission pathways. its non-foodborne routes have been less documented and quantified. the study aimed to quantitatively explore the role of potential risk factors not directly associated with food for sporadic cases of c. jejuni infection in canada.201627677338
role of human milk oligosaccharides in group b streptococcus colonisation.group b streptococcus (gbs) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. the major risk factor for gbs disease is maternal and subsequent infant colonisation. it is unknown whether human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) protect against gbs colonisation. hmo production is genetically determined and linked to the lewis antigen system. we aimed to investigate the association between hmos and infant gbs colonisation between birth and postnatal day 90. rectovaginal swabs were collect ...201627588204
protective effect of carnobacterium spp. against listeria monocytogenes during host cell invasion using in vitro ht29 model.the pathogenesis of listeriosis results mainly from the ability of listeria monocytogenes to attach, invade, replicate and survive within various cell types in mammalian tissues. in this work, the effect of two bacteriocin-producing carnobacterium (c. divergens v41 and c. maltaromaticum v1) and three non-bacteriocinogenic strains: (c. divergens v41c9, c. divergens 2763, and c. maltaromaticum 2762) was investigated on the reduction of l. monocytogenes scott a plaque-forming during human infection ...201627617232
survival and evolution of crispr-cas system in prokaryotes and its applications.prokaryotes have developed numerous innate immune mechanisms in order to fend off bacteriophage or plasmid attack. one of these immune systems is clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr). crispr-associated proteins play a key role in survival of prokaryotes against invaders, as these systems cleave dna of foreign genetic elements. beyond providing immunity, these systems have significant impact in altering the bacterial physiology in term of its virulence and pathogenic ...201627725818
zonula occludens toxins and their prophages in campylobacter species.we previously showed that zonula occludens toxin (zot) encoded by campylobacter concisus zot (808t) gene has the potential to initiate inflammatory bowel disease. this zot protein caused prolonged intestinal epithelial barrier damage, induced intestinal epithelial and macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor-α and enhanced the responses of macrophages to other microbes. in order to understand the potential virulence of zot proteins in other campylobacter species, in this study we examined ...201627651834
pangenome and immuno-proteomics analysis of acinetobacter baumannii strains revealed the core peptide vaccine targets.acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen during the last few years, exhibiting resistance to almost all major classes of antibiotics. alternative treatment options such as vaccines tend to be most promising and cost effective approaches against this resistant pathogen. in the current study, we have explored the pan-genome of a. baumannii followed by immune-proteomics and reverse vaccinology approaches to identify potential core vaccine targets.201627634541
a rapid and efficient luminescence-based method for assaying phosphoglycosyltransferase enzymes.phosphoglycosyltransferases (pgts) are families of integral membrane proteins with intriguingly diverse architectures. these enzymes function to initiate many important biosynthetic pathways including those leading to peptidoglycan, n-linked glycoproteins and lipopolysaccharide o-antigen. in spite of tremendous efforts, characterization of these enzymes remains a challenge not only due to the inherent difficulties associated with the purification of integral membrane proteins but also due to the ...201627624811
dna supercoiling regulates the motility of campylobacter jejuni and is altered by growth in the presence of chicken mucus.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, but relatively little is known about the global regulation of virulence factors during infection of chickens or humans. this study identified dna supercoiling as playing a key role in regulating motility and flagellar protein production and found that this supercoiling-controlled regulon is induced by growth in chicken mucus. a direct correlation was observed between motility and resting dna supercoiling levels in ...201627624126
two glycosyltransferase genes of haemophilus parasuis sc096 implicated in lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis, serum resistance, adherence, and invasion.haemophilus parasuis is a common opportunistic pathogen known for its ability to colonize healthy piglets and causes glässer's disease. the lipooligosaccharide (los) of h. parasuis is a potential virulence-associated factor. in this study, two putative glycosyltransferases that might be involved in los synthesis in h. parasuis sc096 were identified (lgtb and lex-1). mutants were constructed to investigate the roles of the lgtb and lex-1 genes. the los from the δlgtb or δlex-1 mutant showed trunc ...201627672622
strain dependent genetic networks for antibiotic-sensitivity in a bacterial pathogen with a large pan-genome.the interaction between an antibiotic and bacterium is not merely restricted to the drug and its direct target, rather antibiotic induced stress seems to resonate through the bacterium, creating selective pressures that drive the emergence of adaptive mutations not only in the direct target, but in genes involved in many different fundamental processes as well. surprisingly, it has been shown that adaptive mutations do not necessarily have the same effect in all species, indicating that the gene ...201627607357
