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involvement of absent in melanoma 2 in inflammasome activation in macrophages infected with listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes invades the cytoplasm of macrophages and induces the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent maturation of il-1beta and il-18. although apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activating and recruitment domain (asc), an adaptor protein of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptors, has been shown to play an essential role in inducing this cellular response to l. monocytogenes, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. in this ...201020566831
[assessment on the quality of restriction endonuclease in typing listeria monocytogenes with pulsed-field gel electrophoreses].to study the relative effective factors of pfge typing methods of listeria monocytogenes, and set up this pfge method of this pathogen digested with asc i and apa i.201020568473
predicting growth rates and growth boundary of listeria monocytogenes - an international validation study with focus on processed and ready-to-eat meat and seafood.the performance of six predictive models for listeria monocytogenes was evaluated using 1014 growth responses of the pathogen in meat, seafood, poultry and dairy products. the performance of the growth models was closely related to their complexity i.e. the number of environmental parameters they take into account. the most complex model included the effect of nine environmental parameters and it performed better than the other less complex models both for prediction of maximum specific growth r ...201020570006
a cluster of listeria monocytogenes infections in hospitalized adults.listeriosis occurs mainly in persons at extremes of age and with immunocompromising conditions. it is believed that most cases of listeriosis are acquired in the community. a cluster of listeriosis in hospitalized patients prompted the present investigation.201020570397
cell-based biosensor for rapid screening of pathogens and toxins.development and validation of a mammalian cell-based biosensor for application in food defense and food safety was investigated. three prototypes of the biosensor capable of handling different sample types were developed and tested with food and beverages. the sensing element is a b lymphocyte ped-2e9 cell-line, encapsulated in collagen matrix in 3d scaffold. the uniqueness of this biosensor is that it detects analyte interaction with mammalian cells and is able to distinguish pathogenic from no ...201020570502
evaluation of hygiene practices and microbiological quality of cooked meat products during slicing and handling at retail.cooked meat ready-to-eat products are recognized to be contaminated during slicing which, in the last years, has been associated with several outbreaks. this work aimed to find out possible relation between the hygiene practice taking place at retail point during slicing of cooked meat products in small and medium-sized establishments (smes) and large-sized establishments (les) and the microbiological quality of sliced cooked meat products. for that, a checklist was drawn up and filled in based ...201020573456
new approach to study the mechanism of antimicrobial protection of an active packaging.this article reports on the antimicrobial efficiency of a new active packaging concept based on the use of two essential oils (cinnamon and oregano) and their chemical descriptors (cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol) against the gram-positive bacterium listeria monocytogenes, the gram-negative bacterium salmonella choleraesuis, the yeast candida albicans, and the mold aspergillus flavus. complete inhibition of these microorganisms with either bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect has been dem ...201020575672
enteric bacterial pathogens with zoonotic potential isolated from farm-raised deer.the raising of captive white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is a growing agricultural industry in ohio as it is in several other areas of the united states and around the world. pooled fecal samples were collected from 30 white-tailed deer confinement facilities. samples were cultured for five enteric bacterial pathogens. premise prevalence rates were as follows: escherichia coli o157, 3.3%; listeria monocytogenes, 3.3%; salmonella enterica, 0%; yersinia enterocolitica, 30%; and clostridiu ...201020575673
a 3-year surveillance of the genetic diversity and persistence of listeria monocytogenes in an iberian pig slaughterhouse and processing plant.contamination routes of listeria monocytogenes were examined for 3 years in an iberian pork-processing plant that produced high-quality ready-to-eat meat products. molecular subtypes of l. monocytogenes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-based serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) restriction analysis. a total of 541 l. monocytogenes isolates were recovered from the environment and equipment (n = 165), carcasses (n = 28), raw products (n = 321), and dry-cured products ...201020578911
effect of starter culture and fermentation temperature on water mobility and distribution in fermented sausages and correlation to microbial safety studied by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry.water mobility and distribution in fermented sausages produced with differences in ph development as a result of the use of three different starter cultures (t-spx, f-1, or f-sc-111) and two fermentation temperatures (24 degrees c, or 32 degrees c) were studied using low-field proton nmr relaxometry. changes in the distribution and mobility of water in fermented sausages upon fermentation and drying were detectable by nmr t(2) relaxation, and the progress in the drying process could be followed ...201020580493
tumor suppressor qm-like gene from disk abalone (haliotis discus discus): molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis upon immune challenge.we describe molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the gene encoding tumor suppressor qm-like protein, abqm, in the disk abalone haliotis discus discus. the full-length cdna (765-bp) of abqm was found to consist of a 654-bp orf coding for a 218 amino acid protein of a 25 kda molecular mass with a 10.2 isoelectric point. analysis of abqm sequence revealed the presence of characteristic motifs, including the ribosomal protein l10 signature, sh3-binding motif and two antibiotic ...201020580829
synthesis of trypsin-resistant variants of the listeria-active bacteriocin salivaricin p.two-component salivaricin p-like bacteriocins have demonstrated potential as antimicrobials capable of controlling infections in the gastrointestinal tract (git). the anti-listeria activity of salivaricin p is optimal when the individual peptides sln1 and sln2 are added in succession at a 1:1 ratio. however, as degradation by digestive proteases may compromise the functionality of these peptides within the git, we investigated the potential to create salivaricin variants with enhanced resistance ...201020581174
conservation of genomic localization and sequence content of sau3ai-like restriction-modification gene cassettes among listeria monocytogenes epidemic clone i and selected strains of serotype 1/2a.listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen with a clonal population structure and apparently limited gene flow between strains of different lineages. strains of epidemic clone i (eci) have been responsible for numerous outbreaks and invariably have dna that is resistant to digestion by sau3ai, suggesting methylation of cytosine at gatc sites. a putative restriction-modification (rm) gene cassette has been identified in the genome of the eci strain f2365 and all other tested eci strains but ...201020581194
