Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| toxoplasma gondii - prevalence and risk factors in hiv-infected patients from songklanagarind hospital, southern thailand. | toxoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic parasitic diseases in patients living with hiv/aids. this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection in hiv-infected patients and to identify associated risk factors in toxoplasma seropositive patients. this study was conducted at a regional public hospital in hat yai, southern thailand during october 2009 to june 2010. blood samples were collected from 300 hiv-infected patients. each subject also answered a socio-dem ... | 2015 | 26635769 |
| intravacuolar membranes regulate cd8 t cell recognition of membrane-bound toxoplasma gondii protective antigen. | apicomplexa parasites such as toxoplasma gondii target effectors to and across the boundary of their parasitophorous vacuole (pv), resulting in host cell subversion and potential presentation by mhc class i molecules for cd8 t cell recognition. the host-parasite interface comprises the pv limiting membrane and a highly curved, membranous intravacuolar network (ivn) of uncertain function. here, using a cell-free minimal system, we dissect how membrane tubules are shaped by the parasite effectors ... | 2015 | 26628378 |
| epidemiological survey of zoonotic pathogens in feral pigeons (columba livia var. domestica) and sympatric zoo species in southern spain. | a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of pathogenic zoonotic agents (flaviviruses, avian influenza viruses (aivs), salmonella spp. and toxoplasma gondii) in feral pigeons and sympatric zoo animals from córdoba (southern spain) between 2013 and 2014. antibodies against flaviviruses were detected in 7.8% out of 142 (ci95%: 3.7-11.8) pigeons, and 8.2% of 49 (ci95%: 0.9-15.4) of zoo animals tested. antibodies with specificity against west nile virus (wnv) and usutu viru ... | 2015 | 26616657 |
| qualitative assessment for toxoplasma gondii exposure risk associated with meat products in the united states. | toxoplasma gondii is a global protozoan parasite capable of infecting most warm-blooded animals. although healthy adult humans generally have no symptoms, severe illness does occur in certain groups, including congenitally infected fetuses and newborns, immunocompromised individuals including transplant patients. epidemiological studies have demonstrated that consumption of raw or undercooked meat products is one of the major sources of infection with t. gondii. the goal of this study was to dev ... | 2015 | 26613916 |
| sequence variation in hsp40 gene among 16 toxoplasma gondii isolates from different hosts and geographical locations. | toxoplasma gondii with worldwide distribution has received substantial medical and scientific attentions as it causes serious clinical and veterinary problems especially for pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. heat shock protein 40 (hsp40) plays a variety of essential roles in the pathogenesis of this protozoan parasite. in order to detail the genetic diversity of hsp40 gene, 16 t. gondii strains from different hosts and geographical locations were used in this study. our results show ... | 2015 | 26613080 |
| toxoplasma-specific igg subclass antibody response in cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis. | cerebral toxoplasmosis can be highly debilitating and occasionally fatal in persons with immune system deficiencies. in this study, we evaluated the toxoplasma gondii-specific igg subclass antibody response in 19 cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis who had a positive igg anti-t. gondii elisa standardized with a cyst antigen preparation. there were no significant differences between the rates of positivity and the antibody concentrations (arithmetic means o ... | 2015 | 26603234 |
| human toxoplasmosis outbreaks and the agent infecting form. findings from a systematic review. | toxoplasmosis, a worldwide highly prevalent zoonotic infection, is transmitted either by the oocysts, from water and soil, or the tissue cysts, in raw or undercooked infected meat, of toxoplasma gondii. an ongoing debate is whether there are differences between the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the outbreaks due to one or the other infective form of the agent. we performed a systematic review, recovering 437 reported outbreaks of which 38 were selected. they were complete repor ... | 2015 | 26603222 |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in hunted wild boars (sus scrofa): heart meat juice as an alternative sample to serum for the detection of antibodies. | toxoplasmosis is a global zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. detection of antibodies to t. gondii in serum samples from hunted animals may represent a key step for public health protection. it is also important to assess the circulation of this parasite in wild boar population. however, in hunted animals, collection of blood is not feasible and meat juice may represent an alternative sample. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate heart meat juice of hunted wil ... | 2015 | 26597339 |
| serological study on cytomegalovirus and toxoplasma gondii in thalassemia major patients of yazd, iran. | beta-thalassemia patients receive blood products from blood transfusion centers repeatedly. blood transfusion can transmit cytomegalovirus (cmv) and toxoplasma gondii. the aim of this study was serological evaluation of these two infectious agents in thalassemia patients. | 2015 | 26705454 |
| toxoplasma gondii in wild red squirrels, the netherlands, 2014. | 2015 | 26583779 | |
| an aspartyl protease defines a novel pathway for export of toxoplasma proteins into the host cell. | infection by toxoplasma gondii leads to massive changes to the host cell. here, we identify a novel host cell effector export pathway that requires the golgi-resident aspartyl protease 5 (asp5). we demonstrate that asp5 cleaves a highly constrained amino acid motif that has similarity to the pexel-motif of plasmodium parasites. we show that asp5 matures substrates at both the n- and c-terminal ends of proteins and also controls trafficking of effectors without this motif. furthermore, asp5 contr ... | 2015 | 26576949 |
| clinical and biological correlations in toxoplasma gondii infection in hiv immune suppressed persons. | 2015 | 26576381 | |
| vaccination with recombinant microneme proteins confers protection against experimental toxoplasmosis in mice. | toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by toxoplasma gondii, is an important public health problem and veterinary concern. although there is no vaccine for human toxoplasmosis, many attempts have been made to develop one. promising vaccine candidates utilize proteins, or their genes, from microneme organelle of t. gondii that are involved in the initial stages of host cell invasion by the parasite. in the present study, we used different recombinant microneme proteins (tgmic1, tgmic4, or tgmic ... | 2015 | 26575028 |
