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development and validation of a score to predict mortality in children undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure: pediatric pulmonary rescue with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prediction score.our objective was to develop and validate a prognostic score for predicting mortality at the time of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation for children with respiratory failure. preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation mortality prediction is important for determining center-specific risk-adjusted outcomes and counseling families.201727548818
nanobodies® as inhaled biotherapeutics for lung diseases.local pulmonary delivery of biotherapeutics may offer advantages for the treatment of lung diseases. delivery of the therapeutic entity directly to the lung has the potential for a rapid onset of action, reduced systemic exposure and the need for a lower dose, as well as needleless administration. however, formulation of a protein for inhaled delivery is challenging and requires proteins with favorable biophysical properties suitable to withstand the forces associated with formulation, delivery, ...201727373507
differential lower airway dendritic cell patterns may reveal distinct endotypes of rsv bronchiolitis.the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infants remains poorly understood. mouse models implicate pulmonary t cells in the development of rsv disease. t cell responses are initiated by dendritic cells (dcs), which accumulate in lungs of rsv-infected mice. in infants with rsv bronchiolitis, previous reports have shown that dcs are mobilised to the nasal mucosa, but data on lower airway dc responses are lacking.201727531529
cohort study of severe bronchiolitis during infancy and risk of asthma by age 5 years.severe bronchiolitis (ie, bronchiolitis requiring hospital admission) is thought to markedly increase asthma risk, with 30%-50% developing asthma by age 5 years. to date, studies of this association are small, and most are from outside the united states.201727523277
patterns in bacterial- and viral-induced immunosuppression and secondary infections in the icu.immunosuppression renders the host increased susceptible for secondary infections. it is becoming increasingly clear that not only bacterial sepsis, but also respiratory viruses with both severe and mild disease courses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and the human rhinovirus may induce immunosuppression. in this review, the current knowledge on (mechanisms of) bacterial- and virus-induced immunosuppression and the accompanying susceptibility toward various secondary infections i ...201727517143
rsv n-nanorings fused to palivizumab-targeted neutralizing epitope as a nanoparticle rsv vaccine.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute respiratory infections in children, yet no vaccine is available. the sole licensed preventive treatment against rsv is composed of a monoclonal neutralizing antibody (palivizumab), which targets a conformational epitope located on the fusion protein (f). palivizumab reduces the burden of bronchiolitis but does not prevent infection. thus, the development of rsv vaccines remains a priority. we previously evaluated nanorings formed by ...201727553073
influenza-like illness-related emergency department visits: christmas and new year holiday peaks and relationships with laboratory-confirmed respiratory virus detections, edmonton, alberta, 2004-2014.emergency department (ed) visit volumes can be especially high during the christmas-new year holidays, a period occurring during the influenza season in canada.201727442911
stat6 inhibitory peptide given during rsv infection of neonatal mice reduces exacerbated airway responses upon adult reinfection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related hospitalization during infancy is strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. early life rsv infection results in a th2-biased immune response, which is also typical of asthma. murine models of neonatal rsv infection have been developed to examine the possible contribution of rsv-driven th2 responses to the development of airway hyper-responsiveness later in childhood. we have investigated the ability of a cell-penetrating stat6 inhibi ...201727566834
in utero alcohol effects on foetal, neonatal and childhood lung disease.maternal alcohol use during pregnancy exposes both premature and term newborns to the toxicity of alcohol and its metabolites. foetal alcohol exposure adversely effects the lung. in contrast to the adult "alcoholic lung" phenotype, an inability to identify the newborn exposed to alcohol in utero has limited our understanding of its effect on adverse pulmonary outcomes. this paper will review advances in biomarker development of in utero alcohol exposure. we will highlight the current understandi ...201727613232
down syndrome as risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization: a prospective multicenter epidemiological study.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in childhood, particularly in premature infants, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.201727611835
analytical characterization of an oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion.adjuvants are typically used in subunit vaccine formulations to enhance immune responses elicited by individual antigens. physical chemical characterization of novel adjuvants is an important step in ensuring their effective use in vaccine formulations. this paper reports application of a panel of quantitative assays developed to analyze and characterize an oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion, which contains glucopyranosyl lipid a (gla) and is a squalene-based emulsion. gla is a fully synthetic analo ...201727628187
outcomes of infants receiving palivizumab prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus in canada and italy: an international, prospective cohort study.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection frequently results in rsv-related hospitalization (rsvh) in young infants. we examined the outcomes of palivizumab recipients within the canadian registry (caress) and the torino-verona italian registry over the 2002-2014 rsv seasons.201727649365
the influence of birth weight amongst 33-35 weeks gestational age (wga) infants on the risk of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalisation: a pooled analysis.to investigate the association between birth weight and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalisation during the first year of life in 33°-35(6) weeks' gestational age (wga) infants.201726965584