stat3 controls myeloid progenitor growth during emergency granulopoiesis.granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) mediates "emergency" granulopoiesis during infection, a process that is mimicked by clinical g-csf use, yet we understand little about the intracellular signaling cascades that control demand-driven neutrophil production. using a murine model with conditional deletion of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) in bone marrow, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of stat3 function in the emergency granulopoiesis res ...201020581311
role of pkr and type i ifns in viral control during primary and secondary infection.type i interferons (ifns) are known to mediate viral control, and also promote survival and expansion of virus-specific cd8+ t cells. however, it is unclear whether signaling cascades involved in eliciting these diverse cellular effects are also distinct. one of the best-characterized anti-viral signaling mechanisms of type i ifns is mediated by the ifn-inducible dsrna activated protein kinase, pkr. here, we have investigated the role of pkr and type i ifns in regulating viral clearance and cd8+ ...201020585572
effectiveness of pulsed ultraviolet-light treatment for bacterial inactivation on agar surface and liquid medium.in the present study, the efficiency of a broad-spectrum pulsed ultraviolet (uv)-light for the inactivation of listeria monocytogenes scott a, l. monocytogenes cnl 895807, and pseudomonas fluorescens mf37 populations as agar seeded or suspended cells was investigated. the bacterial populations were treated by pulsed uv-light at different number of pulses (1 to 3), dose of energy (162, 243, or 324 j), and distance from the strobe (4, 9, or 12 cm). after pulsed uv-light treatment, the bacterial re ...201020586608
listeria monocytogenes infection in the over-60s in england between 2005 and 2008: a retrospective case-control study utilizing market research panel data.a retrospective case-control study of listeriosis in patients in england aged over 60 years is described. the incidence of listeriosis in patients aged ≥60 years in england has doubled since 2001; hence, the investigation of risk factors for infection in this group is important to inform on prevention and control. standardized epidemiological information has been sought on cases since 2005, but the value of the data accrued is limited without some perception of exposure prevalence in the populat ...201020586610
evaluation of listeria monocytogenes survival in ice cream mixes flavored with herbal tea using taguchi method.in this study, the effects of the incorporation of some herbal teas at different concentrations into the ice cream mix on the population of listeria monocytogenes were studied using taguchi method. the ice cream mix samples flavored with herbal teas were prepared using green tea and sage at different concentrations. afterward, fresh culture of l. monocytogenes was inoculated into the samples and the l. monocytogenes was counted at different storage periods. taguchi method was used for experiment ...201020590424
potential role of the cardiovascular non-antibiotic (helper compound) amlodipine in the treatment of microbial infections: scope and hope for the future.the appearance of multiresistant bacterial strains coupled with the globally ongoing problem of infectious diseases point to the imperative need for novel and affordable antimicrobial drugs. the antibacterial potential of cardiovascular non-antibiotics such as amlodipine (aml), dobutamine, lacidipine, nifedipine and oxyfedrine has been reported previously. of these drugs, aml proved to have the most significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. time-kill cu ...201020591629
[seroprevalance of listeriosis and leishmaniasis in shelter dogs of the erzurum province.].dogs are known to play an important role in the spread of the zoonotic diseases, listeriosis and leishmaniasis. in this study, the seroprevalances of these infections were investigated in shelter dogs in erzurum. the osebold agglutination test for listeriosis and ifat for leishmaniasis were performed in analysis of the specimens. out of 72 dogs, 19 (26.3%) were found to be seropositive for listeria monocytogenes. leishmaniasis seropositivity was not detected in any of the specimens. a total of 1 ...201020597049
[the seropositivity of toxoplasma gondii and listeria monocytogenes in the dogs of kars and vicinity.]this study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of t. gondii and l. monocytogenes in the dogs of 15 villages in 7 towns of the kars province. the blood samples were taken from 179 house dogs of which 15 were female and 164, male. the ages of the dogs was as follows: 96 of them were 1-3 years old, and 83 of them were 4 years or older. all of the samples were tested with sfdt for t.gondii and oat for l. monocytogenes. antibodies against to t. gondii were found in 172 specimens (96.1%). ...201020597051
antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of turkish extra virgin olive oils.turkish extra virgin olive oils (evoo) from different varieties/geographical origins and their phenolic compounds were investigated in terms of their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in comparison to refined olive, hazelnut, and canola oils. antimicrobial activity was tested against three foodborne pathogenic bacteria, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes , and salmonella enteritidis. although all evoos showed a bactericidal effect, the individual phenolic compounds demonstra ...201020604567
the ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase uch-l1 promotes bacterial invasion by altering the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton.invasion of eukaryotic target cells by pathogenic bacteria requires extensive remodelling of the membrane and actin cytoskeleton. here we show that the remodelling process is regulated by the ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase uch-l1 that promotes the invasion of epithelial cells by listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica. knockdown of uch-l1 reduced the uptake of both bacteria, while expression of the catalytically active enzyme promoted efficient internalization in the uch-l1-negative hela ...201020608941
attachment and colonization by escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus on stone fruit surfaces and survival through a simulated commercial export chain.the ability of the foodborne pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus to attach, colonize, and survive on stone fruit surfaces was investigated. fifty microliters of bacterial suspension was spot inoculated onto the sterile intact fructoplane of whole peaches and plums. minimum time required for initial adhesion and attachment was recorded for different surface contact times. surface colonizatio ...201020615337
microbial stability and safety of traditional greek graviera cheese: characterization of the lactic acid bacterial flora and culture-independent detection of bacteriocin genes in the ripened cheeses and their microbial consortia.the microflora of four batches of traditional greek graviera cheese was studied at 5 weeks of ripening, and 200 lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolates were phenotypically characterized and screened for antilisterial bacteriocins. the cheeses were also analyzed for organic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and for the potential presence of 25 known lab bacteriocin genes directly in cheese and their microbial consortia by pcr. all batches were safe according to the european union regula ...201020615342
