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reduction of toxoplasma gondii development due to inhibition of parasite antioxidant enzymes by a dinuclear iron(iii) compound.toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can infect a wide range of vertebrate cells. here, we describe the cytotoxic effects of the dinuclear iron compound [fe(hpcinol)(so4)]2-μ-oxo, in which hpcinol is the ligand 1-(bis-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-amino)-3-chloropropan-2-ol, on t. gondii infecting llc-mk2 host cells. this compound was not toxic to llc-mk2 cells at concentrations of up to 200 μm but was very active against the parasite, with a ...201526392498
toxoplasmosis in sentinel chickens (gallus domesticus) in new england farms: seroconversion, distribution of tissue cysts in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle by bioassay in mice and cats.free-range chickens are a good indicator of soil contamination with oocysts because they feed from the ground and they are also an important source of infection for cats that in turn shed oocysts after eating tissues of intermediate hosts. little is known of the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in chickens. in the present study 90 toxoplasma gondii seronegative, sentinel chickens were placed on three (30 each) swine farms in new england in november, 2003. chickens were bled monthly and their sera w ...201526391819
flt3 ligand is essential for survival and protective immune responses during toxoplasmosis.dendritic cells (dcs) are critical for resistance to toxoplasma gondii, and infection with this pathogen leads to increased numbers of dcs at local sites of parasite replication and in secondary lymphoid organs, but the factors that regulate this expansion are poorly understood. the cytokine flt3 ligand (flt3l) is critical for the generation and maintenance of dcs, and flt3l(-/-) mice were found to be highly susceptible to acute toxoplasmosis. this phenotype correlated with decreased production ...201526385522
contribution of il6 -174 g>c and il1b +3954 c>t polymorphisms to congenital infection with toxoplasma gondii.the purpose of this investigation was the determination of the distribution of genotypes and alleles, residing within interleukin 6 (il6) and interleukin 1 (il1) polymorphisms, among fetuses and neonates, congenitally infected with toxoplasma gondii, and among uninfected control cases. the study included 22 fetuses and newborns infected with t. gondii and 49 control cases. screening for igg and igm antibodies against the parasite and igg avidity was performed by enzyme-linked fluorescent assay ( ...201526385345
toxoplasma gondii serology and outcomes after heart transplantation: contention in the literature.toxoplasma gondii is an endemic pathogen to which approximately half of healthy patients develop antibodies. toxoplasma serology is routinely assessed prior to heart transplantation. it has been suggested that donor or recipient toxoplasma serologic status may be associated with poor long-term outcomes post-transplantation, but current literature reveals conflicting results.201526293079
molecular detection and genotypic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in wild waterfowls in jilin province, northeastern china.toxoplasma gondii can infect almost warm-blooded animals, including humans. limited information about t. gondii infection in wild waterfowls is available in china. the present study was conducted to determine prevalence and genotype t. gondii infection in 11 wild waterfowl species in jilin province, northeastern china. a total of 249 wild waterfowls were sampled between april and july 2013 from jilin province, and the tissue samples were collected for the detection of t. gondii by a semi-nested ...201526292258
rhoptry proteins rop5 and rop18 are major murine virulence factors in genetically divergent south american strains of toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii has evolved a number of strategies to evade immune responses in its many hosts. previous genetic mapping of crosses between clonal type 1, 2, and 3 strains of t. gondii, which are prevalent in europe and north america, identified two rhoptry proteins, rop5 and rop18, that function together to block innate immune mechanisms activated by interferon gamma (ifng) in murine hosts. however, the contribution of these and other virulence factors in more genetically divergent south amer ...201526291965
synthesis of the cyanobacterial metabolite nostodione a, structural studies and potent antiparasitic activity against toxoplasma gondii.a total synthesis of the cyanobacterial natural product nostodione a is reported involving a convergent, diversity-oriented route, enabling the assembly of a mini-library of structural analogues. the first single crystal x-ray structural determination on a member of this series is reported along with sar studies identifying potent inhibitors of invasion and replication of the parasitic protozoan toxoplasma gondii.201526291306
prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii in sheep in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil.the aims of this survey were to determine the flock-level and animal-level prevalences of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sheep in the state of paraíba, northeastern brazil, and to identify risk factors. blood samples were collected from 540 sheep in 63 flocks in 14 municipalities in the sertão mesoregion. to serologically diagnose t. gondiii nfection, the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat) was used. flocks with at least one seropositive animal were considered positive. among t ...201526291143
comparison of toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in shelter cats and dogs during 1999-2001 and 2009-2011 in tokyo, japan.toxoplasma gondii is an important human health concern with respect to abortion, congenital hydrocephalus, and encephalitis in immunocompromised people. cats and dogs both are potential sources of t. gondii because they have close contact with humans. however, no epidemiological surveys have been conducted in tokyo over the past decade. therefore, the present study investigated and compared the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in shelter cats and dogs during 1999-2001 and 2009-2011 in tokyo ...201526284780
impact of toxoplasma gondii on dendritic cell subset function in the intestinal mucosa.the function of mucosal dendritic cell (dc) subsets in immunity and inflammation is not well understood. in this study, we define four dc subsets present within the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node compartments based on expression of cd103 and cd11b. using il-12p40 yfp (yet40) reporter mice, we show that cd103(+)cd11b(-) mucosal dcs are primary in vivo sources of il-12p40; we also identified cd103(-)cd11b(-) mucosal dcs as a novel population producing this cytokine. infection was prefere ...201526283477
flawed analyses undermine proposed relationship between childhood cat ownership and schizophrenia. 201526281968
