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prenatal exposure to respiratory syncytial virus alters postnatal immunity and airway smooth muscle contractility during early-life reinfections.maternal viral infections can have pathological effects on the developing fetus which last long after birth. recently, maternal-fetal transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was shown to cause postnatal airway hyperreactivity (ahr) during primary early-life reinfection; however, the influence of prenatal exposure to rsv on offspring airway immunity and smooth muscle contractility during recurrent postnatal reinfections remains unknown. therefore, we sought to determine whether maternal ...201728178290
[clinical value of a rapid respiratory syncytial virus antigen detection in point-of-care testing].objective: to evaluate the clinical value of a rapid respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen detection in point-of-care testing (poct). method: a total of 209 specimens, including 78 throat swabs (ts) and 131 nasopharyngeal aspirates (npas), were collected from inpatients who visited the children's hospital affiliated to the capital institute of pediatrics and were diagnosed as acute respiratory infection from 5 january to 7 february, 2015. these specimens were tested for rsv by a rapid antige ...201728173654
a narrowing diagnosis: a rare cause of adult croup and literature review.croup or laryngotracheitis is rare in adults. we present a case of an otherwise healthy young woman that presented in the winter with 3 days of increasing dyspnea, cough, and fever. she was hemodynamically stable but was found to have a barking cough, paradoxical abdominal breathing, and stridor. chest radiograph revealed subglottic narrowing. respiratory viral nucleic acid amplification testing was positive for respiratory syncytial virus. the patient was treated with nebulized epinephrine, dex ...201728163937
respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in infants of 28 weeks gestational age and less in the palivizumab era.to obtain data on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) associated hospitalization rates in preterm infants of 28 weeks gestational age and less in the era of palivizumab prophylaxis.201728163166
immune and inflammatory response in bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections in infants.bronchiolitis is a common disease in infancy, mostly due to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus. in addition to acute infection, viral bronchiolitis is responsible for sequelae including recurrent wheezing and asthma. the analysis of the viral characteristics and of the pathogenesis of the infection shows differences between the two viruses that may be helpful for the development of therapies and preventive strategies.201728159510
respiratory syncytial virus infection: an illness for all ages.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the single most important cause of severe respiratory infection in very young infants. it has also been recently recognized as a significant cause of severe illness in elderly adults, those with underlying cardiopulmonary disease, and the immunocompromised. rsv is suspected of playing a major role in the development of asthma. prophylaxis in high-risk infants using a monoclonal antibody is the only effective specific therapy available but recent breakthroughs ...201728159159
vaccines in the prevention of viral pneumonia.pneumonia is of great global public health importance. viral infections play both direct and indirect parts in its cause across the globe. influenza is a leading cause of viral pneumonia in both children and adults, and respiratory syncytial virus is increasingly recognized as causing disease at both extremes of age. vaccination offers the best prospect for prevention but current influenza vaccines do not provide universal and durable protection, and require yearly reformulation. in the future, ...201728159157
respiratory syncytial virus infection induces a subset of types i and iii interferons in human dendritic cells.whether respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) induces severe infantile pulmonary disease may depend on viral strain and expression of types i and iii interferons (ifns). these ifns impact disease severity by inducing expression of many anti-viral ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). to investigate the impact of rsv strain on ifn and isg expression, we stimulated human monocyte-derived dcs (mddcs) with either rsv a2 or line 19 and measured expression of types i and iii ifns and isgs. at 24h, a2 elicited high ...201728157546
caveolae provide a specialized membrane environment for respiratory syncytial virus assembly.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an enveloped virus that assembles into filamentous virus particles on the surface of infected cells. morphogenesis of rsv is dependent upon cholesterol-rich (lipid raft) membrane microdomains, but the specific role of individual raft molecules in rsv assembly is not well defined. here, we show that rsv morphogenesis occurs within caveolar membranes and that both caveolin-1 and cavin-1 (also known as ptrf), the two major structural and functional components of ...201728154158
palivizumab prophylaxis in preterm infants and subsequent recurrent wheezing. six-year follow-up study.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) induces not only infantile recurrent wheezing but also potentially atopic asthma.201728152315
macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: structure-function correlation as inhibitors of influenza infectivity.the requirement for new antiviral therapeutics is an ever present need. particularly lacking are broad spectrum antivirals that have low toxicity. we develop such agents based on macromolecular prodrugs whereby both the polymer chain and the drug released from the polymer upon cell entry have antiviral effects. specifically, macromolecular prodrugs were designed herein based on poly(methacrylic acid) and ribavirin. structure-function parameter space was analyzed via the synthesis of 10 polymer c ...201728043136
an isothermal, label-free, and rapid one-step rna amplification/detection assay for diagnosis of respiratory viral infections.recently, rna viral infections caused by respiratory viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, and middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), and zika virus, are a major public health threats in the world. although myriads of diagnostic methods based on rna amplification have been developed in the last decades, they continue to lack speed, sensitivity, and specificity for clinical use. a rapid and accurate diagnostic method is needed for a ...201727894035
