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the influence of ultrasonic treatment on the growth of the strains of salmonella enterica subs. typhimurium.this study proposes the destruction of pathogenic bacteria with the use of ultrasound waves because the more commonly used thermal processing methods often result in lowering the nutritional value of food. the study presents the impact of ultrasound of 20, 40 and 100 khz frequencies and the power of 10.5 w/cm(2) on the growth of the strain of salmonella enterica subs. typhimurium. the tests were carried out both in chilled and non-chilled treatment mediums, with an average bacterial population > ...201728740277
shape analysis of the htra rna thermometer from salmonella enterica.rna thermometers regulate expression of prokaryotic genes involved in heat shock response or in virulence of pathogenic bacteria such as yersinia, neisseria, and salmonella they function through temperature-dependent conformational changes in the mrnas in which they reside. most rna thermometers are found in the 5'-untranslated region (utr) of the mrna, where they modulate availability of the ribosome-binding site. we have used shape (selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension) ...201728739676
feed withdrawal and transportation effects on salmonella enterica levels in market-weight pigs.feed withdrawal and transport commonly occur together in pigs. objectives of this study were to determine if these preslaughter stressors, feed withdrawal and transportation, affect the levels of , stress hormone concentrations, and immune functions in infected market pigs. a 2 × 2 factorial analysis of a randomized complete block design with feed withdrawal and transport as fixed effects was used. sixty market-weight pigs were individually inoculated with serovar typhimurium. the experiment was ...201728727113
draft genome sequences of two strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium displaying different virulence in an experimental chicken model.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains 22495 and 22792, obtained from wild birds, were found to display different virulence attributes in an experimental chicken model. closed genome sequences were assembled after sequencing with the roche 454 and illumina miseq platforms. an additional plasmid was present in the more virulent strain 22495.201728183752
effect of chitosan physical form on its antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria.the antibacterial activity of chitosan (cs) nanospheres, in comparison with other physical forms, was investigated against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus, which are 2 foodborne harmful pathogens. results showed that the antibacterial efficacy of cs nanospheres: (1) was superior to that displayed by cs in powder and solution form; (2) was higher against s. aureus than against salmonella typhimurium; and (3) was dependent on the temperature and ph of the medium d ...201728140469
determination of o:4 antigen-antibody affinity level in o:5 antigen positive and negative variants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has two serological variants, one that expresses the o:5 antigen (1,4,5,12:i:1,2), and one that lacks o:5 antigen (1,4,12:i:1,2). for serotyping, s. typhimurium is agglutinated by diagnostic o:4 antigen serum. this study was carried out to compare the antigen-antibody affinity of o:4 antigen in s. typhimurium χ3306 o:5-positive and s. typhimurium χ3306 o:5-negative strains. the affinity of o:4 antigen with o:4 antigen serum was found to be ...201728369258
allograft inflammatory factor 1 is a regulator of transcytosis in m cells.m cells in follicle-associated epithelium (fae) are specialized antigen-sampling cells that take up intestinal luminal antigens. transcription factor spi-b regulates m-cell maturation, but the molecules that promote transcytosis within m cells are not fully identified. here we show that mouse allograft inflammatory factor 1 (aif1) is expressed by m cells and contributes to m-cell transcytosis. fae in aif1(-/-) mice has suppressed uptake of particles and commensal bacteria, compared with wild-typ ...201728224999
gut microbiota-mediated protection against diarrheal infections.the mammalian gut microbiota is a highly abundant and diverse microbial community that resides in the gastrointestinal tract. one major benefit that the gut microbiota provides to its host is colonization resistance-the ability to prevent colonization by foreign microbes, including diarrheal pathogens such as clostridium difficile , salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and diarrheagenic escherichia coli .201728520994
antibacterial activity of crude extracts of some south african medicinal plants against multidrug resistant etiological agents of diarrhoea.this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of some plants used in folklore medicine to treat diarrhoea in the eastern cape province, south africa.201728629407
direct and inverted repeat stimulated excision (direx): simple, single-step, and scar-free mutagenesis of bacterial genes.the need for generating precisely designed mutations is common in genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology. here, i describe a new λ red recombineering method (direct and inverted repeat stimulated excision; direx) for fast and easy generation of single point mutations, small insertions or replacements as well as deletions of any size, in bacterial genes. the method does not leave any resistance marker or scar sequence and requires only one transformation to generate a semi-stable intermedi ...201728854250
anti-aging activities of extracts from tunisian medicinal halophytes and their aromatic constituents.six medicinal halophytes widely represented in north africa and commonly used in traditional medicine were screened for pharmacological properties to set out new promising sources of natural ingredients for cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. thus, citrullus colocynthis, cleome arabica, daemia cordata, haloxylon articulatum, pituranthos scoparius and scorzonera undulata were examined for their in vitro antioxidant (dpph scavenging and superoxide anion-scavenging, β-carotene bleaching inhibit ...201728827992
comparative sequence analysis of multidrug-resistant inca/c plasmids from salmonella enterica.determinants of multidrug resistance (mdr) are often encoded on mobile elements, such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons, which have the potential to transfer among foodborne pathogens, as well as to other virulent pathogens, increasing the threats these traits pose to human and veterinary health. our understanding of mdr among salmonella has been limited by the lack of closed plasmid genomes for comparisons across resistance phenotypes, due to difficulties in effectively separating the dna ...201728824587
functional analysis of genes encoded by the locus of heat resistance (lhr) in escherichia coli.the locus of heat resistance (lhr) is a 15 - 19 kb genomic island conferring exceptional heat resistance to organisms in the family enterobacteriaceae including pathogenic strains of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli the complement of lhr-encoded genes that is necessary for heat resistance and the stress- or growth-phase induced expression of lhr-encoded genes are unknown. this study determined the contribution of the 7 lhr-encoded genes yfdx1gi, yfdx2, hdedgi, orf11, trxgi, kefb, and psi ...201728802266
novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in salmonella and escherichia coli, italy 2013, spain and belgium, 2015 to 2016.a novel mcr colistin resistance gene was identified in a strain of salmonella enterica, monophasic variant of serovar typhimurium (4,5,12:i:- ), isolated from a pig at slaughter in italy in 2013, and in escherichia coli strains collected during routine diagnostic of post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs from spain and belgium in 2015 and 2016. immediate implementation of mcr-screening including this novel gene variant is required for salmonella and e. coli from humans and food-producing animals in euro ...201728797329
construction of an inactivated typhoid vaccine candidate expressing escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit and evaluation of its immunogenicity in a murine model.typhoid fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi has contributed to the global public health burden, particularly in developing countries. in this study, an s. typhi ghost was developed and its capacity as a vaccine candidate against typhoid fever was assessed.201728792376
rho protein: roles and mechanisms.at the end of the multistep transcription process, the elongating rna polymerase (rnap) is dislodged from the dna template either at specific dna sequences, called the terminators, or by a nascent rna-dependent helicase, rho. in escherichia coli, about half of the transcription events are terminated by the rho protein. rho utilizes its rna-dependent atpase activities to translocate along the mrna and eventually dislodges the rnap via an unknown mechanism. the transcription elongation factor nusg ...201728731845
serum albumin and osmolality inhibit bdellovibrio bacteriovorus predation in human serum.we evaluated the bactericidal activity of bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, strain hd100, within blood sera against bacterial strains commonly associated with bacteremic infections, including e. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and salmonella enterica. tests show that b. bacteriovorus hd100 is not susceptible to serum complement or its bactericidal activity. after a two hour exposure to human sera, the prey populations decreased 15- to 7,300-fold due to the serum complement activity while, in contrast, the ...201728725056
role of the inner-membrane histidine kinase rcsc and outer-membrane lipoprotein rcsf in the activation of the rcs phosphorelay signal transduction system in escherichia coli.the rcs phosphorelay signal transduction system of escherichia coli controls genes for capsule production and many other envelope-related functions and is implicated in biofilm formation. the outer-membrane lipoprotein rcsf is an essential component of the rcs system. mislocalization of rcsf to the periplasm or the cytoplasmic membrane leads to high activation of the rcs system, suggesting that rcsf functions by interacting with the cytoplasmic membrane component(s) of the system in activating t ...201728691662
purification and characterization of an atpase gsia from salmonella enterica.the coding sequence of salmonella enterica gsia was cloned and expressed in e. coli. the protein was purified and atpase activity was characterized by nadh oxidation method. gsia exhibited optimum activity at 30°c and at ph 8 in tris/hcl buffer. gsia protein was stable at 20°c. 66% and 44% activity remained after incubation at 30°c and 40°c for 30 min. ph 7 and ph 9 incubation would obviously reduce the atpase activity. in vivo functionality of gsia was determined by constructing gene deletion s ...201728691022
super-cationic carbon quantum dots synthesized from spermidine as an eye drop formulation for topical treatment of bacterial keratitis.we have developed a one-step method to synthesize carbon quantum dots (cqdpas) from biogenic polyamines (pas) as an antibacterial agent for topical treatment of bacterial keratitis (bk). cqds synthesized by direct pyrolysis of spermidine (spd) powder through a simple dry heating treatment exhibit a solubility and yield much higher than those from putrescine and spermine. we demonstrate that cqds obtained from spds (cqdspds) possess effective antibacterial activities against non-multidrug-resista ...201728677399
host and pathogen copper-transporting p-type atpases function antagonistically during salmonella infection.copper is an essential yet potentially toxic trace element that is required by all aerobic organisms. a key regulator of copper homeostasis in mammalian cells is the copper-transporting p-type atpase atp7a, which mediates copper transport from the cytoplasm into the secretory pathway, as well as copper export across the plasma membrane. previous studies have shown that atp7a-dependent copper transport is required for killing phagocytosed escherichia coli in a cultured macrophage cell line. in th ...201728652309
emergence of drug resistant bacteria at the hajj: a systematic review.hajj is the annual mass gathering of muslims, and is a reservoir and potential source of bacterial transmission. the emergence of bacterial transmission, including multi-drug resistance (mdr) bacteria, during hajj has not been systematically assessed.201728652197
epigallocatechin gallate inhibits the type iii secretion system of gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria under model conditions.epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), a major polyphenol in green tea, inhibits the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (epec and ehec, respectively), salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and yersinia pseudotuberculosis. the inhibitory effect causes the inhibition of hemolysis, cell invasion, cell adhesion and apoptosis, which are functions of the type iii secretion device. in the case of epec, espb accumulates in the cells. rt-pcr showed th ...201728651361
gut microbiota, nitric oxide, and microglia as prerequisites for neurodegenerative disorders.regulating fluctuating endogenous nitric oxide (no) levels is necessary for proper physiological functions. aberrant no pathways are implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including alzheimer's disease (ad) and parkinson's disease. the mechanism of no in oxidative and nitrosative stress with pathological consequences involves reactions with reactive oxygen species (e.g., superoxide) to form the highly reactive peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide, hypochloride ions and hydroxyl radical. n ...201728640632
atp-synthesis capacity of pulsed light-exposed bacteria.the ability of four different bacteria to synthesize new atp upon exposure to different doses of pulsed-light (pl) irradiation was investigated. the bacterial cells were pl treated on a gel surface, resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (pbs) and subsequently incubated in tryptic soy broth (tsb) at 37°c. cellular atp levels were monitored during a 2h incubation period and compared to the respective colony count data. although pl affected atp production in a dose dependent manner, the results ...201728629639
anaerobic cysteine degradation and potential metabolic coordination in salmonella enterica and escherichia coli.salmonella enterica has two cyur-activated enzymes that degrade cysteine, i.e., the aerobic cdsh and an unidentified anaerobic enzyme; escherichia coli has only the latter. to identify the anaerobic enzyme, transcript profiling was performed for e. coli without cyur and with overexpressed cyur thirty-seven genes showed at least 5-fold changes in expression, and the cyupa (formerly yhaom) operon showed the greatest difference. homology suggested that cyup and cyua represent a cysteine transporter ...201728607157