acute gastroenteritis and campylobacteriosis in swiss primary care: the viewpoint of general practitioners.acute gastroenteritis (ag) is frequently caused by infectious intestinal diseases (iid) including food- and waterborne pathogens of public health importance. among these pathogens, campylobacter spp. plays a major role. many european countries monitor selected iids within disease surveillance systems. in switzerland, the information on iids is restricted to limited surveillance data, while no data is available for ag. we conducted a qualitative study among swiss general practitioners (gps) to in ...201627603141
comparative transcriptome analysis by rnaseq of necrotic enteritis clostridium perfringens during in vivo colonization and in vitro conditions.necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by netb-positive type a clostridium perfringens is an important bacterial disease of poultry. through its complex regulatory system, c. perfringens orchestrates the expression of a collection of toxins and extracellular enzymes that are crucial for the development of the disease; environmental conditions play an important role in their regulation. in this study, and for the first time, global transcriptomic analysis was performed on ligated intestinal loops in chic ...201627520106
a link between integral membrane protein expression and simulated integration efficiency.integral membrane proteins (imps) control the flow of information and nutrients across cell membranes, yet imp mechanistic studies are hindered by difficulties in expression. we investigate this issue by addressing the connection between imp sequence and observed expression levels. for homologs of the imp tatc, observed expression levels vary widely and are affected by small changes in protein sequence. the effect of sequence changes on experimentally observed expression levels strongly correlat ...201627524616
production of human blood group b antigen epitope conjugated protein in escherichia coli and utilization of the adsorption blood group b antibody.in the process of abo-incompatible (aboi) organ transplantation, removal of anti-a and/or b antibodies from blood plasma is a promising method to overcome hyperacute rejection and allograft loss caused by the immune response between anti-a and/or b antibodies and the a and/or b antigens in the recipient. although there are commercial columns to do this work, the application is still limited because of the high production cost.201627514820
validation of a high-throughput multiplex genetic detection system for helicobacter pylori identification, quantification, virulence, and resistance analysis.helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection is closely related to various gastroduodenal diseases. virulence factors and bacterial load of h. pylori are associated with clinical outcomes, and drug-resistance severely impacts the clinical efficacy of eradication treatment. existing detection methods are low-throughput, time-consuming and labor intensive. therefore, a rapid and high-throughput method is needed for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring for h. pylori. high-throughput multiplex ...201627656172
gut microbiome, surgical complications and probiotics.the trigger for infectious complications in patients following major abdominal operations is classically attributed to endogenous enteral bacterial translocation, due to the critical condition of the gut. today, extensive gut microbiome analysis has enabled us to understand that almost all "evidence-based" surgical or medical intervention (antibiotics, bowel preparation, opioids, deprivation of nutrition), in addition to stress-released hormones, could affect the relative abundance and diversity ...201628042237
gut microbiome, surgical complications and probiotics.the trigger for infectious complications in patients following major abdominal operations is classically attributed to endogenous enteral bacterial translocation, due to the critical condition of the gut. today, extensive gut microbiome analysis has enabled us to understand that almost all "evidence-based" surgical or medical intervention (antibiotics, bowel preparation, opioids, deprivation of nutrition), in addition to stress-released hormones, could affect the relative abundance and diversity ...201628042237
prophylactic bacteriophage administration more effective than post-infection administration in reducing salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis shedding in quail.infections caused by salmonella bacteria, often through poultry products, are a serious public health issue. because of drawbacks associated with antibiotic prophylaxis, alternative treatments are sought. bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) may provide an effective alternative, but concerns remain with respect to bacteriophage stability and effectiveness. to this end, we assessed the stability of a novel bacteriophage isolated from poultry excreta, siphovirus pse, and its effectiveness in reducin ...201627555842
salmonella typhimurium utilizes a t6ss-mediated antibacterial weapon to establish in the host gut.the mammalian gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a high-density polymicrobial community where bacteria compete for niches and resources. one key competition strategy includes cell contact-dependent mechanisms of interbacterial antagonism, such as the type vi secretion system (t6ss), a multiprotein needle-like apparatus that injects effector proteins into prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic target cells. however, the contribution of t6ss antibacterial activity during pathogen invasion of the gut ha ...201627503894