| evaluation of colostrum as an alternative biological sample for the diagnosis of human congenital toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite able to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans. congenital infection can cause severe damage to the fetus. thus, it is important to detect antibodies against the parasite to confirm clinical manifestations. considering that all immunoglobulin isotypes may be present in biological samples from newborns and their mothers, this study aimed to evaluate the ability to diagnose recent toxoplasmosis by ... | 2015 | 26573138 |
| phosphatidylthreonine and lipid-mediated control of parasite virulence. | the major membrane phospholipid classes, described thus far, include phosphatidylcholine (ptdcho), phosphatidylethanolamine (ptdetn), phosphatidylserine (ptdser), and phosphatidylinositol (ptdins). here, we demonstrate the natural occurrence and genetic origin of an exclusive and rather abundant lipid, phosphatidylthreonine (ptdthr), in a common eukaryotic model parasite, toxoplasma gondii. the parasite expresses a novel enzyme ptdthr synthase (tgpts) to produce this lipid in its endoplasmic ret ... | 2015 | 26565995 |
| waterborne toxoplasmosis investigated and analysed under hydrogeological assessment: new data and perspectives for further research. | we present a set of data on human and chicken toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence that was investigated and analysed in light of groundwater vulnerability information in an area endemic for waterborne toxoplasmosis in brazil. hydrogeological assessment was undertaken to select sites for water collection from wells for t. gondii oocyst testing and for collecting blood from free-range chickens and humans for anti-t. gondii serologic testing. serologic testing of human specimens was done using convent ... | 2015 | 26560984 |
| prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and vertical transmission of toxoplasma gondii in patients from basic units of health from gurupi, tocantins, brazil, from 2012 to 2014. | toxoplasmosis is a parasitary disease that presents high rates of gestational and congenital infection worldwide being therefore considered a public health problem and a neglected disease. | 2015 | 26558622 |
| toxoplasma gondii: history and diagnostic test development. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoa that causes toxoplasmosis in people and other animals. it is considered one of the most common parasitic infections in the world due to its impressive range of hosts, widespread environmental contamination and the diverse means by which animals can be infected. despite its ubiquity and numerous ongoing research efforts into both its basic biology and clinical management, many aspects of diagnosis and management of this disease are poorly understood. the range of d ... | 2015 | 26568360 |
| the ubiquitin proteome of toxoplasma gondii reveals roles for protein ubiquitination in cell-cycle transitions. | protein ubiquitination plays key roles in protein turnover, cellular signaling, and intracellular transport. the genome of toxoplasma gondii encodes ubiquitination machinery, but the roles of this posttranslational modification (ptm) are unknown. to examine the prevalence and function of ubiquitination in t. gondii, we mapped the ubiquitin proteome of tachyzoites. over 500 ubiquitin-modified proteins, with almost 1,000 sites, were identified on proteins with diverse localizations and functions. ... | 2015 | 26567513 |
| toxoplasma gondii gra7-induced traf6 activation contributes to host protective immunity. | the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii has unique dense granule antigens (gras) that are crucial for host infection. emerging evidence suggests that gra7 of t. gondii is a promising serodiagnostic marker and an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine candidate; however, little is known about the intracellular regulatory mechanisms involved in the gra7-induced host responses. here we show that gra7-induced myd88 signaling through the activation of traf6 and production of reactive oxygen species (ro ... | 2015 | 26553469 |
| il-10 regulate decidual tregs apoptosis contributing to the abnormal pregnancy with toxoplasma gondii infection. | this study aims to investigate whether il-10 regulate decidual treg cells apoptosis to reverse the abnormal pregnancy outcomes with toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection. recombinant mouse il-10 (ril-10) treatment and il-10 deficiency (il-10(-/-)) abnormal pregnancy animal models with t. gondii infection were established. apoptosis related molecules cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8 in decidual treg cells were examined using flow cytometry. the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8 in decidu ... | 2015 | 26541670 |
| [research advance on toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein 2 family as candidate vaccine molecules]. | toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein 2 family (rop2 family), secreted by the rhoptry, plays an important role in t. gondii invasion of host cells and its virulence. the rop2 family members include rop2, rop4, rop5, rop8, rop13, rop16, rop17, and rop18. recent studies have found that these members are potential vaccine candidates against toxoplasmosis, and can induce the protective immunity of the host. this paper reviews the research advance on the rop2 family members as dna or protein vaccines aga ... | 2015 | 26541043 |
| [research advances on toxoplasma gondii proteomics]. | the proteomic techniques have been widely used in toxoplasma gondii research since the past decade, providing proteomic data that facilitate understanding of t. gondii activities. currently, the global proteomic studies of t. gondii are mainly confined to the tachyzoite and the oocyst stages. the subproteomic research involves some important antigens, such as the soluble tachyzoite antigen, glycoproteins, and immunoproteins, etc. the differential proteomics of t. gondii is mainly focused on iden ... | 2015 | 26541041 |
| [construction of eukaryotic expression vector containing rop18-rop12 of toxoplasma gondii rh strain]. | to construct a recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing rop18-rop12 (encoding rhoptry protein 18 and 12) complex gene of toxoplasma gondii, and examine its expression in eukaryotic cells. | 2015 | 26541029 |
| [toxoplasma gondii infection in an imported case of falciparumn malaria]. | 2015 | 26541028 | |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women: a seroprevalence and case-control study in eastern china. | very limited information is available concerning the epidemiology of t. gondii infection in pregnant women in eastern china. therefore, a case-control study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in this population group and to identify risk factors and possible routes of contamination. serum samples were collected from 965 pregnant women and 965 age-matched nonpregnant control subjects in qingdao and weihai between october 2011 and july 2013. these were screened with enzy ... | 2015 | 26539465 |
| seropositivity of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women by elisa at minia university hospital, egypt. | toxoplasmosis is considered as an important risk factor for bad obstetric history (boh) and one of the major causes of congenitally acquired infections. the present study aimed to estimate the seropositivity of t. gondii infection and associated risk factors among the attendees of high risk pregnancy and low risk antenatal care clinic of minia maternity and pediatric university hospital, minia, egypt. the study was carried out from april 2013 to april 2014 through 2 phases, the first phase was c ... | 2015 | 26537040 |