seroprevalence of antibodies of neospora spp. and toxoplasma gondii in horses from southern italy.the consumption of horse meat has been epidemiologically linked to clinical toxoplasmosis in humans and neosporosis that may cause clinical illness in horses. here we determined seroprevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii nicolle et manceaux, 1908 and species of neospora dubey, carpenter, speer, topper et uggla, 1988 in horses from italy. blood samples were collected from 643 apparently healthy horses from 60 farms of 51 municipalities in southern italy. the presence of antibodies aga ...201526278845
the influence of latent toxoplasmosis on women's reproductive function: four cross-sectional studies.several studies have investigated the association between infection with toxoplasma gondii (nicolle et manceaux, 1908), pregnancy and fertility, but the results of studies focused on the fertility are rather ambiguous. here we report results of four new cross-sectional studies. the studies were performed in the general university hospital, prague (study a with n = 1 165, and study c with n = 317), in private clinics of the centre of reproductive medicine, prague (study b with n = 1 016), and in ...201526278510
[preparation and identification of rabbit polyclonal antibodies against vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase type i of toxoplasma gondii].to prepare and characterize rabbit polyclonal antibodies against toxoplasma gondii vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase type i (tgvp1).201526277510
sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at felege hiwot referral hospital, northwest ethiopia.to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and to assess the possible risk factors associated with the infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care center at felege hiwot referral hospital, bahir dar town, northwest ethiopia.201526276286
a toxoplasma gondii gluconeogenic enzyme contributes to robust central carbon metabolism and is essential for replication and virulence.the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes is typically repressed when glucose is available. the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii utilizes host glucose to sustain high rates of intracellular replication. however, despite their preferential utilization of glucose, intracellular parasites constitutively express two isoforms of the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (tgfbp1 and tgfbp2). the rationale for constitutive expression of fbpases in t. gondii remains unclear. we find that co ...201526269956
sweet talk: regulating glucose metabolism in toxoplasma.toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an intracellular parasite that demonstrates a remarkable ability to adapt to nutrient availability. in this issue of cell host & microbe, blume et al. (2015) describe the unique role of a gluconeogenic enzyme in regulation of glucose catabolism in t. gondii.201526269950
first report of genotype #65 of toxoplasma gondii in pigs.the aim of the present study was to isolate and genotype toxoplasma gondii from pigs slaughtered for human consumption in northeastern brazil. indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) was used to screen positive pigs. tissues samples of animals with antibody titers ≥64 were submitted to bioassay in mice. one isolate of t. gondii was obtained, and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) technique, using 11 markers (sag1, sag2, altsag2, sag3, btub, ...201526268568
retrospective seroepidemiological investigations against morbillivirus, toxoplasma gondii and brucella spp. in cetaceans stranded along the italian coastline (1998-2014).this study reports the results of seroepidemiological investigations carried out against morbillivirus, toxoplasma gondii and brucella spp. on blood serum samples collected from 70 cetacean specimens found stranded along the italian coastline between 1998 and 2014. a total number of 23 serum samples (32.8%) obtained from stenella coeruleoalba, tursiops truncatus, balaenoptera physalus and globicephala melas harboured anti-morbillivirus neutralizing antibodies. ten sera (16%) collected from s. co ...201526267096
nitric oxide stimulates early egress of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites from human foreskin fibroblast cells.egress is a vital step in the life cycle of toxoplasma gondii which attracts attentions of many groups. previous studies have shown that exogenous nitric oxide (no) stimulates the early egress of t. gondii from infected peritoneal macrophages, a kind of immune cells. however, because toxoplasma forms cysts in brain and muscle tissues, the development of autonomous immunity in non-immune cells is vital for limiting parasite burden and cyst formation. therefore, we attempted to investigate whether ...201526264067
[advances in research of toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein rop16].rop16 is one member of the rhoptrys protein family in toxoplasma gondii. in its protein structure, there exists serine/threonine kinase domain, which is the important virulence factor in the invasion process of t. gondii. rop16 can secretes into the nucleus of the host cells, and can phosphorylate the signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat3/6) and interfere the signal transduction pathway in the host cell. in this paper, the structure and function, as well as the immunogenicity o ...201526263796
possible role of tlr4 and tlr9 snps in protection against congenital toxoplasmosis.the purpose of this investigation was the determination of the distribution of genotypes at single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) of the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and the toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) in fetuses and newborns congenitally infected with toxoplasma gondii and the identification of genetic changes predisposing to infection development. the study involved 20 fetuses and newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis and 50 uninfected controls. the levels of igg and igm antibodies against t. ...201526254559
[toxoplasma gondi antibody profile in patients with leukemia or lymphoma].blood samples were collected from patients with leukemia (n = 150) or lymphoma (n = 150) in the cancer hospital from march to september 2014. the specific antibodies (igg, igm) to, and circulating antigens (cag) of toxoplasma gondii were determined by elisa. a 529 bp specific sequence was amplified by pcr from the genomic dna of t. gondii. t. gondii-specific igg positive rate in patients with leukemia and lymphoma were 16.0% (24/150) and 20.0% (30/150), respectively, which were significantly hig ...201526245131
a long-lasting protective immunity against chronic toxoplasmosis in mice induced by recombinant rhoptry proteins encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles.toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals is a worldwide zoonosis. prevention and control of toxoplasmosis based on vaccination is one of the promising strategies. in the present study, recombinant t. gondii rhoptry proteins 38 and 18 (tgrop38 and tgrop18) were encapsulated into poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) (1:1), respectively, to obtain the stable water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion. female kunming mice were then immunized with the protein vaccines twice at a 2-week interval. eig ...201526243574