comparison of methods for detection of plasmid-mediated and chromosomally encoded colistin resistance in enterobacteriaceae.because of the emergence of plasmid-mediated (mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes) and chromosomally encoded colistin resistance, reliable methods for detecting colistin resistance/susceptibility in routine laboratories are required. we evaluated the respective performances of the bd phoenix automated system, the newly developed rapid polymyxin np test and the broth microdilution (bmd) reference method to detect colistin resistance in enterobacteriaceae, and particularly those producing mcr-1 and mcr-2.201728606644
oxidation of phosphorothioate dna modifications leads to lethal genomic instability.genomic modification by sulfur in the form of phosphorothioate (pt) is widespread among prokaryotes, including human pathogens. apart from its physiological functions, pt sulfur has redox and nucleophilic properties that suggest effects on bacterial fitness in stressful environments. here we show that pts are dynamic and labile dna modifications that cause genomic instability during oxidative stress. in experiments involving isotopic labeling coupled with mass spectrometry, we observed sulfur re ...201728604692
bdm-mediated regulation of flagellar biogenesis in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.synthesis of the flagellar apparatus in escherichia coli is mediated via complex regulatory pathways. a previous study indicated that the protein encoded by the biofilm-dependent modulation (bdm) gene is linked closely with a regulatory pathway for flagellar assembly. however, the specific role of bdm in flagellar biogenesis remains unknown. herein, we showed that bdm interacts with flgm and inhibits its function as an anti-σ28 factor, which induces the transcription of flagellar late-class gene ...201728603807
a functional metagenomic analysis of tetracycline resistance in cheese bacteria.metagenomic techniques have been successfully used to monitor antibiotic resistance genes in environmental, animal and human ecosystems. however, despite the claim that the food chain plays a key role in the spread of antibiotic resistance, metagenomic analysis has scarcely been used to investigate food systems. the present work reports a functional metagenomic analysis of the prevalence and evolution of tetracycline resistance determinants in a raw-milk, blue-veined cheese during manufacturing ...201728596758
a versatile toolbox for the control of protein levels using n(ε)-acetyl-l-lysine dependent amber suppression.the analysis of the function of essential genes in vivo depends on the ability to experimentally modulate levels of their protein products. current methods to address this are based on transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of mrnas, but approaches based on the exploitation of translation regulation have so far been neglected. here we describe a toolbox, based on amber suppression in the presence of n(ε)-acetyl-l-lysine (ack), for translational tuning of protein output. we chose the ...201728594177
the rcs-regulated colanic acid capsule maintains membrane potential in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the rcs phosphorelay and psp (phage shock protein) systems are envelope stress responses that are highly conserved in gammaproteobacteria. the rcs regulon was found to be strongly induced during metal deprivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lacking the psp response. nineteen genes activated by the rcsa-rcsb response regulator make up an operon responsible for the production of colanic acid capsular polysaccharide, which promotes biofilm development. despite more than half a centur ...201728588134
the ubik protein is an accessory factor necessary for bacterial ubiquinone (uq) biosynthesis and forms a complex with the uq biogenesis factor ubij.ubiquinone (uq), also referred to as coenzyme q, is a widespread lipophilic molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes in which it primarily acts as an electron carrier. eleven proteins are known to participate in uq biosynthesis in escherichia coli, and we recently demonstrated that uq biosynthesis requires additional, nonenzymatic factors, some of which are still unknown. here, we report on the identification of a bacterial gene, yqic, which is required for efficient uq biosynthesis, and whic ...201728559279
phage applications for improving food safety and infection control in egypt.the study investigated the use of bacteriophages to control bacterial contamination of chicken skin, eggs, tomatoes and meat.201728557189
inhibitor-assisted high-pressure inactivation of bacteria in skim milk.the combined inactivation effects of high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) and antimicrobial compounds (potassium sorbate and ε-polylysine [ε-pl]) on 4 different bacterial strains present in skim milk and the effect of these treatments on milk quality were investigated in this study. hhp treatment at 500 mpa for 5 min reduced the populations of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus from 6.5 log colony-forming units (cfus) or higher to less ...201728556370
label-free biosensing of salmonella enterica serovars at single-cell level.the emerging nanotechnologies have greatly facilitated the development of label-free biosensors. the atomic force microscopy (afm) has been used to study the molecular mechanism of the reactions for protein and aptamers. the surface plasmon resonance (spr) have been used in fast detections of various pathogens such as bacteria. this study used both afm and spr to investigate the complex reactions between aptamers and outer membrane proteins (omps) on the surface of s. typhimurium.201728514955
anco3, a new member of the emerging family of phage-like plasmids.a phage-like plasmid isolated from a clinical isolate of salmonella enterica serovar derby has strong nucleotide sequence identity to the phage-like plasmids pstm_phi isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium l495, anco1 and anco2 from escherichia coli 243 and escherichia coli 244, and the virulent salmonella-specific ssu5 bacteriophage.201728495760
identification of the potentiating mutations and synergistic epistasis that enabled the evolution of inter-species cooperation.microbes often engage in cooperation through releasing biosynthetic compounds required by other species to grow. given that production of costly biosynthetic metabolites is generally subjected to multiple layers of negative feedback, single mutations may frequently be insufficient to generate cooperative phenotypes. synergistic epistatic interactions between multiple coordinated changes may thus often underlie the evolution of cooperation through overproduction of metabolites. to test the import ...201728493869
attachment and biofilm formation by selected strains of salmonella enterica and entrohemorrhagic escherichia coli of fresh produce origin.this study compared the abilities of selected salmonella enterica and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) strains of fresh produce origin to form biofilms on polystyrene surface and to attach to alfalfa and bean sprouts. each of the 7 s. enterica and 4 ehec inocula (2 ml; 10(7) cfu/ml) was placed in 6 different broths in 24-well polystyrene tissue culture plates at 28 °c for 1 to 7 d. developed biofilms were quantified using the crystal violet binding assay. in a separate experiment, alfal ...201728493317