circadian transcription factor bmal1 regulates innate immunity against select rna viruses.bmal1 (brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1, also known as mop3 or arnt3) belongs to the family of the basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh)-pas domain-containing transcription factors, and is a key component of the molecular oscillator that generates circadian rhythms. here, we report that bmal1-deficient cells are significantly more susceptible to infection by two major respiratory viruses of the paramyxoviridae family, namely rsv and piv3. embryonic fibroblasts from bmal1(-/-) mice produced nearly 10 ...201727913791
immunization with low doses of recombinant postfusion or prefusion respiratory syncytial virus f primes for vaccine-enhanced disease in the cotton rat model independently of the presence of a th1-biasing (gla-se) or th2-biasing (alum) adjuvant.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of children previously immunized with a nonlive, formalin-inactivated (fi)-rsv vaccine has been associated with serious enhanced respiratory disease (erd). consequently, detailed studies of potential erd are a critical step in the development of nonlive rsv vaccines targeting rsv-naive children and infants. the fusion glycoprotein (f) of rsv in either its postfusion (post-f) or prefusion (pre-f) conformation is a target for neutralizing antibodies and ...201728148790
a short double-stapled peptide inhibits respiratory syncytial virus entry and spreading.synthetic peptides derived from the heptad repeat (hr) of fusion (f) proteins can be used as dominant negative inhibitors to inhibit the fusion mechanism of class i viral f proteins. here, we have performed a stapled-peptide scan across the hr2 domain of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f protein with the aim to identify a minimal domain capable of disrupting the formation of the postfusion six-helix bundle required for viral cell entry. constraining the peptides with a single staple was no ...201728137809
characteristics of rsv-specific maternal antibodies in plasma of hospitalized, acute rsv patients under three months of age.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause for respiratory illness that requires hospitalization in infancy. high levels of maternal antibodies can protect against rsv infection. however, rsv-infected infants can suffer from severe disease symptoms even in the presence of high levels of rsv-specific antibodies. this study analyzes several serological characteristics to explore potential deficiencies or surpluses of antibodies that could relate to severe disease symptoms. we compare s ...201728135305
a novel pre-fusion conformation-specific neutralizing epitope on the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains a major human pathogen, infecting the majority of infants before age two and causing re-infection throughout life. despite decades of rsv research, there is no licensed rsv vaccine. most candidate vaccines studied to date have incorporated the rsv fusion (f) surface glycoprotein, because the sequence of f is highly conserved among strains of rsv. to better define the human b cell response to rsv f, we isolated from a single donor 13 new neutralizing huma ...201728134924
the diagnosis and management of respiratory viral infections in cystic fibrosis.respiratory viruses, such as those that cause influenza and the common cold, are a regular feature of life for the entire human population. among people with cf, these viruses are associated with prolonged respiratory illness and show a clear association with pulmonary exacerbations which in turn are associated with lung function decline and risk of death. human rhinovirus is the most commonly encountered respiratory viral pathogen in cf although adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, influenza, pa ...201728132571
virus-like particle vaccines containing f or f and g proteins confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus without pulmonary inflammation in cotton rats.vaccine-enhanced disease has been a major obstacle in developing a safe vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). this study demonstrates the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of virus-like particle (vlp) vaccines containing rsv f (f vlp), g (g vlp), or f and g proteins (fg vlp) in cotton rats. rsv specific antibodies were effectively induced by vaccination of cotton rats with f vlp or fg vlp vaccines. after challenge, lung rsv clearance was observed with rsv f, g, fg vlp, and formal ...201728129031
educating parents about the vaccination status of their children: a user-centered mobile application.parents are often uncertain about the vaccination status of their children. in times of vaccine hesitancy, vaccination programs could benefit from active patient participation. the vaccination app (vaccapp) was developed by the vienna vaccine safety initiative, enabling parents to learn about the vaccination status of their children, including 25 different routine, special indication and travel vaccines listed in the who immunization certificate of vaccination (who-icv). between 2012 and 2014, t ...201728127527
high flow nasal cannula (hfnc) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (ncpap) for the initial respiratory management of acute viral bronchiolitis in young infants: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (tramontane study).nasal continuous positive airway pressure (ncpap) is currently the gold standard for respiratory support for moderate to severe acute viral bronchiolitis (avb). although oxygen delivery via high flow nasal cannula (hfnc) is increasingly used, evidence of its efficacy and safety is lacking in infants.201728124736
correlation of symptomatic enterovirus infection and later risk of allergic diseases via a population-based cohort study.infants who are exposed to the rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus are at a higher risk of subsequently developing wheezing or asthma. this study aims to determine whether preschoolers with a history of symptomatic enterovirus infection are at an increased risk of developing allergic diseases or not.we used data from the taiwan national health insurance research database from 1999 to 2006 for this nationwide population-based cohort study. the subsequent risks for allergic diseases, which i ...201728121929
lower respiratory tract diseases caused by common respiratory viruses among stem cell transplantation recipients: a single center experience in korea.to describe the incidence, clinical courses, and risk factors for mortality of lower respiratory tract diseases (lrds) caused by common respiratory viruses (crvs) in stem cell transplantation (sct) recipients.201728120567