human toxoplasmosis: a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic potential of recombinant toxoplasma gondii rop5 and rop18 antigens.toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic diseases worldwide and it poses a serious challenge regarding prevention, diagnosis and therapy. the commonly used diagnostic methods are mostly based on the detection of specific antibodies in sera. since they are not always accurate enough and do not allow precise definition of the phase of the toxoplasma gondii infection, there is an urgent need to find specific molecular markers of acute or chronic infection stages. this study provides a comp ...201526242602
rabgdiα is a negative regulator of interferon-γ-inducible gtpase-dependent cell-autonomous immunity to toxoplasma gondii.ifn-γ orchestrates cell-autonomous host defense against various intracellular vacuolar pathogens. ifn-γ-inducible gtpases, such as p47 immunity-related gtpases (irgs) and p65 guanylate-binding proteins (gbps), are recruited to pathogen-containing vacuoles, which is important for disruption of the vacuoles, culminating in the cell-autonomous clearance. although the positive regulation for the proper recruitment of irgs and gbps to the vacuoles has been elucidated, the suppressive mechanism is unc ...201526240314
toxoplasma gondii in horse meat intended for human consumption in romania.the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii, an economically important zoonotic protozoan, was investigated in horses slaughtered for export and human consumption in the north of romania. pairs of samples, sera and heart tissues, were collected from 82 slaughtered horses. examination of horse sera by elisa at a dilution of 1:10, and by modified agglutination test (mat) at a dilution of 1:6, revealed that 32 (39%) and 31(37.8%) horses, respectively, had antibodies against t. gondii. using polymerase chai ...201526238654
is there any role of latent toxoplasmosis in schizophrenia disease?a large number of studies have hypothesized that toxoplasma gondii is a potentially relevant etiological factor in some cases of schizophrenia. by contrast, some studies have disproved this association. the aim of this study was to investigate whether latent toxoplasmosis has any role in schizophrenia disease. additionally, the association between t. gondii and subtypes of schizophrenia, and the impacts of toxoplasmosis on psychopathology were examined in the study.201526233294
recommended management of toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women and their children.aforesaid recommendations for the management of t.gondii infection, elaborated by the group of experts, are intended for physicians of various specialties in order to standardize and facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic management. early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, in neonatal period, initiation of adequate treatment and long-term, multispecialist monitoring, including multi-organ rehabilitation of children may prevent or reduce the complications of ...201526233090
current therapy of acquired ocular toxoplasmosis: a review.caused by the parasite toxoplasma gondii, ocular toxoplasmosis (ot) is the most common form of posterior infectious uveitis. combined antiparasitic therapy is the standard treatment for ot, but several other schemes have been proposed. the purpose of the present study was to review the literature on the treatment of ot and provide ophthalmologists with up-to-date information to help reduce ot-related visual morbidity. in conclusion, no ideal treatment scheme was identified; currently prescribed ...201526226199
a rational approach to select immunogenic peptides that induce ifn-γ response against toxoplasma gondii in human leukocytes.the ideal vaccine to prevent toxoplasmosis in humans would comprise antigens that elicit a protective t cell type 1 response with high ifn-γ production. here, we report the use of a bioinformatics pipeline to discover peptides based on biochemical characteristics that predict strong ifn-γ response by human leukocytes. we selected peptide sequences that previously were reported to induce ifn-γ to identify the biophysical characteristics that will predict hla-a*02 high-affinity epitopes. we found ...201526210043
effects of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated to resveratrol on its free form and complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on cytokines levels of mice infected by toxoplasma gondii.the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on its free form and complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (hpβcd) when associated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (st) on cytokines levels of mice (n = 60) experimentally infected by toxoplasma gondii. groups a and e were used as controls (untreated): negative and positive, respectively. the onset of treatment started 20 days post-infection (pi), and it lasted for 10 consecutive days. st was administered orally in do ...201526209515
two cowp-like cysteine rich proteins from eimeria nieschulzi (coccidia, apicomplexa) are expressed during sporulation and involved in the sporocyst wall formation.the family of cysteine rich proteins of the oocyst wall (cowps) originally described in cryptosporidium can also be found in toxoplasma gondii (tgowps) localised to the oocyst wall as well. genome sequence analysis of eimeria suggests that these proteins may also exist in this genus and led us to the assumption that these proteins may also play a role in oocyst wall formation.201526209229
mechanisms of host behavioral change in toxoplasma gondii rodent association. 201526203656
homologous prime-boost strategy with tgpi-1 improves the immune response and protects highly susceptible mice against chronic toxoplasma gondii infection.subunit-based vaccines are safer than live or attenuated pathogen vaccines, although they are generally weak immunogens. thus, proper combination of immunization strategies and adjuvants are needed to increase their efficacy. we have previously protected c3h/hen mice from toxoplasma gondii infection by immunization with the serine protease inhibitor-1 (tgpi-1) in combination with alum. in this work, we explore an original vaccination protocol that combines administration of recombinant tgpi-1 by ...201526200784
a comparative study of toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in mink using a modified agglutination test, a western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, and many serological methods have been developed to detect t. gondii infection in a variety of animal species. in the present study, the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in farmed mink in northeast china was determined using the modified agglutination test (mat), a western blot (wb), and 3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with protein a/g conjugate, using either of 2 recombinant dense granule antigens, gra1 and gra7, o ...201526199291