the c-terminus of ribosomal protein us4 contributes to small ribosomal subunit biogenesis and the fidelity of translation.ribosomal protein us4 is an essential ribosomal component involved in multiple functions, including mrna decoding. structural analyses indicate that during decoding, the interface between the c-terminus of us4 and protein us5 is disrupted and in agreement with this, c-terminal us4 truncation mutants are readily isolated on the basis of their increased miscoding phenotypes. the same mutants can also display defects in small subunit assembly and 16s rrna processing and some are temperature sensiti ...201728483689
the response to 2-aminoacrylate differs in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, despite shared metabolic components.the metabolic network of an organism includes the sum total of the biochemical reactions present. in microbes, this network has an impeccable ability to sense and respond to perturbations caused by internal or external stimuli. the metabolic potential (i.e., network structure) of an organism is often drawn from the genome sequence, based on the presence of enzymes deemed to indicate specific pathways. escherichia coli and salmonella enterica are members of the enterobacteriaceae family of gram-n ...201728461448
prevalence and pathogen load of campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157/o145 serogroup in sheep faeces collected at sale yards and in abattoir effluent in western australia.develop a multiplex quantitative pcr assay to investigate the prevalence and shedding of escherichia coli o157/o145, salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. in sheep at sale yards and abattoirs.201728444752
the legacy of genetic analysis advances contemporary research with escherichia coli k-12 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2.escherichia coli k-12 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 became standard organisms for genetic analysis during the truman administration. half a century later, genetic analysis with these strains had become an art form, interpreted through 23 articles in the ambitious two-volume masterpiece edited by the late fred neidhardt and colleagues. these legacy articles now are available through ecosal plus, so as to inform and inspire contemporary genetic analyses in these standard organism ...201728443537
transport and attenuation of salmonella enterica, fecal indicator bacteria and a poultry litter marker gene are correlated in soil columns.millions of tons of fecal-contaminated poultry litter are applied to u.s. agricultural fields annually. precipitation and irrigation facilitate transport of fecal-derived pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (fib) to groundwater. the goal of this study was to compare transport of pathogens, fib, and a microbial source tracking marker gene for poultry litter (la35) in a simulated soil-to-groundwater system. nine laboratory soil columns containing four different soil types were used to evaluate ...201728441599
genomic analysis of factors associated with low prevalence of antibiotic resistance in extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli sequence type 95 strains.extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli (expec) strains belonging to multilocus sequence type 95 (st95) are globally distributed and a common cause of infections in humans and domestic fowl. st95 isolates generally show a lower prevalence of acquired antimicrobial resistance than other pandemic expec lineages. we took a genomic approach to identify factors that may underlie reduced resistance. we fully assembled genomes for four st95 isolates representing the four major fimh-based lineages w ...201728405633
convergence of dna methylation and phosphorothioation epigenetics in bacterial genomes.explosive growth in the study of microbial epigenetics has revealed a diversity of chemical structures and biological functions of dna modifications in restriction-modification (r-m) and basic genetic processes. here, we describe the discovery of shared consensus sequences for two seemingly unrelated dna modification systems, (6m)a methylation and phosphorothioation (pt), in which sulfur replaces a nonbridging oxygen in the dna backbone. mass spectrometric analysis of dna from escherichia coli b ...201728400512
natural product discovery from the human microbiome.human-associated microorganisms have the potential to biosynthesize numerous secondary metabolites that may mediate important host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. however, there is currently a limited understanding of microbiome-derived natural products. a variety of complementary discovery approaches have begun to illuminate this microbial "dark matter," which will in turn allow detailed mechanistic studies of the effects of these molecules on microbiome and host. herein, we review re ...201728389564
multidrug-resistant salmonellae isolated in japanese quails reared in abeokuta, nigeria.salmonellosis is a major bacterial disease causing huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. this study was carried out to determine the period prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella enterica in japanese quails in abeokuta, nigeria. four hundred cloacal swabs of quail birds were collected from 4 locations within abeokuta. salmonella was isolated from the samples using conventional methods for selective isolation of salmonella and biochemical identification. isola ...201728717851
seabirds (laridae) as a source of campylobacter spp., salmonella spp. and antimicrobial resistance in south africa.zoonotic thermophilic campylobacter and nontyphoidal salmonella enterica are a major cause of foodborne human gastroenteritis worldwide. there is little information about reservoirs of these zoonotic agents in africa. thus, chicks of kelp gulls (larus dominicanus, n=129) and greater crested terns (thalasseus bergii, n=100) were studied at five colonies on the western cape coast (south africa) during summer 2013/2014. campylobacter spp. occurrence was 14.0% (ci95% : 9.9-19.3), with c. jejuni the ...201728752962
study of antimicrobial resistance and physiological biomarkers with special reference to salmonellosis in diarrheic foals in punjab, pakistan.antimicrobial resistance results in selective colonization in animals. in the present study, 447 diarrheic foals (235 horse foals, 165 donkey foals and 47 mule foal) were selected from lahore and sahiwal districts of punjab, pakistan. fresh fecal and blood samples from diarrheic foals were collected for isolation and confirmation of salmonella polymerase chain reaction. results revealed that 50 (11.25%) foals (horse n=29, donkey n=12 and mule n=9) were positive. fifty salmonella enterica isolate ...201728784420
application of maldi-tof ms fingerprinting as a quick tool for identification and clustering of foodborne pathogens isolated from food products.foodborne pathogens can be associated with a wide variety of food products and it is very important to identify them to supply safe food and prevent foodborne infections. since traditional techniques are time-consuming and laborious, this study was designed for rapid identification and clustering of foodborne pathogens isolated from various restaurants in al-qassim region, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ...201728825446