aspects of the microbiological quality and safety of ready-to-eat foods in sharjah supermarkets in the united arab emirates.over the last few years, ready-to-eat (rte) foods have become popular in grocery stores all over the world. this study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological safety and shelf life of some rte salads sold in supermarkets in sharjah emirate, united arab emirates. samples of four rte salads, tabbouleh, hummus, greek salad, and coleslaw, were obtained from supermarkets and examined for aerobic bacteria, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and listeria monocytogenes. the resul ...201020615347
exploiting cross-priming to generate protective cd8 t-cell immunity rapidly.the number of memory cd8 t cells generated by infection or vaccination correlates strongly with the degree of protection observed in infection and tumor models. therefore, rapid induction of protective numbers of effector and memory cd8 t cells may be crucial in the case of malignancy, pandemic infection, or bioterrorism. many studies have shown that amplifying t-cell numbers by prime-boost vaccination is most effective with a substantial time interval between immunizations. in contrast, immuniz ...201020616089
lapb, a novel listeria monocytogenes lpxtg surface adhesin, required for entry into eukaryotic cells and virulence.attachment to mucosal surfaces is the initial event in the pathogenesis of the human foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes. by use of comparative genomics, we identified a l. monocytogenes-specific gene, lapb, that encodes an lpxtg surface protein that is absent from nonpathogenic listeria species. we showed that lapb expression is positively regulated by prfa, the major transcriptional activator of the virulence genes of listeria species, and is up-regulated in mouse spleens during infectio ...201020617901
aureocins 4185, bacteriocins produced by staphylococcus aureus 4185: potential application in food preservation.in the present study, the bacteriocins produced by staphylococcus aureus 4185, a strain isolated from bovine mastitis, were purified and partially characterized. after purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange chromatography, and five runs of high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), antimicrobial activity was recovered with 40% and 80% isopropanol, suggesting that more than one antimicrobial peptide, named aureocins 4185, is produced by s. aureus 4185. mass spectromet ...201020618078
[diarrhoea and fever in chemotherapy patients due to listeriosis].we present two patients with colorectal carcinoma who were admitted with fever and diarrhoea during treatment with chemotherapy. blood cultures taken from both patients revealed an infection with listeria monocytogenes. a contaminated ice cream was probably the source of infection in one patient. the other patient died of the listeriosis. patients with diminished cellular immunity are at risk of invasive listeriosis. listeriosis has a high mortality rate in this group of patients. intravenous pe ...201020619037
enhanced in vivo gene expression mediated by listeriolysin o incorporated anionic lpdii: its utility in cytotoxic t lymphocyte-inducing dna vaccine.enhanced in vivo gene expression using non-viral vectors is a critical issue in gene therapy in general. among the many potential utilities of non-viral vector-mediated gene delivery, its application in dna-based vaccination is an attractive approach with several practical advantages over conventional vaccination. we have previously shown that the endosomolytic bacterial protein listeriolysin o (llo) is capable of facilitating transfection in vitro using the lpdii (anionic liposome-polycation-dn ...201020620181
proteomics for the elucidation of cold adaptation mechanisms in listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes, one of the major food-related pathogens, is the aetiological agent of listeriosis, a potentially life-threatening illness. it is able to survive in hostile environments and stress conditions such as those encountered in food-processing technologies (high salt concentration, wide range of ph and temperature, low water availability) and it also thrives at temperatures ranging from -0.4 to 45 °c. in this study, expression proteomics was applied to gain insight into key cellu ...201020620249
purification and characterization of avian beta-defensin 11, an antimicrobial peptide of the hen egg.natural antimicrobial peptides are present in different compartments (eggshell, egg white, and vitelline membranes) of the hen egg and are expected to be involved in the protection of the embryo during its development and to contribute to the production of pathogen-free eggs. in the present study, we used vitelline membranes from hen (gallus gallus) eggs as a source of avian β-defensin 11 (avbd11). a purification scheme using affinity chromatography and reverse-phase chromatography was developed ...201020625158
reduced host cell invasiveness and oxidative stress tolerance in double and triple csp gene family deletion mutants of listeria monocytogenes.the cold shock protein (csp) family comprises small, highly conserved proteins that bind nucleic acids to modulate various bacterial gene expressions. in addition to cold adaptation functions, this group of proteins is thought to facilitate various cellular processes to promote normal growth and stress adaptation responses. three proteins making up the listeria monocytogenes csp family (cspa, cspb, and cspd) promote both cold and osmotic stress adaptation functions in this bacterium. the contrib ...201020184451
the bacteriological quality of retail-level peanut, almond, cashew, hazelnut, brazil, and mixed nut kernels produced in two australian nut-processing facilities over a period of 3 years.an investigation of the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat peanuts, almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, and brazil nuts processed in two australian nut-processing facilities was performed over a period of 3 years. a total of 564 ready-to-eat retail packs were analyzed for aerobic plate count (apc), salmonella, coagulase-positive staphylococci, listeria monocytogenes, and escherichia coli. of these samples, 343 were peanuts, 45 cashews, 42 almonds, 40 brazil nuts, 51 hazelnuts, and 43 were mixed pa ...201020184453
infectious disease: listeria does it again. 201020414301
listeria monocytogenes impairs sumoylation for efficient infection.during infection, pathogenic bacteria manipulate the host cell in various ways to allow their own replication, propagation and escape from host immune responses. post-translational modifications are unique mechanisms that allow cells to rapidly, locally and specifically modify activity or interactions of key proteins. some of these modifications, including phosphorylation and ubiquitylation, can be induced by pathogens. however, the effects of pathogenic bacteria on sumoylation, an essential pos ...201020414307
