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the zebrafish, danio rerio, as a model for toxoplasma gondii: an initial description of infection in fish. 201525951508
ciprofloxacin derivatives affect parasite cell division and increase the survival of mice infected with toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii, is a worldwide disease whose clinical manifestations include encephalitis and congenital malformations in newborns. previously, we described the synthesis of new ethyl-ester derivatives of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin with ~40-fold increased activity against t. gondii in vitro, compared with the original compound. cipro derivatives are expected to target the parasite's dna gyrase complex in the apicoplast. the activity of these compounds ...201525950173
cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma gondii and rubella vertical transmission rates according to mid-trimester amniocentesis: a retrospective study.to examine vertical transmission rates of cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma gondii and rubella infections according to amniotic fluid pcr analysis.201525949782
towards a molecular understanding of the apicomplexan actin motor: on a road to novel targets for malaria remedies?apicomplexan parasites are the causative agents of notorious human and animal diseases that give rise to considerable human suffering and economic losses worldwide. the most prominent parasites of this phylum are the malaria-causing plasmodium species, which are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, and toxoplasma gondii, which infects one third of the world's population. these parasites share a common form of gliding motility which relies on an actin-myosin motor. the components of th ...201525945702
toxoplasma gondii causes death and plastic alteration in the jejunal myenteric plexus.to assess the effects of me-49 toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) strain infection on the myenteric plexus and external muscle of the jejunum in rats.201525944996
cd8+ t cell immunity in an encephalitis model of toxoplasma gondii infection.toxoplasma gondii infection induces a robust cd8 t cell immunity in the infected host, which is critical for keeping chronic infection under control. ifnγ production and cytolytic activity exhibited by cd8 t cells are critical functions needed to prevent the reactivation of latent infection. paradoxically, the susceptible mice infected with the parasite develop encephalitis irrespective of the presence of vigorous cd8 t cell immunity. recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that the ...201525944514
a single mutation in the gatekeeper residue in tgmapkl-1 restores the inhibitory effect of a bumped kinase inhibitor on the cell cycle.toxoplasma gondii is the causative pathogen for toxoplasmosis. bumped kinase inhibitor 1nm-pp1 inhibits the growth of t. gondii by targeting tgcdpk1. however, we recently reported that resistance to 1nm-pp1 can be acquired via a mutation in t. gondii mitogen-activated protein kinase like 1 (tgmapkl-1). further characterization of how this tgmapkl-1 mutation restores the inhibitory effect of 1nm-pp1 would shed further light on the function of tgmapkl-1 in the parasite life cycle. therefore, we ma ...201525941623
immunization of wistar female rats with 255-gy-irradiated toxoplasma gondii: tissue parasitic load and lactogenic quantification.toxoplasma gondii is one of the most significant parasite, due its importance in veterinary medicine and in public health, considered a food-borne pathogens, there is no available drug treatments to eliminate it from animal tissue, this reinforce the search for a vaccine against this parasite. this study was aimed to evaluate the dynamic of the distribution of t. gondii in tissues of female wistar rats and their milk, after the immunization by oral rote with irradiated tachyzoites. one week afte ...201525936982
toxoplasma gondii inhibits cytochrome c-induced caspase activation in its host cell by interference with holo-apoptosome assembly.inhibition of programmed cell death pathways of mammalian cells often facilitates the sustained survival of intracellular microorganisms. the apicomplexan parasite toxoplasma gondii is a master regulator of host cell apoptotic pathways. here, we have characterized a novel anti-apoptotic activity of t. gondii. using a cell-free cytosolic extract model, we show that t. gondii interferes with the activities of caspase 9 and caspase 3/7 which have been induced by exogenous cytochrome c and datp. pro ...201528357287
pathogenicity of five strains of toxoplasma gondii from different animals to chickens.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a broad range of intermediate hosts. chickens as important food-producing animals can also serve as intermediate hosts. to date, experimental studies on the pathogenicity of t. gondii in broiler chickens were rarely reported. the objective of the present study was to compare the pathogenicity of 5 different t. gondii strains (rh, cn, js, cat2, and cat3) from various host species origin in 10-day-old chickens. each group of chickens was infected intr ...201525925173
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus among pregnant females in north-western turkey.to examine the sera-prevalence rates of toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus (cmv) among pregnant women in different age groups in the context of a comparison with nationwide and international data previously reported.201525923505
cats and <i>toxoplasma gondii</i>: a systematic review and meta-analysis in iran.toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan zoonotic intracellular coccidian of the phylum apicomplexa infecting warm-blooded animals and human beings. this protozoan causes a significant public health problem in humans and imposes considerable economic losses and damages to husbandry industries. the final host, cats, accounts for all of these significant burdens. hence the present study was designed to analyse and review the overall prevalence rate of t. gondii infection in cats in iran for the first t ...201528235264
the potential of immune biomarkers to advance personalized medicine approaches for schizophrenia.molecular profiling studies have helped increase the understanding of the immune processes thought to be involved in the etiology and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. current therapeutic interventions with first- and second-generation antipsychotics are suboptimal. poor response rates and debilitating side effects often lead to poor treatment compliance. this highlights the pressing need to identify more effective treatments as well as objective biomarker based tes ...201525919386
[the evaluation of toxoplasma gondii (t.gondii) serology results among cases who admitted to the serology laboratory of a hospital in afyon city].the aim of this study is to evaluate toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) serology results in different age groups among cases who admitted to the medical serology laboratory of a secondary level hospital in afyon.201525917577