use of an automated nested multiplex respiratory pathogen pcr panel postmortem in the pediatric forensic setting.respiratory pathogens have been detected in forensic investigations using multiple techniques; however, no study has examined the use of automated, nested, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (anm-pcr), commonly used in living patients, in the forensic setting. this retrospective study assessed the utility of anm-pcr in detecting respiratory pathogens in the pediatric forensic setting. respiratory samples from 35 cases were tested for up to 20 respiratory pathogens. 51.4% of these cases yielded ...201728120330
in vitro screening for antiviral activity of turkish plants revealing methanolic extract of rindera lanata var. lanata active against human rotavirus.human rotavirus (hrov) is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children under the age of five years. no specific antiviral drug is available for hrov infections and the treatment of viral diarrhea is mainly based on rehydration and zinc treatment. in this study, we explored medicinal plants endemic to turkey flora as a source of anti-hrov compunds.201728118832
impact of viral respiratory pathogens on outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.viral respiratory infection is commonly considered a relative contraindication to elective cardiac surgery. we aimed to determine the frequency and outcomes of symptomatic viral respiratory infection in pediatric cardiac surgical patients.201728114162
age-specific profiles of antibody responses against respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most prevalent causative agents of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide, especially in infants around 3 to 4months old. infants at such a young age have maternally-transferred passive antibodies against rsv but do not have active immune systems efficient enough for the control of rsv infection. in order to elucidate age-specific profiles of immune responses against rsv protection, antibody responses were examined by using blood samples in b ...201728111238
neutrophil subset responses in infants with severe viral respiratory infection.neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells recruited to the respiratory tract as part of the innate immune response to viral infections. recent reports indicate the existence of distinct functional neutrophil subsets in the circulatory compartment of adults, following severe inflammatory conditions. here, we evaluated the occurrence of neutrophil subsets in blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid during severe viral respiratory infection in infants based on cd16/cd62l expression. we show ...201728108365
recent sequence variation in probe binding site affected detection of respiratory syncytial virus group b by real-time rt-pcr.direct immuno-fluorescence test (ifat) and multiplex real-time rt-pcr have been central to rsv diagnosis in kilifi, kenya. recently, these two methods showed discrepancies with an increasing number of pcr undetectable rsv-b viruses.201728107671
first versus second year respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in chronic lung disease (2005-2015).children aged <2 years with chronic lung disease (cld) have a 10-fold higher risk for respiratory syncytial virus-positive hospitalization (rsvh) compared to healthy term infants. based on the updated position statements, we compared respiratory-related illness hospitalization (rih) and rsvh risks in cld children who received palivizumab during the first year (fy) versus second year (sy) of life in the canadian registry of palivizumab (caress). demographic data were collected at enrolment and ri ...201728105526
respiratory syncytial virus, infants and intensive therapy.the aims of this study were to determine the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and to assess the clinical features of the disease in infants with acute low respiratory tract infection hospitalized at pediatric intensive care units (picu) of two university teaching hospitals in são paulo state, brazil. nasopharyngeal secretions were tested for the rsv by the polymerase chain reaction. positive and negative groups for the virus were compared in terms of evolution under intensive care ( ...201722358363
cholesterol is required for stability and infectivity of influenza a and respiratory syncytial viruses.cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane are considered to play a major role in the enveloped virus lifecycle. however, the functional role of cholesterol in assembly, infectivity and stability of respiratory rna viruses is not fully understood. we previously reported that depletion of cellular cholesterol by cholesterol-reducing agents decreased production of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv1) particles by inhibiting virus assembly. in this study, we analyzed the ro ...201728750327
mammalian diaphanous-related formin-1 restricts early phases of influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in llc-mk2 cells by affecting cytoskeleton dynamics.viruses depend on cellular machinery to efficiently replicate. the host cytoskeleton is one of the first cellular systems hijacked by viruses in order to ensure their intracellular transport and promote the development of infection. our previous results demonstrated that stable microfilaments and microtubules interfered with human influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in semi-permissive llc-mk2 cells. although formins play a key role in cytoskeletal remodelling, few studies addressed a possi ...201728744815
mirna-200c-3p is crucial in acute respiratory distress syndrome.influenza infection and pneumonia are known to cause much of their mortality by inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), which is the most severe form of acute lung injury (ali). angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), which is a negative regulator of angiotensin ii in the renin-angiotensin system, has been reported to have a crucial role in ali. downregulation of ace2 is always associated with the ali or ards induced by avian influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona ...201728690868
inhibition of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus by a peptide derived from vflip through its direct destabilization of viruses.the antiviral activities of synthesized kα2-helix peptide, which was derived from the viral flice-like inhibitor protein (vflip) of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), against influenza a virus (iav) were investigated in vitro and in vivo, and mechanisms of action were suggested. in addition to the robust autophagy activity of the kα2-helix peptide, the present study showed that treatment with the kα2 peptide fused with the tat peptide significantly inhibited iav replication and tran ...201728687749