development of a fast and low-cost qpcr assay for diagnosis of acute gas pharyngitis.group a streptococci (gas) are the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis and account for 15-30 % of cases of acute pharyngitis in children and 5-10 % of cases in adults. in this study, a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) based gas detection assay in pharyngeal swab specimens was developed.201627501688
multiplex 16s rrna-derived geno-biochip for detection of 16 bacterial pathogens from contaminated foods.foodborne diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria occur worldwide. to prevent foodborne diseases and minimize their impacts, it is important to inspect contaminated foods and specifically detect many types of pathogenic bacteria. several dna oligonucleotide biochips based on 16s rrna have been investigated to detect bacteria; however, a mode of detection that can be used to detect diverse pathogenic strains and to examine the safety of food matrixes is still needed. in the present work, a ...201627492058
isolation of clostridium limosum from an outbreak of metritis in farmed mink.an outbreak of sudden death of pregnant farmed mink in finland occurred during the busiest whelping period in the spring of 2013. the affected farms were all located in western finland in a rather narrow geographic area, ostrobothnia. dead mink from 22 farms were submitted for laboratory diagnostics to the finnish food safety authority (evira). the carcasses were necropsied and tissue specimens were prepared for histology. samples of internal organs and peritoneal fluid were cultured bacteriolog ...201627600916
clearance of streptococcus suis in stomach contents of differently fed growing pigs.streptococcus (s.) suis translocates across the intestinal barrier of piglets after intraintestinal application. based on these findings, an oro-gastrointestinal infection route has been proposed. thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the survival of s. suis in the porcine stomach. whereas surviving bacteria of s. suis serotypes 2 and 9 were not detectable after 60 min of incubation in stomach contents with a comparatively high gastric ph of 5 due to feeding of fine pellets, the n ...201627509526
leishmania donovani utilize sialic acids for binding and phagocytosis in the macrophages through selective utilization of siglecs and impair the innate immune arm.leishmania donovani, belonging to a unicellular protozoan parasite, display the differential level of linkage-specific sialic acids on their surface. sialic acids binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) are a class of membrane-bound receptors present in the haematopoetic cell lineages interact with the linkage-specific sialic acids. here we aimed to explore the utilization of sialic acids by leishmania donovani for siglec-mediated binding, phagocytosis, modulation of innate immune response ...201627494323
veterinary medicine needs new green antimicrobial drugs.given that: (1) the worldwide consumption of antimicrobial drugs (amds) used in food-producing animals will increase over the coming decades; (2) the prudent use of amds will not suffice to stem the rise in human antimicrobial resistance (amr) of animal origin; (3) alternatives to amd use are not available or not implementable, there is an urgent need to develop novel amds for food-producing animals. this is not for animal health reasons, but to break the link between human and animal resistomes ...201627536285
isolation of clostridium limosum from an outbreak of metritis in farmed mink.an outbreak of sudden death of pregnant farmed mink in finland occurred during the busiest whelping period in the spring of 2013. the affected farms were all located in western finland in a rather narrow geographic area, ostrobothnia. dead mink from 22 farms were submitted for laboratory diagnostics to the finnish food safety authority (evira). the carcasses were necropsied and tissue specimens were prepared for histology. samples of internal organs and peritoneal fluid were cultured bacteriolog ...201627600916
structural diversity and biological importance of abo, h, lewis and secretor histo-blood group carbohydrates.abo, h, secretor and lewis histo-blood system genes control the expression of part of the carbohydrate repertoire present in areas of the body occupied by microorganisms. these carbohydrates, besides having great structural diversity, act as potential receptors for pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms influencing susceptibility and resistance to infection and illness. despite the knowledge of some structural variability of these carbohydrate antigens and their polymorphic levels of expre ...201627863762
an unusual case of recurrent guillain-barré syndrome with normal cerebrospinal fluid protein levels: a case report.guillain-barré syndrome is an acquired polyradiculo-neuropathy, often preceded by an antecedent event. it is a monophasic disease but a recurrence rate of 1-6 % is documented in a subset group of patients. patients with guillain-barré syndrome show cerebrospinal fluid albuminocytologic dissociation. normal cerebrospinal fluid protein levels during both initial and recurrent episodes of guillain-barré syndrome is a rare occurrence and has not been described earlier in the literature.201627596231