comparison of intravenous palivizumab and standard of care for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients.evidence suggests palivizumab may be beneficial for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in pediatric patients, although it is only approved by the us food and drug administration for rsv prophylaxis. the objective of this study is to compare outcomes among pediatric patients with rsv infection who received intravenous palivizumab and standard of care versus standard of care alone.201727199622
value of multiplex pcr to determine the bacterial and viral aetiology of pneumonia in school-age children.conventional methods for the aetiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) are often insufficient owing to low sensitivity and the long wait for the results of culture and particularly serology, and it often these methods establish a diagnosis in only half of cases.201726750616
examination of neurological prognostic markers in patients with respiratory syncytial virus-associated encephalopathy.no biomarker has been established as a prognostic indicator of acute encephalopathy associated with various etiological factors. in this study, we examined useful prognostic biomarkers in patients with acute encephalopathy associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. the subjects were 11 children with rsv-associated encephalopathy admitted to our hospital. we measured the levels of interleukin (il)-6, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and nitrogen oxide (no)x in cerebrospi ...201726732732
preventing hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus infection is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children. palivizumab has minimal impact on rsv hospitilization rates as it is only practical to offer it to the highest risk groups. the present statement reviews the published literature and provides updated recommendations regarding palivizumab use in children in canada.201726435673
etiology and clinical features of viral bronchiolitis in infancy.bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. the aim of this review is to present the clinical profile of viral bronchiolitis, the different culprit viruses and the disease severity in relation to the viral etiology.201728470580
a highly potent extended half-life antibody as a potential rsv vaccine surrogate for all infants.prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness in all infants is a major public health priority. however, no vaccine is currently available to protect this vulnerable population. palivizumab, the only approved agent for rsv prophylaxis, is limited to high-risk infants, and the cost associated with the requirement for dosing throughout the rsv season makes its use impractical for all infants. we describe the development of a monoclonal antibody as potential rsv prophylaxis for all infant ...201728469033
antibody-induced internalization of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections remain a major cause of respiratory disease and hospitalizations among infants. infection recurs frequently and establishes a weak and short-lived immunity. to date, rsv immunoprophylaxis and vaccine research is mainly focused on the rsv fusion (f) protein, but a vaccine remains elusive. the rsv f protein is a highly conserved surface glycoprotein and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection. here, we analyzed an inte ...201728468888
prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in mexico.acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. although a viral aetiological agent is estimated to be involved in up to 80% of cases, the majority of these agents have never been specifically identified. since 2009, diagnostic and surveillance efforts for influenza virus have been applied worldwide. however, insufficient epidemiological information is available for the many other respiratory viruses that can cause acute respiratory infections.201728467515
evidence of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza-3 virus in mexican sheep.this is a first report in mexico of the presence of antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza-3 virus in mexican sheep in different productive stages. we determine the association of serological positivity with age and production system, and obtain molecular evidence of infection by both virus. rsv prevalence in adult sheep was 47% (49/105) at the tropic and 64% (63/99) at the uplands. a significant difference in rsv seropositivity between animals from the tropic and ...201728466061
genetic variability of human respiratory syncytial virus group b in panama reveals a novel genotype ba14.in panama, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is responsible of 20-40% of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years old. currently, little is known about the genetic variability of hrsv in central america and the caribbean. recently, we reported the genetic variability of hrsv-a, however; no studies on hrsv-b in panama have been described yet. in this study, 24 sequences of panamanian hrsv-b, from children (<5 years) with acute respiratory infections (ari), collected from july ...201728464479
genetic characterization respiratory syncytial virus in kerala, the southern part of india.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in infants and young children globally. rsv presents two antigenic groups rsv- a and b. genetic variability is also very high within each group. rsv circulation varies year to year and even varies among different regions. data on circulatory pattern of rsv are available from other parts of india except kerala. the aim of the study was to generate data about groups and genotypes of circulatin ...201728464224
molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus detected from central india.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the major cause of respiratory tract infection in both children and adults, virtually all children acquire infection with hrsv by the age of 3 years. two subgroups of the virus, hrsv-a and hrsv-b based on sequence variability of g protein gene are divided into 11 and 17 genotypes, respectively. very limited data regarding circulating genotypes is available from india. this study aimed to detect and characterize the circulating genotype of hrsv from cen ...201728460417
transmission patterns and evolution of respiratory syncytial virus in a community outbreak identified by genomic analysis.detailed information on the source, spread and evolution of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) during seasonal community outbreaks remains sparse. molecular analyses of attachment (g) gene sequences from hospitalized cases suggest that multiple genotypes and variants co-circulate during epidemics and that rsv persistence over successive seasons is characterized by replacement and multiple new introductions of variants. no studies have defined the patterns of introduction, spread and evolution of ...201728458916