toxoplasma gondii seropositivity is negatively associated with multiple sclerosis.toxoplasma (t.) gondii is a ubiquitous intracellular parasitic protozoan that was recently associated with various autoimmune diseases.201526198927
seroprevalence of antibody to tggra7 antigen of toxoplasma gondii in livestock animals from western java, indonesia.toxoplasmosis is a concern in both human and veterinary medicine, and the consumption of undercooked meat infected with toxoplasma gondii is a major risk factor in human infection. establishing the prevalence of the parasite in food-producing livestock is essential to reduce the risk of human infection. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of t. gondii-specific antibodies in cattle and pigs in western java, indonesia. serum samples from 598 cattle and 205 pigs from 18 locations in wester ...201526197440
the orphan nuclear receptor tlx is an enhancer of stat1-mediated transcription and immunity to toxoplasma gondii.the protozoan parasite, toxoplasma, like many intracellular pathogens, suppresses interferon gamma (ifn-γ)-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) activity. we exploited this well-defined host-pathogen interaction as the basis for a high-throughput screen, identifying nine transcription factors that enhance stat1 function in the nucleus, including the orphan nuclear hormone receptor tlx. expression profiling revealed that upon ifn-γ treatment tlx enhances the output of ...201526196739
cancer in the parasitic protozoans trypanosoma brucei and toxoplasma gondii.cancer is a general name for more than 100 malignant diseases. it is postulated that all cancers start from a single abnormal cell that grows out of control. untreated cancers can cause serious consequences and deaths. great progress has been made in cancer research that has significantly improved our knowledge and understanding of the nature and mechanisms of the disease, but the origins of cancer are far from being well understood due to the limitations of suitable model systems and to the com ...201526195778
parasite manipulation of the invariant chain and the peptide editor h2-dm affects major histocompatibility complex class ii antigen presentation during toxoplasma gondii infection.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. this apicomplexan is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a leading cause of central nervous system disease in aids. it has long been known that t. gondii interferes with major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) antigen presentation to attenuate cd4(+) t cell responses and establish persisting infections. transcriptional downregulation of mhc-ii genes by t. gondii was previously established, but the precise mechanisms ...201526195549
research advances in microneme protein 3 of toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. it has extensive host populations and is prevalent globally; t. gondii infection can cause a zoonotic parasitic disease. microneme protein 3 (mic3) is a secreted protein that is expressed in all stages of the t. gondii life cycle. it has strong immunoreactivity and plays an important role in the recognition, adhesion and invasion of host cells by t. gondii. this article reviews the molecular structure of mic3, its rol ...201526194005
pyrimidinergic receptor activation controls toxoplasma gondii infection in macrophages.infection by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii is highly prevalent worldwide and may have serious clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. t. gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects almost any cell type in mammalian hosts, including immune cells. the immune cells express purinergic p2 receptors in their membrane--subdivided into p2y and p2x subfamilies--whose activation is important for infection control. here, we examined the effect of treatment with utp a ...201526192447
prematurity and low birth weight did not correlate with anti-toxoplasma gondii maternal serum profiles--a brazilian report.gestational toxoplasma gondii infection is considered a major risk factor for miscarriage, prematurity and low birth weight in animals. however, studies focusing on this topic in humans are scarce. the objective of this study is to determine whether anti-toxoplasma gondii maternal serum profiles correlate prematurity and low birth weight in humans. the study examined 213 pregnant women seen at the high-risk pregnancy hospital de base, são josé do rio preto, são paulo, brazil. all serological pro ...201526192182
the impact of lowering the cut-off value on the sensitivity of the platelia elisa igg (bio-rad) test for toxoplasmosis diagnosis.determining specific immune status against toxoplasma gondii is essential for assessing the risk of reactivation in immunocompromised patients or defining serological monitoring and appropriate prophylactic measures during pregnancy. in france, toxoplasmosis serological screening requires systematic testing for igm and igg antibodies. the platelia toxo igg and igm test (bio-rad) is one of the most widely used tests for anti-toxoplasmic antibody detection. we performed a study on 384 sera, includ ...201526187780
stillbirth history and toxoplasma gondii infection in women attending public health centers in a northern mexican city.through a cross-sectional study design, 150 women attending public health centers with a history of stillbirths were examined for anti-toxoplasma gondii igg and igm antibodies in durango city, mexico. bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the association of t. gondii seropositivity with the characteristics of the women with stillbirth history. of the 150 women (mean age: 32.09 ± 9.16 years) studied, 14 (9.3%) had anti-t. gondii igg antibodies and six (42.9%) of them were also p ...201526185685
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in brain and heart by immunohistochemistry in a hospital-based autopsy series in durango, mexico.the presence of tissue cysts of toxoplasma gondii has only poorly been investigated in autopsy series. we determined the presence of t. gondii cysts in a series of 51 autopsies in a public hospital using immunohistochemistry of brain and heart tissues. the association of tissue cysts with the general characteristics of the autopsy cases was also investigated. of the 51 cases studied, five (9.8%) were positive by immunohistochemistry for t. gondii cysts in the brain. none of the heart specimens w ...201526185682
elucidating pathways of toxoplasma gondii invasion in the gastrointestinal tract: involvement of the tight junction protein occludin.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite infecting one third of the world's population. the small intestine is the parasite's primary route of infection, although the pathway of epithelium transmigration remains unclear. using an in vitro invasion assay and live imaging we showed that t. gondii (rh) tachyzoites infect and transmigrate between adjacent intestinal epithelial cells in polarized monolayers without altering barrier integrity, despite eliciting the production of specifi ...201526183539