aryloxyethyl thiocyanates are potent growth inhibitors of trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma gondii.as a part of our project aimed at searching for new safe chemotherapeutic agents against parasitic diseases, several compounds structurally related to the antiparasitic agent wc-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), which were modified at the terminal phenyl ring, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as growth inhibitors against trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease, and toxoplasma gondii, the parasite responsible of toxoplasmosis. most of the synthetic analogues exhib ...201525914175
toxoplasma gondii isolate with genotype chinese 1 triggers trophoblast apoptosis through oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice.congenital toxoplasmosis may result in abortion, severe mental retardation and neurologic damage in the offspring. placental damage is considered as the key event in this disease. here we show that maternal infection with toxoplasma gondii wh3 isolate of genotype chinese 1, which is predominantly prevalent in china, induced trophoblast apoptosis of pregnant mouse. pcr array analysis of 84 key genes in the biogenesis and functions of mouse mitochondrion revealed that ten genes were up-regulated a ...201525913086
toxoplasma's ways of manipulating the host transcriptome via secreted effectors.the obligate intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii strikes a subtle balance with the host immune system that not only prevents host death but also promotes parasite persistence. although being enclosed within a parasitophorous vacuole, the parasite actively interfaces with host cell signaling pathways, thereby directing host cell responses. to this end, t. gondii delivers effector proteins into the host cell that co-opt host transcription factors and eventually modulate gene expression. aside ...201525912924
apical organelle secretion by toxoplasma controls innate and adaptive immunity and mediates long-term protection.apicomplexan parasites have unique apical rhoptry and microneme secretory organelles that are crucial for host infection, although their role in protection against toxoplasma gondii infection is not thoroughly understood. here, we report a novel function of the endolysosomal t. gondii sortilin-like receptor (tgsortlr), which mediates trafficking to functional apical organelles and their subsequent secretion of virulence factors that are critical to the induction of sterile immunity against paras ...201525910629
rhomboid proteases in invasion and replication of apicomplexa.in this issue of molecular microbiology, rugarabamu and colleagues investigate the role of rhomboid proteases responsible for adhesin shedding during invasion of the apicomplexan parasite toxoplasma gondii. this study, together with several other recent publications, raises new questions about the function of these rhomboids in toxoplasma, while also strongly arguing against other recently proposed roles for these proteases.201525903290
correction: phosphorylation of mouse immunity-related gtpase (irg) resistance proteins is an evasion strategy for virulent toxoplasma gondii. 201526158675
mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in congenital toxoplasmosis: a case report.toxoplasmosis is a rare disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasite, toxoplasma gondii. though most patients with toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic, congenital toxoplasmosis in the fetus can cause ocular involvement such as chorioretinitis and central nervous system disease including intracerebral calcification, nystagmus, hydrocephalus and microcephaly. also, these brain lesions can cause seizure secondarily. our patient was diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, based on toxoplasma-speci ...201526157672
sea otter health: challenging a pet hypothesis.a recent series of studies on tagged sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) challenges the hypothesis that sea otters are sentinels of a dirty ocean, in particular, that pet cats are the main source of exposure to toxoplasma gondii in central california. counter to expectations, sea otters from unpopulated stretches of coastline are less healthy and more exposed to parasites than city-associated otters. ironically, now it seems that spillover from wildlife, not pets, dominates spatial patterns of di ...201526155464
identification of toxoplasma gondii protein fractions induce immune response against melanoma in mice.dendritic cells (dcs) play a crucial role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses against tumor cells. we recently found that protein components of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) could mature dcs efficiently. therefore, in this study, we aimed to find the most effective protein components of t. gondii which are able to mature dcs and consequently instruct immune responses in tumor-bearing mice. soluble tachyzoite antigens (stags) were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and subs ...201526152792
low titer of antibody against toxoplasma gondii may be related to resistant to cancer.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a world-wide distribution. however, the majority of infected cases remain symptomless. there are raising scientific evidences indicating that parasitic infections induce antitumor activity against certain types of cancers. the inhibitory effect of t. gondii on cancer growth has also been shown in cell culture and mouse model.201526148590
the igg avidity value for the prediction of toxoplasma gondii infection in the amniotic fluid.primary toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection during pregnancy may lead to congenital toxoplasmosis. maternal screening using t. gondii igg avidity measurement and multiplex nested pcr was performed. the aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine a cut-off value of igg avidity index (ai) for the prediction of the presence of t. gondii dna in the amniotic fluid. one hundred thirty-nine women with positive or equivocal tests for igm underwent both serum igg avidity measurement and pcr ...201526141811
toxomine: an integrated omics data warehouse for toxoplasma gondii systems biology research.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite that must monitor for changes in the host environment and respond accordingly; however, it is still not fully known which genetic or epigenetic factors are involved in regulating virulence traits of t. gondii. there are on-going efforts to elucidate the mechanisms regulating the stage transition process via the application of high-throughput epigenomics, genomics and proteomics techniques. given the range of experimental conditi ...201526130662