infectious diseases: pathophysiology, diagnostics and prevention.infectious diseases occur very frequently in children and adults. novel diagnostic methods have permitted us to expand our knowledge on their epidemiology and pathophysiology [1].[...].201627598145
clustering analysis of proteins from microbial genomes at multiple levels of resolution.microbial genomes at the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) represent a large collection of more than 35,000 assemblies. there are several complexities associated with the data: a great variation in sampling density since human pathogens are densely sampled while other bacteria are less represented; different protein families occur in annotations with different frequencies; and the quality of genome annotation varies greatly. in order to extract useful information from these so ...201627586436
evaluation of the nanochip® gastrointestinal panel (gip) test for simultaneous detection of parasitic and bacterial enteric pathogens in fecal specimens.infectious gastroenteritis is a global health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial to allow appropriate and timely treatment. current laboratory stool testing has a long turnaround time (tat) and demands highly qualified personnel and multiple techniques. the need for high throughput and the number of possible enteric pathogens compels the implementation of a molecular approach which uses multiplex technology, without compromising pe ...201627447173
htra is important for stress resistance and virulence in haemophilus parasuis.haemophilus parasuis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes glässer's disease in swine, with polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis. the high-temperature requirement a (htra)-like protease, which is involved in protein quality control, has been reported to be a virulence factor in many pathogens. in this study, we showed that htra of h. parasuis (hphtra) exhibited both chaperone and protease activities. finally, nickel import atp-binding protein (nike), periplasmic dipeptide transport protei ...201627217419
high-throughput recombinant protein expression in escherichia coli: current status and future perspectives.the ease of genetic manipulation, low cost, rapid growth and number of previous studies have made escherichia coli one of the most widely used microorganism species for producing recombinant proteins. in this post-genomic era, challenges remain to rapidly express and purify large numbers of proteins for academic and commercial purposes in a high-throughput manner. in this review, we describe several state-of-the-art approaches that are suitable for the cloning, expression and purification, condu ...201627581654
triclosan resistome from metagenome reveals diverse enoyl acyl carrier protein reductases and selective enrichment of triclosan resistance genes.triclosan (tcs) is a widely used antimicrobial agent and tcs resistance is considered to have evolved in diverse organisms with extensive use of tcs, but distribution of tcs resistance has not been well characterized. functional screening of the soil metagenome in this study has revealed that a variety of target enoyl acyl carrier protein reductases (enr) homologues are responsible for the majority of tcs resistance. diverse enrs similar to 7-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7-α-hsdh), fabg, or t ...201627577999
the bacterial dna repair protein mfd confers resistance to the host nitrogen immune response.production of reactive nitrogen species (no) is a key step in the immune response following infections. no induces lesions to bacterial dna, thus limiting bacterial growth within hosts. using two pathogenic bacteria, bacillus cereus and shigella flexneri, we show that the dna-repair protein mfd (mutation-frequency-decline) is required for bacterial resistance to the host-no-response. in both species, a mutant deficient for mfd does not survive to no, produced in vitro or by phagocytic cells. in ...201627435260
a c-terminal coiled-coil region of cagl is responsible for helicobacter pylori-induced il-8 expression.interleukin-8 (il-8) is a potent neutrophil-activating chemokine which triggers the infiltration and migration of neutrophils into areas of bacterial infection. helicobacter pylori-infected patient studies as well as animal models have revealed that h. pylori type i strains carrying an intact cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island (cag-pai) with a functional type iv secretion system (t4ss) induce il-8 expression and secretion in gastric mucosa. this gastric mucosal il-8 expression correl ...201627766167
transfer of maternal antimicrobial immunity to hiv-exposed uninfected newborns.the transfer of maternal immune factors to the newborn is critical for protection from infectious disease in early life. maternally acquired passive immunity provides protection until the infant is beyond early life's increased susceptibility to severe infections or until active immunity is achieved following infant's primary immunization. however, as reviewed here, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection alters the transfer of immune factors from hiv-infected mothers to the hiv-exposed new ...201627630640
articles of significant interest selected from this issue by the editors. 201627422975
influence of host ecology and behavior on campylobacter jejuni prevalence and environmental contamination risk in a synanthropic wild bird species.campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that often leads to human infections through the consumption of contaminated poultry. wild birds may play a role in the transmission of c. jejuni by acting as reservoir hosts. despite ample evidence that wild birds harbor c. jejuni, few studies have addressed the role of host ecology in transmission to domestic animals or humans. we tested the hypothesis that host social behavior and habitat play a major role in driving transmission risk. c. jejuni in ...201627260356