evolution of cytokine profile during the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in hiv-infected patients.this study was to follow ifn-γ, tnf-α and il-10 modulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from hiv/cerebral toxoplasmosis patients (ct) during specific treatment. the results were compared with two other groups: hiv patients that had ct at least one year before (p/ct) and individuals with chronic toxoplasmosis (chr). blood samples (63) collected from three groups were analyzed. ct, 15 patients (3 blood samples collected one day before toxoplasma gondii treatment; 7 and 15days durin ...201526177476
genetic diversity of toxoplasma gondii strains from different hosts and geographical regions by sequence analysis of gra20 gene.toxoplasma gondii is a eukaryotic parasite of the phylum apicomplexa, which infects all warm-blood animals, including humans. in the present study, we examined sequence variation in dense granule 20 (gra20) genes among t. gondii isolates collected from different hosts and geographical regions worldwide. the complete gra20 genes were amplified from 16 t. gondii isolates using pcr, sequence were analyzed, and phylogenetic reconstruction was analyzed by maximum parsimony (mp) and maximum likelihood ...201526174830
sequence diversity in mic6 gene among toxoplasma gondii isolates from different hosts and geographical locations.toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals including humans with a worldwide distribution. micronemes play an important role in invasion process of t. gondii, associated with the attachment, motility, and host cell recognition. in this research, sequence diversity in microneme protein 6 (mic6) gene among 16 t. gondii isolates from different hosts and geographical regions and 1 reference strain was examined. the results showed that the ...201526174829
toxoplasma gondii b1 gene detection in feces of stray cats around seoul, korea and genotype analysis of two laboratory-passaged isolates.the increasing prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in the human population in the republic of korea (= korea) is due to various reasons such as an increase in meat consumption. however, the importance of cats in transmitting t. gondii infection through oocysts to humans has seldom been assessed. a total of 300 fecal samples of stray cats captured around seoul from june to august 2013 were examined for t. gondii b1 gene (indicating the presence of oocysts) using nested-pcr. fourteen (4.7%) ...201526174818
sequence variation in superoxide dismutase gene of toxoplasma gondii among various isolates from different hosts and geographical regions.toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the phylum apicomplexa, can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans, livestock, and marine mammals. the aim of this study was to investigate whether superoxide dismutase (sod) of t. gondii can be used as a new marker for genetic study or a potential vaccine candidate. the partial genome region of the sod gene was amplified and sequenced from 10 different t. gondii isolates from different parts of the world, and all ...201526174817
the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in sheep in the western cape, south africa.the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a sample of 292 merino sheep farmed in a semi-intensive manner in the overberg region of the western cape, south africa, was investigated. antibody seroprevalence was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. of the total sample, 23 sheep tested positive for t. gondii antibodies (8%; 95% ci: 4.7688-10.9846). there was no statistically significant relationship between seroprevalence and age of the sheep. the highest seroprevalence was f ...201526842365
[expression of cocktail dna vaccine comprising toxoplasma gondii sagi, mic3 and rop2 using fluorescent protein-reporting vectors and evaluation of its immunogenicity].to construct a cocktail dna vaccine that expresses multiple genes of toxoplasma gondii and investigate its immunogenicity in mice.201526931043
[advances in researches on mechanism of anti-toxoplasma chinese herbal medicine].toxoplasma gondii is an opportunity cellular parasite, related to the infection of various animals and human beings and severely impairing agriculture and human health. because of the complexity of t. gondii life cycle, its different biological characteristics, and multifarious pathogenesis, there are no specific treatment and preventive medicines at present. chinese herbal medicine can balance "yin-yang" and regulate the immunity and its side-effect is slight. now, it has been a hot topic of th ...201526930953
basal body structure and composition in the apicomplexans toxoplasma and plasmodium.the phylum apicomplexa encompasses numerous important human and animal disease-causing parasites, including the plasmodium species, and toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively. apicomplexans proliferate by asexual replication and can also undergo sexual recombination. most life cycle stages of the parasite lack flagella; these structures only appear on male gametes. although male gametes (microgametes) assemble a typical 9+2 axoneme, the structure of the te ...201526855772
direct genotyping of toxoplasma gondii in blood samples from pregnant women in jazan, saudi arabia.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondi) is divided three main clonal lineages designated as type i, ii, and iii and atypical genotypes were also detected. the distribution of t. gondii genotypes varied from one geographic area to another. this study characterized of t. gondii isolates from pregnant women in jazan. genetic analysis of the gra6-coding fragment was performed for t. gondif genotyping using pcr-rflp method. the seropositive for toxoplasma-specific antibodies were determined using elisa and were ...201526939236
toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in relation to knowledge and practice among pregnant women in dhahran, saudi arabia.the epidemiological importance of the different routes of toxoplasma gondii transmission is not known and depends largely on population behaviour and knowledge. this study was conducted to assess toxoplasmosis seropositivity and the related knowledge and preventive practices that are necessary for the prevention of the disease among pregnant women. all pregnant women attending antenatal clinic were tested for t. gondii immunoglobulins followed by a survey questionnaire that tested their knowledg ...201526924348
the possible association between toxoplasma gondii infection and risk of anxiety and cognitive disorders in balb/c mice.there are conflicting reports concerning the association of toxoplasma gondii infection with increased risk of mental disorders. this investigation will provide a good understanding about defining the possible association between t. gondii exposure and risk of anxiety and cognitive alterations. besides, a secondary objective of this study was to determine the effect of pioglitazone administration on the possible alterations induced by t. gondii exposure. male balb/c mice were used for this study ...201526924347