global epidemiology of non-influenza rna respiratory viruses: data gaps and a growing need for surveillance.together with influenza, the non-influenza rna respiratory viruses (nirvs), which include respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, coronavirus, rhinovirus, and human metapneumovirus, represent a considerable global health burden, as recognised by who's battle against respiratory viruses initiative. by contrast with influenza viruses, little is known about the contemporaneous global diversity of these viruses, and the relevance of such for development of pharmaceutical interventions. a ...201728457597
cost-effectiveness of palivizumab compared to no prophylaxis in term infants residing in the canadian arctic.hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus infection result in large health expenditures for inuit infants. palivizumab has been shown to be highly effective in reducing such admissions in preterm inuit infants. we performed a cost-effectiveness analysis estimating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (icer) for palivizumab prophylaxis per admission related to respiratory syncytial virus avoided in healthy term infants across the canadian arctic.201728443266
respiratory syncytial virus-neutralizing serum antibody titers in infants following palivizumab prophylaxis with an abbreviated dosing regimen.monthly injections of palivizumab during the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) season in at-risk infants reduces rsv-associated hospitalizations. however, the additive effect of naturally acquired immunity remains unclear. the objective of this study was to assess total neutralizing serum antibodies (nab) against rsv in at-risk infants who had received an abbreviated course of palivizumab prophylaxis.201728437470
infective respiratory syncytial virus is present in human cord blood samples and most prevalent during winter months.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease amongst infants, and continues to cause annual epidemics of respiratory disease every winter worldwide. demonstrating placental transmission of viable rsv in human samples is a major paradigm shift in respiratory routes considered likely for rsv transmission.201728437435
a three-dimensional model of human lung development and disease from pluripotent stem cells.recapitulation of lung development from human pluripotent stem cells (hpscs) in three dimensions (3d) would allow deeper insight into human development, as well as the development of innovative strategies for disease modelling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. we report here the generation from hpscs of lung bud organoids (lbos) that contain mesoderm and pulmonary endoderm and develop into branching airway and early alveolar structures after xenotransplantation and in matrigel 3d cultur ...201728436965
pulmonary function and outcomes in infants randomized to a rescue course of antenatal steroids.our objective was to obtain follow-up pulmonary function testing and assessment of clinical respiratory outcomes, at 1-2 years, in preterm infants whose mothers were randomized to a single rescue course of antenatal steroids (as) versus placebo.201728436580
watsonianone a from rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit attenuates respiratory-syncytial-virus-induced inflammation in vitro.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens. immoderate inflammation plays a great role in causing rsv-induced diseases. in the present study, watsonianone a, isolated from the fruit of rhodomyrtus tomentosa (ait.) hassk, was found to show a good inhibitory effect on rsv-induced no production, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 37.2 ± 1.6 μm. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses indic ...201728436225
maternal immunisation: collaborating with mother nature.maternal immunisation has the potential to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases after birth. the success of tetanus, influenza, and pertussis immunisation during pregnancy has led to consideration of additional maternal immunisation strategies to prevent group b streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus infections, among others. however, many gaps in knowledge regarding the immunobiology of maternal immunisation prevent the optimal design and application of t ...201728433705
group b streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus immunisation during pregnancy: a landscape analysis.group b streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus are leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. no licensed vaccines are available for either disease, but vaccines for both are under development. severe respiratory syncytial virus disease can be prevented by passively administered antibody. the presence of maternal igg antibody specific to respiratory syncytial virus is associated with reduced prevalence and severity of respiratory syncytial virus disease in the first few w ...201728433702
type 2 bvdv n(pro) suppresses ifn-1 pathway signaling in bovine cells and augments brsv replication.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection induces immunosuppression and in conjunction with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex. bovine turbinate cells were single or co-infected with type 2 bvdv wild-type (bvdv2-wt), its dysfunctional n(pro) mutant (bvdv2-e), and/or brsv. bvdv2-e significantly up-regulated pkr, irf-7, tbk-1, irf-3, and ifn-β mrnas based on real-time q-rt-pcr. brsv-infected cells expressed significantly up-regulated ...201728432927
respiratory virus detection during hospitalisation for lower respiratory tract infection in children under 2 years in south auckland, new zealand.to describe respiratory virus detection in children under 2 years of age in a population admitted with lower respiratory infection and to assess correlation with measures of severity.201728430397
tomentodione e, a new sec-pentyl syncarpic acid-based meroterpenoid from the leaves of rhodomyrtus tomentosa.a new meroterpenoid, tomentodione e (1), along with four known ones (2-5) were isolated from the leaves of rhodomyrtus tomentosa. their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data as well as computational methods. compound 1 represents the first example of meroterpenoid possessing a sec-pentyl syncarpic acid motif coupled with a caryophyllene. compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with cytopathic effect ( ...201728429610