impact of cdt toxin on human diseases.cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is found in gram-negative bacteria, especially in certain proteobacteria such as the pasteurellaceae family, including haemophilus ducreyi and aggregatibacter (actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, in the enterobacteriaceae family and the campylobacterales order, including the campylobacter and helicobacter species. in vitro and in vivo studies have clearly shown that this toxin has a strong effect on cellular physiology (inflammation, immune response modulatio ...201627429000
an approach for predicting essential genes using multiple homology mapping and machine learning algorithms.investigation of essential genes is significant to comprehend the minimal gene sets of cell and discover potential drug targets. in this study, a novel approach based on multiple homology mapping and machine learning method was introduced to predict essential genes. we focused on 25 bacteria which have characterized essential genes. the predictions yielded the highest area under receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve (auc) of 0.9716 through tenfold cross-validation test. proper features w ...201627660763
status, antimicrobial mechanism, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems.this review discusses the status, antimicrobial mechanisms, application, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems. conventional preservatives are synthetic chemical substances including nitrates/nitrites, sulfites, sodium benzoate, propyl gallate, and potassium sorbate. the use of artificial preservatives is being reconsidered because of concerns relating to headache, allergies, and cancer. as the demand for biopreservation in food systems has increased, new natural anti ...201627621697
mapping autoantigen epitopes: molecular insights into autoantibody-associated disorders of the nervous system.our knowledge of autoantibody-associated diseases of the central (cns) and peripheral (pns) nervous systems has expanded greatly over the recent years. a number of extracellular and intracellular autoantigens have been identified, and there is no doubt that this field will continue to expand as more autoantigens are discovered as a result of improved clinical awareness and methodological practice. in recent years, interest has shifted to uncover the target epitopes of these autoantibodies.201627577085
an improved culture method for selective isolation of campylobacter jejuni from wastewater.campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading foodborne pathogens worldwide. c. jejuni is isolated from a wide range of foods, domestic animals, wildlife, and environmental sources. the currently available culture-based isolation methods are not highly effective for wastewater samples due to the low number of c. jejuni in the midst of competing bacteria. to detect and isolate c. jejuni from wastewater samples, in this study, we evaluated a few different enrichment conditions using five different an ...201627617011
cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and organic acids affect gene expression of selected oxidative stress and inflammation markers in ipec-j2 cells exposed to salmonella typhimurium.essential oils and organic acids are used as feed additives to improve health status and reduce colonization with pathogens. although bactericidal in vitro, concentrations achieved in the animal gut are probably not lethal to pathogens. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and cinnamic, lactic and propionic acids on the ability of salmonella typhimurium atcc 14028 (st) to invade intestinal epithelial cells (ipec-j2) and on the expression levels of imm ...201627561686
genetic characterization of commensal escherichia coli isolated from laboratory rodents.escherichia coli, a commensal in the intestines of vertebrates, is capable of colonizing many different hosts and the environment. commensal e. coli strains are believed to be the precursor of pathogenic strains by means of acquisition of antimicrobial resistant and virulence genes. laboratory rodents are inherently susceptible to numerous known infectious agents, which could transfer virulence determinants to commensal e. coli. hence, in this study, the genetic structure of commensal e. coli fo ...201627462483
evaluation of an automated system for reading and interpreting disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of fastidious bacteria.results of disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing depend on individual visual reading of inhibition zone diameters. therefore, automated reading using camera systems might represent a useful tool for standardization. in this study, the adagio automated system (bio-rad) was evaluated for reading disk diffusion tests of fastidious bacteria. 144 clinical isolates (68 β-haemolytic streptococci, 28 streptococcus pneumoniae, 18 viridans group streptococci, 13 haemophilus influenzae, 7 mor ...201627391898
distinctive recognition of flagellin by human and mouse toll-like receptor 5.toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) is a receptor of the innate immune system that recognizes flagellin from certain bacterial species and triggers an inflammatory response. the salmonella dublin flagellin in complex with zebrafish tlr5 has been crystallized previously. in the present study, we extrapolate the structure of this complex using structure-guided mutagenesis to determine the recognition modes of human and mouse tlr5 receptors and demonstrate species-specific differences in flagellin recognit ...201627391968