control of biofilm formation by poly-ethylene-co-vinyl acetate films incorporating nisin.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of poly-ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (eva) films incorporating different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) of nisin on the biofilm-forming ability of listeria monocytogenes atcc 7644, staphylococcus aureus 815 and staphylococcus epidermidis atcc 35984. nisin was incorporated into two grades of eva (eva14 and eva28) in the melt during a common film-blowing operation. the efficacy of eva/nisin films was evaluated by biofilm biomass measurements and li ...201020414650
innate ifn-gamma production by subsets of natural killer cells, natural killer t cells and gammadelta t cells in response to dying bacterial-infected macrophages.interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) activation of macrophages is a crucial step in the early innate defence against bacterial infection. this innate ifn-gamma is thought to be produced mainly by natural killer (nk) cells through activation with interleukin (il)-12p70 secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells (dcs) that have sensed bacterial products. however, a number of reports have shown that bacterial stimuli are unable to induce macrophages and/or dcs to produce sufficient amounts of il-12p70 unl ...201020415785
effects of packaging type and storage temperature on the growth of foodborne pathogens on shredded 'romaine' lettuce.fresh produce can be a vehicle for the transmission of pathogens capable of causing human illnesses and some of them can grow on fresh-cut vegetables. the survival and growth of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp. and listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto shredded lettuce was determined under modified atmosphere packaging conditions, at various storage temperatures. we also monitored changes in ph and gas atmospheres within the packages and the growth of psychrotrophic and mesophilic micr ...201020227602
induction of tgf-beta1 and tgf-beta1-dependent predominant th17 differentiation by group a streptococcal infection.recurrent group a streptococcus (gas) tonsillitis and associated autoimmune diseases indicate that the immune response to this organism can be ineffective and pathological. tgf-beta1 is recognized as an essential signal for generation of regulatory t cells (tregs) and t helper (th) 17 cells. here, the impact of tgf-beta1 induction on the t-cell response in mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (nalt) following intranasal (i.n.) infections is investigated. elisa and tgf-beta1-luciferase reporter ...201020231435
plasmid-associated bacteriocin production by lactobacillus lmg21688 suppresses listeria monocytogenes growth rebound in a food system.bacteriocin produced by lactobacillus curvatus cwbi-b28wt is not completely effective against listeria monocytogenes in food models. there is evidence suggesting that bacteriocin-degrading proteolytic enzymes produced by the cwbi-b28wt strain and/or present in the food matrix contribute to this rebound of listeria growth. to limit this problem, we have partially characterized an approximately 10-kb plasmid responsible for bacteriocin production in l. curvatus cwbi-b28wt. this plasmid was transfe ...201020236328
listeria and salmonella bacterial vectors of tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy.this review covers the use of the facultative intracellular bacteria, listeriamonocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as delivery systems for tumor-associated antigens in tumor immunotherapy. because of their ability to infect and survive in antigen presenting cells, these bacteria have been harnessed to deliver tumor antigens to the immune system both as bacterially expressed proteins and encoded on eukaryotic plasmids. they do this in the context of strong innate immunity, wh ...201020299242
orthotopic liver transplantation: is there a risk for listeria monocytogenes infection?immunosuppression of any kind is a known risk factor for infection with listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes). particularly, patients with impaired liver function are at increased risk of developing an aggravated course of infection with this bacterial pathogen (see nolla-salas et al.; 2002 and cabellos et al.; 2008). it is a well-known pathogen in immunocompromised patients, but has only seldom been reported following orthotopic liver transplantation. invasion of the central nervous system ...201020300589
implications of salt and sodium reduction on microbial food safety.excess sodium consumption has been cited as a primary cause of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. salt (sodium chloride) is considered the main source of sodium in the human diet, and it is estimated that processed foods and restaurant foods contribute 80% of the daily intake of sodium in most of the western world. however, ample research demonstrates the efficacy of sodium chloride against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in a variety of food systems. notable examples of the utilit ...201020301012
dna probes for unambiguous identification of listeria monocytogenes epidemic clone ii strains.listeria monocytogenes epidemic clone ii (ecii) strains have been responsible for two major multistate outbreaks of food-borne listeriosis in the united states, but their prevalence and ecology remain poorly understood. in this study, we describe dna probes that unambiguously identify this clonal group. these probes were able to differentiate ecii strains of outbreak, sporadic, or environmental origin from other l. monocytogenes strains of the same serotype (4b).201020305032
cure of listeria monocytogenes meningitis after early transition to oral therapy. 201020308389
histone acetylation at the single-cell level: a marker of memory cd8+ t cell differentiation and functionality.following stimulation, memory t (t(m)) cells rapidly express many effector functions, a hallmark feature that allows them to provide protective immunity. recent studies suggest that genes involved in this rapid recall response may maintain an open chromatin structure in resting t(m) cells via epigenetic modifications. however, these studies have mostly focused on a few loci, and the techniques used required a large number of cells. we have developed a flow cytometric assay measuring histone modi ...201020308634
listeria monocytogenes is sensed by the nlrp3 and aim2 inflammasome.the inflammasome pathway functions to regulate caspase-1 activation in response to a broad range of stimuli. caspase-1 activation is required for the maturation of the pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines of the pro-il-1beta family. in addition, caspase-1 activation leads to a certain type of cell death known as pyroptosis. activation of the inflammasome has been shown to play a critical role in the recognition and containment of various microbial pathogens, including the intracellularly replicati ...201020333626
[preparation of a 96-microwell plate dna diagnostic chip for detection of foodborne bacteria and its application in an incident of food poisoning].to develop a 96-microwell plate dna diagnostic chip for simultaneous detection of 9 major foodborne bacteria.201020335099
stability and antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate during long-term storage in an oil-in-water emulsion.this study investigated the stability and antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) in medium chain triglyceride (mct) or soybean oil (sbo) dispersed in an oil-in-water (o/w) system during long-term storage. oil type, content, and oxidative stability affect the stability and antimicrobial activity of aitc during storage. high oil content is favorable for aitc stability in the emulsion. notably, aitc with mct is more stable than aitc with sbo with the same oil content. consequently, a ...201020629866