role of cd4+ foxp3+ regulatory t cells in protection induced by a live attenuated, replicating type i vaccine strain of toxoplasma gondii.vaccination with the live attenuated toxoplasma gondii mic1.3ko strain induced long-lasting immunity against challenge with toxoplasma gondii type i and type ii strains. the involvement of regulatory t cells (tregs) in the protection mechanism was investigated. intraperitoneal injection of mic1.3ko induced a weak and transient influx of cd4(+) foxp3(+) t regulatory cells followed by recruitment/expansion of cd4(+) foxp3(-) cd25(+) effector cells and control of the parasite at the site of infecti ...201526123802
nitric oxide production increases during toxoplasma gondii encephalitis in mice.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite with the potential of causing severe encephalitis among immunocompromised human and animals. the aim of this experimental study was to investigate the immunomodulatory and immunopathological role of nitric oxide (no) in central nervous systems and to identify any correlation between toxoplasmosis neuropathology and investigate the consequences of the cellular responses protect against t. gondii. mice were infected with me49 strain t. gondii and leve ...201526115941
kinetic mechanism of toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase and the highly efficient utilization of adenosine.initial velocity and product inhibition studies of toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase (tgak, ec 2.7.1.20) demonstrated that the basic mechanism of this enzyme is a hybrid random bi-uni ping-pong uni-bi. initial velocity studies showed an intersecting pattern, consistent with substrate-enzyme-co-substrate complex formation and a binding pattern indicating that binding of the substrate interferes with the binding of the co-substrate and vice versa. estimated kinetic parameters were kado=0.002±0.00 ...201526112826
could miltefosine be used as a therapy for toxoplasmosis?toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic protozoal disease affecting more than a billion people worldwide. the shortfalls of the current treatment options necessitate the development of non-toxic and well-tolerated, efficient alternatives especially against the cyst form. the current study was undertaken to investigate, for the first time, the potential potency of miltefosine against toxoplasma gondii infection in acute and chronic experimental toxoplasmosis. results showed that there is no evidence of anti- ...201526112396
protective efficacy of two novel dna vaccines expressing toxoplasma gondii rhomboid 4 and rhomboid 5 proteins against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice.to evaluate the protective efficacy of two novel dna vaccines expressing toxoplasma gondii rhomboid 4 (rom4) and rhomboid 5 (rom5) proteins against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.201526111968
toxoplasma gondii pneumonia in an immunocompetent individual. 201526110745
toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and risk factors in pregnant women followed up by the family health strategy.toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection caused by toxoplasma gondii. it is transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated water and foods, by soil contaminated with cat feces, especially while handling it, and congenitally via the placenta. the diagnosis of maternal infection is made by serological detection of either igm or igg antibodies. this study assessed the seropositivity in pregnant women followed up by the family health strategy (fhs) in lages, santa catarina, brazil.201526108015
epidemiological aspects of toxoplasma gondii infection in riverside communities in the southern brazilian amazon.toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans and other animals worldwide. information on the prevalence of t. gondii infection is scarce in some regions of brazil, including riverside communities along the amazon river basin.201526108008
sirna screening identifies the host hexokinase 2 (hk2) gene as an important hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 (hif-1) target gene in toxoplasma gondii-infected cells.although it is established that oxygen availability regulates cellular metabolism and growth, little is known regarding how intracellular pathogens use host factors to grow at physiological oxygen levels. therefore, large-scale human small interfering rna screening was performed to identify host genes important for growth of the intracellular protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii at tissue oxygen tensions. among the genes identified by this screen, we focused on the hexokinase 2 (hk2) gene becaus ...201526106078
fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in valley quail (callipepla californica).an adult, captive raised male valley quail (callipepla californica) acquired by a southern brazilian aviary suddenly showed severe apathy, dyspnea and diarrhea, and died 18 hours after the onset of illness. at necropsy, pale muscles and whitish areas in the heart, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and consolidated red lungs were observed. histological findings were mainly mononuclear inflammation with necrosis of liver, heart, spleen, bone marrow and lung. there were large numbers of toxoplasma gondii ...201526101744
cardiac toxoplasmosis after heart transplantation diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy.we describe a case of cardiac toxoplasmosis diagnosed by routine endomyocardial biopsy in a patient with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) intolerance on atovaquone prophylaxis. data are not available on the efficacy of atovaquone as toxoplasma gondii prophylaxis after heart transplantation. in heart transplant patients in whom tmp-smx is not an option, other strategies may be considered, including the addition of pyrimethamine to atovaquone.201526094707
survey of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in meat juice of wild boar (sus scrofa) in several districts of the czech republic.the aims of the study were: 1) to detect antibodies against toxoplasma gondii from wild boar meat; 1) establish seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in the wild boar population; 3) establish risk factors concerned in higher possible seroprevalence; 4) to estimate the usefulness of meat juice for detection of t. gondii antibodies in wild boar.201526094514
[analysis of sites of toxoplasma gondii sag2 gene in blood of hiv-positive people in lincang city, yunnan province].to preliminarily understand the genotype characteristics of toxoplasma gondii in blood of hiv-positive persons in lincang city, yunnan province.201526094410
recombinant mag1 protein of toxoplasma gondii as a diagnostic antigen.the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential diagnostic usefulness of the full-length recombinant toxoplasma gondii mag1 protein by determining the levels of specific igm and igg antibodies in mouse and human sera obtained from individuals with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. the obtained results revealed that igg antibodies against mag1 are a sensitive and specific marker of t. gondii infection since the protein was recognized by both mouse and human sera, 100% and 94.3%, respectively, ...201526094316