| intracellular networks of the pi3k/akt and mapk pathways for regulating toxoplasma gondii-induced il-23 and il-12 production in human thp-1 cells. | interleukin (il)-23 and il-12 are closely related in structure, and these cytokines regulate both innate and adaptive immunity. however, the precise signaling networks that regulate the production of each in toxoplasma gondii-infected thp-1 monocytic cells, particularly the pi3k/akt and mapk signaling pathways, remain unknown. in the present study, t. gondii infection upregulated the expression of il-23 and il-12 in thp-1 cells, and both cytokines increased with parasite dose. il-23 secretion wa ... | 2015 | 26528819 |
| phosphorylation of a myosin motor by tgcdpk3 facilitates rapid initiation of motility during toxoplasma gondii egress. | members of the family of calcium dependent protein kinases (cdpk's) are abundant in certain pathogenic parasites and absent in mammalian cells making them strong drug target candidates. in the obligate intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii tgcdpk3 is important for calcium dependent egress from the host cell. nonetheless, the specific substrate through which tgcdpk3 exerts its function during egress remains unknown. to close this knowledge gap we applied the proximity-based protein interaction ... | 2015 | 26544049 |
| in vivo anti-toxoplasma activity of aripiprazole. | there are supportive evidences about the possible role of latent toxoplasma. gondii infections on the behavior and neurologic functions, such as increased dopamine levels in the brain. the aim of this study was to examine anti-toxoplasma activity of aripiprazole that is an atypical anti-psychotic drug in mice. | 2015 | 26523226 |
| toxoplasma gondii: vaccination with a dna vaccine encoding t- and b-cell epitopes of sag1, gra2, gra7 and rop16 elicits protection against acute toxoplasmosis in mice. | toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an obligate, intracellular, protozoan parasite that infects large variety of warm-blooded animals including humans, livestock, and marine mammals, and causes the disease toxoplasmosis. although t. gondii infection rates differ significantly from country to country, it still has a high morbidity and mortality. in these circumstances, developing an effective vaccine against t. gondii is urgently needed for preventing and treating toxoplasmosis. the aim of this stud ... | 2015 | 26518401 |
| variation detection based on next-generation sequencing of type chinese 1 strains of toxoplasma gondii with different virulence from china. | toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that affects most species of endothermic animals including humans with a great infection rate. the vertical transmission of t. gondii causes abortion, constituting a serious threat to humans and leading to great losses in livestock production. distinct from population structure of t. gondii in north america and europe, chinese 1 (toxodb #9) is a dominant genotype prevalent in china. among the isolates of chinese 1, the wh3 and wh6 have different vi ... | 2015 | 26518334 |
| evaluation of a recombinant rhoptry protein 2 enzyme-linked immunoassay for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy. | the aim of this study was to evaluate an enzyme-linked immunoassay with recombinant rhoptry protein 2 (elisa-rrop2) for its ability to detect toxoplasma gondii rop2-specific igg in samples from pregnant women. the study included 236 samples that were divided into groups according to serological screening profiles for toxoplasmosis: unexposed (n = 65), probable acute infection (n = 48), possible acute infection (n = 58) and exposed to the parasite (n = 65). when an indirect immunofluorescence ass ... | 2015 | 26517651 |
| correction: toxoplasma gondii infection in alpine red deer (cervus elaphus): its spread and effects on fertility. | 2015 | 26517869 | |
| a bradyzoite is a bradyzoite is a bradyzoite? | bradyzoite forms of toxoplasma gondii persist in tissue cysts for the lifetime of an infected host and can reactivate to cause clinical disease. it was thought that in vivo bradyzoites within tissue cysts are biologically inactive dormant forms that rarely replicate. apparently, consensus was wrong. | 2015 | 26515047 |
| fatal toxoplasma gondii infection in the giant panda. | toxoplasma gondii can infect nearly all warm-blooded animals. we report an acute fatal t. gondii infection in the endangered giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in a zoo in china, characterized by acute gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms. t. gondii infection was confirmed by immunological and molecular methods. multilocus nested pcr-rflp revealed clonal type i at the sag1 and c29-2 loci, clonal type ii at the sag2, btub, gra6, c22-8, and l358 loci, and clonal type iii at the alternative s ... | 2015 | 26514595 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in rodents from various locations in peninsular malaysia. | numerous studies have reported the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among malaysians and various domestic animals; but there is paucity of information on its prevalence among rodents which could potentially contribute to the transmission of toxoplasma gondii in both domestic and sylvatic fauna. five hundred twenty-six rodents were captured from six locations in malaysia and identified to species. serum samples were collected from these rodents and tested for t.gondii antibodies using an immunofluores ... | 2015 | 26521512 |
| the prevalence of antibodies to <i>toxoplasma gondii</i> in sheep in the western cape, south africa. | the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a sample of 292 merino sheep farmed in a semi-intensive manner in the overberg region of the western cape, south africa, was investigated. antibody seroprevalence was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. of the total sample, 23 sheep tested positive for t. gondii antibodies (8%; 95% ci: 4.7688-10.9846). there was no statistically significant relationship between seroprevalence and age of the sheep. the highest seroprevalence was f ... | 2015 | 28235263 |
| transcriptional and linkage analyses identify loci that mediate the differential macrophage response to inflammatory stimuli and infection. | macrophages display flexible activation states that range between pro-inflammatory (classical activation) and anti-inflammatory (alternative activation). these macrophage polarization states contribute to a variety of organismal phenotypes such as tissue remodeling and susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases. several macrophage- or immune-related genes have been shown to modulate infectious and inflammatory disease pathogenesis. however, the potential role that differences in macr ... | 2015 | 26510153 |