broad-spectrum inhibition of common respiratory rna viruses by a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor with involvement of the host antiviral response.our previous screening of 50 240 structurally diverse compounds led to the identification of 39 influenza a virus infection inhibitors (kao r.y., yang d., lau l.s., tsui w.h., hu l. et al. nat biotechnol 2010;28:600-605). further screening of these compounds against common respiratory viruses led to the discovery of compound fa-613. this inhibitor exhibited low micromolar antiviral activity against various influenza a and b virus strains, including the highly pathogenic influenza a strains h5n1 ...201728555543
multicenter clinical evaluation of the luminex aries flu a/b & rsv assay for pediatric and adult respiratory tract specimens.influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are three common viruses implicated in seasonal respiratory tract infections and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults and children worldwide. in recent years, an increasing number of commercial molecular tests have become available to diagnose respiratory viral infections. the luminex aries flu a/b & rsv assay is a fully automated sample-to-answer molecular diagnostic assay for the detection of influenza a, influen ...201728539342
respiratory viral infections are underdiagnosed in patients with suspected sepsis.the study aim was to investigate the prevalence and clinical relevance of viral findings by multiplex pcr from the nasopharynx of clinically septic patients during a winter season. during 11 weeks of the influenza epidemic period in january-march 2012, consecutive adult patients suspected to be septic (n = 432) were analyzed with cultures from blood and nasopharynx plus multiplex pcr for respiratory viruses on the nasopharyngeal specimen. the results were compared with those from microbiology an ...201728516200
inflammatory responses regulating alveolar ion transport during pulmonary infections.the respiratory epithelium is lined by a tightly balanced fluid layer that allows normal o2 and co2 exchange and maintains surface tension and host defense. to maintain alveolar fluid homeostasis, both the integrity of the alveolar-capillary barrier and the expression of epithelial ion channels and pumps are necessary to establish a vectorial ion gradient. however, during pulmonary infection, auto- and/or paracrine-acting mediators induce pathophysiological changes of the alveolar-capillary barr ...201728458673
a metagenomics study for the identification of respiratory viruses in mixed clinical specimens: an application of the iterative mapping approach.metagenomic approaches to detect viral genomes and variants in clinical samples have various challenges, including low viral titers and bacterial and human genome contamination. to address these limitations, we examined a next-generation sequencing (ngs) and iterative mapping approach for virus detection in clinical samples. we analyzed 40 clinical specimens from hospitalized children diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis, croup, or respiratory tract infections in which virus identification by vira ...201728424887
antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against influenza a (h1n1/h3n2) virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase.lonicera japonica thunb, rich in chlorogenic acid (cha), is used for viral upper respiratory tract infection treatment caused by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus, ect in china. it was reported that cha reduced serum hepatitis b virus level and death rate of influenza virus-infected mice. however, the underlying mechanisms of cha against the influenza a virus have not been fully elucidated. here, the antiviral effects and potential mechanisms of cha against in ...201728393840
the genetic stability of piv5-vectored rsv vaccine candidates after in vitro and in vivo passage.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading etiologic agent of lower respiratory tract infections in children, but no licensed vaccine exists. previously, our laboratory developed two parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5)-based rsv vaccine candidates that protect mice against rsv challenge. piv5 was engineered to express either the rsv fusion protein (f) or the rsv major attachment glycoprotein (g) between the hn and l genes of the piv5 genome [piv5-rsv-f (hn-l) or piv5-rsv-g (hn-l)]. to inves ...201728747497
parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) expressing wild-type or pre-fusion respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein protect mice and cotton rats from rsv challenge.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of pediatric bronchiolitis and hospitalizations. rsv can also cause severe complications in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. there is no licensed vaccine. we previously generated a piv5-vectored vaccine candidate expressing the rsv fusion protein (f) that was immunogenic and protective in mice. in this work, our goal was to improve the original vaccine candidate by modifying the piv5 vector or by modifying the rsv-f antigen. ...201728747496
respiratory virus infection up-regulates trpv1, trpa1 and asics3 receptors on airway cells.receptors implicated in cough hypersensitivity are transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (trpv1), transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily a, member 1 (trpa1) and acid sensing ion channel receptor 3 (asic3). respiratory viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and measles virus (mv) may interact directly and/or indirectly with these receptors on sensory nerves and epithelial cells in the airways. we used in vitro models of sensory neurones (shsy5y or differentiated imr ...201728187208
human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viral infections during pregnancy and birth, nepal.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a respiratory virus that can cause severe lower respiratory tract disease and even death, primarily in young children. the incidence and characteristics of hmpv have not been well described in pregnant women. as part of a trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural southern nepal, we conducted prospective, longitudinal, home-based active surveillance for febrile respiratory illness during pregnancy through 6 months postpartum. during 2011-2014, hmpv was dete ...201728726613
prolonged viral replication and longitudinal viral dynamic differences among respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infected infants.longitudinal rsv dynamics have not been well-studied despite existence of factors favoring prolonged rsv replication including: high mutation rates allowing rapid evolution and potential escape from immune control. we therefore measured viral load in previously rsv-naïve infants over prolonged time-spans.201728723886