cutting edge: ifn-γ produced by brain-resident cells is crucial to control cerebral infection with toxoplasma gondii.in vitro studies demonstrated that microglia and astrocytes produce ifn-γ in response to various stimulations, including lps. however, the physiological role of ifn-γ production by brain-resident cells, including glial cells, in resistance against cerebral infections remains unknown. we analyzed the role of ifn-γ production by brain-resident cells in resistance to reactivation of cerebral infection with toxoplasma gondii using a murine model. our study using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed th ...201526091720
generation and identification of peptide-based monoclonal antibodies against vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase of toxoplasma gondii.vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase (v-ppase), an electrogenic proton pump widely distributed in non-mammalian species, is one of the important targets for acidocalcisomes. in this study, a novel method of peptide-based antibody generation was performed to produce monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against toxoplasma gondii v-ppase. three hybridomas were identified and confirmed by elisa, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. all of them can react with an 85 kda band of t. gondii protein in purified a ...201526090597
toxoplasma gondii seropositivity in renal patients: rate, pattern, predictors and related morbidity.infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd) due to their depressed immunity. t. gondii is a ubiquitous parasite that causes severe manifestations in immunocomprmised patients. the present study investigated rate, pattern, predictors and related morbidity of t. gondii seropositivity in ckd patients. the study included four groups: i- patients on maintenance hemodialysis (hd; n = 60); ii- patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on im ...201526084054
toxoplasma actin is required for efficient host cell invasion.apicomplexan parasites actively invade host cells using a mechanism predicted to be powered by a parasite actin-dependent myosin motor. in the model apicomplexan toxoplasma gondii, inducible knockout of the actin gene, act1, was recently demonstrated to limit but not completely abolish invasion. this observation has led to the provocative suggestion that t. gondii possesses alternative, act1-independent invasion pathways. here, we dissected the residual invasive ability of δact1 parasites. surpr ...201526081631
[observation of the feline intestinal epithelial cell infected with toxoplasma gondii].small intestine samples of neonatal cat were aseptically collected from the jejunum-ileum region and digested with collagenase xi/dispase i. immunohistochemistry results showed that feline intestinal epithelial cells were successfully isolated and could be cultured. cytokeratin was positive in the cytoplasm of feline intestinal epithelial cells. the cells were infected with the bradyzoites of toxoplasma gondii prugniaud strain, and the rupture of the cells was observed on the 72nd day post-infec ...201526080524
[effect of toxoplasma gondii infection in female mice on dopamine level in the brain of the male offspring].to investigate the effect of toxoplasma gondii infection in female mice on dopamine level in the brain of male offspring.201526080523
[overexpression of toxoplasam gondii rop18 by tet-on lentivirus expression system].to construct a 293t mutant cell line over-expressing rop18 of toxoplasma gondii by tet-on lentivirus expression system.201526080522
[construction and identification of transgenic strain of toxoplasma gondii high-expressing virulence factor rop18].to construct a transgenic strain of toxoplasma gondii high-expressing rop18.201526080519
effect of 3-bromopyruvate and atovaquone on infection during in vitro interaction of toxoplasma gondii and llc-mk2 cells.toxoplasma gondii infection can be severe during pregnancy and in immunocompromised patients. current therapies for toxoplasmosis are restricted to tachyzoites and have little or no effect on bradyzoites, which are maintained in tissue cysts. consequently, new therapeutic alternatives have been proposed as the use of atovaquone has demonstrated partial efficacy against tachyzoites and bradyzoites. this work studies the effect of 3-bromopyruvate (3-brpa), a compound that is being tested against c ...201526077255
toxoplasma gondii toc75 functions in import of stromal but not peripheral apicoplast proteins.apicomplexa are unicellular parasites causing important human and animal diseases, including malaria and toxoplasmosis. most of these pathogens possess a relict but essential plastid, the apicoplast. the apicoplast was acquired by secondary endosymbiosis between a red alga and a flagellated eukaryotic protist. as a result the apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes. this complex structure necessitates a system of transport signals and translocons allowing nuclear encoded proteins to find thei ...201526381927
fatal disseminated toxoplasma gondii infection in a captive harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena).a 7-year-old female harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena), born and held in captivity, suffered from reduced consciousness, imprecise and circling swimming movements and long phases of immobility over a period of 3 weeks. the animal died during treatment in a danish open sea facility. pathological examination revealed multifocal pyogranulomatous to necrotizing meningoencephalomyelitis, ganglioneuritis, plexus chorioiditis, myocarditis, hepatitis and adrenalitis with few intralesional protozoal ta ...201526381675
interferon-gamma release assay: an effective tool to detect early toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.early diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii infection before the formation of tissue cysts is vital for treatment, as drugs available for toxoplasmosis cannot kill bradyzoites contained in the cysts. however, current methods, such as antibody-based elisa, are ineffective for detection of early infection. here, we developed an interferon-gamma release assay (igra), measuring the ifn-γ released by t lymphocytes stimulated by toxoplasma antigen peptides in vitro, for the detection of t. gondii infection i ...201526378802
calcium signaling throughout the toxoplasma gondii lytic cycle: a study using genetically encoded calcium indicators.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that invades host cells, creating a parasitophorous vacuole where it communicates with the host cell cytosol through the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. the lytic cycle of the parasite starts with its exit from the host cell followed by gliding motility, conoid extrusion, attachment, and invasion of another host cell. here, we report that ca(2+) oscillations occur in the cytosol of the parasite during egress, gliding, and invasion, which ...201526374900