| autophagy-related protein atg8 has a noncanonical function for apicoplast inheritance in toxoplasma gondii. | autophagy is a catabolic process widely conserved among eukaryotes that permits the rapid degradation of unwanted proteins and organelles through the lysosomal pathway. this mechanism involves the formation of a double-membrane structure called the autophagosome that sequesters cellular components to be degraded. to orchestrate this process, yeasts and animals rely on a conserved set of autophagy-related proteins (atgs). key among these factors is atg8, a cytoplasmic protein that is recruited to ... | 2015 | 26507233 |
| toxoplasma gondii infections alter gabaergic synapses and signaling in the central nervous system. | during infections with the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii, gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is utilized as a carbon source for parasite metabolism and also to facilitate parasite dissemination by stimulating dendritic-cell motility. the best-recognized function for gaba, however, is its role in the nervous system as an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates the flow and timing of excitatory neurotransmission. when this pathway is altered, seizures develop. human toxoplasmosis patients su ... | 2015 | 26507232 |
| oral administration of encapsulated bovine lactoferrin protein nanocapsules against intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii is a deadly intracellular parasite known to reside in every nucleated cell and known to cause severe complications in immunocompromised host. standard drugs are cost effective and cause side effects, therefore, there is a necessity for a new drug molecule with immunomodulatory potential. lactoferrin (lf) is a natural milk protein, which has shown antimicrobial properties in its nanoformulation using alginate chitosan calcium phosphate bovine lactoferrin nanocapsules (aec-cco-cp ... | 2015 | 26504384 |
| tff peptides play a role in the immune response following oral infection of mice with toxoplasma gondii. | the peptide trefoil factor family 3 (tff3) is a major constituent of the intestinal mucus, playing an important role in the repair of epithelial surfaces. to further understand the role of tff3 in the protection of intestinal epithelium, we tested the influence of tff3 in a murine toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis model. surprisingly, tff3(ko) mice showed a reduced immune response in the ileum when compared to wild-type animals. interleukin-12 and interferon-γ expression levels as well as the nu ... | 2015 | 26495133 |
| anti-inflammatory properties of nap in acute toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis in mice. | the octapeptide nap has been shown to exert neuroprotective properties. here, we investigated potential anti-inflammatory effects of nap in an acute ileitis model. to address this, c57bl/6j mice were perorally infected with toxoplasma gondii (day 0). within 1 week postinfection (p.i.), placebo (plc)-treated mice developed acute ileitis due to th1-type immune responses. mice that were subjected to intraperitoneal nap treatment from day 1 until day 6 p.i., however, developed less distinct macrosco ... | 2015 | 26495132 |
| evidence for conformational mechanism on the binding of tgmic4 with β-galactose-containing carbohydrate ligand. | a deeper understanding of the role of sialic/desialylated groups during tgmic4-glycoproteins interactions has importance to better clarify the odd process of host cell invasion by members of the apicomplexan phylum. within this context, we evaluated the interaction established by recombinant tgmic4 (the whole molecule) with sialylated (bovine fetuin) and desialylated (asialofetuin) glycoproteins by using functionalized quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (qcm-d). a suitable r ... | 2015 | 26488670 |
| effect of propranolol alone and in combination with pyrimethamine on acute murine toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasmosis is a public health problem worldwide. this complication principally affects immunodeficient patients and pregnant women. toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic parasite, causing severe illness among and death of high-risk individuals and treatment is becoming increasingly difficult owing to side effects and low efficacies of drugs. | 2015 | 26487920 |
| association between prenatal exposure to maternal infection and offspring mood disorders: a review of the literature. | the purpose of this article is to provide a systematic review of studies that have examined the association between prenatal exposure to maternal infection and development of mood disorders across the life course. drawing from both human- and animal-based studies, we give an overview of hypothesized biological mechanisms by which exposure to maternal infection during critical periods of gestation may contribute to fetal programming of mood disorders in offspring. we discuss studies examining the ... | 2015 | 26476880 |
| fundamental roles of the golgi-associated toxoplasma aspartyl protease, asp5, at the host-parasite interface. | toxoplasma gondii possesses sets of dense granule proteins (gras) that either assemble at, or cross the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (pvm) and exhibit motifs resembling the ht/pexel previously identified in a repertoire of exported plasmodium proteins. within plasmodium spp., cleavage of the ht/pexel motif by the endoplasmic reticulum-resident protease plasmepsin v precedes trafficking to and export across the pvm of proteins involved in pathogenicity and host cell remodelling. here, we have ... | 2015 | 26473595 |
| [serological investigation of toxoplasma gondii on pregnant women and toxoplasmosis suspected patients between 2012-2014 years on a tertiary training hospital]. | toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease which is still an important health issue in both developing and developed countries. we aimed to evaluate toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) seropositivity on toxoplasmosis suspected patients and pregnant women, retrospectively. | 2015 | 26470925 |
| global analysis of palmitoylated proteins in toxoplasma gondii. | post-translational modifications (ptms) such as palmitoylation are critical for the lytic cycle of the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. while palmitoylation is involved in invasion, motility, and cell morphology, the proteins that utilize this ptm remain largely unknown. using a chemical proteomic approach, we report a comprehensive analysis of palmitoylated proteins in t. gondii, identifying a total of 282 proteins, including cytosolic, membrane-associated, and transmembrane proteins. from ... | 2015 | 26468752 |
| toxoplasma infection and milk consumption: meta-analysis of assumptions and evidences. | toxoplasmosis is the most widespread infection worldwide. it occurs within congenital contamination, organ transplant or immune system depression. primary infection is mainly foodborne with the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat; unwashed fruit-vegetables, unhygienic water or contaminated milk. gaps in current knowledge about the risk assessment of toxoplasma gondii by milk consumption are noted. contradictory data are observed within risk assessment of milk consumption and toxoplasmosis occur ... | 2015 | 26467987 |