update in the treatment of non-influenza respiratory virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients.despite the improved outcomes in solid organ transplantation with regard to prevention of rejection and increased patient and graft survival, infection remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality. respiratory viruses are a frequent and potentially serious cause of infection after solid organ transplantation. furthermore, clinical manifestations of respiratory virus infection (rvi) may be more severe and unusual in solid organ transplant recipients (sotrs) compared with the non-immunocompro ...201728425766
febrile status epilepticus due to respiratory syncytial virus infection.febrile status epilepticus can have neurological sequelae. the type of sequelae, however, depend on the etiology, including infection due to viral agents such as the influenza virus. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in childhood may also contribute to this. the aim of this study was therefore to characterize febrile status epilepticus associated with rsv infection, and to determine whether this type of infection is a risk factor for neurological sequelae in febrile status epilepticus.201728423465
systematic review of the safety and efficacy of palivizumab among infants and young children with cystic fibrosis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common pathogen in infants with cystic fibrosis (cf). the use of palivizumab prophylaxis for rsv infection as the standard of care for infants with cf remains controversial.201728423192
persistence in temporary lung niches: a survival strategy of lung-resident memory cd8(+) t cells.respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long- ...201728418771
sequence variability of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion gene among contemporary and historical genotypes of rsv/a and rsv/b.the fusion (f) protein of rsv is the major vaccine target. this protein undergoes a conformational change from pre-fusion to post-fusion. both conformations share antigenic sites ii and iv. pre-fusion f has unique antigenic sites p27, ø, α2α3β3β4, and mpe8; whereas, post-fusion f has unique antigenic site i. our objective was to determine the antigenic variability for rsv/a and rsv/b isolates from contemporary and historical genotypes compared to a historical rsv/a strain.201728414749
molecular evolution of the fusion protein (f) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b.in this study, we examined the molecular evolution of the fusion protein (f) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b (hrsv-b). first, we performed time-scale evolution analyses using the bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method. next, we performed genetic distance, linear b-cell epitope prediction, n-glycosylation, positive/negative selection site, and bayesian skyline plot analyses. we also constructed a structural model of the f protein and mapped the amino acid substitutio ...201728414106
the burden of seasonal respiratory infections on a national telehealth service in england.seasonal respiratory illnesses present a major burden on primary care services. we assessed the burden of respiratory illness on a national telehealth system in england and investigated the potential for providing early warning of respiratory infection. we compared weekly laboratory reports for respiratory pathogens with telehealth calls (nhs 111) between week 40 in 2013 and week 29 in 2015. multiple linear regression was used to identify which pathogens had a significant association with respir ...201728413995
immunogenicity and safety of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein (rsv f) nanoparticle vaccine in older adults.a preventative strategy for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection constitutes an under-recognized unmet medical need among older adults. four formulations of a novel recombinant rsv f nanoparticle vaccine (60 or 90 μg rsv f protein, with or without aluminum phosphate adjuvant) administered concurrently with a licensed inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) in older adult subjects were evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in this randomized, observer-blinded study.201728413427
development of an intradermal dna vaccine delivery strategy to achieve single-dose immunity against respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a massive medical burden in infants, children and the elderly worldwide, and an effective, safe rsv vaccine remains an unmet need. here we assess a novel vaccination strategy based on the intradermal delivery of a syncon® dna-based vaccine encoding engineered rsv-f antigen using a surface electroporation device (sep) to target epidermal cells, in clinically relevant experimental models. we demonstrate the ability of this strategy to elicit robust immune respo ...201728413132
influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates in the dutch population from 2003 to 2014: the test-negative design case-control study with different control groups.information about influenza vaccine effectiveness (ive) is important for vaccine strain selection and immunization policy decisions. the test-negative design (tnd) case-control study is commonly used to obtain ive estimates. however, the definition of the control patients may influence ive estimates. we have conducted a tnd study using the dutch sentinel practices of nivel primary care database which includes data from patients who consulted the general practitioner (gp) for an episode of acute ...201728412077
cd4(+) t cells support establishment of rsv-specific igg and iga antibody secreting cells in the upper and lower murine respiratory tract following rsv infection.the rsv vaccine field suffered a major set-back when children were vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv). unexpectedly, the vaccinated children fared worse than unvaccinated children when they were naturally infected with rsv. mouse models were then developed that implicated the cd4(+) t helper cell population as a contributor to adverse events. today, the t cell is viewed with much caution in the rsv field, and its induction by vaccination is sometimes discouraged. here we ...201728410812
characterization of pre-f-gcn4t, a modified human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein stabilized in a noncleaved prefusion conformation.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) fusion (f) protein is considered a major target of the neutralizing antibody response to hrsv. this glycoprotein undergoes a major structural shift from the prefusion (pre-f) to the postfusion (post-f) state at the time of virus-host cell membrane fusion. recent evidences suggest that the pre-f state is a superior target for neutralizing antibodies compared to the post-f state. therefore, for vaccine purposes, we have designed and characterized a reco ...201728404847