the effect of latent toxoplasma gondii infection on the immune response in hiv-infected patients.a relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and the immune system during hiv disease is poorly understood. therefore, the aim of this follow-up study was to characterize immunological parameters in hiv-infected patients with latent toxoplasmosis and noninfected individuals. a total of 101 hiv-infected patients were enrolled in the study. the patients were classified into two groups based on anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies: a group of 55 toxoplasma-positive persons (tp) and a group of 46 toxopl ...201526247013
mortality patterns in endangered hawaiian geese (nene; branta sandvicensis).understanding causes of death can aid management and recovery of endangered bird populations. toward those ends, we systematically examined 300 carcasses of endangered hawaiian geese (nene; branta sandvicensis) from hawaii, maui, molokai, and kauai between 1992 and 2013. the most common cause of death was emaciation, followed by trauma (vehicular strikes and predation), and infectious/inflammatory diseases of which toxoplasmosis (infection with toxoplasma gondii) predominated. toxicoses were les ...201526161721
pathological changes in acute experimental toxoplasmosis with toxoplasma gondii strains obtained from human cases of congenital disease.there is a lack of studies using toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from human patients. here, we present a pathological study of three strains obtained from human cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in brazil using inbred mice after oral infection with 10 tissue cysts. multiplex-nested pcr-rflp of eleven loci revealed atypical genotypes commonly found in brazil: toxodb #8 for tgctbr5 and tgctbr16 strains and toxodb #11 for the tgctbr9 strain. balb/c and c57bl/6 mice were evaluated for survival an ...201526072201
seroprevalence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cattle and pigs in ibadan, nigeria.toxoplasmosis is an important food borne parasitic zoonoses. however, data on toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals mostly used for human consumption in nigeria are scarce. we thus conducted a survey on the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in a representative sample of cattle and pigs in farms and the abattoirs between june and december 2012. sera from 210 cattle (both sexes) and 302 pigs (both sexes), were examined for t. gondii specific igg antibodies by indirect enzyme linked i ...201526064025
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies of stray cats in garmsar, iran.toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by protozoan, toxoplasma gondii. the infection may be serious if is transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy. the infection in non-exposure mothers leads to abortion, congenital disorders and blindness. infections of human are common and are usually asymptomatic but it is so dangerous in immunosuppressed and hiv positive patients. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasma igg antibodies in cats of garmsar. from d ...201526064024
toxoplasma gondii: sexual transmission in mice.this study was performed to evaluate sexual transmission of toxoplasma gondii in mice. rh strain tachyzoites were intraperitoneally inoculated into 10 balb/c male mice and after 48 h, their semen were collected from epididymis and examined by giemsa staining and pcr. twenty balb/c female mice mated with four infected male mice four times and any mating time was 48 h whilst 20 female control mice mated with four uninfected male mice for 8 days. female mate choice was assessed using a three-chambe ...201526064011
mapping of the environmental contamination of toxoplasma gondii by georeferencing isolates from chickens in an endemic area in southeast rio de janeiro state, brazil.the environmental contamination of toxoplasma gondii in an endemic area in brazil was mapped by georeferencing isolates from chickens in farms in the southeast of the state of rio de janeiro. tissue samples obtained from 153 adult chickens were analyzed by the mouse bioassay for t. gondii infection. these animals were reared free-range on 51 farms in the municipalities of rio bonito and maricá. the arcgis kernel density estimator based on the frequency of t. gondii-positive chickens was used to ...201526054514
lack of a functioning p2x7 receptor leads to increased susceptibility to toxoplasmic ileitis.oral infection of c57bl/6j mice with the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii leads to a lethal inflammatory ileitis.201526053862
investigation of the protective properties of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-based vaccine candidates in a toxoplasma gondii mouse challenge model.vaccination against the ubiquitous parasite toxoplasma gondii would provide the most efficient prevention against toxoplasmosis-related congenital, brain and eye diseases in humans. we investigated the immune response elicited by pathogen-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) glycoconjugates using carbohydrate microarrays in a balb/c mouse model. we further examined the protective properties of the glycoconjugates in a lethal challenge model using the virulent t. gondii rh strain. upon imm ...201526044798
genome-wide expression patterns of calcium-dependent protein kinases in toxoplasma gondii.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) are found in plants and some apicomplexan parasites but not in animals or fungi. cdpks have been shown to play important roles in various calcium-signaling pathways such as host cell invasion, egress and protein secretion in toxoplasma gondii. the objectives of the present study were to examine the t. gondii cdpk genes expression patterns during different development stages and stress responses.201526040276
toxoplasmosis-related knowledge and preventive practices among undergraduate female students in jordan.foodborne toxoplasmosis is a leading cause of foodborne deaths and hospitalization worldwide. the level of exposure to toxoplasma gondii is influenced by culture and eating habits. there is a scarcity of data about women's knowledge and perception of this disease. the aim of this study was to determine toxoplasmosis knowledge and preventive practices of young childbearing age women in jordan. a descriptive cross-sectional study recruited a random sample of 1,390 undergraduate university female s ...201526038907
seroprevalence, risk factors and genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in free-range white yaks (bos grunniens) in china.the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence, risk factors and genotypes of toxoplasma gondii in white yaks (bos grunniens) in china. a total of 974 serum samples were collected from white yaks in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county (ttac), gansu province, northwest china for detecting t. gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (mat), and 414 tissues belonging to 138 white yaks were collected for detecting t. gondii dna by amplification of b1 gene with a semi-nested ...201526038187