the apoptotic role of metacaspase in toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii is a major opportunistic pathogen that spreads in a range of animal species and human beings. quite a few characterizations of apoptosis have been identified in t. gondii treated with apoptosis inducers, but the molecular mechanisms of the pathway are not clearly understood. metacaspases are caspase-like cysteine proteases that can be found in plants, fungi, and protozoa in which caspases are absent. metacaspases are multifunctional proteases involved in apoptosis-like cell dea ...201526834715
chronic toxoplasmosis modulates the induction of contact hypersensitivity by tncb in mouse model.mouse models of chronic toxoplasmosis and atopic dermatitis (ad) were combined to clarify the effect of opportunistic toxoplasma gondii infection on the development of ad. ad was induced as a chronic contact hypersensitivity (chs) with repeated challenge of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (tncb) on the dorsal skin of mice. tncb induced skin thickness increases in both normal and toxoplasmic mice. the changing patterns were different from the sigmoidal which saturated at 20 days in normal mice to ...201526797445
toxoplasmosis in a pet peach-faced lovebird (agapornis roseicollis).toxoplasma gondii atypical type ii genotype was diagnosed in a pet peach-faced lovebird (agapornis roseicollis) based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and multilocus dna typing. the bird presented with severe neurological signs, and hematology was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease. gross post-mortem examination revealed cerebral hemorrhage, splenomegaly, hepatitis, and thickening of the right ventricular free wall. histologic sections of the most significant lesions in the brai ...201526797444
place of interferon-γ assay for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis relies mainly on serology. when results are doubtful, pediatricians have difficulties with respect to treatment. we report interferon-γ responses after the stimulation of blood by toxoplasma gondii antigen in 17 infected infants and 80 infants free of infection. sensitivity and specificity were 93.75% (95% confidence interval: 67%-99%) and 98.75% (95% confidence interval: 92%-99%), respectively.201526780025
[seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in wuxi region].to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in wuxi city of jiangsu province, so as to provide the evidence for developing the preventive and control interventions of t. gondii infection.201527097478
[genotypes and main effectors of toxoplasma gondii and their pathogenic mechanisms].toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects a wide range of warm blooded animals, including human, and has complex life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms. although t. gondii is the only species recognized in the toxoplasma genus, research on population genetic structure has shown its geographic genetic diversity. so far 232 genotypes have been identified by multilocus polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism or microsatellite genotyping from b ...201527089772
acute toxoplasmosis in a breastfed infant with possible transmission by water.toxoplasma gondii transmission via breastfeeding has been discussed; however, no cases have been confirmed to date. this article describes a case of acute toxoplasmosis diagnosed in a mother and her six-month-old breastfed infant. the study accounts for the possibility of breast milk transmission and directs both clinicians and pediatricians to the hypothesis that both patients acquired toxoplasmosis via water ingestion.201527049709
[investigation of the risk factors affecting toxoplasma gondii seropositivity in women of reproductive age applying to the maternity clinic of kilis state hospital].the objective of the study is to detect the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in kilis province, determine the risk factors for toxoplasmosis, and assess the effect of risk factors on seropositivity.201526809917
the prevalence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies in stutterers is higher than in the control group. 201526726750
antisense technologies in the studying of toxoplasma gondii.this review covers a brief history of antisense rnas and its applications, and summarizes the current stage of antisense technologies used in toxoplasma gondii, a fascinating model organism with a unique characteristic blend of genetic regulatory systems normally found in plants or animals. based on the current knowledge of regulatory rnas and non-coding rna (ncrna), the antisense technologies are reviewed according to the classification of ncrnas, which are roughly categorized into small, rangi ...201526724749
toxoplasma gondii infection of chicken embryos causes retinal changes and modulates hsp90b1 gene expression: a promising ocular toxoplasmosis model.hsp90b1 is a gene that codifies heat shock protein 108 (hsp108) that belongs to a group of proteins induced under stress situation, and it has close relation with the nervous system, especially in the retina. toxoplasma gondii causes ocular toxoplasmosis that has been associated with a late manifestation of the congenital toxoplasmosis although experimental models show that morphological alterations are already present during embryological development. here, we used 18 eyes of gallus domesticus ...201526716020
experimental models of ocular infection with toxoplasma gondii.ocular toxoplasmosis is a vision-threatening disease and the major cause of posterior uveitis worldwide. in spite of the continuing global burden of ocular toxoplasmosis, many critical aspects of disease including the therapeutic approach to ocular toxoplasmosis are still under debate. to assist in addressing many aspects of the disease, numerous experimental models of ocular toxoplasmosis have been established. in this article, we present an overview on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of ...201526716018
high seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in female sex workers: a case-control study.through an age- and sex-matched case-control study, we sought to determine whether female sex workers have an increased risk of toxoplasma gondii exposure and to determine the sociodemographic, work, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of these workers associated with t. gondii exposure. female workers (n = 136) and controls (n = 272) were examined with enzyme-linked immunoassays (eia) for the presence of anti-toxoplasma igg and igm antibodies. igm positive sera were additionally tested wit ...201526716017
persistent low toxoplasma igg avidity is common in pregnancy: experience from antenatal testing in norway.the parasite toxoplasma gondii might harm the fetus if a woman is infected during pregnancy. igg seroconversion and significant increase in igg antibody amount in pregnancy indicates maternal infection. presence of toxoplasma immunoglobulin m (igm), immunoglobulin g (igg) and low igg avidity in a single serum sample indicates possible maternal infection, but positive toxoplasma igm and low igg avidity may persist for months and even years. we aimed to evaluate avidity development during pregnanc ...201526714282