comparing first- and second-year palivizumab prophylaxis in patients with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease in the caress database (2005-2015).respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization (rsvh) rates in children <2 years of age with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (hschd) are 2- to 4-fold higher compared with healthy term infants. pediatric recommendations differ as to whether palivizumab is beneficial beyond 1 year of age. the objective of this study was to determine whether differences exist in respiratory-related illness hospitalization (rih) and rsvh in hschd infants receiving palivizumab during the first year ...201728403044
maternal immunization.pregnant women, neonates, and infants are at higher risk for severe infections due to vaccine-preventable diseases. very young infants rarely respond well to vaccination due to poor immunogenicity and interference from maternal antibody. maternal immunization protects the mother and fetus from disease and protects the infant through transplacental antibody transfer through the first 6 months of life. currently, immunizations routinely recommended during pregnancy include inactivated influenza, t ...201728398678
a clinical companion to the nice guide on bronchiolitis.the national institute for health and care excellence (nice) ( 2015 ) defines bronchiolitis as a lower respiratory tract infection affecting children under two years, peaking between three and six months. it affects about one in three infants in the first year of life, making it the most common respiratory infection in infants ( nice 2015 , 2016 ). of these infants, 2-3% will require admission to hospital ( nice 2016 ). respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common organism detected in th ...201728395629
prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids and prevalence of infectious diseases up to 4years of age.perfluoroalkyl acids (pfaas) are synthetic chemicals with ability to repel oils and water, and have been widely used in many industrial and household applications such as adhesives and water- and stain-repellent surfaces to nonstick coatings. animal studies have shown that pfaas have immunotoxic effects. however, few epidemiological studies have investigated the effects of pfaas on infectious diseases occurrence. we examined the relationship between prenatal exposure to pfaas and prevalence of i ...201728392064
efficacy of palivizumab prophylaxis on the frequency of rsv-associated lower respiratory tract infections in preterm infants: determination of the ideal target population for prophylaxis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in high-risk infants is an effective intervention for the prevention of severe disease. the aim of this study was to determine the ideal target preterm population that might benefit from palivizumab prophylaxis by establishing the main risk factors for acute rsv-related infections. former premature infants born with a gestational age ≤37 weeks and ≤1 year of age at the beginning of the rsv season and admitted with respiratory infection were included. ...201728391538
il-4rα on dendritic cells in neonates and th2 immunopathology in respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis in children, and severe rsv infection early in life has been associated with asthma development. using a neonatal mouse model, we have shown that down-regulation of il-4 receptor α (il-4rα) with antisense oligonucleotides in the lung during neonatal infection protected from rsv immunopathophysiology. significant down-regulation of il-4rα was observed on pulmonary cd11b(+) myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs) suggesting a r ...201728389622
universal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus a and b subtypes.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, young children, and the elderly. two subtypes of rsv, a and b, circulate alternately at 1-2-year intervals during epidemics. the attachment glycoprotein (g protein) of rsv is one of the major targets for immune responses. in this study, we generated a recombinant fusion protein, gcfab, which consists of the central regions (a.a. residues 131-230) of the g proteins of both rsv a (a2 strain) a ...201728384263
clinical profiles of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes a and b among children hospitalized with bronchiolitis.in this analysis of a prospective, multicenter study of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, 925 had respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-a and 649 had rsv-b. overall, bronchiolitis severity did not differ by rsv subtype. however, among children with rsv-only bronchiolitis, those children with rsv-a had higher risk of intensive care treatment (odds ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.71; p = 0.048) when compared with those having rsv-b.201728383391
the impact of the interferon/tnf-related apoptosis-inducing ligand signaling axis on disease progression in respiratory viral infection and beyond.interferons (ifns) are well described to be rapidly induced upon pathogen-associated pattern recognition. after binding to their respective ifn receptors and activation of the cellular jak/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascade, they stimulate the transcription of a plethora of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) in infected as well as bystander cells such as the non-infected epithelium and cells of the immune system. isgs may directly act on the invading pathogen or can eith ...201728382038
rsv hospitalizations in comparison with regional rsv activity and inpatient palivizumab administration, 2010-2013.to compare pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalizations in the united states to regional rsv activity and inpatient palivizumab administration.201728381595
preventing respiratory syncytial virus infection to prevent asthma: the missing link. 201728379714
reply: preventing respiratory syncytial virus infection to prevent asthma: the missing link. 201728379713
discovery of novel benzothienoazepine derivatives as potent inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus.the development of novel non-nucleoside inhibitors of the rsv polymerase complex is of significant clinical interest. compounds derived from the benzothienoazepine core, such as az-27, are potent inhibitors of rsv viruses of the a-subgroup, but are only moderately active against the b serotype and as yet have not demonstrated activity in vivo. herein we report the discovery of several novel families of c-2 arylated benzothienoazepine derivatives that are highly potent rsv polymerase inhibitors a ...201728372911