transgenic eimeria tenella as a vaccine vehicle: expressing tgsag1 elicits protective immunity against toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens and mice.the surface antigen 1 of toxoplasma gondii (tgsag1) is a major immunodominant antigen and is widely considered an ideal candidate for the development of an effective recombinant vaccine against toxoplasmosis. eimeria tenella, an affinis apicomplexan parasite with t. gondii, is a potential vaccine vector carrying exogenous antigens that stimulates specific immune responses. here, we engineered tgsag1 into e. tenella and obtained a stably transfected e. tenella line (et-tgsag1). we found tgsag1 lo ...201627387302
mycobacterium leprae activates toll-like receptor-4 signaling and expression on macrophages depending on previous bacillus calmette-guerin vaccination.toll-like receptor (tlr)-1 and tlr2 have been shown to be receptors for mycobacterium leprae (m. leprae), yet it is unclear whether m. leprae can signal through alternative tlrs. other mycobacterial species possess ligands for tlr4 and genetic association studies in human populations suggest that people with tlr4 polymorphisms may be protected against leprosy. using human embryonic kidney (hek)-293 cells co-transfected with tlr4, we demonstrate that m. leprae activates tlr4. we used human macrop ...201627458573
comparative methylome analysis of the occasional ruminant respiratory pathogen bibersteinia trehalosi.we examined and compared both the methylomes and the modification-related gene content of four sequenced strains of bibersteinia trehalosi isolated from the nasopharyngeal tracts of nebraska cattle with symptoms of bovine respiratory disease complex. the methylation patterns and the encoded dna methyltransferase (mtase) gene sets were different between each strain, with the only common pattern being that of dam (gatc). among the observed patterns were three novel motifs attributable to type i re ...201627556252
viral proteins expressed in the protozoan parasite eimeria tenella are detected by the chicken immune system.eimeria species are parasitic protozoa that cause coccidiosis, an intestinal disease commonly characterised by malabsorption, diarrhoea and haemorrhage that is particularly important in chickens. vaccination against chicken coccidiosis is effective using wild-type or attenuated live parasite lines. the development of protocols to express foreign proteins in eimeria species has opened up the possibility of using eimeria live vaccines to deliver heterologous antigens and function as multivalent va ...201627553200
enteropathogens in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea: a 5-year surveillance study in the southeast coast of china.diarrhea is the second most common cause of death among children less than 5 years of age worldwide. the etiological agents of diarrhea in the southeast coastal area of china were studied from july 2009 to december 2014.201627544130
viral and bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in wuhan, china.acute diarrhea remains the serious problem in developing countries, especially among children under 5 years of age. currently, only two or three common diarrhea pathogens were screened at most hospitals in china. the aim of this study was to provide a wide variety of diarrhea pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in children under 5 years of age.201627503019
the o-antigen flippase wzk can substitute for murj in peptidoglycan synthesis in helicobacter pylori and escherichia coli.the peptidoglycan (pg) cell wall is an essential component of the cell envelope of most bacteria. biogenesis of pg involves a lipid-linked disaccharide-pentapeptide intermediate called lipid ii, which must be translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane after it is synthesized in the inner leaflet of this bilayer. accordingly, it has been demonstrated that murj, the proposed lipid ii flippase in escherichia coli, is required for pg biogenesis, and thereby viability. in contrast, murj is not esse ...201627537185
is exposure to poultry harmful to child nutrition? an observational analysis for rural ethiopia.although strategic thinking on water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) has prioritized reducing exposure to human feces in order to limit diarrheal infections, recent research suggests that elevated exposure to livestock-particularly poultry and poultry feces-may be an important risk factor for diarrhea, environmental enteric disorder (eed) and respiratory infections, all of which may seriously retard linear growth in young children. yet a very different literature on nutrition-sensitive agricultur ...201627529178
differential analysis of the nasal microbiome of pig carriers or non-carriers of staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus is presently regarded as an emerging zoonotic agent due to the spread of specific methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) clones in pig farms. studying the microbiota can be useful for the identification of bacteria that antagonize such opportunistic veterinary and zoonotic pathogen in animal carriers. the aim of this study was to determine whether the nasal microbiome of pig s. aureus carriers differs from that of non-carriers. the v3-v5 region of the 16s rrna gene was sequ ...201627509169