antioxidant and antibacterial activities on foodborne pathogens of artocarpus heterophyllus lam. (moraceae) leaves extracts.total water extract, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions from the leaves of artocarpus heterophyllus were evaluated for phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities against some foodborne pathogens such as e. coli, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enterica, bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, and staphylococcus aureus. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mics) of extract and fractions determined by the agar dilution method were ranged from 221.9 mi ...201020629886
emergence of pregnancy-related listeriosis amongst ethnic minorities in england and wales.listeriosis is a rare but severe food-borne disease that predominantly affects pregnant women, the unborn, newborns, the elderly and immunocompromised people. following a large outbreak in the 1980s, specific food safety advice was provided to pregnant women and the immunocompromised in the united kingdom. following two coincident yet unconnected cases of pregnancy-related listeriosis in eastern european women in 2008, a review of the role of ethnicity in pregnancy-related listeriosis in england ...201020630145
human listeriosis in england, 2001-2007: association with neighbourhood deprivation.listeriosis is a rare but severe food-borne disease that predominantly affects pregnant women, the unborn, newborns, the elderly and immunocompromised people. despite the high mortality rate of the disease, its socio-economic determinants have not been studied in detail, meaning that health inequalities that might exist in relation to this disease are not apparent. laboratory surveillance data on listeriosis cases reported in england between 2001 and 2007 were linked to indices of deprivation an ...201020630146
molecular identification of naturally occurring bacteriocinogenic and bacteriocinogenic-like lactic acid bacteria in raw milk and soft cheese.lactic acid bacteria (lab) are currently used by food industries because of their ability to produce metabolites with antimicrobial activity against gram-positive pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. the objectives of this study were to identify naturally occurring bacteriocinogenic or bacteriocinogenic-like lab in raw milk and soft cheese and to detect the presence of nisin-coding genes in cultures identified as lactococcus lactis. lactic acid bacteria cultures were isolated from 389 raw milk ...201020630205
occurrence and role of lactic acid bacteria in seafood products.lactic acid bacteria (lab) in fish flesh has long been disregarded because the high post-mortem ph, the low percentage of sugars, the high content of low molecular weight nitrogenous molecules and the low temperature of temperate waters favor the rapid growth of ph-sensitive psychrotolerant marine gram-negative bacteria like pseudomonas, shewanella and photobacterium. in seafood packed in both vacuum (vp) and modified atmosphere (map) packaging commonly co(2) enriched, the growth of the gram-neg ...201020630312
alternative microbial methods: an overview and selection criteria.this study provides an overview and criteria for the selection of a method, other than the reference method, for microbial analysis of foods. in a first part an overview of the general characteristics of rapid methods available, both for enumeration and detection, is given with reference to relevant bibliography. perspectives on future development and the potential of the rapid method for routine application in food diagnostics are discussed. as various alternative "rapid" methods in different f ...201020630313
lack of growth of listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus in temperature abuse of e-beam treated ready-to-eat (rte) cooked ham.the behaviour of listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus in vacuum-packed cooked ham slices treated with an electron beam and stored at 4, 7 and 10 degrees c was investigated. cooked ham slices were inoculated with l. monocytogenes and s. aureus and electron beam treated at 2 and 3 kgy. after treatment, a long temperature-dependent death phase was observed, followed by growth at a slower rate than in untreated samples. assuming a hypothetical load of 10 cells/g or cm(2) of l. monocytoge ...201020630319
reduction of listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters treated with lactic acid solutions of various temperatures.united states regulations require ready-to-eat meat and poultry processors to control listeria monocytogenes using interventions which may include antimicrobials that reduce post-processing contamination by at least 1 log-cycle; if the treatment achieves > or = 2 log reductions, the plant is subject to less frequent microbial testing. lactic acid (la) may be useful as a post-lethality intervention and its antimicrobial properties may increase with temperature of application. the aim of this stud ...201020630320
influence of storage temperature on gene expression and virulence potential of listeria monocytogenes strains grown in a salmon matrix.little is understood about the impact of environmental conditions on the virulence plasticity of listeria monocytogenes strains grown in food. in this report, we monitored changes in the virulence properties of one high virulent (ccug 3998) and one low virulent (442) l. monocytogenes strains grown on raw salmon (salmo salar l.). the effect of temperature exposures (0 degrees c, 4 degrees c and 20 degrees c) on the expression levels of virulence genes (hlya, acta, inla and prfa), invasion into ca ...201020630322
loss of viability of listeria monocytogenes in contaminated processed cheese during storage at 4, 12 and 22 degrees c.the behaviour of listeria monocytogenes in a processed cheese product was evaluated over time by inoculating the product with three different l. monocytogenes strains (scott a, ca and a strain isolated from processed cheese) at three different inoculation levels (ca. 6x10(5), ca. 6x10(3) and 10(2)cfu/g of cheese or less) and after storage of the contaminated products at 4, 12 or 22 degrees c. growth of l. monocytogenes was not observed in any of the experimental trials (experiments involving dif ...201020630324
cutting edge: rapamycin augments pathogen-specific but not graft-reactive cd8+ t cell responses.recent evidence demonstrating that exposure to rapamycin during viral infection increased the quantity and quality of ag-specific t cells poses an intriguing paradox, because rapamycin is used in transplantation to dampen, rather than enhance, donor-reactive t cell responses. in this report, we compared the effects of rapamycin on the ag-specific t cell response to a bacterial infection versus a transplant. using a transgenic system in which the ag and the responding t cell population were ident ...201020631309
severe listeria monocytogenes infection induces development of monocytes with distinct phenotypic and functional features.monocytes perform diverse roles during infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes. they are essential as bactericidal cells in host defense but can also become trojan horses transporting bacteria into the brain. to explain these contrasting roles, we characterized bone marrow (bm) monocytes in steady state and generated during lethal and sublethal l. monocytogenes infection. ly-6c(high)cd11b(+) bm monocytes expressed high amounts of m-csfr/cd115 in steady state ...201020631315