| recent advances in developing vaccines against toxoplasma gondii: an update. | toxoplasma gondii, a significant public health risk, is able to infect almost all warm-blooded animals including humans, and it results in economic losses in production animals. in the last three years, a large number of vaccination experiments have been performed to control t. gondii infection, with the target of limiting the acute infection and reducing or eliminating tissue cysts in the intermediate hosts. in this paper, we summarize the latest results of the veterinary vaccines against t. go ... | 2015 | 26467840 |
| compartmentalized toxoplasma eb1 bundles spindle microtubules to secure accurate chromosome segregation. | toxoplasma gondii replicates asexually by a unique internal budding process characterized by interwoven closed mitosis and cytokinesis. although it is known that the centrosome coordinates these processes, the spatiotemporal organization of mitosis remains poorly defined. here we demonstrate that centrosome positioning around the nucleus may signal spindle assembly: spindle microtubules (mts) are first assembled when the centrosome moves to the basal side and become extensively acetylated after ... | 2015 | 26466679 |
| the use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification improves toxoplasma gondii detection in wildlife. | toxoplasma gondii is among the most widespread parasites worldwide. wildlife is recognized as an important reservoir and source of infection of t. gondii. the goal of the present work was to assess the performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) as a diagnostic tool for t. gondii infection in the skeletal muscle and central nervous system (cns) of free-ranging ungulates and carnivores. fifty-seven wild animals were tested for the presence of t. gondii dna by polymerase chain rea ... | 2015 | 26462761 |
| a bacterial protease inhibitor protects antigens delivered in oral vaccines from digestion while triggering specific mucosal immune responses. | we report here that a bacterial protease inhibitor from brucella spp. called u-omp19 behaves as an ideal constituent for a vaccine formulation against infectious diseases. when co-administered orally with an antigen (ag), u-omp19: i) can bypass the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract by inhibiting stomach and intestine proteases and consequently increases the half-life of the co-administered ag at immune inductive sites: peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes while ii) it induces ... | 2015 | 26456256 |
| toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908) detected in dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius) (ixodidae). | the aim of the present work was to determine whether dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius), tick species common in eastern poland could be infected with toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908). a total of 664 unfed d. reticulatus ticks were collected from six localities of lublin province (eastern poland) within the framework of study for the presence of bacterial, viral and parasitological infections, with use of pcr and confirmed by sequencing analysis. the prevalence of t. gondii dna of b ... | 2015 | 26449345 |
| an elevated blood glucose level and increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with latent toxoplasmosis. | about 30-50% of the world human population are infected with the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908). latent toxoplasmosis has many specific behavioural and physiological effects on the human body and influences the course of pregnancy, including secondary sex ratio of children of infected mothers. it was suggested that an increased concentration of glucose could be the proximate cause of increased sex ratio. there are some indirect indications of possible associatio ... | 2015 | 26447941 |
| toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild rodents and marsupials from the atlantic forest, state of são paulo, brazil. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects a large spectrum of warm-blooded animals, including humans. small rodents and marsupials play an important role in the epidemiology of t. gondii because they are sources of infection for domestic and feral cats. serum samples from 151 rodents and 48 marsupials, captured in the atlantic forest, são paulo state, southeastern brazil, were analyzed for the presence of t. gondii antibodies. antibodies detected by the modified agglutination test ( ... | 2015 | 26444068 |
| p62 plays a specific role in interferon-γ-induced presentation of a toxoplasma vacuolar antigen. | also known as sqstm1, p62 is a selective autophagy adaptor with a ubiquitin-binding domain. however, the role of p62 in the host defense against toxoplasma gondii infection is unclear. here, we show that interferon γ (ifn-γ) stimulates ubiquitin and p62 recruitment to t. gondii parasitophorous vacuoles (pvs). some essential autophagy-related proteins, but not all, are required for this recruitment. regardless of normal ifn-γ-induced t. gondii clearance activity and ubiquitination, p62 deficiency ... | 2015 | 26440898 |
| sequence variation in rop8 gene among toxoplasma gondii isolates from different hosts and geographical localities. | the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution; it can cause serious diseases in humans and almost all other warm-blooded animals. different genotypes of t. gondii result in different lesions in the same host. t. gondii rhoptry protein 8 (tgrop8) is a major factor of t. gondii acute virulence. we examined sequence variation in the tgrop8 gene among t. gondii isolates from different hosts and geographical localities. the tgrop8 gene was amplified from individual isolates an ... | 2015 | 26436382 |
| global metabolomic profiling of mice brains following experimental infection with the cyst-forming toxoplasma gondii. | the interplay between the apicomplexan parasite toxoplasma gondii and its host has been largely studied. however, molecular changes at the metabolic level in the host central nervous system and pathogenesis-associated metabolites during brain infection are largely unexplored. we used a global metabolomics strategy to identify differentially regulated metabolites and affected metabolic pathways in balb/c mice during infection with t. gondii pru strain at 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi). th ... | 2015 | 26431205 |
| releasing the brake on ifn-γ signaling on infection. | toxoplasma gondii effectively inhibits the responsiveness of its host cell to interferon gamma (ifn-γ). using a genome-wide genetic screen, beiting and colleagues have recently identified coactivators of the transcription factor stat1 that can diminish this inhibitory effect. one of these coactivators, tlx, enhances type 1 helper (th1) immune responses and restricts parasite replication during chronic toxoplasmosis. | 2015 | 26422772 |
| protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in balb/c mice induced by a dna vaccine encoding toxoplasma gondii 10 kda excretory-secretory antigen (tgesa10). | toxoplasma gondii 10 kda excretory-secretory antigen (tgesa10) is involved in the early stages of host invasion. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immune protective efficacy of a dna vaccine encoding tgesa10 gene against acute t. gondii infection in mice. the gene sequence encoding tgesa10 was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pvax i, and the efficacy of intramuscular vaccination of balb/c mice with pvax-esa10 was analyzed. mice immunized with pvax-esa10 elicited high titers ... | 2015 | 26421596 |