first report of seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep in pomerania, northern poland.toxoplasmosis is parasitic disease which has economic relevance for both veterinary and human medicine. in sheep, toxoplasmosis is a major cause of abortion and can thus cause reproductive problems. the current study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii igg antibodies in sheep from 13 districts of northern poland and thereby obtain actual data about t. gondii seroprevalence in this population of animals.201526706963
seroprevalence and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in jinzhou, northeastern china.in the present study, serum samples from 402 sheep and 216 goats were collected from 5 counties in jinzhou from august to october 2012 and antibodies to toxoplasma gondii were detected by modified agglutination test (mat). overall, 104 (16.8%) had antibodies to t. gondii with antibody titres of 1:25 to 1:800. seropositive samples were distributed in all the 5 counties and seroprevalences of t. gondii varied significantly with flock size, age and rearing system, but not with breed, gender and far ...201526695220
sequence variation and bioinformatics analysis of toxoplasma gondii gra16 gene.toxoplasmosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan toxoplasma gondii. it is anopportunistic zoonosis in warm-blooded animals and humans, with a worldwide distribution. toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 16 (tggra16) can modulate some functions in host cells and is considered a significant virulent factor of the parasite. the present study reports sequence variation in tggra16 gene among t. gondii strains from different hosts and geographical locations, and the construction of phylogenet ...201526695219
genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii from domestic animals in central china.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that has a remarkable ability to infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. this study was aimed to determine the genetic characteristics of t. gondii isolates from domestic animals in henan province, central china. a total of 363 dna samples, including 208 from hilar lymph nodes of pigs, 36 from blood samples of cats, 12 from tissues of aborted bovine fetuses and 107 from blood samples of dams with history of abortion in hen ...201526695215
characterization of toxoplasma gondii glyoxalase 1 and evaluation of inhibitory effects of curcumin on the enzyme and parasite cultures.the glyoxalase pathway, which includes two enzymes, glyoxalase 1 and 2 (glo1 and glo2), is a ubiquitous cellular system responsible for the removal of cytotoxic methylglyoxal produced during glycolysis. protozoan parasites, including toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) tachyzoites, produce methylglyoxal because of increased glycolytic fluxes. a glo1 inhibitor such as curcumin could be considered a drug candidate for anti-protozoan, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer therapy.201526694921
sar studies of 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide analogues as potent and selective inhibitors of toxoplasma gondii cdpk1.we previously discovered compounds based on a 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold to be potent and selective inhibitors of cdpk1 from t. gondii. the current work, through structure-activity relationship studies, led to the discovery of compounds (34 and 35) with improved characteristics over the starting inhibitor 1 in terms of solubility, plasma exposure after oral administration in mice, or efficacy on parasite growth inhibition. compounds 34 and 35 were further demonstrated to be more effe ...201526693272
interferon gamma effect on immune mediator production in human nerve cells infected by two strains of toxoplasma gondii.interferon gamma (ifn-γ) is the major immune mediator that prevents toxoplasmic encephalitis in murine models. the lack of ifn-γ secretion causes reactivation of latent t. gondii infection that may confer a risk for severe toxoplasmic encephalitis. we analyse the effect of ifn-γ on immune mediator production and parasite multiplication in human nerve cells infected by tachyzoites of two t. gondii strains (rh and pru). ifn-γ decreased the synthesis of mcp-1, g-csf, gm-csf and serpin e1 in all cel ...201526692261
congenital toxoplasmosis: an in-depth density-equalizing mapping analysis to explore its global research architecture.toxoplasmosis endangers the unborn child if its infectious agent--toxoplasma gondii--is transmitted transplacentally during pregnancy. although this condition occurs in all parts of the world and represents a major public health burden, no detailed knowledge on the global research architecture of congenital toxoplasmosis is available thus far. hence, it was the aim of this study to assess the related global research activity over the past 110 years.201526691532
development of triplex real-time pcr and detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in infected mice tissues and spiked human samples.toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen in veterinary and human medicine. in this study, a new multiplex taqman real-time pcr for detection of t. gondii dna was developed. this assay consisted of new sets of primers and probes which targeted b1 gene and its-1 region of t. gondii, with vibrio cholera gene as internal control. the b1 gene primers were designed to detect t. gondii rh strain, while the its-1 region primers detected most t. gondii strains. specificity test using common protozoal a ...201526691266
evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats.the accuracy of the parasitological techniques of willis, hoffman-pons-janer or lutz (hplj), sheather and faust was evaluated in fecal samples from stray cats caught by the zoonosis control center in goiânia, goiás, brazil. these four techniques were applied separately to analyze 154 fecal samples, and their accuracy was analyzed based on an evaluation of their sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and kappa index, resulting in the selection of the willis technique a ...201526689183
first report of toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in farmed arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) in eastern and northeastern china.until now, no information on toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) was available in china. a serological survey was undertaken to assess t. gondii seroprevalence in farmed arctic foxes in eastern and northeastern china. antibodies to t. gondii were examined in 1346 farmed arctic foxes using the modified agglutination test (mat). a total of 113 (8.39%, 95% confidence interval [ci] 6.91-9.87) serum samples were positive to t. gondii at a 1:25 cutoff. seroprevalence of t ...201526684525