antimicrobial activity of phenolics and glucosinolate hydrolysis products and their synergy with streptomycin against pathogenic bacteria.the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of different classes of important and common dietary phytochemicals (5 simple phenolics - tyrosol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid; chalcone - phloridzin; flavan-3-ol - (-) epicatechin; seco-iridoid - oleuropein glucoside; 3 glucosinolate hydrolysis products - allylisothiocyanate, benzylisothiocyanate and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate) against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, ...201020632977
visualizing early splenic memory cd8+ t cells reactivation against intracellular bacteria in the mouse.memory cd8(+) t cells represent an important effector arm of the immune response in maintaining long-lived protective immunity against viruses and some intracellular bacteria such as listeria monocytogenes (l.m). memory cd8(+) t cells are endowed with enhanced antimicrobial effector functions that perfectly tail them to rapidly eradicate invading pathogens. it is largely accepted that these functions are sufficient to explain how memory cd8(+) t cells can mediate rapid protection. however, it is ...201020634957
dietary glycosaminoglycans interfere in bacterial adhesion and gliadin-induced pro-inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial (caco-2) cells.dietary components may have an important role in maintaining a balanced gut microbiota composition. celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy caused by gliadins, and has been associated with a reduced proportion of bifidobacterium in gut microbiota. this study evaluates the influence of glycosaminoglycans (gags) on bacterial adhesion and their contribution in the gliadins-induced inflammatory response. the adhesion of potential probiotic (bifidobacterium longum cect 7347 and bifidobacterium bi ...201020637226
nonconventional initiation complex assembly by stat and nf-kappab transcription factors regulates nitric oxide synthase expression.transcriptional regulation of the nos2 gene encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) requires type i interferon (ifn-i) signaling and additional signals emanating from pattern recognition receptors. here we showed sequential and cooperative contributions of the transcription factors isgf3 (a complex containing stat1, stat2, and irf9 subunits) and nf-kappab to the transcriptional induction of the nos2 gene in macrophages infected with the intracellular bacterial pathogen listeria monocytog ...201020637660
comparison of ox40 ligand and cd70 in the promotion of cd4+ t cell responses.the tnf superfamily members cd70 and ox40 ligand (ox40l) were reported to be important for cd4(+) t cell expansion and differentiation. however, the relative contribution of these costimulatory signals in driving cd4(+) t cell responses has not been addressed. in this study, we found that ox40l is a more important determinant than cd70 of the primary cd4(+) t cell response to multiple immunization regimens. despite the ability of a combined tlr and cd40 agonist (tlr/cd40) stimulus to provoke app ...201020639485
infection with the intracellular bacterium, listeria monocytogenes, overrides established tolerance in a mouse cardiac allograft model.infections and tlr signals at the time of transplantation have been shown to prevent the induction of tolerance, but their effect on allografts after tolerance has been established is unclear. we here report that infection with listeria monocytogenes precipitated the loss of tolerance and the myd88- and t cell-dependent rejection of accepted cardiac allografts in mice. this loss of tolerance was associated with increases in the numbers of graft-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells, as we ...201020642679
the abc transporter anrab contributes to the innate resistance of listeria monocytogenes to nisin, bacitracin, and various beta-lactam antibiotics.a mariner transposon bank was used to identify loci that contribute to the innate resistance of listeria monocytogenes to the lantibiotic nisin. in addition to highlighting the importance of a number of loci previously associated with nisin resistance (mprf, virrs, and tela), a nisin-sensitive phenotype was associated with the disruption of anrb (lmo2115), a gene encoding the permease component of an abc transporter. the contribution of anrb to nisin resistance was confirmed by the creation of n ...201020643901
resident and monocyte-derived dendritic cells become dominant il-12 producers under different conditions and signaling pathways.il-12 is such a pivotal cytokine that it has been called the third signal for t cell activation, tcr engagement being the first and costimulation being the second. it has been generally viewed that the resident cd8(+) dendritic cell (dc) subset is the predominant il-12-producing cell type. in this study, we found, although this is so under steady state conditions, under inflammatory conditions monocyte-derived dc (mdc) became a major cell type producing il-12. depletion of either type of dc resu ...201020644172
antimicrobial activity of crude epicarp and seed extracts from mature avocado fruit (persea americana) of three cultivars.the epicarp and seed of persea americana mill. var. hass (lauraceae), persea americana mill. var. shepard, and persea americana mill. var fuerte cultivars of mature avocados (n = 3) were ground separately and extracted with both absolute ethanol and distilled water. extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial activity using the microtiter broth microdilution assay against four gram-positive bacteria, six gram-negative bacteria, and one yeast. antimicrobial activity against two molds was determined ...201020645772
antibacterial properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil ocimum basilicum occurring in bangladesh.the antibacterial potential of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil ocimum basilicum l. (lamiaceae) was evaluated for controlling the growth range of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves and stems were analyzed by gc-ms. fifty-seven compounds representing 94.9 and 96.1% of the total leaf and stem oils, respectively, were identified, of which methyl chavicol (36.7 and 29.9%), gitoxigenin (9.3 and 10.2%), trimethoquinol (10.3 ...201020645791
comparison of growth limits of listeria monocytogenes in milk, broth and cheese.to determine growth initiation differences of listeria monocytogenes between a cheesemaking context, milk and tryptic soy broth (tsb).201020649836
a multipathogen selective enrichment broth for simultaneous growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes.a selective enrichment broth (ssl) was formulated to allow concurrent growth of 3 prominent food-borne pathogens: salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes. nalidixic acid, lithium chloride, and potassium tellurite were added as the selective agents, while sodium pyruvate and mannitol were employed as the supplemented elements. in the individual growth trial, the target pathogens were capable of growing in ssl to as high as 7-8 log(10) colony-form ...201020651858