| ubiquitin systems mark pathogen-containing vacuoles as targets for host defense by guanylate binding proteins. | many microbes create and maintain pathogen-containing vacuoles (pvs) as an intracellular niche permissive for microbial growth and survival. the destruction of pvs by ifnγ-inducible guanylate binding protein (gbp) and immunity-related gtpase (irg) host proteins is central to a successful immune response directed against numerous pv-resident pathogens. however, the mechanism by which irgs and gbps cooperatively detect and destroy pvs is unclear. we find that host cell priming with ifnγ prompts ir ... | 2015 | 26417105 |
| immunoproteomic technology offers an extraordinary diagnostic approach for toxoplasma gondii infection. | immunoproteomic technology offers an exceptional tool to fill the blanks that still exist in diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii infection despite its annotated sequence. the pitfalls of serological assays and current immunoproteomic approaches are accentuated, and new approaches are presented to improve the signal and to eliminate the noise produced by blocking-specific background. this review also highlights examples where immunoproteomic studies have contributed to broaden our understanding of tox ... | 2015 | 26415530 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild birds in taiwan. | toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoon which is well known for infecting humans and wild animals. in the present study, antibodies to t. gondii were evaluated in 394 wild birds, belonging to 37 species, from 15 different administrative regions in taiwan. using modified agglutination test (mat), the overall seroprevalence of infection was 23.35% (ci 95% = 19.17%-27.53%). antibodies were detected in birds of prey (25.73%, ci 95% = 19.76%-31.70%), birds living in freshwater or marine systems (34 ... | 2015 | 26412541 |
| functional analyses of the toxoplasma gondii dna gyrase holoenzyme: a janus topoisomerase with supercoiling and decatenation abilities. | a number of important protozoan parasites including those responsible for toxoplasmosis and malaria belong to the phylum apicomplexa and are characterised by their possession of a relict plastid, the apicoplast. being required for survival, apicoplasts are potentially useful drug targets and their attractiveness is increased by the fact that they contain "bacterial" gyrase, a well-established antibacterial drug target. we have cloned and purified the gyrase proteins from the apicoplast of toxopl ... | 2015 | 26412236 |
| molecular detection of toxoplasma gondii in water samples from scotland and a comparison between the 529bp real-time pcr and its1 nested pcr. | waterborne transmission of toxoplasma gondii is a potential public health risk and there are currently no agreed optimised methods for the recovery, processing and detection of t. gondii oocysts in water samples. in this study modified methods of t. gondii oocyst recovery and dna extraction were applied to 1427 samples collected from 147 public water supplies throughout scotland. t. gondii dna was detected, using real time pcr (qpcr) targeting the 529bp repeat element, in 8.79% of interpretable ... | 2015 | 26408950 |
| optimization of the cryopreservation of biological resources, toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, using flow cytometry. | the conservation of toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from humans and animals is essential for conducting studies on toxoplasma. conservation is the main function of the french biological toxoplasma resource centre (brc toxoplasma, france, http://www.toxocrb.com/). in this study, we have determined the suitability of a standard cryopreservation methodology for different toxoplasma strains using the viability of tachyzoites assayed by flow cytometry with dual fluorescent labelling (calcein aceto ... | 2015 | 26408852 |
| risk factors of occurrence of toxoplasma gondii among horses in the state of alagoas, brazil. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of toxoplasma gondii among horses and its associated risk factors in alagoas, brazil. in total, 440 samples from 36 properties in 23 districts of the state of alagoas were studied, covering the leste, agreste and sertão mesoregions. risk factors were evaluated through the application of an investigative questionnaire that focused on the productive, reproductive and sanitary management of herds. t. gondii infection were assayed using ... | 2015 | 26408594 |
| seroprevalence and correlates of toxoplasma gondii infection in dairy cattle in northwest china. | prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and risk factors with infection were assessed in dairy cattle from gansu province and ningxia hui autonomous region (nxhar), northwest china. in total, 1657 serum samples were collected and assayed by the modified agglutination test. the overall seroprevalence was 4.83% at a 1:100 cut-off, with titers of 1:100 in 72, 1:200 in 4, 1:400 in 4. among the risk factors examined, no statistically significant difference was observed between t. gondii seropre ... | 2015 | 26408581 |
| infection by toxoplasma gondii induces amoeboid-like migration of dendritic cells in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. | toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite of humans and other warm-blooded vertebrates, invades a variety of cell types in the organism, including immune cells. notably, dendritic cells (dcs) infected by t. gondii acquire a hypermigratory phenotype that potentiates parasite dissemination by a 'trojan horse' type of mechanism in mice. previous studies have demonstrated that, shortly after parasite invasion, infected dcs exhibit hypermotility in 2-dimensional confinements in vitro and ... | 2015 | 26406763 |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in alpine red deer (cervus elaphus): its spread and effects on fertility [corrected]. | in contrast to the depth of knowledge on the pathological effects of parasitism in domestic animals, the impact of the vast majority of parasites on wildlife hosts is poorly understood and, besides, information from domestics is rarely usable to disclose the parasites' impact on free-ranging populations' dynamics. here we use toxoplasmosis as a study model since, until now, the infection process and the protozoan's effects in natural conditions has received little attention. we analysed 81 sera ... | 2015 | 26405785 |
| clustering of toxoplasma gondii infections within families of congenitally infected infants. | family clusters and epidemics of toxoplasmosis in north, central, and south america led us to determine whether fathers of congenitally infected infants in the national collaborative chicago-based congenital toxoplasmosis study (ncccts) have a high incidence of toxoplasma gondii infection. | 2015 | 26405150 |