isolation and genetic characterization of viable toxoplasma gondii from tissues and feces of cats from the central region of china.cats are important in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis because they are the only definitive hosts that excrete environmentally resistant toxoplasma gondii oocysts. little is known of feline toxoplasmosis in china and most of the literature is in chinese. here we summarized all published reports on feline toxoplasmosis in english and report first identification of oocyst excretion by naturally infected cats in china. unfrozen tissues of 42 cats and feces of 360 cats from china were bioassayed in ...201526033402
concentration and retention of toxoplasma gondii oocysts by marine snails demonstrate a novel mechanism for transmission of terrestrial zoonotic pathogens in coastal ecosystems.the parasite toxoplasma gondii is an environmentally persistent pathogen that can cause fatal disease in humans, terrestrial warm-blooded animals and aquatic mammals. although an association between t. gondii exposure and prey specialization on marine snails was identified in threatened california sea otters, the ability of kelp-dwelling snails to transmit terrestrially derived pathogens has not been previously investigated. the objective of this study was to measure concentration and retention ...201526033089
relationship between toxoplasma gondii and mood disturbance in women veterans.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite with zoonotic potential that causes acute and chronic diseases, which has been associated with schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and suicidal behavior. military personnel may be at increased risk for exposure to the parasite when deployed to countries with high prevalence rates.201526032378
a noncanonical autophagy pathway restricts toxoplasma gondii growth in a strain-specific manner in ifn-γ-activated human cells.a core set of autophagy proteins is required for gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-mediated clearance of toxoplasma gondii in the mouse because of their control of several downstream effectors, including immunity-related gtpases (irgs) and guanylate-binding proteins (gbps). however, these effectors are absent (i.e., irgs) from or nonessential (i.e., gbps) in ifn-γ-activated human cells, raising the question of how these cells control parasite replication. here, we define a novel role for ubiquitination a ...201526350966
novel approaches reveal that toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites within tissue cysts are dynamic and replicating entities in vivo.despite their critical role in chronic toxoplasmosis, the biology of toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites is poorly understood. in an attempt to address this gap, we optimized approaches to purify tissue cysts and analyzed the replicative potential of bradyzoites within these cysts. in order to quantify individual bradyzoites within tissue cysts, we have developed imaging software, bradycount 1.0, that allows the rapid establishment of bradyzoite burdens within imaged optical sections of purified tissu ...201526350965
the effect of toxofilin on the structure and dynamics of monomeric actin.the effects of toxofilin (an actin binding protein of toxoplasma gondii) on g-actin was studied with spectroscopy techniques. fluorescence anisotropy measurements proved that g-actin and toxofilin interact with 2:1 stoichiometry. the affinity of toxofilin to actin was also determined with a fluorescence anisotropy assay. fluorescence quenching experiments showed that the accessibility of the actin bound ε-atp decreased in the presence of toxofilin. the results can be explained by the shift of th ...201526348398
detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in naturally infected sheep's milk.the objective of this study was to verify whether toxoplasma gondii is excreted in the milk of naturally infected sheep. in order to accomplish this, 275 lactating ewes were used; these were bred extensively in 17 estates distributed across nine cities. polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to detect t. gondii dna in milk samples, and the indirect immunofluorescence test was employed for the detection of anti-t. gondii igg antibodies in the sera, with a cut-off value of 1:64. it was p ...201526345797
sequence variation in the toxoplasma gondii rop20 gene among strains from different hosts and geographical locations.toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic protozoan parasite, infects almost all warm-blooded animals. in this study, we examined the sequence variation in rhoptry protein 20 (rop20) genes among 18 t. gondii isolates collected from different hosts and geographical regions. full length rop20 genes were amplified and sequenced. the results showed that the genes were 1659 bp in length and contained only a single exon, and that the a+t content varied from 46.68 to 47.20% among the 18 strains. the results ...201526345768
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in mithun (bos frontalis) from north eastern hilly region of india.mithun (bos frontalis) is mostly utilized for meat purpose by the local tribal people of north eastern hilly region of india. meat born diseases are very important issues for the people of these areas from the public health point of view. in order to realize the issues, the serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis was carried out as per elisa kit (chekit* toxotest, idexx laboratory, usa) to find out toxoplasma gondii antibody. as a whole, out of 195 animals examined, only 8 (4.10 %) animals were ...201526345071
a comparative study between excretory/secretory and autoclaved vaccines against rh strain of toxoplasma gondii in murine models.toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that has a major importance in public health, in addition to veterinary medicine. therefore, the development of an effective vaccine for controlling toxoplasmosis is an important goal. excretory/secretory antigens (esa), were previously identified as potential vaccine candidates, proved to play important roles in the pathogenesis and immune escape of the parasite. in addition, autoclaved toxoplasma vaccine (atv) is a special type of killed ...201526345065
the effect of toxoplasmosis on the level of some sex hormones in males blood donors in baghdad.toxoplasma gondii is a unique intracellular parasite, which infect a large proportion of the world population, but uncommonly causes clinically significant disease. the present study was performed to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in 400 apparently healthy blood donor males, their ages were between 18 and 57 years using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and to examine the effects of infection on total testosterone, free testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) levels in the ...201526345040