panel 4: report of the microbiology panel.objective to perform a comprehensive review of the literature from july 2011 until june 2015 on the virology and bacteriology of otitis media in children. data sources pubmed database of the national library of medicine. review methods two subpanels comprising experts in the virology and bacteriology of otitis media were created. each panel reviewed the relevant literature in the fields of virology and bacteriology and generated draft reviews. these initial reviews were distributed to all panel ...201728372529
estimates of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus incidences with fraction modeling approach in baguio city, the philippines, 2012-2014.estimation of the incidences of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is important for disease control. previous estimate in the city showed a substantial burden of influenza in both outpatients and inpatients while it did not account for individuals who do not seek medical attention nor rsv.201728371393
nasosorption as a minimally invasive sampling procedure: mucosal viral load and inflammation in primary rsv bronchiolitis.existing respiratory mucosal sampling methods are flawed, particularly in a pediatric bronchiolitis setting.201728368490
interference between respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus infection in infancy.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human rhinovirus (hrv) are the most common viruses associated with acute respiratory tract infections in infancy. viral interference is important in understanding respiratory viral circulation and the impact of vaccines.201728368456
the burden and long-term respiratory morbidity associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in early childhood.the regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) series provide a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. the objective of this fifth publication was to determine the long-term respiratory morbidity associated with rsv lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lrti) in early life.201728357706
respiratory syncytial virus infection rates with limited use of palivizumab for infants born at 29 to 31+6/7 weeks gestational age.immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab can reduce respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and hospitalizations. criteria in british columbia limit the use of palivizumab to infants born at 29 to 31+6/7 weeks gestational age, which differ from guidelines of the american academy of pediatrics (aap) and the canadian paediatric society (cps).201728348428
rhinovirus-induced first wheezing episode predicts atopic but not nonatopic asthma at school age.persistent childhood asthma is mainly atopy driven. however, limited data exist on the risk factors for childhood asthma phenotypes.201728347734
impact of rapid molecular respiratory virus testing on real-time decision making in a pediatric emergency department.acute respiratory illnesses (aris) are usually viral [influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)] and account for 25% of emergency department (ed) peak-season visits. laboratory pcr testing is accurate albeit slow, whereas rapid antigen testing is inaccurate. we determined the impact of bedside pcr (molecular point-of-care test; mpoct) on pediatric ari management. this was a prospective cohort study of consecutive pediatric patients with ed-ordered respiratory pcr test, enrolled over 9 weeks d ...201728341587
respiratory syncytial virus-host interaction in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis and its impact on respiratory morbidity in later life.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common agent of severe airway disease in infants and young children. large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between rsv infection and subsequent recurrent wheezing and asthma into childhood, thought to be predominantly related to long-term changes in neuroimmune control of airway tone rather than to allergic sensitization. these changes appear to be governed by the severity of the first rsv infection in infancy which in te ...201728339145
mechanisms and roles by which irf-3 mediates the regulation of ormdl3 transcription in respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infancy, which is a major risk factor for recurrent wheezing and asthma. orosomucoid 1-like protein 3 (ormdl3) has been reported to associate with virus-triggered recurrent wheezing and asthma in children. however, little is known about how ormdl3 is involved into rsv infection. in this study, we showed that the mrna expression of ormdl3 is significantly increased in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of infants with rsv-in ...201728336364
genomic loads and genotypes of respiratory syncytial virus: viral factors during lower respiratory tract infection in chilean hospitalized infants.the clinical impact of viral factors (types and viral loads) during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is still controversial, especially regarding newly described genotypes. in this study, infants with rsv bronchiolitis were recruited to describe the association of these viral factors with severity of infection. rsv antigenic types, genotypes, and viral loads were determined from hospitalized patients at hospital roberto del río, santiago, chile. cases were characterized by demographic ...201728335547
completed weeks of gestation and risk of respiratory syncytial virus in late preterm infants. 201728333711
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in infants study (iris) of hospitalized and non-ill infants aged <1 year in four countries: study design and methods.this multi-country prospective study of infants aged <1 year aims to assess the frequency of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections associated with hospitalizations, to describe clinical features and antibody response to infection, and to examine predictors of very severe disease requiring intensive care.201728330443
clinical significance of human coronavirus in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies.the possible role of human coronavirus (hcov) in lower respiratory tract disease (lrtd) in hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies (hm) has not been well studied.201728329354
cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations attributable to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza: a population-based study.characterization of the role of respiratory viral pathogens on cystic fibrosis (cf) pulmonary disease is needed. we aimed to determine the association of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) activity with risk of pulmonary exacerbation (pex) in persons with cf in the united states.201728329304