a critical role of gas6/axl signal in allergic airway responses during rsv vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common virus that causes lower respiratory infections across a wide range of ages. a licensed rsv vaccine is not available because vaccination with formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) and the subsequent rsv infection cause not only insufficient induction of neutralizing antibodies but also severe allergic airway responses, termed fi-rsv vaccine enhanced disease (fi-rsv ved). however, the underlying mechanism has not been identified, although a th2-biased immu ...201728722020
burden and seasonality of viral acute respiratory tract infections among outpatients in southern sri lanka.in tropical and subtropical settings, the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory tract infections varies widely between countries. we determined the etiology, seasonality, and clinical presentation of viral acute respiratory tract infections among outpatients in southern sri lanka. from march 2013 to january 2015, we enrolled outpatients presenting with influenza-like illness (ili). nasal/nasopharyngeal samples were tested in duplicate using antigen-based rapid influenza testing and multiplex p ...201728719323
severity of pneumonia in under 5-year-old children from developing countries: a multicenter, prospective, observational study.pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children. the objectives were to evaluate the microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries, to identify predictors of hypoxemia, and to characterize factors associated with in-hospital mortality. a multicenter, observational study was conducted in five hospitals, from india (lucknow, vadu), madagascar (antananarivo), mali (bamako), and paraguay (san lorenzo). children aged 2-60 months wit ...201728719310
severe viral respiratory infections in children with ifih1 loss-of-function mutations.viral respiratory infections are usually mild and self-limiting; still they exceptionally result in life-threatening infections in previously healthy children. to investigate a potential genetic cause, we recruited 120 previously healthy children requiring support in intensive care because of a severe illness caused by a respiratory virus. using exome and transcriptome sequencing, we identified and characterized three rare loss-of-function variants in ifih1, which encodes an rig-i-like receptor ...201728716935
modulation of the transcription factor nf-κb in antigen-presenting cells by bovine respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic protein.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is an important cause of respiratory disease in young cattle and is closely related to human rsv (hrsv), which causes severe respiratory disease in infants and the elderly. the rsv genome encodes a small hydrophobic (sh) protein with viroporin activity. previous studies have shown that recombinant brsv lacking the sh gene (rbrsvδsh) is attenuated in the lungs, but not in the upper respiratory tract, of calves and mucosal vaccination with rbrsvδsh induced ...201728714847
emergence of on1 genotype of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a in china between 2011 and 2015.a molecular epidemiological study of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) was conducted to examine the distribution of its subgroups and genotypes, as well as to identify its transmission pattern in china. a total of 705 samples collected from 9 provinces in china between january 2008 and february 2015 were identified as hrsv-positive and were subsequently sequenced. of these, 336 samples were hrsv subgroup a (hrsva), 368 samples were hrsv subgroup b (hrsvb), and 1 sample contained both hrsv ...201728710393
advances in asthma 2016: designing individualized approaches to management.in this years advances in asthma review we discuss viral infections in asthma and potential therapeutic agents, the microbiome, novel genetic associations with asthma, air quality and climate effects on asthma, exposures during development and long term sequelae of childhood asthma, patient centered outcome research, and precision medicine. in addition, we discuss application of biomarkers to precision medicine, and new information on asthma medications. new evidence indicates that rhinovirus-tr ...201728709967
effectiveness of palivizumab in high-risk infants and children: a propensity score weighted regression analysis.infants with premature birth ≤35 weeks gestational age, chronic lung disease of prematurity and congenital heart disease are at an increased risk for lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), which has been shown in randomized trials to be prevented by palivizumab. however, palivizumab effectiveness (pe) has not been studied in a large clinical setting.201728709160
identification of two novel functional trna-derived fragments induced in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in children from infancy up to early childhood. recently, we demonstrated that rsv infection alters cellular small non-coding rna (sncrna) expression, most notably the trna-derived rna fragments (trfs). however, the functions of the trfs in virus-host interaction are largely unknown. herein, we examined the role of three rsv-induced trfs derived from the 5-end of mature trnas decoding glyccc, lysct ...201728708049
viral etiology, seasonality and severity of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infections in the eastern mediterranean region, 2007-2014.little is known about the role of viral respiratory pathogens in the etiology, seasonality or severity of severe acute respiratory infections (sari) in the eastern mediterranean region.201728704440
costs of hospitalization with respiratory syncytial virus illness among children aged <5 years and the financial impact on households in bangladesh, 2010.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute respiratory illness in young children and results in significant economic burden. there is no vaccine to prevent rsv illness but a number of vaccines are in development. we conducted this study to estimate the costs of severe rsv illness requiring hospitalization among children <5 years and associated financial impact on households in bangladesh. data of this study could be useful for rsv vaccine development and also the value of va ...201728702175
a novel host factor for human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of severe lower respiratory disease in young children worldwide. as part of a genome-wide sirna screen, we recently discovered that actin-related protein 2 (arp2) is a host factor in the rsv replication cycle. arp2 is a major constituent of the arp2/3 complex, which catalyzes actin polymerization involved in cell morphology and motility. in the course of investigating this finding, we also found that rsv infection of human lung e ...201728702128