predilection sites for toxoplasma gondii in sheep tissues revealed by magnetic capture and real-time pcr detection.undercooked lamb and mutton are common sources of toxoplasma gondii infection for humans. a sequence specific magnetic capture technique in combination with quantitative real-time pcr targeting the 529 bp repeat element of t. gondii was used for estimation of the parasite burdens in various sheep tissues (n = 6) three months after peroral experimental inoculation with 10,000 t. gondii oocysts. brain was the most frequently affected organ (positive in all 6 sheep) and showed the highest estimated ...201526338129
quantitative detection of toxoplasma gondii in tissues of experimentally infected turkeys and in retail turkey products by magnetic-capture pcr.magnetic-capture pcr was applied for the quantitative detection of toxoplasma gondii in tissues of experimentally infected turkeys and retail turkey meat products. for experimental infection, three t. gondii strains (me49, cz-tiger, ned), varying infectious doses in different matrices (organisms in single mouse brains or 10(3), 10(5), or 10(6) oocysts in buffer) were used. from all animals, breast, thigh, and drumstick muscle tissues and for cz-tiger-infected animals additionally brains and hear ...201526338112
towards vaccine against toxoplasmosis: evaluation of the immunogenic and protective activity of recombinant rop5 and rop18 toxoplasma gondii proteins.toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide. an effective vaccine against human and animal toxoplasmosis is still needed to control this parasitosis. the polymorphic rhoptry proteins, rop5 and rop18, secreted by toxoplasma gondii during the invasion of the host cell have been recently considered as promising vaccine antigens, as they appear to be the major determinants of t. gondii virulence in mice. the goal of this study was to evaluate their immunogenic and immunopr ...201526337271
long-term relationships: the complicated interplay between the host and the developmental stages of toxoplasma gondii during acute and chronic infections.toxoplasma gondii represents one of the most common parasitic infections in the world. the asexual cycle can occur within any warm-blooded animal, but the sexual cycle is restricted to the feline intestinal epithelium. t. gondii is acquired through consumption of tissue cysts in undercooked meat as well as food and water contaminated with oocysts. once ingested, it differentiates into a rapidly replicating asexual form and disseminates throughout the body during acute infection. after stimulatio ...201526335719
further evidence that naphthoquinone inhibits toxoplasma gondii growth in vitro.toxoplasmosis is a widely disseminated disease caused by toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite. standard treatment causes many side effects, such as depletion of bone marrow cells, skin rashes and gastrointestinal implications. therefore, it is necessary to find chemotherapeutic alternatives for the treatment of this disease. it was shown that a naphthoquinone derivative compound is active against t. gondii, rh strain, with an ic50 around 2.5 μm. here, three different naphthoqui ...201526335616
toxoplasma gondii infection suppresses house dust mite extract-induced atopic dermatitis in nc/nga mice.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects humans and animals via congenital or postnatal routes, and it is found worldwide. modulation of the immune system by parasite infection is proposed to suppress allergic inflammation. growing evidences have shown that interleukin (il)-10-producing regulatory b cells (b(regs)) and cd4+cd25+foxp3+ regulatory t cells (t(regs)) induced by parasite infection play a critical role in allergic or autoimmune disease ...201526333702
lytic cycle of toxoplasma gondii: 15 years later.toxoplasmosis is the clinical and pathological consequence of acute infection with the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite toxoplasma gondii. symptoms result from tissue destruction that accompanies lytic parasite growth. this review updates current understanding of the host cell invasion, parasite replication, and eventual egress that constitute the lytic cycle, as well as the ways t. gondii manipulates host cells to ensure its survival. since the publication of a previous iteration of ...201526332089
the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in horses in changji hui autonomous prefecture, xinjiang, northwestern china.toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by toxoplasma gondii, which can infect warm-blooded animals and humans. the present study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence of t. gondii in horses in xinjiang, northwestern china. a total of 637 blood samples were collected from seven regions in changji hui autonomous prefecture, xinjiang in 2011 and assayed for t. gondiiantibodies using the modified agglutination test (mat). risk factors (age, gender, and region) related to seroprevalen ...201526331867
toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein rop16 mediates partially sh-sy5y cells apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by directing ser15/37 phosphorylation of p53.toxoplasma rhoptries, an unusual set of apical organelles that are associated with toxoplasma infection may cause subversion of the host cell functions. parasite rhoptry protein 16 (rop16) is a regulator of host cell transcription during cell invasion in which it migrates into the host cell cytoplasm and subsequently localizes to the nucleus. in the present study, we found that overexpression of rop16 could partially mediate human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y apoptosis (12.47%) and cell cycle arrest in ...201526327815
trophoblast-macrophage crosstalk on human extravillous under toxoplasma gondii infection.the interaction between human extravillous trophoblasts and macrophages has an important role in implantation and placentation. however, any dysfunction in this communication system is associated with pregnancy pitfalls, and a toxoplasma gondii infection can be a potential problem in this crosstalk. therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of infected macrophages on cytokine production and the incidence of apoptosis in t. gondii-infected extravillous trophoblast cells.201526324321
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in dogs in zhanjiang, southern china.toxoplasmosis, caused by toxoplasma gondii, is a parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution. the present study investigated the prevalence of t. gondii in dogs in zhanjiang city, southern china, using both serological and molecular detection. a total of 364 serum samples and 432 liver tissue samples were collected from the slaughter house between december 2012 and january 2013 and were examined for t. gondii igg antibody by elisa and t. gondii dna by semi-nested pcr based on b1 gene, respect ...201526323850