the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in chinese population with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.toxoplasmosis is fatal in the immunocompromised individuals such as cancer patients with chemotherapy. clinical toxoplasmosis in cancer patients is a great public health concern in china. we performed this meta-analysis to assess the seroprevalence and odds ratios (ors) of toxoplasma gondii in chinese population with cancer compared with those without. a methodical literature search was conducted with the help of the pubmed, web of knowledge, embase, chinese web of knowledge, wanfang, and chongq ...201526683951
detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in peripheral blood and aqueous humor of patients with toxoplasmic active focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis using real-time pcr.to evaluate the ability of real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) for detectingtoxoplasma gondii dna in the peripheral blood and aqueous humor of patients with toxoplasmic active focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis.201526677037
risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women from the state of tocantins, northern brazil.the prevalence of infection by toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in pregnant women in tocantins, northern brazil were assessed.201526676506
mhc class i chain-related gene a polymorphisms and linkage disequilibrium with hla-b and hla-c alleles in ocular toxoplasmosis.this study investigated whether polymorphisms of the mica (major histocompatibility complex class i chain-related gene a) gene are associated with eye lesions due to toxoplasma gondii infection in a group of immunocompetent patients from southeastern brazil. the study enrolled 297 patients with serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. participants were classified into two distinct groups after conducting fundoscopic exams according to the presence (n = 148) or absence (n = 149) of ocular scars/le ...201526672749
[research advances on toxoplasma gondii virulence mediating factors].toxoplasma gondii strains are grouped into three clonal lineages (types i, ii , and iii) with different virulence. t. gondii rhoptry proteins rop18, rop16, and rop5 are the major virulence factors, which are secreted into the host cell by t. gondii during invasion and mediate the strain virulence. this paper reviews the research progress of t. gondii virulence mediating factors.201526672224
[cloning and bioinformatics analysis of toxoplasma gondii rop21 gene].the full-length gene sequence of toxoplasma gondii rop21 (tgrop21) gene was amplified with pcr. the signaling peptide and transmembrane domain of tgrop21 protein were predicted by signaip and tmhmm online predictive sites, and the hydrophilicity and antigenic index of this protein were ananlyzed with dnastar software. meanwhile, the functional domains and tertiary structure were modeled by combined use of expasy and prodata online sites. as expected, the pcr results revealed one band at 2,022 bp ...201526672223
[preliminary analysis of the genetic loci of sag1 and sag3, the surface antigens of toxoplasma gondii, in hiv-positive people in dali of yunnan province].to identify the genotypes of toxoplasma gondii that infects hiv-positive people in dali of yunnan province through analyzing the genetic loci of the surface antigens sag1 and sag3.201526672217
frequency of toxoplasma and toxocara sp. antibodies in epileptic patients, in south western iran.epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures. infectious agents are mentioned in its etiology. with identifying and appropriate treatment of these infectious agents, preventing their secondary outcomes, including seizure is possible. this study was conducted to determine frequency of anti-toxoplasma antibodies (igg, igm) and anti-toxocara antibody (igg) in epileptic patients.201526664439
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection among patients with hand, foot and mouth disease in henan, china: a hospital-based study.the prevalence of infection with toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) in humans has been increasing in china due to the growing number of cats in the country. hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a serious public health issue in china and still one of the leading causes of child mortality. however, little is known about the epidemiology of t. gondii infection among hfmd patients.201526653890
regulation of starch stores by a ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase is essential for viable cyst development in toxoplasma gondii.transmissible stages of toxoplasma gondii store energy in the form of the carbohydrate amylopectin. here, we show that the ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase cdpk2 is a critical regulator of amylopectin metabolism. increased synthesis and loss of degradation of amylopectin in cdpk2 deficient parasites results in the hyperaccumulation of this sugar polymer. a carbohydrate-binding module 20 (cbm20) targets cdpk2 to amylopectin stores, while the ef-hands regulate cdpk2 kinase activity in response to c ...201526651943
too much sugar puts a parasite in jeopardy.toxoplasma gondii and other coccidian parasites accumulate starch-like amylopectin stores whose functional significance is unclear. in this issue of cell host & microbe, uboldi et al. (2015) present a pioneering investigation into a signaling cascade with a pivotal role in amylopectin metabolism and transmission of encysted parasites during chronic infection.201526651938
application of different techniques to detect toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered sheep for human consumption.the aim of this study was to investigate occurrence of toxoplasma gondii in sheep slaughtered in the state of alagoas, brazil, by means of different diagnosis techniques. serum samples and tissues from 100 slaughtered sheep were used. to detect antibodies, the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) was used, and tissues from seropositive animals (cut-off ≥1:64) were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and immunohistochemistry (ihc). to assess the concordance between the direct ...201526648006
a brazilian report using serological and molecular diagnosis to monitoring acute ocular toxoplasmosis.toxoplasmosis was recently included as a neglected disease by the center for disease control. ocular toxoplasmosis is one clinical presentation of congenital or acquired infection. the laboratory diagnosis is being used worldwide to support the clinical diagnosis and imaging. the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of serology and molecular methods to monitor acute ot in immunocompetent patients during treatment.201526643197
ccp5a protein from toxoplasma gondii as a serological marker of oocyst-driven infections in humans and domestic animals.considering that the current immunoassays are not able to distinguish the infective forms that cause toxoplasma gondii infection, the present study was carried out to evaluate the reactivity of two recombinant proteins (ccp5a and owp1) from oocyst/sporozoite, in order to differentiate infections occurring by ingestion of oocysts or tissue cysts. the reactivity of the recombinant proteins was assessed against panels of serum samples from animals (chickens, pigs, and mice) that were naturally or e ...201526635770
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