nanoparticles increase human bronchial epithelial cell susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus infection via nerve growth factor-induced autophagy.cytotoxic and neuroinflammatory effects of tio2 nanoparticles (tio2-np) in human airways are mediated by nerve growth factor (ngf), which is also implicated in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we tested the hypothesis that exposure to tio2-np results in increased susceptibility to rsv infection and exacerbation of airway inflammation via ngf-mediated induction of autophagy in lower respiratory tract cells. human primary bronchial epithelial cells were exposed t ...201728701524
an interaction of lps and rsv infection in augmenting the ahr and airway inflammation in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in children under 5 years of age, especially infants with severe bronchiolitis. our preliminary clinical experiments showed that bacterial colonization was commonly observed in children with virus-induced wheezing, particularly in those with recurrent wheezing, suggesting that bacterial colonization with an accompanying viral infection may contribute to disease severity. in most cases, rsv-in ...201728695368
systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of combined epinephrine and corticosteroid therapy for acute bronchiolitis in infants.objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of combined epinephrine and corticosteroid therapy for acute bronchiolitis in infants. methods: four electronic databases (medline, embase, cinahl, and central) were searched from their inception to february 28, 2017 for studies involving infants aged less than 24 months with bronchiolitis which assessed the use of epinephrine and corticosteroid combination therapy. the methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the cochrane collabo ...201728690542
determining the burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease: the known and the unknown. 201728689665
global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study.we have previously estimated that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was associated with 22% of all episodes of (severe) acute lower respiratory infection (alri) resulting in 55 000 to 199 000 deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2005. in the past 5 years, major research activity on rsv has yielded substantial new data from developing countries. with a considerably expanded dataset from a large international collaboration, we aimed to estimate the global incidence, hospital admission rate, ...201728689664
severe respiratory viral infections: new evidence and changing paradigms.lower respiratory tract infection is a leading cause of death in the united states. advances in diagnostic testing have improved our ability to detect pathogens. viral pathogens are important causal pathogens in immunocompetent patients. as the number of elderly adults and those with chronic medical conditions increases, the burden of viral respiratory infections will increase. clinicians must be familiar with the characteristics of rhinovirus, human adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, an ...201728687214
estimating influenza and respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in western kenya using health and demographic surveillance system data, 2007-2013.influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) associated mortality has not been well-established in tropical africa.201728686692
etiology, seasonality, and clinical features of viral respiratory tract infections in children hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis: a single-center study.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the viral frequency, seasonality, and clinical and demographic features of patients hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis. a cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed in 316 infants younger than 2 years of age who were hospitalized for acute viral bronchiolitis. respiratory tract infection agents were investigated with polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 316 infants were included in this study. of the 316 infants, at least one respiratory ...201728680946
dose selection for an adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus f protein vaccine for older adults based on humoral and cellular immune responses.this is the second phase 1 study of a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine containing rsv fusion protein (sf) adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid a in 2% stable emulsion (gla-se). in this randomized, double-blind study (nct02289820, clinicaltrials.gov), 261 subjects aged ≥60 years received inactivated influenza vaccine (iiv) or a vaccine containing 120 μg sf with escalating doses of gla (1, 2.5, or 5 μg) in se or a vaccine containing 80 μg sf with 2.5 μg gla in se. subjects receiving 120 μ ...201728679495
first report of immunohistochemical detection of peste des petit ruminants, parainfluenza 3 and respiratory syncytial viral antigens in lungs of nigerian goats.this study determined the of involvement of ppr, pi3 and rs viruses in the pathology of caprine pneumonia across nigeria. 150 goats were selected randomly. pi3 and rsv monoclonal antibodies and ppr polyclonal antibody were used for the immunolocalisation of the antigens. histologically, 61 of the goats had broncho-interstitial pneumonia, 25 had interstitial pneumonia, 42 had bronchopneumonia, 12 had bronchiolitis and 10 were normal. ppr, pi3 and rs viral antigens were demonstrated in: intact and ...201728679075
respiratory syncytial virus in adults with severe acute respiratory illness in a high hiv prevalence setting.there are limited data on the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness in hiv-infected adults or the elderly in africa. we studied the epidemiology of rsv-associated severe acute respiratory illness (sari) hospitalizations in adults in south africa from 2009 through 2013.201728676408
a functional genomics approach to henipavirus research: the role of nuclear proteins, micrornas and immune regulators in infection and disease.hendra and nipah viruses (family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus) are zoonotic rna viruses that cause lethal disease in humans and are designated as biosafety level 4 (bsl4) agents. moreover, henipaviruses belong to the same group of viruses that cause disease more commonly in humans such as measles, mumps and respiratory syncytial virus. due to the relatively recent emergence of the henipaviruses and the practical constraints of performing functional genomics studies at high levels of contai ...201728674944
respiratory viruses detected in mexican children younger than 5 years old with community-acquired pneumonia: a national multicenter study.acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. pneumonia accounts for 16% of all deaths of children under 5 years of age and was the cause of death of 935000 children in 2015. despite its frequency and severity, information regarding its etiology is limited. the aim of this study was to identify respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in children younger than 5 years old.201728673837