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii among primary school children in shandong province, china.although toxoplasma gondii infection in primary school children has been investigated in many countries, limited surveys have been available in primary school children in china. in the present study, we report the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in primary school children in shandong province, china. sera from 6,000 primary school children were evaluated for t. gondii antibodies with elisa. the overall seroprevalence of t. gondii infection was 16.0% (961/6,000), of which 14.5% (870/6,000) ...201526323849
a game-theoretic approach to valuating toxoplasmosis vaccination strategies.the protozoan toxoplasma gondii is a parasite often found in wild and domestic cats, and it is the cause of the disease toxoplasmosis. more than 60 million people in the united states carry the parasite, and the centers for disease control have placed toxoplasmosis in their disease classification group neglected parasitic infections as one of five parasitic diseases targeted as priorities for public health action. in recent years, there has been significant progress toward the development of a p ...201526319752
construction and identification of complex dna vaccine of hepatitis b and toxoplasma gondii.to construct and identify multi-gene recombinant expression vector pcdna3-hbsag-p30-rop2.201526309572
allosteric activation of apicomplexan calcium-dependent protein kinases.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) comprise the major group of ca2+-regulated kinases in plants and protists. it has long been assumed that cdpks are activated, like other ca2+-regulated kinases, by derepression of the kinase domain (kd). however, we found that removal of the autoinhibitory domain from toxoplasma gondii cdpk1 is not sufficient for kinase activation. from a library of heavy chain-only antibody fragments (vhhs), we isolated an antibody (1b7) that binds tgcdpk1 in a conforma ...201526305940
the rural-urban effect on spatial genetic structure of type ii toxoplasma gondii strains involved in human congenital toxoplasmosis, france, 2002-2009.congenital toxoplasmosis involves toxoplasma gondii type ii strains in 95% of cases in france. we used spatial principal component analysis (spca) and 15 microsatellite markers to investigate the spatial genetic structure of type ii strains involved in 240 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in france from 2002 through 2009. mailing addresses of patients were geo-referenced a posteriori in decimal degrees and categorized into urban or rural areas of residence. no spatial genetic structure was foun ...201526305624
isolation and molecular characterization of toxoplasma gondii in a colony of captive black-capped squirrel monkeys (saimiri boliviensis).toxoplasmosis is commonly asymptomatic; however, it can be a fatal multisystemic disease in some animal species, such as new world monkeys. an outbreak of acute fatal toxoplasmosis was reported in a colony of black-capped squirrel monkeys (saimiri boliviensis) from the zoo of la plata, argentina. post-mortem examination of two monkeys revealed macroscopical and microscopical lesions compatible with acute toxoplasmosis. the presence of toxoplasma gondii was confirmed by immunohistochemistry on mo ...201526299363
anti-toxoplasma activities of methanolic extract of sambucus nigra (caprifoliaceae) fruits and leaves.toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans. considering the severity of toxoplasmosis, side effects of current treatments, and the contribution of the ethnopharmacological knowledge for the treatment of parasitic infections, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of methanolic extracts from the fruits and leaves of sambucus nigra against tachyzoite of t gondii. for this, fruits and leaves of s. nigr ...201526299111
early detection of toxoplasma gondii-infected cats by interferon-gamma release assay.felines, the only definitive hosts that shed the environmentally-durable oocysts, are the key in the transmission of toxoplasma gondii to all warm-blooded animals. they seroconvert as late as the third week and begin to shed oocysts as early as 3-8 days after being fed tissue cysts. early detection of toxoplasma-infected cats is crucial to evaluate toxoplasma-contaminated environment and potential risks to public health. moreover, it is fundamental for toxoplasma infection control. interferon-ga ...201526297953
effect of parasitic infection on dopamine biosynthesis in dopaminergic cells.infection by the neurotropic agent toxoplasma gondii alters rodent behavior and can result in neuropsychiatric symptoms in humans. little is understood regarding the effects of infection on host neural processes but alterations to dopaminergic neurotransmission are implicated. we have previously reported elevated levels of dopamine (da) in infected dopaminergic cells however the involvement of the host enzymes and fate of the produced da were not defined. in order to clarify the effects of infec ...201526297895
development of new highly potent imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines targeting toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1.using a structure-based design approach, we have developed a new series of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines, targeting the calcium-dependent protein kinase-1 (cdpk1) from toxoplasma gondii. twenty derivatives were thus synthesized. structure-activity relationships and docking studies confirmed the binding mode of these inhibitors within the atp binding pocket of tgcdpk1. two lead compounds (16a and 16f) were then identified, which were able to block tgcdpk1 enzymatic activity at low nanomolar concentra ...201526479029
association of systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma and active toxoplasmosis in a child.anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a subset of non-hodgkin lymphoma and an unusual disease in children.201526478795
a toxoplasma gondii vaccine encoding multistage antigens in conjunction with ubiquitin confers protective immunity to balb/c mice against parasite infection.toxoplasma gondii is a widely prevalent intracellular parasite which infects almost all warm-blooded animals including humans and causes serious zoonotic toxoplasmosis. dna vaccines have proved effective in the protection against parasites. however, the problems of weak immunity and inefficient delivery of dna vaccine remain major issues. therefore, comprehensive antigens derived from all stages of the parasite, effective adjuvants and delivery systems should be considered in the vaccine constru ...201526420606
clinically available medicines demonstrating anti-toxoplasma activity.toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite of humans and other mammals, including livestock and companion animals. while chemotherapeutic regimens, including pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine regimens, ameliorate acute or recrudescent disease such as toxoplasmic encephalitis or ocular toxoplasmosis, these drugs are often toxic to the host. moreover, no approved options are available to treat infected women who are pregnant. lastly, no drug regimen has shown the ability to eradicate the chronic s ...201526392504
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