bacteriophage administration reduces the concentration of listeria monocytogenes in the gastrointestinal tract and its translocation to spleen and liver in experimentally infected mice.to investigate the efficacy of phage supplementation in reducing pathogen numbers, mice were treated via oral gavage with a listeria monocytogenes phage preparation (designated listshield) before being orally infected with l. monocytogenes. the concentrations of l. monocytogenes in the liver, spleen, and intestines were significantly lower (p < .05) in the phage-treated than in the control mice. phage and antibiotic treatments were similarly effective in reducing the levels of l. monocytogenes i ...201020652074
structural investigation of an antibacterial polysaccharide from streptomyces virginia h03.the chemical structure of a polysaccharide from the broth of cultured streptomyces virginia h03 was investigated. there might be 1-->2 and 1-->4 and no 1-->6 glycosidic linkages in the polysaccharide according to periodate oxidation and smith degradation. four fragments including 2,3,4,6-me4-man, 2,3,6-me3-gal, 2,4,6-me3-glc, and 3,6-me2-man were found in the methylated polysaccharide. furthermore, the polysaccharide has a beta-glc(1-->4)-alpha-man(1-->4)-alpha-gal(1-->3)-linked backbone and a b ...201020653232
use of quantitative broad-based polymerase chain reaction for detection and identification of common bacterial pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid.conventional laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis based on microscopy followed by culture is time-consuming and has only moderate sensitivity.201020653589
survival of listeria monocytogenes on a conveyor belt material with or without antimicrobial additives.survival of listeria monocytogenes on a conveyor belt material with or without antimicrobial additives, in the absence or presence of food debris from meat, fish and vegetables and at temperatures of 10, 25 and 37 degrees c was investigated. the pathogen survived best at 10 degrees c, and better at 25 degrees c than at 37 degrees c on both conveyor belt materials. the reduction in the numbers of the pathogen on belt material with antimicrobial additives in the first 6h at 10 degrees c was 0.6 lo ...201020655607
spray application of liquid smoke to reduce or eliminate listeria monocytogenes surface inoculated on frankfurters.in a simulated post process contamination scenario liquid smoke was sprayed on the frankfurters after peeling, and then inoculated with listeria monocytogenes (lm). samples that did not receive a liquid smoke spray remained at approximately 2 log cfu/cm(2) during the 48h of storage while the levels on the liquid smoke treated frankfurters continued to decline until they were below detection level (1 cfu/100 cm(2)). a shelf-life study lasting 140 days indicated that liquid smoke suppressed the gr ...201020416807
application of chitosan-incorporated ldpe film to sliced fresh red meats for shelf life extension.chitosan lactate was impregnated as an antimicrobial additive into low density polyethylene (ldpe) with different concentrations. the antimicrobial effectiveness was tested with three pathogenic bacteria, specifically listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli and salmonella enteritidis. also, these chitosan incorporated films were applied on red meat surfaces to determine the effectiveness of chitosan on color shelf life extension and microbial growth inhibition. chitosan was exposed to 0.1% pept ...201020416821
listeria monocytogenes triggers aim2-mediated pyroptosis upon infrequent bacteriolysis in the macrophage cytosol.a host defense strategy against pathogens is the induction of cell death, thereby eliminating the pathogen's intracellular niche. pyroptosis, one such form of cell death, is dependent on inflammasome activation. in a genetic screen to identify listeria monocytogenes mutants that induced altered levels of host cell death, we identified a mutation in lmo2473 that caused hyperstimulation of il-1beta secretion and pyroptosis following bacteriolysis in the macrophage cytosol. in addition, strains eng ...201020417169
the influence of non-lethal temperature on the rate of inactivation of vegetative bacteria in inimical environments may be independent of bacterial species.the influence of non-lethal temperature on the survival of two species of food-borne bacteria under growth-preventing ph and water activity conditions was investigated. specifically, inactivation rates of four strains of escherichia coli and three strains of listeria monocytogenes were determined in culture broth adjusted to ph 3.5 and water activity 0.90, to prevent growth of both species, and for temperatures in the range 5-45 degrees c at 5 degrees c intervals. sixty-three inactivation rates ...201020417393
prediction of time to growth of listeria monocytogenes using monte carlo simulation or regression analysis, influenced by sublethal heat and recovery conditions.stochastic models, including the variability in extent and probability of microbial growth, are useful for estimating the risk of foodborne illness (i.e. nauta, 2000). risk assessment typically has to embrace all sources of variability. in this paper, a stochastic approach to evaluate growth of heat damaged listeria monocytogenes cells influenced by different stresses (ph and presence of eugenol) was performed, using an individual-based approach of growth through od measurements. both the lag ph ...201020417395
membrane permeabilization and cellular death of escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes and saccharomyces cerevisiae as induced by high pressure carbon dioxide treatment.in this study, the relationship between (irreversible) membrane permeabilization and loss of viability in escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes and saccharomyces cerevisiae cells subjected to high pressure carbon dioxide (hpcd) treatment at different process conditions including temperature (35-45 degrees c), pressure (10.5-21.0 mpa) and treatment time (0-60 min) was examined. loss of membrane integrity was measured as increased uptake of the fluorescent dye propidium iodide (pi) with spectro ...201020417405
inactivation kinetics of pulsed electric field-resistant strains of listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus in media of different ph.a study of the effect of pulsed electric fields (pef) on the inactivation of listeria monocytogenes stcc 5672 and staphylococcus aureus stcc 4459 in mcilvaine buffer covering a range from ph 3.5 to 7.0 was conducted. mathematical models based on the weibull distribution were developed to describe the influence of the electric field strength, treatment time and ph of the treatment medium on the lethality of both gram positive pathogenic bacteria after pef treatments. both microorganisms were more ...201020417406
certain dietary carbohydrates promote listeria infection in a guinea pig model, while others prevent it.it has been proposed that dietary non-digestible carbohydrates can improve host resistance to intestinal infections by stimulating health-promoting bacteria in the gut. however, evidence from in vivo infection studies is scarce, particularly for gram-positive infections. we studied the effect of five non-digestible carbohydrates on the resistance of guinea pigs to listeria monocytogenes infections. animals were fed a diet supplemented with 10% xylooligosaccharides (xos), galactooligosaccharides ...201020417983
a quantitative real-time pcr assay for quantification of viable listeria monocytogenes cells after bacteriocin injury in food-first insights.quantitative real-time pcr may be a rapid and automated procedure for detection of bacterial pathogens from food samples. nevertheless, when testing the effects of antimicrobials on the viability of bacterial pathogens in foods, we found that dna from dead cells interfered greatly in the detection of viable listeria monocytogenes after treatment with the broad-spectrum bacteriocin enterocin as-48. to overcome this problem, a quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) assay based on bacterial mrna was ...201020419373