a journey of cytolethal distending toxins through cell membranes.the multifunctional role of lipids as structural components of membranes, signaling molecules, and metabolic substrates makes them an ideal partner for pathogens to hijack host cell processes for their own survival. the properties and composition of unique membrane micro-domains such as membrane rafts make these regions a natural target for pathogens as it affords them an opportunity to hijack cell signaling and intracellular trafficking pathways. cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), members of ...201627559534
vaccine potential and diversity of the putative cell binding factor (cbf, nmb0345/neis1825) protein of neisseria meningitidis.the cbf gene from neisseria meningitidis strain mc58 encoding the putative cell binding factor (cbf, nmb0345/neis1825) protein was cloned into the prseta system and a ~36-kda recombinant (r)cbf protein expressed in escherichia coli and purified by metal affinity chromatography. high titres of rcbf antibodies were induced in mice following immunization with rcbf-saline, rcbf-al(oh)3, rcbf-liposomes or rcbf-zwittergent (zw) 3-14 micelles, both with and without incorporated monophosphoryl lipid a ( ...201627505005
baicalin suppresses nlrp3 inflammasome and nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) signaling during haemophilus parasuis infection.haemophilus parasuis (h. parasuis) is the causative agent of glässer's disease, a severe membrane inflammation disorder. previously we showed that baicalin (ba) possesses anti-inflammatory effects via the nlrp3 inflammatory pathway in an lps-challenged piglet model. however, whether ba has anti-inflammatory effects upon h. parasuis infection is still unclear. this study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of ba on h. parasuis-induced inflammatory responses via the nf-κb and ...201627502767
restaurant cooking trends and increased risk for campylobacter infection.in the united kingdom, outbreaks of campylobacter infection are increasingly attributed to undercooked chicken livers, yet many recipes, including those of top chefs, advocate short cooking times and serving livers pink. during 2015, we studied preferences of chefs and the public in the united kingdom and investigated the link between liver rareness and survival of campylobacter. we used photographs to assess chefs' ability to identify chicken livers meeting safe cooking guidelines. to investiga ...201627314748
glycan and lectin biosensors.a short description about the importance of glycan biorecognition in physiological (blood cell type) and pathological processes (infections by human and avian influenza viruses) is provided in this review. glycans are described as much better information storage media, compared to proteins or dna, due to the extensive variability of glycan structures. techniques able to detect an exact glycan structure are briefly discussed with the main focus on the application of lectins (glycan-recognising pr ...201627365034
detection of zoonotic enteropathogens in children and domestic animals in a semirural community in ecuador.animals are important reservoirs of zoonotic enteropathogens, and transmission to humans occurs more frequently in low- and middle-income countries (lmics), where small-scale livestock production is common. in this study, we investigated the presence of zoonotic enteropathogens in stool samples from 64 asymptomatic children and 203 domestic animals of 62 households in a semirural community in ecuador between june and august 2014. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was used to assess zoonotic tran ...201627208122
effect of feed form and whole grain feeding on gastrointestinal weight and the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in broilers orally infected.two independent trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of feed form, whole wheat (ww) and oat hulls (oh) addition on gastrointestinal (git) weight and campylobacter jejuni colonization in orally infected birds. in trial 1, there were six treatments factorially arranged with two feed forms (mash vs pellets), and three levels of ww from 1-21/22-42d: 0/0, 7.5/15%, 15/30%. broilers were allocated in cages (3 birds/cage, 12 cages/treatment). in trial 2, there were three treatments: a mash die ...201627500730
advances in ibs 2016: a review of current and emerging data.irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is characterized by chronic intermittent abdominal pain and associated diarrhea (ibs-d), constipation (ibs-c), or both. ibs can significantly impact patient function and quality of life. the diagnosis of ibs is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, the exclusion of concerning features, and selected tests to exclude organic diseases that can mimic ibs. the pathophysiology of ibs remains incompletely understood, and new contributing factors have been iden ...201628070176
accumulation of peptidoglycan o-acetylation leads to altered cell wall biochemistry and negatively impacts pathogenesis factors of campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. despite its prevalence, its mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood. peptidoglycan (pg) is important for helical shape, colonization, and host-pathogen interactions in c. jejuni therefore, changes in pg greatly impact the physiology of this organism. o-acetylation of peptidoglycan (oap) is a bacterial phenomenon proposed to be important for proper cell growth, characterized by acetylation of the ...201627474744
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