| patterns of hydrocephalus caused by congenital toxoplasma gondii infection associate with parasite genetics. | four anatomical patterns of hydrocephalus secondary to congenital toxoplasma gondii infection were identified and characterized for infants enrolled in the national collaborative chicago-based congenital toxoplasmosis study. analysis of parasite serotype revealed that different anatomical patterns associate with type-ii vs not-exclusively type-ii strains (ne-ii) (p = .035). | 2015 | 26405147 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in stray dogs in northern china. | toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan of almost all species of mammals and birds. however, no information is available about seroprevalence of the pathogen in stray dogs in seven cities from inner mongolia, jilin, liaoning province, china. using the indirect hemagglutination antibody (iha) test with a cutoff titer of 1:64, 129 (14.05 %) out of 918 stray dogs were surveyed to be t. gondii seropositive. analysis of the risk factor showed that there was no statistical difference of seroprevalen ... | 2015 | 26403980 |
| no evidence of association between toxoplasma gondii infection and financial risk taking in females. | past research linked toxoplasma gondii (tg) infection in humans with neurological and mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, alzheimer's disease and attention disorders), irregularities of the dopaminergic and testosterone system, and increased likelihood of being involved in traffic accidents. | 2015 | 26401912 |
| a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of anti-toxoplasma gondii medicines in humans. | no effective drug and definitive "gold standard" treatment for toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection has been available so far, though some medicines have been commonly used in the treatment of t. gondii infection, such as spiramycin, azithromycin, traditional chinese medicine (tcm), pyrimethamine- sulfadiazine (p-s), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx), and pyrimethamine-clindamycin (p-c). a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the efficacies of these conventional ... | 2015 | 26394212 |
| seroprevalence of and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in cats in estonia. | in estonia, northeastern europe, toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in humans has not declined, in contrast to many other countries. the reasons for this are unknown. domestic cats are important hosts in the epidemiology of the parasite, but information on local feline t. gondii infections has been lacking. an epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of t. gondii and the risk factors associated with seropositivity in cats in estonia. surplus from blood sam ... | 2015 | 26394196 |
| parasites transmitted to human by ingestion of different types of meat, el-minia city, el-minia governorate, egypt. | meat-borne parasites are sarcocystis species, toxoplasma gondii, taenia saginata, taenia solium and trichinella spiralis. a total of 300 animals including 100 cattle, 100 goat, and 100 pigs, slaughtered in el-minia governmental slaughterhouses. from each animal, five samples were taken from different muscles (esophageal, tongue and cardiac) and different organs (liver and brain). meat samples were examined macroscopic and microscopic (direct, homogenization and h&e staining) for detection of the ... | 2015 | 26939246 |
| [expression profiling and immunofluorescence localization of the major egg antigen p40 of schistosoma japonicum in the liver of infected new zealand white rabbits]. | to examine the expression profile and immunofluorescence localization of the major egg antigen p40 of schistosoma japonicum (sjp40) during granuloma formation in the liver of infected new zealand white rabbits. | 2015 | 26111679 |
| one-step enzymatic modification of the cell surface redirects cellular cytotoxicity and parasite tropism. | surface display of engineered proteins has many useful applications. the expression of a synthetic chimeric antigen receptor composed of an extracellular tumor-specific antibody fragment linked to a cytosolic activating motif in engineered t cells is now considered a viable approach for the treatment of leukemias. the risk of de novo tumor development, inherent in the transfer of genetically engineered cells, calls for alternative approaches for the functionalization of the lymphocyte plasma mem ... | 2015 | 25360987 |
| yeast three-hybrid screen identifies tgbradin/gra24 as a negative regulator of toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite differentiation. | differentiation of the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii into its latent bradyzoite stage is a key event in the parasite's life cycle. compound 2 is an imidazopyridine that was previously shown to inhibit the parasite lytic cycle, in part through inhibition of parasite cgmp-dependent protein kinase. we show here that compound 2 can also enhance parasite differentiation, and we use yeast three-hybrid analysis to identify tgbradin/gra24 as a parasite protein that interacts directly or indirectl ... | 2015 | 25789621 |
| toxoplasma gondii vps11, a subunit of hops and corvet tethering complexes, is essential for the biogenesis of secretory organelles. | apicomplexan parasites harbour unique secretory organelles (dense granules, rhoptries and micronemes) that play essential functions in host infection. toxoplasma gondii parasites seem to possess an atypical endosome-like compartment, which contains an assortment of proteins that appear to be involved in vesicular sorting and trafficking towards secretory organelles. recent studies highlighted the essential roles of many regulators such as rab5a, rab5c, sortilin-like receptor and syntaxin-6 in se ... | 2015 | 25640905 |
| protein-protein interaction studies provide evidence for electron transfer from ferredoxin to lipoic acid synthase in toxoplasma gondii. | the only known redox system in the apicoplast, a plastid-like organelle of apicomplexan parasites, is ferredoxin and ferredoxin-associated reductase. ferredoxin donates electrons to different enzymes, presumably including lipoate synthase (lipa), which is essential for fatty acid biosynthesis. we recombinantly expressed and characterized lipa from the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii, generated lipa-specific antibodies and confirmed the apicoplast localization of lipa. electron transfer from ... | 2015 | 25433292 |
| polarization of macrophages induced by toxoplasma gondii and its impact on abnormal pregnancy in rats. | toxoplasma gondii infection is the leading cause of fetal intrauterine growth retardation among the five kinds of pathogens termed as torch, including toxoplasma, rubella virus, cytomegalo virus, herpes virus and others during pregnancy. pathogens infect the fetus through the placenta. t. gondii infection may result in congenital toxoplasmosis, miscarriage, stillbirth, and preemie, and increase pregnancy complications. adaptive immune response induced by t. gondii infection stimulates t cells an ... | 2015 | 25496968 |
| involvement of toxoplasma gondii in reproductive disorders in swiss pig farms. | to determine the role of toxoplasma gondii in reproductive failure, 108 of 113 sows that had aborted or delivered stillborn or weak piglets from 58 swiss farms were serologically tested for specific antibodies against t. gondii tachyzoite antigens by elisa. additionally, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 123 foetuses or stillborn piglets derived from 25 seropositive and 27 seronegative sows were analyzed by real-time pcr for t. gondii dna. tissues from animals showing a positive ... | 2015 | 25456854 |