characterization and expression analysis of ef hand domain-containing calcium-regulatory gene from disk abalone: calcium homeostasis and its role in immunity.the complete amino acid sequence of a calcium-regulatory gene (denoted as ab-careg i) was identified from the disk abalone haliotis discus discus cdna library. the ab-careg i is composed of 176 amino acids and the calculated molecular mass and isoelectric point were 20 and 4.2, respectively. the sequence homology of ab-careg i was 28-30 and 18-27% of known calmodulin and troponin c, respectively. four characteristic calcium-binding ef hand motifs with some modifications at conserved positions of ...201020420919
mast cells elicit proinflammatory but not type i interferon responses upon activation of tlrs by bacteria.balanced induction of proinflammatory and type i ifn responses upon activation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) determines the outcome of microbial infections and the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. mast cells, key components of the innate immune system, are known for their debilitating role in allergy and autoimmunity. however, their role in antimicrobial host defenses is being acknowledged increasingly. how mast cells interact with microbes and the nature of responses ...201020421474
biosurfactants as agents to reduce adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to polystyrene surfaces: effect of temperature and hydrophobicity.polystyrene surfaces were conditioned with surfactin and rhamnolipid biosurfactants and then assessed regarding the attachment of staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, and micrococcus luteus. the effect of different temperatures (35, 25, and 4°c) on the anti-adhesive activity was also studied. microbial adhesion to solvents and contact angle measurements were performed to characterize bacteria and material surfaces. the results showed that surfactin was able to inhibit bacterial adhesio ...201020422191
update: multinational listeriosis outbreak due to 'quargel', a sour milk curd cheese, caused by two different l. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a strains, 2009-2010.we previously reported an outbreak of listeriosis in austria and germany due to consumption of quargel cheese. it comprised 14 cases (including five fatalities) infected by a serotype 1/2a listeria monocytogenes (clone 1), with onset of illness from june 2009 to january 2010. a second strain of l. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a (clone 2) spread by this product could be linked to further 13 cases in austria (two fatal), six in germany (one fatal) and one case in the czech republic, with onset of dis ...201020430003
changing etiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: a nationwide multicenter study in korea.epidemiologic data on the etiologic organisms is important for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis. we identified the etiologies of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in korean adults and the associated epidemiological factors. a retrospective, multicenter nationwide study was carried out. patients 18 years of age or older with community-acquired bacterial meningitis with a confirmed pathogen were enrolled. demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were ...201020432052
the role of bioactive substances in controlling foodborne pathogens derived from metasequoia glyptostroboides miki ex hu.in an attempt to isolate bioactive substances, ethyl acetate cone extract of metasequoia glyptostroboides was subjected to a column chromatographic analysis that resulted in isolation of an abietane type diterpenoid, taxoquinone. its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic means. in further, taxoquinone showed potential antibacterial effect as diameters of zones of inhibition against foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as listeria monocytogenes atcc 19166, salmonella typhimurium kctc 2515, salm ...201020435080
allograft inflammatory factor-1 in disk abalone (haliotis discus discus): molecular cloning, transcriptional regulation against immune challenge and tissue injury.here, we report the identification and characterization of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (aif-1) from disk abalone haliotis discus discus that was denoted as abaif-1. the full-length cdna of abaif-1 consists of a coding region (453 bp) for 151 amino acids with a 17 kda molecular mass. analysis of abaif-1 sequence showed that it shares characteristic two ef hand ca(+2)-binding motifs. results from phylogenetic analysis further confirm that abaif-1 is a member of the aif-1 family similar to inve ...201020435145
monocyte trafficking to hepatic sites of bacterial infection is chemokine independent and directed by focal intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression.recruitment of ccr2(+)ly6c(high) monocytes to sites of infection is essential for efficient clearance of microbial pathogens. although ccr2-mediated signals promote monocyte emigration from bone marrow, the contribution of ccr2 to later stages of monocyte recruitment remains unresolved. in this article, we show that ccr2 deficiency markedly worsens hepatic listeria monocytogenes infection because ly6c(high) monocytes are retained in the bone marrow. intravenously transferred, ccr2-deficient ly6c ...201020435926
maltose and maltodextrin utilization by listeria monocytogenes depend on an inducible abc transporter which is repressed by glucose.in the environment as well as in the vertebrate intestine, listeriae have access to complex carbohydrates like maltodextrins. bacterial exploitation of such compounds requires specific uptake and utilization systems.201020436965
cellular hydrophobicity of listeria monocytogenes involves initial attachment and biofilm formation on the surface of polyvinyl chloride.to clarify the cellular properties of listeria monocytogenes involved in adhesion to and biofilm formation on polyvinyl chloride, a widely used material in the food manufacturing process.201020438621
antibody targeting the ferritin-like protein controls listeria infection.the acquisition of iron during the infection process is essential for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms (s. c. andrews, adv. microb. physiol. 40:281-351, 1998; h. m. baker, b. f. anderson, and e. n. baker, proc. natl. acad. sci. u. s. a. 100:3579-3583, 2003). since the solubility of iron is low and it is toxic at low concentrations, following uptake, iron is stored in subcellular microenvironments in the iron storage protein ferritin (c. cheers and m. ho, j. reticuloendothel. soc. 34:299-3 ...201020439472
cd69 limits early inflammatory diseases associated with immune response to listeria monocytogenes infection.mouse infection with intracellular bacteria induces a potent inflammatory response that requires protective mechanisms to avoid infection-induced immune pathology. cd69 is expressed in all leukocytes during activation after infection with a wide range of microbial pathogens. this study explores the way in which cd69 affects cell activation after listeria monocytogenes (lm) infection and its effects on host protection. we show that infectivity and bacterial clearance capability are unaltered in c ...201020440294
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