status asthmaticus and central herniation: a case for multidisciplinary critical care.a 24-year-old woman with history of asthma was intubated emergently for acute status asthmaticus triggered by acute respiratory syncytial virus infection and treated with permissive hypercapnia. her ventilation was complicated by auto-positive end-expiratory pressure and elevated peak airway, plateau, and central venous pressures. on hospital day 2, she was noted to have anisocoria. imaging showed diffuse cerebral edema with central herniation. difficult ventilation and hypercapnia directly cont ...201728328592
recent advances in developing antiviral therapies for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection presents a significant health challenge in small children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. there is still a high unmet medical need among patients with rsv infection, and no specific antiviral therapy is available. the only approved agents are palivizumab, which has to be given prophylactically, mainly in high-risk infants, and ribavirin, which is rarely used due to toxicity concerns and questionable benefits. efforts to develop new antivir ...201728324595
trends of respiratory syncytial virus sub-types in children hospitalised at a tertiary care centre in jaipur during 2012-2014.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes high mortality and morbidity in infants. the study was planned to determine the trends of rsv sub-types in hospitalised children. nasopharyngeal aspirate and throat swabs were collected from the hospitalised children up to 5 years of age. viral nucleic acid was extracted using easymag automated extraction system, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed. total positivity for rsv was found to be 25.40%, predominantly for ...201728303835
meeting report: who consultation on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine development, geneva, 25-26 april 2016.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading viral cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. low and middle income countries (lmics) account for approximately 99% of the global mortality estimates in this population, with up to 200,000 rsv deaths per year. the vaccine product development pipeline is diverse with the most advanced clinical candidate currently in phase iii efficacy testing in pregnant women. in addition, a long-acting rsv-neutralizing ...201728302410
respiratory virus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in a tropical center: predictive value of the immunodeficiency scoring index.respiratory virus infection (rvi) is a prevalent infection in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-hsct) and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. ability to assess the potential severity of rvi is important in the management of such patients.201728295964
iv magnesium sulfate for bronchiolitis: a randomized trial.the goal of this study was to determine if iv magnesium, useful for severe pediatric asthma, reduces time to medical readiness for discharge in patients with bronchiolitis when added to supportive care.201728286262
the impact of temperature and relative humidity on spatiotemporal patterns of infant bronchiolitis epidemics in the contiguous united states.infant bronchiolitis is primarily due to infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), which is highly seasonal. the goal of the study is to understand how circulation of rsv is impacted by fluctuations in temperature and humidity in order to inform prevention efforts. using data from the military health system (mhs) data repository (mdr), we calculated rates of infant bronchiolitis for the contiguous us from july 2004 to june 2013. monthly temperature and relative humidity were extracted from ...201728285184
the role of human parainfluenza virus infections in the immunopathology of the respiratory tract.viral infections are leading causes of both upper and lower airway acute illness in all age groups of healthy persons, and have also been implicated in the acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disorders like asthma and copd. human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus and coronavirus have been considered as the most important respiratory pathogens and relatively little attention has been paid to the role of parainfluenza viruses (hpivs). human parainfluenza viruses are s ...201728283855
testing for urinary tract infection in the influenza/respiratory syncytial virus-positive febrile infant aged 2 to 12 months.infants 12 months or younger with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) commonly present to the emergency department (ed) with fever. previous publications have recommended that these patients have a urinalysis and urine culture performed. we aimed to assess the prevalence of urinary tract infection (uti) in febrile rsv/influenza positive infants aged 2 to 12 months presenting to the ed. we also examined whether the 2011 american academy of pediatrics (aap) uti clinical practice guidel ...201728277411
benzimidazole-based derivatives as privileged scaffold developed for the treatment of the rsv infection: a computational study exploring the potency and cytotoxicity profiles.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been identified as a main cause of hospitalisation in infants and children. to date, the current therapeutic arsenal is limited to ribavirin and palivizumab with variable efficacy. in this work, starting from a number of in-house series of previously described anti-rsv agents based on the benzimidazole scaffold, with the aim at gaining a better understanding of the related chemical features involved in potency and safety profiles, we applied a computational ...201728276287
mutating the cx3c motif in the g protein should make a live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine safer and more effective.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) belongs to the family paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. through a cx3c chemokine motif ((182)cwaic(186)) in the g protein, rsv binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, cx3cr1. since rsv binding to cx3cr1 contributes to disease pathogenesis, we investigated whether a mutation in the cx3c motif by insertion of an al ...201728275196