antimicrobial property of lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) oil against pathogenic bacteria isolated from pet turtles.the usage of essential oils as antimicrobial agents is gaining attention. besides, pet turtles were known to harbor a range of pathogenic bacteria while the turtle keeping is a growing trend worldwide.the current study examined the antimicrobial activity of lemon grass oil (lgo) against seven species of gram negative bacteria namely; aeromonas hydrophila, a. caviae, citrobacter freundii, salmonella enterica, edwardsiella tarda, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and proteus mirabilis isolated from three po ...201728747972
novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in escherichia coli.the mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 has attracted global attention, as it heralds the breach of polymyxins, one of the last-resort antibiotics for the treatment of severe clinical infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. to date, six slightly different variants of mcr-1, and a second mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-2, have been reported or annotated in the genbank database. here, we characterized a third mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-3 the gene coexisted ...201728655818
antagonistic properties of some halophilic thermoactinomycetes isolated from superficial sediment of a solar saltern and production of cyclic antimicrobial peptides by the novel isolate paludifilum halophilum.this study has focused on the isolation of twenty-three halophilic actinomycetes from two ponds of different salinity and the evaluation of their ability to exert an antimicrobial activity against both their competitors and several other pathogens. from the 23 isolates, 18 strains showed antagonistic activity, while 19 showed activities against one or more of the seven pathogen strains tested. six strains exhibited consistent antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive pathoge ...201728819625
application of long amplicon propidium monoazide-pcr to assess the effects of temperature and background microbiota on pathogens in river water.the decay rates of enteric waterborne pathogens were evaluated following the introduction of yersinia enterocolitica, salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni and arcobacter butzleri into river water at different temperatures (5, 15 and 25°c) for a period of 28 days. to improve the accuracy of the results a molecular viability assay, long amplicon propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (pma-pcr), was used to quantify the viable cell concentration and results from pcr with and without pma ...201728598346
antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of brunfelsia uniflora flower oleoresin extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide.brunfelsia genus is traditionally utilized in popular medicine due to its antibacterial and antifungal properties to name but a few. however, studies on the antimicrobial activity of brunfelsia uniflora flower oleoresin have not been found yet. this study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of b. uniflora flower oleoresin obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide. oleoresin from the plant dried flowers was obtained by carbon dioxide, and the chemical composition ...201728407186
in bacillus subtilis, the sata (formerly yyar) acetyltransferase detoxifies streptothricin via lysine acetylation.soil is a complex niche, where survival of microorganisms is at risk due to the presence of antimicrobial agents. many microbes chemically modify cytotoxic compounds to block their deleterious effects. streptothricin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by streptomycetes that affects gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria alike. here we identify the sata (for streptothricin acetyltransferase a, formerly yyar) enzyme of bacillus subtilis as the mechanism used by this soil bacterium to detoxi ...201728842538
cyclohexene-fused 1,3-oxazines with selective antibacterial and antiparasitic action and low cytotoxic effects.oxazine derivatives, a class of heterocyclic compounds, exhibit a variety of biological properties, such as anticonvulsant and antitumor activities. in this study, we evaluated the effect of two cyclohexene-fused 1,3-oxazines (cis‑1-benzyl-n-phenyl-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-3,1-benzoxazin-2-imine (1) and trans‑n-phenyl-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-3,1-benzoxazin-2-imine (2)) in cultures of bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella enterica, serratia mar ...201728755871
detection of eight foodborne bacterial pathogens by oligonucleotide array hybridization.simultaneous and rapid detection of multiple foodborne bacterial pathogens is important for the prevention of foodborne illnesses.201728713514
anti-biofilm effects of anthranilate on a broad range of bacteria.anthranilate, one of tryptophan degradation products has been reported to interfere with biofilm formation by pseudomonas aeruginosa. here, we investigated the effects of anthranilate on biofilm formation by various bacteria and the mechanisms responsible. anthranilate commonly inhibited biofilm formation by p. aeruginosa, vibrio vulnificus, bacillus subtilis, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus, and disrupted biofilms preformed by these bacteria. because anthranil ...201728819217
defensin-neurotoxin dyad in a basally-branching metazoan sea anemone.recent studies suggest that vertebrate and invertebrate defensins have evolved from two independent ancestors, and that both defensins could share origins with animal toxins. here, we purified novel sea anemone neurotoxin (bds)-like antimicrobial peptides (amps)-crassicorin-i and its putative homolog (crassicorin-ii)-from the pharynx extract of an anthozoan sea anemone (urticina crassicornis). based on structural analyses and cdna cloning, mature crassicorin-i represents a cationic amp likely ge ...201728796463
getting "inside" type i ifns: type i ifns in intracellular bacterial infections.type i interferons represent a unique and complex group of cytokines, serving many purposes during innate and adaptive immunity. discovered in the context of viral infections, type i ifns are now known to have myriad effects in infectious and autoimmune disease settings. type i ifn signaling during bacterial infections is dependent on many factors including whether the infecting bacterium is intracellular or extracellular, as different signaling pathways are activated. as such, the repercussions ...201728529959
anti-cancer drug hmba acts as an adjuvant during intracellular bacterial infections by inducing type i ifn through sting.the anti-proliferative agent hexamethylene bisacetamide (hmba) belongs to a class of hybrid bipolar compounds developed more than 30 y ago for their ability to induce terminal differentiation of transformed cells. recently, hmba has also been shown to trigger hiv transcription from latently infected cells, via a cdk9/hmba inducible protein-1 dependent process. however, the effect of hmba on the immune response has not been explored. we observed that pretreatment of human peripheral blood mononuc ...201728827286