| ribosomal protein p2 localizes to the parasite zoite-surface and is a target for invasion inhibitory antibodies in toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium falciparum. | in the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum, the conserved ribosomal stalk protein p2 (pfp2) exhibits extra-ribosomal stage-specific oligomerization and trafficking to the host red cell membrane. antibodies directed against pfp2 arrested cell division. we sought to examine whether p2 from a closely related apicomplexan parasite, toxoplasma gondii, exhibits similar properties in terms of its oligomeric status as well as such unique host-cell localization. circular dichroism spectroscopy of rec ... | 2015 | 25280460 |
| prevalence and risk factors for active convulsive epilepsy in kintampo, ghana. | epilepsy is common in sub-saharan africa, but there is little data in west africa, to develop public health measures for epilepsy in this region. | 2015 | 26401223 |
| multivariate pls modeling of apicomplexan fabd-ligand interaction space for mapping target-specific chemical space and pharmacophore fingerprints. | biomolecular recognition underlying drug-target interactions is determined by both binding affinity and specificity. whilst, quantification of binding efficacy is possible, determining specificity remains a challenge, as it requires affinity data for multiple targets with the same ligand dataset. thus, understanding the interaction space by mapping the target space to model its complementary chemical space through computational techniques are desirable. in this study, active site architecture of ... | 2015 | 26535573 |
| guanabenz repurposed as an antiparasitic with activity against acute and latent toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that persists as a chronic infection. toxoplasma evades immunity by forming tissue cysts, which reactivate to cause life-threatening disease during immune suppression. there is an urgent need to identify drugs capable of targeting these latent tissue cysts, which tend to form in the brain. we previously showed that translational control is critical during infections with both replicative and latent forms of toxoplasma. here we report that guanabenz, an f ... | 2015 | 26303803 |
| congenital toxoplasmosis and pregnancy malaria detection post-partum: effective diagnosis and its implication for efficient management of congenital infection. | congenital toxoplasmosis (ct) and pregnancy malaria (pm) have been individually reported to cause severe negative outcomes in pregnancies but the diagnostic method is still debatable. this study sought to estimate the prevalence of pm and ct single and co-infections in pregnant women by using various specimens including plasma and placental tissues. genomic dna extracted from the placenta, cord blood or blood of mothers was tested by pcr. conventional method of immunodiagnosis was done for ct. w ... | 2015 | 26264261 |
| disassembly activity of actin-depolymerizing factor (adf) is associated with distinct cellular processes in apicomplexan parasites. | proteins of the actin-depolymerizing factor (adf)/cofilin family have been shown to be crucial for the motility and survival of apicomplexan parasites. however, the mechanisms by which adf proteins fulfill their function remain poorly understood. in this study, we investigate the comparative activities of adf proteins from toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium falciparum, the human malaria parasite, using a conditional t. gondii adf-knockout line complemented with adf variants from either species. we ... | 2015 | 26157165 |
| parasite calcineurin regulates host cell recognition and attachment by apicomplexans. | apicomplexans invade a variety of metazoan host cells through mechanisms involving host cell receptor engagement and secretion of parasite factors to facilitate cellular attachment. we find that the parasite homolog of calcineurin, a calcium-regulated phosphatase complex central to signal transduction in eukaryotes, also contributes to host cell invasion by the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and related toxoplasma gondii. using reverse-genetic and chemical-genetic approaches, we determin ... | 2015 | 26118996 |
| 152 molten globule behavior of apicomplexan protein p2 from plasmodium falciparum and toxoplasma gondii. | 2015 | 26103363 | |
| conditional u1 gene silencing in toxoplasma gondii. | the functional characterisation of essential genes in apicomplexan parasites, such as toxoplasma gondii or plasmodium falciparum, relies on conditional mutagenesis systems. here we present a novel strategy based on u1 snrnp-mediated gene silencing. u1 snrnp is critical in pre-mrna splicing by defining the exon-intron boundaries. when a u1 recognition site is placed into the 3'-terminal exon or adjacent to the termination codon, pre-mrna is cleaved at the 3'-end and degraded, leading to an effici ... | 2015 | 26090798 |
| [progresses on antitumor immune mechanisms of protozoon]. | a variety of protozoons (amoeba, trypanosoma cruzi, eimeria, plasmodium falciparum and toxoplasma gondii, etc.) can activate and regulate the human immune system, change tumor-induced immunosuppression, and enhance the anti-tumor immune response. this paper reviews the effects of protozoon on cellular and humoral immunity, the tumor microenvironment in tumor-bearing organisms, and reveals the antitumor immune mechanisms of protozoon. | 2015 | 26080531 |
| characterisation of a babesia orientalis apical membrane antigen, and comparison of its orthologues among selected apicomplexans. | in the present study, we identified and characterised the complete coding sequence of babesia orientalis apical membrane antigen 1 (designated bo-ama1); it is 1803bp in length and encodes a polypeptide of 601 amino acids (aa). the bo-ama-1 gene product (bo-ama1) is predicted to be 67kda in size and contains a signal peptide. mature bo-ama1 is predicted to have one transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail (c-terminal domain). the extracellular part of bo-ama1 has three functional domains ... | 2015 | 25732411 |
| identification of potent phosphodiesterase inhibitors that demonstrate cyclic nucleotide-dependent functions in apicomplexan parasites. | apicomplexan parasites, including plasmodium falciparum and toxoplasma gondii, the causative agents of severe malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively, undergo several critical developmental transitions during their lifecycle. most important for human pathogenesis is the asexual cycle, in which parasites undergo rounds of host cell invasion, replication, and egress (exit), destroying host cell tissue in the process. previous work has identified important roles for protein kinase g (pkg) and prote ... | 2015 | 25555060 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and toxocara canis among patients with uveitis. | to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and toxocara canis in patients with uveitis. | 2015 | 24131311 |