cpg in combination with an inhibitor of notch signaling suppresses formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus-enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation by inhibiting th17 memory responses and promoting tissue-resident memory cells in lungs.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of childhood hospitalizations. the formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease (erd) has been an obstacle to the development of a safe and effective killed rsv vaccine. agonists of toll-like receptor (tlr) have been shown to regulate immune responses induced by fi-rsv. notch signaling plays critical roles during the differentiation and effector function phases of innate and adaptive immune responses. cross talk bet ...201728275186
the interdependencies of viral load, the innate immune response, and clinical outcome in children presenting to the emergency department with respiratory syncytial virus-associated bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant infant morbidity and mortality. for decades severe rsv-induced disease was thought to result from an uncontrolled host response to viral replication, but recent work suggests that a strong innate immune response early in infection is protective. to shed light on host-virus interactions and the viral determinants of disease, copy numbers of five rsv genes (ns1, ns2, n, g, f) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpc ...201728267794
the influence of the microbiome on early-life severe viral lower respiratory infections and asthma-food for thought?severe viral lower respiratory infections are a major cause of infant morbidity. in developing countries, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-bronchiolitis induces significant mortality, whereas in developed nations the disease represents a major risk factor for subsequent asthma. susceptibility to severe rsv-bronchiolitis is governed by gene-environmental interactions that affect the host response to rsv infection. emerging evidence suggests that the excessive inflammatory response and ensuing im ...201728261214
pitfalls in interpretation of ct-values of rt-pcr in children with acute respiratory tract infections.the relation between viral load and disease severity in childhood acute respiratory tract infections (ari) is not fully understood.201728259567
neutralization of nerve growth factor (ngf) inhibits the th2 response and protects against the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.increasing evidence suggests that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection during the early life is an important risk factor for the development of asthma. rsv infection is associated with neurogenic inflammation in the airways along with the increased expression of nerve growth factor (ngf). however, the role of ngf in rsv infection is not clear. in this study, we infected the rat with rsv and treated these animals with anti-ngf neutralization antibody. we found that anti-ngf treatment signi ...201728258348
systematic analysis of cell-type differences in the epithelial secretome reveals insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus-induced lower respiratory tract infections.lower respiratory tract infections from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are due, in part, to secreted signals from lower airway cells that modify the immune response and trigger airway remodeling. to understand this process, we applied an unbiased quantitative proteomics analysis of the rsv-induced epithelial secretory response in cells representative of the trachea versus small airway bronchiolar cells. a workflow was established using telomerase-immortalized human epithelial cells that revea ...201728258195
indications to respiratory syncytial virus immunoprophylaxis in the 29-32 wga group: is there still room for debating?guidelines on immunoprophylaxis for prevention of rsv infection recommend it in preterm babies born before 29 wga; in babies affected by bronchopulmonary dysplasia or congenital heart defects; and in post-heart transplantation patients. on the contrary, immunoprophylaxis is not recommended in preterm babies born between 29 and 35 wga. we evaluated the impact of rsv-related healthcare expenditures in infants in the first 3 years of life in italy, lombardy region. in light of the collected data an ...201728257653
crucial roles of reactive chemical species in modification of respiratory syncytial virus by nitrogen gas plasma.the exact mechanisms by which nanoparticles, especially those composed of soft materials, are modified by gas plasma remain unclear. here, we used respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), which has a diameter of 80-350nm, as a model system to identify important factors for gas plasma modification of nanoparticles composed of soft materials. nitrogen gas plasma, generated by applying a short high-voltage pulse using a static induction (si) thyristor power supply produced reactive chemical species (rcs) ...201728254277
reduced prf1 enhancer methylation in children with a history of severe rsv bronchiolitis in infancy: an association study.acute lower respiratory tract infection is the commonest disease affecting children under five worldwide. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is among the most common causative pathogens. epidemiological data suggest an association between severe viral respiratory infections in infancy and increased incidence of childhood wheeze and asthma. dna methylation is involved in immune cell differentiation and identity. it provides an avenue for environmental influences on the genome and therefore has pot ...201728253869
respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization risk in the second year of life by specific congenital heart disease diagnoses.children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (chd) are at elevated risk of morbidity and mortality due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease compared to their healthy peers. previous studies have demonstrated lower rsv hospitalization risk among all children with chd at 12-23 months of age versus 0-11 months of age. however, rsv hospitalization risk at 12-23 months of age by specific chd diagnosis has not been characterized. both case-control and cohort studies were ...201728253361
identification of non-nucleoside inhibitors of the respiratory syncytial virus polymerase complex.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) represents a threat to infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. rsv entry blockers are in clinical trials, but escape mutations challenge their potential. in search of rsv inhibitors, we have integrated a signature resistance mutation into a recombinant rsv virus and applied the strain to high-throughput screening. counterscreening of candidates returned 14 confirmed hits with activities in the nano- to low-micromolar range. all blocked rsv polymerase ac ...201728245119
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