the central conserved region (ccr) of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein modulates host mirna expression and alters the cellular response to infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects respiratory epithelial cells and deregulates host gene expression by many mechanisms including expression of rsv g protein (rsv g). rsv g protein encodes a central conserved region (ccr) containing a cx3c motif that functions as a fractalkine mimic. disruption of the cx3c motif (a.a. 182-186) located in the ccr of the g protein has been shown to affect g protein function in vitro and the severity of rsv disease pathogenesis in vivo. we show that infectio ...201728671606
effects of icariin on asthma mouse model are associated with regulation of prostaglandin d2 level.we aimed to observe the effect of icariin on an asthma mouse model and explore the potential underlying mechanisms.201728669561
seasonal variations of respiratory viruses detected from children with respiratory tract infections in riyadh, saudi arabia.artis have a huge impact in health systems in which 20-30% of all hospital admissions and 30-60% of practitioner visits are related to respiratory tract infections. the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, age distribution, and seasonal variation of respiratory viruses. this study was descriptive retrospective study in which all patients 14 years of age and below who presented with signs and symptoms of artis between january 2013 and december 2014 and had respiratory specimen tested ...201728668655
pulmonary immunity to viruses.mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. as a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory ...201728667071
role of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in asthma exacerbations: where are we now?since its discovery in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been identified as an important cause of respiratory tract infection in young children, second only to the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). clinical evidence suggests that hmpv is associated with acute exacerbations of asthma in both children and adults, and may play a role in initiating asthma development in children. animal models have demonstrated that airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) and inflammation are triggere ...201728667069
structural basis for human respiratory syncytial virus ns1-mediated modulation of host responses.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the paediatric, elderly and immune-compromised populations(1,2). a gap in our understanding of hrsv disease pathology is the interplay between virally encoded immune antagonists and host components that limit hrsv replication. hrsv encodes for non-structural (ns) proteins that are important immune antagonists(3-6); however, the role of these proteins in viral pathogenesis is incompletely understood. here, we ...201728665409
correction: sequence variability of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion gene among contemporary and historical genotypes of rsv/a and rsv/b.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175792.].201728658276
defining the incidence and associated morbidity and mortality of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among children with chronic diseases.regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) has provided a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. this review covers the risk and burden of rsv infection in children with underlying medical conditions or chronic diseases (excluding prematurity and congenital heart disease).201728653300
poly(u) and cpg ameliorate the unbalanced t cell immunity and pneumonia of mice with rsv vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncycial virus (rsv) is the most important pathogen responsible for children's severe lower respiratory tract infection. so far no rsv vaccine has yet been authorized for clinical use. the main impediment that blocked development of rsv vaccine is that inactivated rsv vaccine could cause rsv vaccine-enhanced disease (rved). the mechanism of rved remains unclear. recently some researchers found that insufficient activation of innate immunity, including toll-like receptors (tlrs), mig ...201728652534
preclinical characterization of the inhaled small molecule respiratory syncytial virus l-protein polymerase inhibitor, pc786.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, attempts to develop an effective therapy have so far proved unsuccessful. herein we report the preclinical profiles of pc786, a potent non-nucleoside rsv l-protein polymerase inhibitor, designed for inhalation treatment of rsv infection. pc786 demonstrated a potent and selective anti-viral activity against laboratory adapted or clinical isolates of rsva (ic50: < ...201728652242
sofia(®)rsv: prospective laboratory evaluation and implementation of a rapid diagnostic test in a pediatric emergency ward.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is responsible for severe respiratory infections and higher costs in medical care. the two aims of this work were to assess the performances of sofia(®)rsv tests in "real-life-laboratory" conditions (study 1) and implemented at point-of-care testing in a pediatric emergency department (ed, study 2), during two consecutive winter seasons.201728651525
helper t cell responses to respiratory viruses in the lung: development, virus suppression, and pathogenesis.the lung is an important line of defense that is exposed to respiratory infectious pathogens, including viruses. lung epithelial cells and/or alveolar macrophages are initially targeted by respiratory viruses. once respiratory viruses invade the cells of the lung, innate immunity is activated to inhibit viral replication. innate immune signaling also activates virus-specific adaptive immune responses. the helper t cells play pivotal roles in the humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses. he ...201728650258
respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, weather conditions and air pollution in an italian urban area: an observational study.in this study we sought to evaluate the association between viral bronchiolitis, weather conditions, and air pollution in an urban area in italy.201728647513
development of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines for infants.2017 will mark the 60(th) anniversary since the first isolation of rsv in children. in spite of concerted efforts over all these years, the goal of developing an effective vaccine against paediatric rsv disease has remained elusive. one of the main hurdles standing in the way of an effective vaccine is the fact that the age incidence of severe disease peaks within the first 3 months of life, providing limited opportunity for intervention. in addition to this complexity, the spectre of failed his ...201728646954