the antimicrobial spectrum of xeroform(®).xeroform(®) is a petrolatum-based fine mesh gauze containing 3% bismuth tribromophenate. bismuth, similar to other metals, has antimicrobial properties. xeroform(®) has been used for decades in burn and plastic surgery as a donor site dressing and as a covering for wounds or partial thickness burns. despite this, the antimicrobial spectrum of xeroform(®) remains largely unknown. we examined the in-vitro efficacy of xeroform(®) against common burn pathogens using zone-of-inhibition methodology in ...201728641915
nleb/ssek effectors from citrobacter rodentium, escherichia coli, and salmonella enterica display distinct differences in host substrate specificity.many gram-negative bacterial pathogens use a syringe-like apparatus called a type iii secretion system to inject virulence factors into host cells. some of these effectors are enzymes that modify host proteins to subvert their normal functions. nleb is a glycosyltransferase that modifies host proteins with n-acetyl-d-glucosamine to inhibit antibacterial and inflammatory host responses. nleb is conserved among the attaching/effacing pathogens enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec), enteropatho ...201728522607
genetic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum based on characterization and evolution of crispr sequence.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (s. pullorum) is the cause of pullorum disease, characterized by white diarrhea, which leads to high mortality in poultry. in this study, we aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 655 s. pullorum strains from 1962 to 2015 in china, europe, and south america. a sequence typing scheme based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) was used to reveal the genetic relationships among these strains in this study. ove ...201728619172
improved antimicrobial activity of pediococcus acidilactici against salmonella gallinarum by uv mutagenesis and genome shuffling.pediococcus acidilactici is a widely used probiotic, and salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. in this study, we improved the antimicrobial activity of p. acidilactici against sg using uv mutation and genome shuffling (gs). to improve antimicrobial activity against sg, uv mutagenesis was performed against wild-type p. acidilactici (wt), and five mutants showed improved antimicrobial activity. to further improve antimicrobial activity, gs w ...201728470335
evaluation of dermal wound healing activity and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a new exopolysaccharide produced by lactobacillus sp.ca6.the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities and the in vivo wound healing performance of a noval exopolysaccharides (eps-ca6) produced by lactobacillus sp.ca6 strain. the results showed that eps-ca6 had a potential antioxidant activity determined through four different assays: dpph scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching by linoleic acid assay, and metal chelating activities. it also exhibited significant antibacterial activity agai ...201728495632
quinolone susceptibility and genetic characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles.turtle-borne salmonella enterica owns significance as a leading cause in human salmonellosis. the current study aimed to determine the quinolone susceptibility and the genetic characteristics of 21 strains of s. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles. susceptibility of four antimicrobials including nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin was examined in disk diffusion and mic tests where the majority of the isolates were susceptible to all tested quinolones. in gen ...201728747968
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strain spe101, isolated from a chronic human infection.we report a 4.99-mb draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strain spe101, isolated from feces of a 5-month-old breast-fed female showing diarrhea associated with severe dehydration and malnutrition. the infection prolonged for 6 months despite antibiotic treatment.201728729277
draft genome sequences of 256 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from humans, food, chickens, and farm environments in brazil.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis emerged in the late 1980s as the most isolated salmonella serovar worldwide. here, we report the draft genomes of 256 s enteritidis strains isolated from humans, food, chickens, and farm environments in brazil. these draft genomes will help enhance our understanding of this serovar in brazil.201728705959
relationship of triamine-biocide tolerance of salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg to antimicrobial susceptibility, serum resistance and outer membrane proteins.a new emerging phenomenon is the association between the incorrect use of biocides in the process of disinfection in farms and the emergence of cross-resistance in salmonella populations. adaptation of the microorganisms to the sub-inhibitory concentrations of the disinfectants is not clear, but may result in an increase of sensitivity or resistance to antibiotics, depending on the biocide used and the challenged salmonella serovar. exposure of five salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar se ...201728696348
complete genome sequences of two salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from egg products in the united states.egg-associated salmonellosis is an important public health problem in many countries. here, we report the genome sequences, including plasmids, of two strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis isolated from egg products in 2012 and 2013 in the united states. this will provide more information and insight into the research about egg-associated salmonellosis.201728663302
in vitro and in vivo generation of heterophil extracellular traps after salmonella exposure.the release of extracellular traps (ets) by granulocytes is a unique strategy to stop the dissemination of microbial pathogens. this study was undertaken to elucidate the potential of avian granulocytes (heterophils) to form ets that can arrest and kill salmonella organisms. after in vitro exposure of isolated heterophils and in vivo infection of day-old chicks with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars infantis (si) or enteritidis (se), the generation of ets as well as the trapping and s ...201728615122
in vitro characterization of lactobacillus plantarum strains with inhibitory activity on enteropathogens for use as potential animal probiotics.the present study evaluates the probiotic properties of three lactobacillus plantarum strains mjm60319, mjm60298, and mjm60399 possessing antimicrobial activity against animal enteric pathogens. the three strains did not show bioamine production, mucinolytic and hemolytic activity and were susceptible to common antibiotics. the l. plantarum strains survived well in the simulated orogastrointestinal transit condition and showed adherence to caco-2 cells in vitro. the l. plantarum strains showed s ...201728611498
a role for the tetraspanin proteins in salmonella infection of human macrophages.infected macrophages play a role in the dissemination of salmonella and may serve as a reservoir of infection in asymptomatic carriers. however, relatively little is known about the early molecular interactions of the bacteria with these cells. we have recently shown that members of the tetraspanin family of membrane proteins are involved in the initial adhesion of a range of bacteria to host cells. this study investigated the role of tetraspanins in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar t ...201728602860