molecular epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus in iranian ≥60 years old hospitalized patients with acute respiratory symptoms.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is an important cause of acute respiratory infection (ari) and mortality in ≥60 years old population around the world. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and circulating genotypes of hrsv in iranian patients ≥ 60 years old.201728646846
roles of non-coding rnas in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.analysis of host gene expression profiles following viral infections of target cells/tissues can reveal crucial insights into the host: virus interaction and enables the development of novel therapeutics and prophylactics. regions of the host genome that do not code for protein, encode structural, and functional non-coding rnas that are important not only in regulation of host gene expression but also may impact viral replication. this review summarizes the role of host non-coding rnas during re ...201728646339
national high-flow nasal cannula and bronchiolitis survey highlights need for further research and evidence-based guidelines.high-flow nasal cannula (hfnc) therapy provides noninvasive respiratory support for infant bronchiolitis and its use has increased following good clinical experiences. this national study describes hfnc use in finland during a severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epidemic.201728643443
a new antiviral pregnane from a gorgonian-derived cladosporium sp. fungus.a new pregnane, 3α-hydroxy-7-ene-6,20-dione (1), and five known steroids (2-6), along with one known steroidal glycoside (7) were obtained from the fungus cladosporium sp. wz-2008-0042 cultured from a gorgonian dichotella gemmacea collected from the south china sea. the structure and absolute configuration of the new compound (1) were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data and x-ray diffraction data. the compound has a rare configuration of 3α-oh that is different from most of pregnanes. ...201728641456
viral aetiology of wheezing in children under five.wheezing is a common problem in children under five with acute respiratory infections (aris). viruses are known to be responsible for a considerable proportion of aris in children. this study was undertaken to know the viral aetiology of wheezing among the children less than five years of age, admitted to a tertiary care hospital in eastern india.201728639594
does atopy affect the course of viral pneumonia?the presence of atopy is considered as a risk factor for severe respiratory symptoms in children. the objective of this study was to examine the effect of atopy on the course of disease in children hospitalised with viral pneumonia.201728634031
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in adult emergency department patients: do emergency providers consider rsv as an admission diagnosis?: a retrospective, observational study carried out at massachusetts general hospital, boston, ma.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been recognized for over half a century as a cause of morbidity in infants and children. over the past 20years, data has emerged linking rsv as a cause of illness in adults resulting in 177,000 annual hospitalizations and up to 14,000 deaths among older adults.201728633906
severe viral pneumonia in adults: what is important for the icu physician? 201728633583
analysis of respiratory viral infections detected using multiplex real-time pcr in hwaseong, korea from 2013 to 2015.we investigated the incidences and age-related/seasonal variations of respiratory virus infections in a regional area in korea.201728627819
infections caused by hrsv a on1 are predominant among hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis in são paulo city.human respiratory syncytial virus is the main cause of respiratory infections in infants. several hrsv genotypes have been described. goals. to describe the main genotypes that caused infections in são paulo (2013-2015) and to analyze their clinical/epidemiological features. methods. 94 infants (0-6 months) with bronchiolitis were studied. clinical/epidemiological information was collected; a search for 16 viruses in nasopharyngeal secretion (pcr-real-time and conventional, sequencing, and phylo ...201728626754
preclinical assessment of safety of maternal vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in cotton rats.maternal immunization directed to control rsv infection in newborns and infants is an appealing vaccination strategy currently under development. in this work we have modeled maternal vaccination against rsv in cotton rats (cr) to answer two fundamental questions on maternal vaccine safety. we tested (i), whether a known, unsafe rsv vaccine (i.e., fi-rsv lot 100 vaccine) induces vaccine enhanced disease in the presence of passively transferred, rsv maternal immunity, and (ii) whether the same fi ...201728624306
broad-spectrum inhibition of respiratory virus infection by microrna mimics targeting p38 mapk signaling.the majority of antiviral therapeutics target conserved viral proteins, however, this approach confers selective pressure on the virus and increases the probability of antiviral drug resistance. an alternative therapeutic strategy is to target the host-encoded factors that are required for virus infection, thus minimizing the opportunity for viral mutations that escape drug activity. micrornas (mirnas) are small noncoding rnas that play diverse roles in normal and disease biology, and they gener ...201728624201
clinical course of community-acquired respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in newborns hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit. 201728621252
chd and respiratory syncytial virus: global expert exchange recommendations.palivizumab is the standard immunoprophylaxis against serious disease due to respiratory syncytial virus infection. current evidence-based prophylaxis guidelines may not address certain children with chd within specific high-risk groups or clinical/management settings.201728619123
epitope mapping and kinetics of cd4 t cell immunity to pneumonia virus of mice in the c57bl/6 strain.pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) infection has been widely used as a rodent model to study the closely related human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). while t cells are indispensable for viral clearance, they also contribute to immunopathology. to gain more insight into mechanistic details, novel tools are needed that allow to study virus-specific t cells in c57bl/6 mice as the majority of transgenic mice are only available on this background. while pvm-specific cd8 t cell epitopes were recently ...201728615708
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