molecular subtyping of salmonella typhimurium with multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr (mol-pcr).a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr (mol-pcr) assay is a valuable high-throughput technique for the detection of bacteria and viruses, for characterization of pathogens and for diagnosis of genetic diseases, as it allows one to combine different types of molecular markers in a high-throughput multiplex assay. a mol-pcr assay starts with a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation reaction for detection of the molecular marker, followed by a singleplex pcr for signal amplification and analysis of t ...201728600761
histopathology case definition of naturally acquired salmonella enterica serovar dublin infection in young holstein cattle in the northeastern united states.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin ( salmonella dublin) is a host-adapted bacterium that causes high morbidity and mortality in dairy cattle worldwide. a retrospective search of archives at the new york animal health diagnostic center revealed 57 culture-confirmed salmonella dublin cases from new york and pennsylvania in which detailed histology of multiple tissues was available. tissues routinely submitted by referring veterinarians for histologic evaluation included sections of ...201728599615
what were the risk factors and trends in antimicrobial resistance for enteric fever in london 2005-2012?a study was undertaken to determine the risk factors and trends in antimicrobial resistance for enteric fever.201728590238
next generation sequencing-based multigene panel for high throughput detection of food-borne pathogens.contamination of food by chemicals or pathogenic bacteria may cause particular illnesses that are linked to food consumption, commonly referred to as foodborne diseases. bacteria are present in/on various foods products, such as fruits, vegetables and ready-to-eat products. bacteria that cause foodborne diseases are known as foodborne pathogens (fbps). accurate detection methods that are able to reveal the presence of fbps in food matrices are in constant demand, in order to ensure safe foods wi ...201728578266
quantitative risk assessment of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne infections in humans due to recombinant bovine somatotropin usage in dairy cows.recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst) is a production-enhancing technology that allows the dairy industry to produce milk more efficiently. concern has been raised that cows supplemented with rbst are at an increased risk of developing clinical mastitis, which would potentially increase the use of antimicrobial agents and increase human illnesses associated with antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens delivered through the dairy beef supply. the purpose of this study was to conduct a quanti ...201728574304
complete genome sequences of three salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar saintpaul isolates associated with a 2013 multistate outbreak in the united states.in 2013, a multistate outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar saintpaul from cucumber caused 84 cases of salmonellosis in the united states. in this announcement, we report the complete genome sequences of three clinical salmonella saintpaul isolates associated with the 2013 outbreak.201728572327
susceptibility of salmonella biofilm and planktonic bacteria to common disinfectant agents used in poultry processing.poultry contaminated with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica are a major cause of zoonotic foodborne gastroenteritis. salmonella heidelberg is a common serotype of salmonella that has been implicated as a foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of improperly prepared chicken. to better understand the effectiveness of common antimicrobial disinfectants (i.e., peroxyacetic acid [paa], acidified hypochlorite [ach], and cetylpyridinium chloride [cpc]), environmental isolates of nontyphoi ...201728561639
mitigation of salmonella on pet food kibbles by using liquid and powdered 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid.in recent years, several pet food recalls have been attributed to salmonella contamination. in addition to the negative impacts on animal health, salmonella-contaminated pet foods have been linked to infection in humans. with that in mind, the u.s. food and drug administration has set forth a zero-tolerance policy for salmonella in pet foods. typically, pet foods are extruded or processed at high temperatures that are sufficient to reduce pathogenic bacteria. however, the possibility for postext ...201728561638
ca(2+) in hybridization solutions for fluorescence in situ hybridization facilitates the detection of enterobacteriaceae.fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) has been employed to identify microorganisms at the single cell level under a microscope. extensive efforts have been made to improve and extend the fish technique; however, the development of a widely applicable protocol is a continuing challenge. the present study evaluated the effects of divalent cations in the hybridization solution on the fish-based detection of various species of bacteria and archaea with rrna-targeted probes. a flow cytometric ana ...201728515389
temporal genomic phylogeny reconstruction indicates a geospatial transmission path of salmonella cerro in the united states and a clade-specific loss of hydrogen sulfide production.salmonella cerro has become one of the most prevalent salmonella serotypes isolated from dairy cattle in several u.s. states, including new york where it represented 36% of all salmonella isolates of bovine origin in 2015. this serotype is commonly isolated from dairy cattle with clinical signs of salmonellosis, including diarrhea and fever, although it has also been identified in herds without evidence of clinical disease or decreased production. to better understand the transmission patterns a ...201728507536
emergence of multidrug resistance in locally-acquired human infections with salmonella typhimurium in australia owing to a new clade harbouring blactx-m-9.antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal salmonella is a critical problem globally, with the emergence of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3gcs) a particular concern. the aim of this study was to use whole-genome sequencing (wgs) to characterise recently identified human and non-human isolates of 3gc-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium from australia. the illumina nextseq sequencing platform was used to determine the genome sequences of 78 s. typhimur ...201728476613
draft genome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strains isolated from chicken and swine carcasses in two distinct geographical regions from rio de janeiro state, brazil.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is a surveyed worldwide serotype with well-characterized genomes for several different strains. in brazil, very few studies have submitted whole-genome sequences to genbank. this genome may be useful to analyze the genetic mechanisms comparable to those of other related studies conducted in brazil and globally.201728450502
sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria exposed to gamma radiation emitted from hot soils of the high background radiation areas of ramsar, northern iran.over the past several years our laboratories have investigated different aspects of the challenging issue of the alterations in bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics induced by physical stresses.201728432369
genotypic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella heidelberg isolated from chickens and turkeys in the midwestern united states.salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne illnesses in humans in the united states, and domestic poultry is considered an important source of this pathogen. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar heidelberg is the fourth most commonly reported salmonella from retail meats and food animals in the united states. we assessed the genotypes and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of salmonella heidelberg isolated from various chicken and turkey hatcheries and breeder farms in the ...201728430086
safety, protective immunity, and diva capability of a rough mutant salmonella pullorum vaccine candidate in broilers.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (salmonella pullorum) is highly adapted to chickens causing an acute systemic disease that results in high mortality. vaccination represents one approach for promoting animal health, food safety and reducing environmental persistence in salmonella control. an important consideration is that salmonella vaccination in poultry should not interfere with the salmonellosis monitoring program. this is the basis of the diva (differen ...201728424675
dynamics of mono- and dual-species biofilm formation and interactions between staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria.microorganisms are not commonly found in the planktonic state but predominantly form dual- and multispecies biofilms in almost all natural environments. bacteria in multispecies biofilms cooperate, compete or have neutral interactions according to the involved species. here, the development of mono- and dual-species biofilms formed by staphylococcus aureus and other foodborne pathogens such as salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis, potentially pathogenic raoultella planticola a ...201728401747
susceptibility of salmonella enterica isolates from tomato farm environments to fatty acids naturally found on tomato fruit.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica can colonize tomato fruit as it interacts with fruit surface compounds. the exometabolome of tomato fruit contains a mixture of compounds, including fatty acids, which could affect salmonella fitness. fatty acids detected in fruit exudates were investigated for salmonella inhibition. pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, margaric, stearic, and oleic acids were suspended in water dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) or emulsified in water and quillaja sapon ...201728398868
the expanding targetome of small rnas in salmonella typhimurium.the enterobacterial pathogen salmonella has long served as a model for bacterial pathogenesis, stress response, gene expression and regulation with extensive investigation involving protein function. with the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies and their applications in genomics and transcriptomics, a wealth of data particularly with respect to small rnas (srnas) is being generated. these molecules serve as regulators of major stress response and virulence networks in diverse speci ...201728302471
impact of acanthamoeba cysts on stress resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica 4/o:3, listeria monocytogenes 1/2a, and escherichia coli o:26.the formation of robust resting cysts enables acanthamoeba to resist harsh environmental conditions. this study investigated to what extent these cysts are resistant to physical and chemical stresses as applied in food industry cleaning and disinfection procedures. moreover, it was assessed whether certain intracystic meat-borne bacterial pathogens are more stress resistant than free-living bacterial monocultures and if intracystic passage and subsequent association with trophozoites induces cro ...201728526786
sequence-based identification of inositol monophosphatase-like histidinol-phosphate phosphatases (hisn) in corynebacterium glutamicum, actinobacteria, and beyond.the eighth step of l-histidine biosynthesis is carried out by an enzyme called histidinol-phosphate phosphatase (holpase). three unrelated holpase families are known so far. two of them are well studied: had-type holpases known from gammaproteobacteria like escherichia coli or salmonella enterica and php-type holpases known from yeast and firmicutes like bacillus subtilis. however, the third family of holpases, the inositol monophosphatase (impase)-like holpases, present in actinobacteria like c ...201728720084
metabolic fingerprinting of bacteria by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.bacterial populations exhibit a range of metabolic states influenced by their environment, intra- and interspecies interactions. the identification of bacterial metabolic states and transitions between them in their native environment promises to elucidate community behavior and stochastic processes, such as antibiotic resistance acquisition. in this work, we employ two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (flim) to create a metabolic fingerprint of individual bacteria and populations ...201728623341
evaluation of phenolic profile and antibacterial bioactivities of nigella sativa l. seed extracts.black cumin (nigella sativa l. [n. sativa]) seed extracts demonstrated numerous beneficial biological effects including, among others, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activity. to better understand the phytochemical composition of n. sativa seeds, methanol seed extracts were analyzed for phenolic acid and flavonoid content. furthermore, we tested n. sativa methanol, n-hexane, and aqueous seed extracts for their inhib ...201728590231
regulation of escherichia coli pathogenesis by alternative sigma factor n.σ(n) (also σ(54)) is an alternative sigma factor subunit of the rna polymerase complex that regulates the expression of genes from many different ontological groups. it is broadly conserved in the eubacteria with major roles in nitrogen metabolism, membrane biogenesis, and motility. σ(n) is encoded as the first gene of a five-gene operon including rpon (σ(n)), ptsn, hpf, rapz, and npr that has been genetically retained among species of escherichia, shigella, and salmonella. in an increasing numb ...201728635589
insights into pg-binding, conformational change, and dimerization of the ompa c-terminal domains from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and borrelia burgdorferi.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can induce both humoral and cell-mediated responses when establishing itself in the host. these responses are primarily stimulated against the lipopolysaccharide and major outer membrane (om) proteins. ompa is one of these major om proteins. it comprises a n-terminal eight-stranded β-barrel transmembrane domain and a c-terminal domain (ompa(ctd) ). the ompa(ctd) and its homologs are believed to bind to peptidoglycan (pg) within the periplasm, maintaining b ...201728580643
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